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االأو�ضاف امل�ضتخدمة يف هذه املواد االإعالمية وطريقة عر�ضها ال تعرب عن �أي ر�أي
خا�ص ملنظمة االأغذية والزراعة لالأمم املتحدة يف ما يتعلق بالو�ضع القانوين اأو التنموي
الأي بلد اأو اإقليم اأو مدينة اأو منطقة، اأو يف ما يتعلق ب�ضلطاتها اأو بتعيني حدودها
وتخومها. وال تعرب االإ�ضارة اإىل �رشكات حمددة اأو منتجات بع�ص امل�ضنعني، �ضواء كانت
مرخ�ضة اأم ال، عن دعم اأو تو�ضية من جانب منظمة االأغذية والزراعة لالأمم املتحدة اأو
تف�ضيلها على مثيالتها مما مل يرد ذكره.
متثل وجهات النظر الواردة يف هذه املواد االإعالمية الروؤية ال�ضخ�ضية للموؤلف )املوؤلفني(،
وال تعك�ص باأي حال وجهات نظر منظمة االأغذية والزراعة لالأمم املتحدة.
ISBN 978-92-5-606045-7
جميع حقوق الطبع حمفوظة. واإّن منظمة االأغذية والزراعة ت�ضّجع ن�ضخ ون�رش املواد
االإعالمية الواردة يف هذا املطبوع. ويجوز عند الطلب ا�ضتخدامه جمانًا لغري االأغرا�ص
التجارية. وقد يتوّجب دفع ر�ضوم مالية لقاء ن�ضخه بغر�ص اإعادة بيعه اأو الأغرا�ص
جتارية اأخرى، مبا يف ذلك لالأغرا�ص التعليمية. وتقدم طلبات احل�ضول على اإذن بن�ضخ اأو
ن�رش منتجات املنظمة املحمّية مبوجب حقوق الطبع وغريها من ا�ضتف�ضارات عن احلقوق
والرتاخي�ص بالكتابة على عنوان الربيد االإلكرتوين: copyright@fao.org اأو اإىل:
Chief
Publishing Policy and Support Branch
Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension
FAO
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00153 Rome, Italy
© FAO 2010
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12
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א אאאאאא
א.אאאאאא)٧א(א אאא אא א؛אא
א אא א א .א___________________________
،...،،٢٥٣א٣ ،..، ،) ..(١٩٩٩.Towards Policies for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Aquatic Genetic Resources.א אא א א א
א(ICLARM)א א א.٥٩א ،..." א. אא אאאאא א، אאא
א .א
13
א:אא ٣ א אא אא ٧אא
١−٣
א אא،אאא אא א.אאא א، א אא ،.אאאאאא
א.אאא אא א אאא، ،)٤א(אאא
אא א،.אאאא אא אא ،)٣−٣א(אא אא אאא.אא ،א
אא א ، אא א).٨א(אא، אאאאא אא אא .אא
אא ٢−٣ א
אא אא אא.אא אא ،אאא אא אאא
אאא.)٤א( אא،אאאא .אאא
אא،א אא א א א(אא )אאא א א אא(א א).א א א אא
א،אא א א אא.א א אאאא،א א א .א
٧ .
14
א،.אאא א،א،א א א א א ، א אא
א א א א .א
א א ، א .٨אאאאאאאאאא א א ، אא( א א אא(א؛)א (אאא)א
א א א ،א).א אאא،אאא.אא אא
א، א א א א א.א א אאאא א אא א א −אא.אאאא אא
א א א אא אא א א،٩א.١٠אא
א אא א.אא א (אא א א).א א א
אא א א .א
.אא ٨١٩٧٦.. ٩.Effects of inbreeding on rainbow trout populations. אא
.Inbreeding in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).١٩٧٦..،٢٨٠−٢٧٣:١٠٥א
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada؛..،،٢٤٢٦−٣٣:٢٤٢٠؛..،...١٩٩٦.Effects of inbreeding on growth and reproduction traits in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss).Aquaculture:١٤٨−١٣٩:١٤٢.١٩٧٠.، ١٠.A genetic analysis of recapture frequencies of released young salmon
(Salmo salar) L. Hereditas,١٦٠−١٥٩:٥.
15
א אא אא א אא א אא،א אא א א א
א. א א אאא אאאא
א .א
א א אא ، א א،אאאא א אאא א א א אא א.א
א ،אאא אא א .אא
אאא א،א א ،،אא א.א א אאא ،א
א אא א א א אא א א א.א א ،א א א אא א.١١א א א א א
א א ،א א א א א א(א א،(א)אאא)א אא אאא א،א
א ، א א א א א א א א א.١٢א
١١ −، ،.،.، ،.٢٠٠٦.Effect of different mating designs on
inbreeding, genetic variance and response to selection when applying individual selection in fish breeding programs.، א ،١٧٠−١٦١:٢٥٢א א،.،،..،،..؛ ،
.٢٠٠٤. Effects of nonrandom mating schemes to delay the inbreeding accumulation in cultured
populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).א א א א،..،.،؛٥٥٣−٥٤٧:٦١،א ،.١٩٩٦.Optimum designs for fish breeding
programmes with constrained inbreeding. Mass selection for a normally distributed trait.؛، א א א؛٧٢−٥٩:٤٧א א א.אאא ،.٣٩٢.אא א .א
١٢ −، ،.٢٠٠٥.Does avoiding full sibs matings preserves genetic variability in a
selection scheme? Case of single pair matings.א .٢٤٧:١٢،א
16
אא ،، א אאאאאא،.אא אא،.א .١٣(Ne)א
א א א(Ne)א :אא
Ne = ( א ) ( א )٤(א( + )א)
א، אאאא(Ne)א
א א אא.א، (Ne)א
א א אאאאאא.١:١ אא ،א
א א(Ne)א א.א א(Ne)א،(א א א אא (Ne)א
.)אא
א א (Ne)אאאאא
אא אF = 1/2NeF:א אא אאא)٪١٠٠−٠( א ؛ אא אאא)F(א א א .אאא א،(Ne)א אא >٥٠؛)١−٣א()F(א
א אא(Ne)א .א
،א א א،א :א(Ne)אNef = Ne /1 + F
٢٠٠٣. ١٣.Inbreeding.٢٣٧−٢١٥א..،Population genetics:
Principles and Applications for Fisheries Scientists.، אא، ؛א א..١٩٩٣.Genetics for Fish Hatchery Mangers،א א.א ؛ א א ،.١٤א
17
)Nef(א א <٪٠א אא ،.)F(א אא אא אא)F(אא אא אא،א)F(א .אא
א א א אא(Ne)א ،א ؟
א אא ،אא)F(אא אא א.(Ne)א א א(Ne)אא.١٤א٥٠٠،٥٠−٣٠ ،א(Ne)אאא א א،אא،א אאא אא
،.١٥א א א א א אא، (Ne)אא،א א/א،(Ne)א א
אא א، .אא،א
.١١١٣א ١٤.١١١٣א ١٥
١−٣א
18
א٢−٣א א אאא(Ne)א אא ٪١)F(אא.١٥٠٪١٠٪٥ א א א٥٠=(Ne)א
א א א(אא אא ١٠،)٪١=)F(אא( אא ).٪١٠=)F(א
٢−٣א
א א)٥א(אא ،א،א אאא א
א)٦א("א"א א אאא אאא.(Ne)א אאא
א אא א، אא א א .א
אא אאאאא א،א א א אא א، א
אאא.א ،٥٠٥=(Ne)אא≥٪٥ אא אאא.)F(א א)٥(א
א، א.א א א
19
אאאאא אא،א א אא אא،٪٥١٠)F(א אא א٪٥ = )F(א ١٠٢٠א
אאאא، א א.אאא אאאאא אא ١(F) אאא،٪٥ אא א٪١ =(F)א ،٢٠אאאאאא א .אאא
א٢−٣א א(Ne)א .(Ne)אא ،(Ne)א א א ، א אא א א.א )t(א(Ne)א
א א ، א :אNe = 1/t(1/Ne1 + 1/Ne2 + …1/Net)
אאא א (Ne)א
א .(Ne)א
א א א אא אא.(Ne)אא א(Ne)א א
אא.א١:١ אאאא.א אאאא؛ אאא ،א א
א .אאא
א א א א א(א א)אא א .١٦א، א א אא אא (אא
١٩٨٤. ١٦.Effective breeding efficiency: An index to quantify the effects that different
breeding programs and sex ratios have on inbreeding and genetic drift.Progressive Fish-
Culturist٢٦٨−٤٦:٢٦٢.
20
א א).אא אאא א(Ne)،א،١:١אא א(Ne)א .אא،، א אא
א אא .א
،אא אא אאאא،،.١٧(Ne)א.א
א،אא.١٨אא אאא. אא א
א .א(Ne)א
א .א ،٢−٣אא(Ne)אאא.א א א.א א אאא אא٢٠،א א א א ،א
אא.א١٠ ٣א، א،٢٠א٧א אא (Ne)א
א .א
אא ، א.אא.א،א٪١٠٢٥ א אאא א אא
،..،،..א، ١٧ Maximizing offspring.٢٠٠٤..،،.،؛.،
production while maintaining genetic diversity in supplemental breeding programs of highly fecund managed species.א .١٠١−١٨:٩٤،א
١٩٨٨ . .، ١٨.Genetic consequences of fertilizing Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs with pooled milt.، א .٨٥:٣٢٦א
21אאא،אאאא.١٩
א.אאא א א (א، א א .)א
א، א.א א אאא؛ אאאא א אא
א ،א.א א אא א אא .٢٠א
אא א אא، אא،(Ne)אא .٢١א א٣−٣ א א א
אאא א א א א א–אאא א אאאא ،אאא.א אא
אאא ، א .א
، א אאא אאא אא א.א ،א
١٩ ،..، Conservation of genetic diversity in a white ١٩٩٥.،א؛..؛
seabass hatchery enhancement program in southern California.، א٢٥٨–١٥:٢٤٩.١٩٧٧..، ٢٠.Rotational line crossing: An approach to the reduction of inbreeding
accumulation in trout brood stocksא١٨١−٣٩:١٧٩ א .١١؛٢١ ،.، Using factorial mating designs to increase the effective number.٢٠٠٧..؛
of breeders in fish hatcheries.א .٣٢–٢٧٣:٢٤،א
22
א א ،אא אאא אאא.א א ،א א א
אאאאא א אא.א אא אא.אא א א
א–א א א אא א אאאא א.א
.א
אא אא א،אא א אאא א א אא.א א ،، א א א אא א א.٢٢א א א אא א א א
.٢٤אא،٢٣אאאא א(Ne)א א א :א
σ2 Δq = pq/2Ne
Loss of genetic variation in a hatchery stock of cutthroat.١٩٨٠ ...؛..، ٢٢
trout.א، א ،٥٤٣−١٠٩:٥٣٧א ،.،؛..؛ .؛.١٩٨٦. Selection or drift—isozyme allele frequency changes among channel catfish selected
for rapid growth.א، א ،٦٨−١١٥:٦٠א Reduction.١٩٨٤ .؛
of genetic variability in a hatchery stock of brown trout, Salmo trutta.، :٢٤א٣٤٨–٣٣٩.١٩٨٠..،. ٢٣ Predicted response to selection for early growth in Tilapia nilotica.
אא .١٩٨٨..،..،–؛٤٤٥–١٠٩:٤٣٩אLack of response by Tilapia nilotica to mass selection for rapid early growthא؛
א .٣٠٠–١١٧:٢٩٧א Developmental instability as an indicator of.١٩٨٥..؛؛..،؛..، ٢٤
reduced genetic variation in hatchery trout.;אא .٢٣٥−٢٣٠:١١٤:א
23
σ2 Δqאאא(אא א א pq)א
א .pqא
אא א אא א א א א، א؛(Ne)אא א א אא א،א .(Ne)א
א א(Ne)א א א .א
א א אא אאא א،א א א א אא ٠,٤٠,٣٨א.א
،٠,٠א،אא، . ؛א(Ne)א אא
،אא א א אאאאאאא א א .א
אqא א א :א א
P = (1 – q)2Ne
٣−٣א.٣−٣אא)fא=٠,٠٠١٠,٥(אא א(Ne)א ،)fא≤٠,٢(אא
א .)fא≤٠,٠١(א(Ne)א
א א א אאא א(Ne)א א א ،א ، א ، )Pא–١,٠(אא
א.٢٥ א אא )f(א=٠,٠١א
א ، אאאאאא()f(א=٠,٠١אא ).אא،א
.١١א ٢٥
24
٣−٣אא(Ne))٠,٠٠١٠,٥= f(א ،
א(א )א
א א א א אאאא.אאא א א.א،א א ،
אא .)f(א=٠,٠٥א
א א א)fא=٠,٠٠٥٠,١(א٪٩٥(Ne)אא.٤−٣א١٥٠ אא ،א(Ne)אאאאא אא א א אאא.٢٦אא
.fא≥٠,٠٠٥،fא≤٠,٠٥
אאאא אא א אאאא،אאא א א .א
אא אאא אא ،א אא
.١١א ٢٦
25
א אאא א א א=٤٥אא.א (Ne)א
א٪٥،٩٥ א.)f(א=٠,٠٥א).٥(אאא
א א ، א א אאאא ،אא א א=٥٩؛)f(א=٠,٠٥אא (Ne)א
א.٢٠٪٩٥ א)f(א=٠,٠١אאא؛/א א א٢٩٧א = (Ne)א
א.٢٠٪٩٥ ،١٠٠א.א٤−٣א א אאאא.٩٥،٥٪٩٥
א אאא א(Ne)א א א .א
א אא(Ne) א א א א٥٠٠א٥٠٠٥٠٠٠אאא٤−٣א.٢٧ א =٥٠٠א (Ne)א
؛ א א א א )f(א=٠,٠١אא٪٩٥א
אא،.٥٠ א،)(א א(Ne) א.אאאא،٥٠٠
אא אא א א אא ،(Ne)אא.אא א ٢−٣אא
א٤−٣ אא(Ne)א ،؛(Ne).אא٦−٥٣−٣אא(Ne)אא
א/אא א אא،א .א
١٩٩٥.. ٢٧.Mutation and conservation. Conservation Biology.؛٧٩١−٩:٧٨٢،.٢٠٠٣.Random genetic drift.٢١٤−١٩٧..،Population genetics: Principles
and Applications for Fisheries Scientists.،א،..א אא א ؛ א.٢٠٠٢.Science and the Endangered Species Act.א אא.א ؛ א
.١١١٣א
26
٤−٣אא ، (Ne)א א٪١٥٠٩٥א
٠,٠١–٠,٠٠٥=)f(א
א٥−٣א א(Ne)א אאא אא אא אאא.אאאא ،אא א אא
א"אאא א)٥−٣א(،"א אאא)٥( א =٥٠.א א≥٪٥(Ne)א אא .)f(א=٠,٠٥אא٪٩٥)F(א
، אא אאא(Ne)א א אא (Ne)א
אאא ، א א א אא א(Ne)א א.אאאאאאא ،א ، א א א
א א א(א ).א
אא א ، א א אא א א א א ،א=١٠٠ א((Ne)א א א)א א ،א א≥٪٥(١٠א אא א٪٩٥)F(א )f(א=٠,٠٥א
27
א).٥−٣א"אא" א א، א(Ne)אאא،١٠٠ א
א אאא א א .א
א א،٦−٣א(Ne)א ، אאאא)١٠،٢٠( א/אא،אא א אא א א.אא א
(Ne)א،٢٠٣٧٨١٠٠٠אא אאא .א
٥−٣אא א(Ne)א א א א א א א א אא א.א א(א(Ne)א א ):אא– א א٪٩٥٪١٠≤F–א ؛٠,٠٥=fא
א–)( א א٪٩٥٪٥≤F−−א ؛٠,٠٥=fאאא– א٪٩٥٪٥≤F−−א .٠,٠٥=fא
28
٦−٣אא א(Ne)א א א א א א א א אא
א א א.א (א(Ne)אא א א–):א א א٪٩٩٪٥≤F–א א
f=א–؛٠,٠١ א א٪٩٩٪٥≤F−−א אf=א–؛٠,٠٠٥ א א٪٩٩٪١≤F−−א אf=א–؛٠,٠٠٥ א א٪٩٩٪١≤F−−א אf=٠,٠٠١.
אאא٦−٣א""אא ،٦−٣א"""".אאא
א אא א א≥٪٦١−٣א"".אאא ،)f(א =٠,٠١)f(א=٠,٠٠٥א٪٩٩)F(א
א א٢٠א א א ،(Ne).א≥٪١אאא אא אא،٢٠)f(א=٠,٠١)F(א ٢−٣א(Ne)א.א(Ne)אא٤−٣
29
א≤١٠٠٠א א=٢٨.١٠٠٠א"א(Ne)אא(Ne)א "١٠٠"א""א"א
).٦−٣א(٢٠"
אא אא،א(Ne)א،.א א אא א(Ne)א אא א א א
א ،א،.א، א،א א(Ne)א א א (Ne)א
، א א א אא א(א(Ne)א אא א(א)א א ،).א א אא א(Ne)א א א
א :٢٩)Nev(א
N אאVkא.
א אאאא)Nev(אאא א א א א א، אאא.א אא ،אאא/אאא א א א א
אא א،)Nev(א א)Nev(א،.א אאאא א٥٠٠=Nev(Ne(א
א אאא א).٤−٣א(٥٠אא א، א
א ٢٨ .٢٠٠٢.א Definition and estimation of effective population size in the conservation of.٢٠٠٢..،א ٢٩
endangered species.؛..١٦٨−١٤٧א..،Population Viability
Analaysis...
30
)Nev(אא، א אא ٥٠٠=)Nev(אא א א א א א א א א א א .א
א)Nev(אא א אאא אאא)Nev(א א
א א.٣٠)Nev(א ، אא א،א)Nev(אא אא א،א א)Nev(א
א א א.א אא)Nev(אא ،אא،א، א
. )Nev( א )Nev(א
א٤−٣
אא،אאאאא א אאא(א
א אא א א).אא،א.אאא אא אא
، א ، א.אא א א א ، א אאא א،،א؛
אא. א אא،א؛ אא(א א אא.٣١) ،)א(א)א(א
؛א ٣٠ ،..١٩٩١.Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effectivepopulation
size،١٩٩٤...،א؛٣٢٩−٥:٣٢٥.Genetic risk associated with supplementation of
Pacific salmonids: captive broodstock programs.אאאאא، ٥١א:١א( (٣٢٩−٣١٠.٣١ ،.Controlled reproduction and domestication in aquaculture. The current state of the art.
Part II.، א :٣(٣٢א (٢٣−٥.
31
؛ אא.אאאא א ، א(אא אא
.،א)א،אאא
אאא.אאא א ، אא
، אאאאאא אא.א א
א אא، א אאא.א
א אאא.אא א א.א
א.אאא ،،.אאא א א
،.א א א אאא א א ، אאא א
، .א
،אא אא א،אא ، אא ، אא א،
א אאא.א ٪٢٦א٣٢.
١٩٨٣..،..، ٣٢.Response to selection and realized heritability for body weight
in three strains of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, grown in earthen ponds.א ،א٩٦−٣٣:٨٩.
32
א، אאאאא אא)٨א(א א א א)٩א(א א א ،א،
،.٣٣אאא ،א אא אא، א א،
א.א א א אא.א،، א אאאאא
א א.אא א אא אא،אאא، א.אא، א
א א אאא ، ،/א ،אאאא אאאא.אא
אאאאאא .٨א א٥−٣ א
אאא אאא אאא אא א אא.،،אא
א אא א א א א אאא א،)٤٦א(א אא א
א.אא אא)א(א א א א.א א
אא ،א א א א ).٦א(אא
٣٣ ، א ،.א ,Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid.٢٠٠٧..،؛.؛
cumulative fitness decline in the wild.، ،١٠٣−٣١٨:١٠٠א ،..؛ א ؛ ، ؛..، ،..؛ Rapid evolution of egg size in captive.٢٠٠٣..؛
salmon.Science ،١٧٤٠–٢٩٩:١٧٣٨.
33
א א א ،א א אאא אאא אאא.אא א
א א،א א אאא .אא ،אאאא ،א אא א א، א א
א/אא אא،א.א א א א אא אא .אאא
، אא א אאא א א ،אאא א א א א .א
34
אא٤ אאא ٣٤א
١−٤
אא אאאא אאא א אא א(א ).٣−٣−١٩−٣−٣٩−١−٢٩−١−٩א
א א א אא א،א א א אאאאאא א.א אא א א א
א א אאא אא אא .אאאא אא אאא.א א.٧٩א אא אא א אא .א
א אא א אאאאא א ٣א.אא،אאא א אאא אאאא א
א(אאא .אא)אא אא אאא א.אאאא
א א א אא אאאאא .א
אא٢−٤ אא א
א א א א אא א١٩٧٠אא אא א א א.א אאאא א
..א ٣٤
35
א א אא אאאאא אאאא .א
א אא .אא
א אא אאאא .אאאאאאא א א אא אא
א)( אא אא א، א אאאא( אא،)٣א א ).١−٤א(אא
א א א א אא אא אאא א א א א אאא אא
.א
אאאאאאא .אאא
א א אאא אאאאא א א א א א ، .א
א אא אא א אאאאאא .אא
א٣−٤ א א
א אאא א אאא א א، אא ،א א א א אא א
אא א א א אאאאאא .א
36
אא١−٣−٤ א
אא )(אאאאא א.א א
א אאאא א א א.אא אא אאאא א אאא(א )א.אאא
37
אאאא א אאא אא א،אא אאאאאא.א
א אאאא .א
א א א ،.א אא אאאא.אאא
אאאאא א א.אאא א א(אא
،אאא א א א אא א אא אא).א א אא אאא.אא، א
א א(א)א(א ).אאא،א אא אאא ،אא
א.אא ٠,١٥٠,٥אאאא א
א אא.٣٥א א א אא.אאא
אא .،אא א ،אאא א א א אא א
א א א א(א אא).א א אא א
א אא ، א)א/א(אא
٢٠٠٥.، ٣٥.Selection and Breeding Programmes in Aquaculture.א ،.،..)١٩٩٣(« Selection Index and Introduction to Mixed Model Methods »,..،א ،אא .א
38
א .٣٦)GIFT(א
א א אאא، אא אאאא،א ،אא א ،
א א .אאאא
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،.، ،..،،..،،..،.٢٠٠٥.Widespread hybridization
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47
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