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االأو�ضاف امل�ضتخدمة يف هذه املواد االإعالمية وطريقة عر�ضها ال تعرب عن �أي ر�أي

خا�ص ملنظمة االأغذية والزراعة لالأمم املتحدة يف ما يتعلق بالو�ضع القانوين اأو التنموي

الأي بلد اأو اإقليم اأو مدينة اأو منطقة، اأو يف ما يتعلق ب�ضلطاتها اأو بتعيني حدودها

وتخومها. وال تعرب االإ�ضارة اإىل �رشكات حمددة اأو منتجات بع�ص امل�ضنعني، �ضواء كانت

مرخ�ضة اأم ال، عن دعم اأو تو�ضية من جانب منظمة االأغذية والزراعة لالأمم املتحدة اأو

تف�ضيلها على مثيالتها مما مل يرد ذكره.

متثل وجهات النظر الواردة يف هذه املواد االإعالمية الروؤية ال�ضخ�ضية للموؤلف )املوؤلفني(،

وال تعك�ص باأي حال وجهات نظر منظمة االأغذية والزراعة لالأمم املتحدة.

ISBN 978-92-5-606045-7

جميع حقوق الطبع حمفوظة. واإّن منظمة االأغذية والزراعة ت�ضّجع ن�ضخ ون�رش املواد

االإعالمية الواردة يف هذا املطبوع. ويجوز عند الطلب ا�ضتخدامه جمانًا لغري االأغرا�ص

التجارية. وقد يتوّجب دفع ر�ضوم مالية لقاء ن�ضخه بغر�ص اإعادة بيعه اأو الأغرا�ص

جتارية اأخرى، مبا يف ذلك لالأغرا�ص التعليمية. وتقدم طلبات احل�ضول على اإذن بن�ضخ اأو

ن�رش منتجات املنظمة املحمّية مبوجب حقوق الطبع وغريها من ا�ضتف�ضارات عن احلقوق

والرتاخي�ص بالكتابة على عنوان الربيد االإلكرتوين: copyright@fao.org اأو اإىل:

Chief

Publishing Policy and Support Branch

Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension

FAO

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© FAO 2010

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א:אא אא א אאא.)٤א( אא א א .א

12

א אאא א אאאא אאאאא אא.٣א

א אאאאאא

א.אאאאאא)٧א(א אאא אא א؛אא

א אא א א .א___________________________

،...،،٢٥٣א٣ ،..، ،) ..(١٩٩٩.Towards Policies for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Aquatic Genetic Resources.א אא א א א

א(ICLARM)א א א.٥٩א ،..." א. אא אאאאא א، אאא

א .א

13

א:אא ٣ א אא אא ٧אא

١−٣

א אא،אאא אא א.אאא א، א אא ،.אאאאאא

א.אאא אא א אאא، ،)٤א(אאא

אא א،.אאאא אא אא ،)٣−٣א(אא אא אאא.אא ،א

אא א ، אא א).٨א(אא، אאאאא אא אא .אא

אא ٢−٣ א

אא אא אא.אא אא ،אאא אא אאא

אאא.)٤א( אא،אאאא .אאא

אא،א אא א א א(אא )אאא א א אא(א א).א א א אא

א،אא א א אא.א א אאאא،א א א .א

                                                            ٧ .

14

א،.אאא א،א،א א א א א ، א אא

א א א א .א

א א ، א .٨אאאאאאאאאא א א ، אא( א א אא(א؛)א (אאא)א

א א א ،א).א אאא،אאא.אא אא

א، א א א א א.א א אאאא א אא א א −אא.אאאא אא

א א א אא אא א א،٩א.١٠אא

א אא א.אא א (אא א א).א א א

אא א א .א

                                                            .אא ٨١٩٧٦.. ٩.Effects of inbreeding on rainbow trout populations. אא

.Inbreeding in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).١٩٧٦..،٢٨٠−٢٧٣:١٠٥א

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada؛..،،٢٤٢٦−٣٣:٢٤٢٠؛..،...١٩٩٦.Effects of inbreeding on growth and reproduction traits in rainbow trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss).Aquaculture:١٤٨−١٣٩:١٤٢.١٩٧٠.، ١٠.A genetic analysis of recapture frequencies of released young salmon

(Salmo salar) L. Hereditas,١٦٠−١٥٩:٥.

15

א אא אא א אא א אא،א אא א א א

א. א א אאא אאאא

א .א

א א אא ، א א،אאאא א אאא א א א אא א.א

א ،אאא אא א .אא

אאא א،א א ،،אא א.א א אאא ،א

א אא א א א אא א א א.א א ،א א א אא א.١١א א א א א

א א ،א א א א א א(א א،(א)אאא)א אא אאא א،א

א ، א א א א א א א א א.١٢א

                                                            ١١ −، ،.،.، ،.٢٠٠٦.Effect of different mating designs on

inbreeding, genetic variance and response to selection when applying individual selection in fish breeding programs.، א ،١٧٠−١٦١:٢٥٢א א،.،،..،،..؛ ،

.٢٠٠٤. Effects of nonrandom mating schemes to delay the inbreeding accumulation in cultured

populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).א א א א،..،.،؛٥٥٣−٥٤٧:٦١،א ،.١٩٩٦.Optimum designs for fish breeding

programmes with constrained inbreeding. Mass selection for a normally distributed trait.؛، א א א؛٧٢−٥٩:٤٧א א א.אאא ،.٣٩٢.אא א .א

١٢ −، ،.٢٠٠٥.Does avoiding full sibs matings preserves genetic variability in a

selection scheme? Case of single pair matings.א .٢٤٧:١٢،א

16

אא ،، א אאאאאא،.אא אא،.א .١٣(Ne)א

א א א(Ne)א :אא

Ne = ( א ) ( א )٤(א( + )א)

א، אאאא(Ne)א

א א אא.א، (Ne)א

א א אאאאאא.١:١ אא ،א

א א(Ne)א א.א א(Ne)א،(א א א אא (Ne)א

.)אא

א א (Ne)אאאאא

אא אF = 1/2NeF:א אא אאא)٪١٠٠−٠( א ؛ אא אאא)F(א א א .אאא א،(Ne)א אא >٥٠؛)١−٣א()F(א

א אא(Ne)א .א

،א א א،א :א(Ne)אNef = Ne /1 + F

                                                            ٢٠٠٣. ١٣.Inbreeding.٢٣٧−٢١٥א..،Population genetics:

Principles and Applications for Fisheries Scientists.، אא، ؛א א..١٩٩٣.Genetics for Fish Hatchery Mangers،א א.א ؛ א א ،.١٤א

17

)Nef(א א <٪٠א אא ،.)F(א אא אא אא)F(אא אא אא،א)F(א .אא

א א א אא(Ne)א ،א ؟

א אא ،אא)F(אא אא א.(Ne)א א א(Ne)אא.١٤א٥٠٠،٥٠−٣٠ ،א(Ne)אאא א א،אא،א אאא אא

،.١٥א א א א א אא، (Ne)אא،א א/א،(Ne)א א

אא א، .אא،א                                                            

.١١١٣א ١٤.١١١٣א ١٥

١−٣א

18

א٢−٣א א אאא(Ne)א אא ٪١)F(אא.١٥٠٪١٠٪٥ א א א٥٠=(Ne)א

א א א(אא אא ١٠،)٪١=)F(אא( אא ).٪١٠=)F(א

٢−٣א

א א)٥א(אא ،א،א אאא א

א)٦א("א"א א אאא אאא.(Ne)א אאא

א אא א، אא א א .א

אא אאאאא א،א א א אא א، א

אאא.א ،٥٠٥=(Ne)אא≥٪٥ אא אאא.)F(א א)٥(א

א، א.א א א

19

אאאאא אא،א א אא אא،٪٥١٠)F(א אא א٪٥ = )F(א ١٠٢٠א

אאאא، א א.אאא אאאאא אא ١(F) אאא،٪٥ אא א٪١ =(F)א ،٢٠אאאאאא א .אאא

א٢−٣א א(Ne)א .(Ne)אא ،(Ne)א א א ، א אא א א.א )t(א(Ne)א

א א ، א :אNe = 1/t(1/Ne1 + 1/Ne2 + …1/Net)

אאא א (Ne)א

א .(Ne)א

א א א אא אא.(Ne)אא א(Ne)א א

אא.א١:١ אאאא.א אאאא؛ אאא ،א א

א .אאא

א א א א א(א א)אא א .١٦א، א א אא אא (אא

                                                            ١٩٨٤. ١٦.Effective breeding efficiency: An index to quantify the effects that different

breeding programs and sex ratios have on inbreeding and genetic drift.Progressive Fish-

Culturist٢٦٨−٤٦:٢٦٢.

20

א א).אא אאא א(Ne)،א،١:١אא א(Ne)א .אא،، א אא

א אא .א

،אא אא אאאא،،.١٧(Ne)א.א

א،אא.١٨אא אאא. אא א

א .א(Ne)א

א .א ،٢−٣אא(Ne)אאא.א א א.א א אאא אא٢٠،א א א א ،א

אא.א١٠ ٣א، א،٢٠א٧א אא (Ne)א

א .א

אא ، א.אא.א،א٪١٠٢٥ א אאא א אא

                                                            ،..،،..א، ١٧ Maximizing offspring.٢٠٠٤..،،.،؛.،

production while maintaining genetic diversity in supplemental breeding programs of highly fecund managed species.א .١٠١−١٨:٩٤،א

١٩٨٨ . .، ١٨.Genetic consequences of fertilizing Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs with pooled milt.، א .٨٥:٣٢٦א

21אאא،אאאא.١٩

א.אאא א א (א، א א .)א

א، א.א א אאא؛ אאאא א אא

א ،א.א א אא א אא .٢٠א

אא א אא، אא،(Ne)אא .٢١א א٣−٣ א א א

אאא א א א א א–אאא א אאאא ،אאא.א אא

אאא ، א .א

، א אאא אאא אא א.א ،א

                                                            ١٩ ،..، Conservation of genetic diversity in a white ١٩٩٥.،א؛..؛

seabass hatchery enhancement program in southern California.، א٢٥٨–١٥:٢٤٩.١٩٧٧..، ٢٠.Rotational line crossing: An approach to the reduction of inbreeding

accumulation in trout brood stocksא١٨١−٣٩:١٧٩ א .١١؛٢١ ،.، Using factorial mating designs to increase the effective number.٢٠٠٧..؛

of breeders in fish hatcheries.א .٣٢–٢٧٣:٢٤،א

22

א א ،אא אאא אאא.א א ،א א א

אאאאא א אא.א אא אא.אא א א

א–א א א אא א אאאא א.א

.א

אא אא א،אא א אאא א א אא.א א ،، א א א אא א א.٢٢א א א אא א א א

.٢٤אא،٢٣אאאא א(Ne)א א א :א

σ2 Δq = pq/2Ne

                                                            

Loss of genetic variation in a hatchery stock of cutthroat.١٩٨٠ ...؛..، ٢٢

trout.א، א ،٥٤٣−١٠٩:٥٣٧א ،.،؛..؛ .؛.١٩٨٦. Selection or drift—isozyme allele frequency changes among channel catfish selected

for rapid growth.א، א ،٦٨−١١٥:٦٠א Reduction.١٩٨٤ .؛

of genetic variability in a hatchery stock of brown trout, Salmo trutta.، :٢٤א٣٤٨–٣٣٩.١٩٨٠..،. ٢٣ Predicted response to selection for early growth in Tilapia nilotica.

אא .١٩٨٨..،..،–؛٤٤٥–١٠٩:٤٣٩אLack of response by Tilapia nilotica to mass selection for rapid early growthא؛

א .٣٠٠–١١٧:٢٩٧א Developmental instability as an indicator of.١٩٨٥..؛؛..،؛..، ٢٤

reduced genetic variation in hatchery trout.;אא .٢٣٥−٢٣٠:١١٤:א

23

σ2 Δqאאא(אא א א pq)א

א .pqא

אא א אא א א א א، א؛(Ne)אא א א אא א،א .(Ne)א

א א(Ne)א א א .א

א א אא אאא א،א א א א אא ٠,٤٠,٣٨א.א

،٠,٠א،אא، . ؛א(Ne)א אא

،אא א א אאאאאאא א א .א

אqא א א :א א

P = (1 – q)2Ne

٣−٣א.٣−٣אא)fא=٠,٠٠١٠,٥(אא א(Ne)א ،)fא≤٠,٢(אא

א .)fא≤٠,٠١(א(Ne)א

א א א אאא א(Ne)א א א ،א ، א ، )Pא–١,٠(אא

א.٢٥ א אא )f(א=٠,٠١א

א ، אאאאאא()f(א=٠,٠١אא ).אא،א

                                                            .١١א ٢٥

24

٣−٣אא(Ne))٠,٠٠١٠,٥= f(א ،

א(א )א

א א א א אאאא.אאא א א.א،א א ،

אא .)f(א=٠,٠٥א

א א א)fא=٠,٠٠٥٠,١(א٪٩٥(Ne)אא.٤−٣א١٥٠ אא ،א(Ne)אאאאא אא א א אאא.٢٦אא

.fא≥٠,٠٠٥،fא≤٠,٠٥

אאאא אא א אאאא،אאא א א .א

אא אאא אא ،א אא                                                            

.١١א ٢٦

25

א אאא א א א=٤٥אא.א (Ne)א

א٪٥،٩٥ א.)f(א=٠,٠٥א).٥(אאא

א א ، א א אאאא ،אא א א=٥٩؛)f(א=٠,٠٥אא (Ne)א

א.٢٠٪٩٥ א)f(א=٠,٠١אאא؛/א א א٢٩٧א = (Ne)א

א.٢٠٪٩٥ ،١٠٠א.א٤−٣א א אאאא.٩٥،٥٪٩٥

א אאא א(Ne)א א א .א

א אא(Ne) א א א א٥٠٠א٥٠٠٥٠٠٠אאא٤−٣א.٢٧ א =٥٠٠א (Ne)א

؛ א א א א )f(א=٠,٠١אא٪٩٥א

אא،.٥٠ א،)(א א(Ne) א.אאאא،٥٠٠

אא אא א א אא ،(Ne)אא.אא א ٢−٣אא

א٤−٣ אא(Ne)א ،؛(Ne).אא٦−٥٣−٣אא(Ne)אא

א/אא א אא،א .א                                                            

١٩٩٥.. ٢٧.Mutation and conservation. Conservation Biology.؛٧٩١−٩:٧٨٢،.٢٠٠٣.Random genetic drift.٢١٤−١٩٧..،Population genetics: Principles

and Applications for Fisheries Scientists.،א،..א אא א ؛ א.٢٠٠٢.Science and the Endangered Species Act.א אא.א ؛ א

.١١١٣א

26

٤−٣אא ، (Ne)א א٪١٥٠٩٥א

 ٠,٠١–٠,٠٠٥=)f(א

א٥−٣א א(Ne)א אאא אא אא אאא.אאאא ،אא א אא

א"אאא א)٥−٣א(،"א אאא)٥( א =٥٠.א א≥٪٥(Ne)א אא .)f(א=٠,٠٥אא٪٩٥)F(א

، אא אאא(Ne)א א אא (Ne)א

אאא ، א א א אא א(Ne)א א.אאאאאאא ،א ، א א א

א א א(א ).א

אא א ، א א אא א א א א ،א=١٠٠ א((Ne)א א א)א א ،א א≥٪٥(١٠א אא א٪٩٥)F(א )f(א=٠,٠٥א

27

א).٥−٣א"אא" א א، א(Ne)אאא،١٠٠ א

א אאא א א .א

א א،٦−٣א(Ne)א ، אאאא)١٠،٢٠( א/אא،אא א אא א א.אא א

(Ne)א،٢٠٣٧٨١٠٠٠אא אאא .א

٥−٣אא א(Ne)א א א א א א א א אא א.א א(א(Ne)א א ):אא– א א٪٩٥٪١٠≤F–א ؛٠,٠٥=fא

א–)( א א٪٩٥٪٥≤F−−א ؛٠,٠٥=fאאא– א٪٩٥٪٥≤F−−א .٠,٠٥=fא

28

٦−٣אא א(Ne)א א א א א א א א אא

א א א.א (א(Ne)אא א א–):א א א٪٩٩٪٥≤F–א א

f=א–؛٠,٠١ א א٪٩٩٪٥≤F−−א אf=א–؛٠,٠٠٥ א א٪٩٩٪١≤F−−א אf=א–؛٠,٠٠٥ א א٪٩٩٪١≤F−−א אf=٠,٠٠١.

אאא٦−٣א""אא ،٦−٣א"""".אאא

א אא א א≥٪٦١−٣א"".אאא ،)f(א =٠,٠١)f(א=٠,٠٠٥א٪٩٩)F(א

א א٢٠א א א ،(Ne).א≥٪١אאא אא אא،٢٠)f(א=٠,٠١)F(א ٢−٣א(Ne)א.א(Ne)אא٤−٣

29

א≤١٠٠٠א א=٢٨.١٠٠٠א"א(Ne)אא(Ne)א "١٠٠"א""א"א

).٦−٣א(٢٠"

אא אא،א(Ne)א،.א א אא א(Ne)א אא א א א

א ،א،.א، א،א א(Ne)א א א (Ne)א

، א א א אא א(א(Ne)א אא א(א)א א ،).א א אא א(Ne)א א א

א :٢٩)Nev(א

N אאVkא.

א אאאא)Nev(אאא א א א א א، אאא.א אא ،אאא/אאא א א א א

אא א،)Nev(א א)Nev(א،.א אאאא א٥٠٠=Nev(Ne(א

א אאא א).٤−٣א(٥٠אא א، א                                                            

א ٢٨ .٢٠٠٢.א Definition and estimation of effective population size in the conservation of.٢٠٠٢..،א ٢٩

endangered species.؛..١٦٨−١٤٧א..،Population Viability

Analaysis...

30

)Nev(אא، א אא ٥٠٠=)Nev(אא א א א א א א א א א א .א

א)Nev(אא א אאא אאא)Nev(א א

א א.٣٠)Nev(א ، אא א،א)Nev(אא אא א،א א)Nev(א

א א א.א אא)Nev(אא ،אא،א، א

. )Nev( א )Nev(א

א٤−٣

אא،אאאאא א אאא(א

א אא א א).אא،א.אאא אא אא

، א ، א.אא א א א ، א אאא א،،א؛

אא. א אא،א؛ אא(א א אא.٣١) ،)א(א)א(א

                                                            ؛א ٣٠ ،..١٩٩١.Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effectivepopulation

size،١٩٩٤...،א؛٣٢٩−٥:٣٢٥.Genetic risk associated with supplementation of

Pacific salmonids: captive broodstock programs.אאאאא، ٥١א:١א( (٣٢٩−٣١٠.٣١ ،.Controlled reproduction and domestication in aquaculture. The current state of the art.

Part II.، א :٣(٣٢א (٢٣−٥.

31

؛ אא.אאאא א ، א(אא אא

.،א)א،אאא

אאא.אאא א ، אא

، אאאאאא אא.א א

א אא، א אאא.א

א אאא.אא א א.א

א.אאא ،،.אאא א א

،.א א א אאא א א ، אאא א

، .א

،אא אא א،אא ، אא ، אא א،

א אאא.א ٪٢٦א٣٢.

                                                            ١٩٨٣..،..، ٣٢.Response to selection and realized heritability for body weight

in three strains of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, grown in earthen ponds.א ،א٩٦−٣٣:٨٩.

32

א، אאאאא אא)٨א(א א א א)٩א(א א א ،א،

،.٣٣אאא ،א אא אא، א א،

א.א א א אא.א،، א אאאאא

א א.אא א אא אא،אאא، א.אא، א

א א אאא ، ،/א ،אאאא אאאא.אא

אאאאאא .٨א א٥−٣ א

אאא אאא אאא אא א אא.،،אא

א אא א א א א אאא א،)٤٦א(א אא א

א.אא אא)א(א א א א.א א

אא ،א א א א ).٦א(אא                                                            

٣٣ ، א ،.א ,Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid.٢٠٠٧..،؛.؛

cumulative fitness decline in the wild.، ،١٠٣−٣١٨:١٠٠א ،..؛ א ؛ ، ؛..، ،..؛ Rapid evolution of egg size in captive.٢٠٠٣..؛

salmon.Science ،١٧٤٠–٢٩٩:١٧٣٨.

33

א א א ،א א אאא אאא אאא.אא א

א א،א א אאא .אא ،אאאא ،א אא א א، א א

א/אא אא،א.א א א א אא אא .אאא

، אא א אאא א א ،אאא א א א א .א

34

אא٤ אאא ٣٤א

١−٤

אא אאאא אאא א אא א(א ).٣−٣−١٩−٣−٣٩−١−٢٩−١−٩א

א א א אא א،א א א אאאאאא א.א אא א א א

א א אאא אא אא .אאאא אא אאא.א א.٧٩א אא אא א אא .א

א אא א אאאאא א ٣א.אא،אאא א אאא אאאא א

א(אאא .אא)אא אא אאא א.אאאא

א א א אא אאאאא .א

אא٢−٤ אא א

א א א א אא א١٩٧٠אא אא א א א.א אאאא א

                                                            ..א ٣٤

35

א א אא אאאאא אאאא .א

א אא .אא

א אא אאאא .אאאאאאא א א אא אא

א)( אא אא א، א אאאא( אא،)٣א א ).١−٤א(אא

א א א א אא אא אאא א א א א אאא אא

.א

אאאאאאא .אאא

א א אאא אאאאא א א א א א ، .א

א אא אא א אאאאאא .אא

א٣−٤ א א

א אאא א אאא א א، אא ،א א א א אא א

אא א א א אאאאאא .א

36

אא١−٣−٤ א

אא )(אאאאא א.א א

א אאאא א א א.אא אא אאאא א אאא(א )א.אאא

37

אאאא א אאא אא א،אא אאאאאא.א

א אאאא .א

א א א ،.א אא אאאא.אאא

אאאאא א א.אאא א א(אא

،אאא א א א אא א אא אא).א א אא אאא.אא، א

א א(א)א(א ).אאא،א אא אאא ،אא

א.אא ٠,١٥٠,٥אאאא א

א אא.٣٥א א א אא.אאא

אא .،אא א ،אאא א א א אא א

א א א א(א אא).א א אא א

א אא ، א)א/א(אא

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133

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136

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