European Expression - Issue 49

Jet Oil

EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H ñ Ù. 49 ñ 2O TPIMHNO 2003

¶ E P I E X O M E N A 1

EYPø¶AIKH EKºPA™Hññ

TPIMHNIAIA EK¢O™H EYPø¶A.I.KOY ¶POB§HMATI™MOYETO™ I¢PY™H™: 1989 ñ ISSN: 1105-8137 ñ EURO 5 ñ ETO™ 13Ô ñ TEYXO™ 49 ñ ∞¶ƒπ§π√™ - ª∞´√™ - π√À¡π√™ 2003

Editorial: ∏ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Î·È ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙË˜ ¡¤·˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜.................................................................3

∏ ™À¡∆∞∫∆π∫∏ ™À¡∂§∂À™∏& ∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∂¡ø™∏ ∆∏™ ∂Àƒø¶∏™

¢.¡.ÃƒÀ™√Ã√√À, ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ......................................................4

£.∫√À∫√À§∏, ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË & ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ..............................................................................................8

ª.¶∞¶∞∫ø¡™∆∞¡∆∏, ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË Î·È Ô ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˜ ÔÏ›ÙË˜..............................13

∏ ¢π∂ÀƒÀ¡™∏ ∆∏™ ∂.∂.

∂.∆∂ª¶√À, ∏ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂.∂.: ÔÈ ÚÒÙÂ˜ ·ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜.................................................15

∂.∂. & ∂£¡√™-∫ƒ∞∆√™

∂.°.ª∞¡√Àµ∂§√À, ∏ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ & Ë ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ..........20

∫∞¡∞¢π∫∏ √ª√™¶√¡¢π∞

™∆. ∫√Àƒ∆∞§∏, ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi˜ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌfi˜: ÌÈ· Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· .....26

∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™ ∆∏™ ∂.∂.

¢.∫. •∂¡∞∫∏, √È ∂˘Úˆ-ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›· .......................31

∂.¢∂ªπƒ∏, EU-Japan: Opportunities, Incentives, Limitations .............................................38

ª∫√

¡.¶π∆™√À§∏, √ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ..............................................43

MONIME™ ™∆∏§∂™

µπµ§π√¶∞ƒ√À™π∞™∏........................................................................................................46

¡∂∞ ∆∏™ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏™ .......................................................................................................47

π¢π√∫∆∏™π∞:

∞ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎ‹ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· "∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹, ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË, £ÂÛÌÔ›"

√Ì‹ÚÔ˘ 54, ∞ı‹Ó· 106 72∆ËÏ.: +30210 3643223 -4 ñ Fax: 3646953E-mail: [email protected]://www.ekfrasi.gr

∂∫¢√∆∏™ - À¶∂À£À¡√™™Àªºø¡∞ ª∂ ∆√ ¡√ª√:

¡›ÎÔ˜ °È·ÓÓ‹˜

™Àªµ√À§√™ ™À¡∆∞•∏™ ∫∞π ∂∫¢√™∏™:

N¿ÓÛ˘ B·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘

∞ƒÃπ™À¡∆∞∫∆∂™:

∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢È·Ì·ÓÙ›ÎÔ˜¡›ÎÔ˜ πÙÛÈÓ¤˜

∂π¢π∫∏ ™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∏™:

∂Ï¤ÓË ¢ÂÌ›ÚË

™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™:

°ÂˆÚÁ›· AÛÙÚ·Î¿ ñ N¿ÓÛ˘ B·ÛÈÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñµ·ÛÈÏÈÎ‹ °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ô˘ ñ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·ÏË˜ñ M·Ú›Î· K·Ú·ÁÈ¿ÓÓË ñ KÒÛÙ·˜ §¿‚‰·˜ ñ¢ËÌÔÛı¤ÓË˜ M·ÌÌˆÓ¿˜ ñ AÓÙÔ˘·Ó¤ÙÙ· OÈ-ÎÔÓÔÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ñ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶·ÁÔ˘Ï¿ÙÔ˜ ñ Ã·-Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ ¶··ÛˆÙËÚ›Ô˘ ñ £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ ¶Â-Ï·Á›‰Ë˜ ñ X¿ÚË˜ TÛÈÏÈÒÙË˜ ñ £fi‰ˆÚÔ˜ æ·Ï-ÏÈ‰fiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ñ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË˜ ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘

∂¶π™∆∏ª√¡π∫∏ ∂¶π∆ƒ√¶∏:

£·Ó¿ÛË˜ ¢È·Ì·ÓÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ñ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙË˜ πˆ-·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë˜ ñ ¶¿ÓÔ˜ ∫·˙¿ÎÔ˜ ñ ∏Ï›·˜ ∫·ÙÛÔ‡-ÏË˜ ñ ∞ÓÙÒÓË˜ ª·ÎÚ˘‰ËÌ‹ÙÚË˜ ñ ™Ù¤ÚÁÈÔ˜M·Ì·Ó¿ÛË˜ ñ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘ ñ∞ÚÁ‡ÚË˜ ¶·ÛÛ¿˜ ñ ∫ˆÓ/ÓÔ˜ ™ÙÂÊ¿ÓÔ˘ ñ¶·‡ÏÔ˜ ∆˙ÂÚÌÈ¿˜ ñ MÈ¯¿ÏË˜ ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤ÏË˜ ñ¡›ÎÔ˜ ºÚ·ÁÎ¿ÎË˜

™Àªµ√À§√™ ∂∫¢√™∏™ - ¢∏ª√™π∂™ ™Ã∂™∂π™:

∞Ï¤Í·Ó‰ÚÔ˜ §·ÎÂÚ‰¿˜ - À„ËÏ¿ÓÙË˜

ª∂∆∞ºƒ∞™∂π™:

µ. °Î¤Î· ñ ™Ù. ∫·Ú·ı¿ÓÔ˘ ñ ¶. ª·ÏÔÔ‡-ÏÔ˘ ñ ∞‰. ª·ÌÔ‡Ï· ñ B. ¶ÔÏ˘˙ˆ›‰Ë

∂¶πª∂§∂π∞ ∂∫¢√™∏™:

¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ £¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∂

™À¡∂ƒ°∞∆∂™ ™∆√ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫√:

Eszter Almassy (µÔ˘‰·¤ÛÙË), ¡›ÎÔ˜ °È·Ó-Ó‹˜ (BÚ˘Í¤ÏÂ˜), Ã. ∑Ô˘ÌÔ‡ÏË˜ (µÂÚÔÏ›ÓÔ),Ronald Meinardus (ª·Ó›Ï·), ™¿‚‚·˜ ¶··-Û¿‚‚·˜ (§Â˘ÎˆÛ›·), Camil Parvu (µÔ˘ÎÔ˘-Ú¤ÛÙÈ), Irina Pavlova (™ÎfiÈ·), Beata Plonka(√˘¿ÛÈÁÎÙÔÓ), Alessandro Stricca (ƒÒÌË), ¢.∆ÚÈ·ÓÙ·Ê‡ÏÏÔ˘ (µÚ˘Í¤ÏÏÂ˜), °. Ã·Ù˙ËÌ·Ú-Î¿ÎË˜ (µfiÓÓË), °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ Ã·ÈÚ¤ÙË˜ (µÂÏÈÁÚ¿-‰È), ¢. ÃÚÈÛÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ (ªÚ›ÛÙÔÏ).

Editorial: The convention for the future of Europe & the draft of the new Treaty.....................3

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION& THE POLITICAL UNION OF EUROPE

D.N.CHRYSSOCHOOU, The political constitution of Europe .............................................4

TH.KOUKOULIS, The European Convention & the Greek Orthodox church about thereligious freedom .....................................................................................................................8

M.PAPAKONSTANTIS, The political Union & the European citizen

EU ENLARGEMENT

E.TEMBOS, EU enlargement: the first evaluation.................................................................15

EU & THE NATION STATE

E.G.MANOUVELOS, The Europeanization logic and its interaction with the nation state...20

CANADIAN FEDERATION

ST.KOURTALIS, Canadian federalism: a flexible democratic federation................................26

EU FOREIGN RELATIONS

D.K.XENAKIS, The Euro-Med. Relations after the Greek presidency ...................................31

E.DEMIRI, EU-Japan: Opportunities, Incentives, Limitations..............................................38

NGO

N.PITSOULIS, The contemporary way of NGOs function...................................................43

COLUMS

BOOKS.................................................................................................................................46

EKFRASI’S NEWS ...............................................................................................................47

2 C O N T E N T S


EVROPAIKI EKFRASSIQUARTERLY EDITION ON EUROPEAN ISSUES

FIRST PUBLISHED: 1989 ñ ISSN: 1105-8137 ñ EURO 5 ñ YEAR 13 ñ VOL. 49 APRIL - MAY - JULE 2003PROPRIETOR - EDITION:

"European Society, Politics, Expression,

Institutions", non Profit Making Company

54 Omirou St., Athens 106 72

Tel.: +30210 3643223-4 Fax: +30 1 3646953

E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.ekfrasi.gr

EDITOR - PUBLISHER BY LAW:

Nikos Yannis

EDITOR CONSULTANT:

Nancy Vasilopoulou

EDITORS IN CHIEF:

Konstantinos Diamantikos

Nikos Itsines

∞SSISTANT EDITORS:

Eleni Demiri

REGULAR CONTRIBUTORS:

Georgia Astraka ñ Antuanetta

Ekonomopoulou ñ Vassiliki Georgiadou ñ

Stavros Kourtalis ñ Dimosthenis Mammonas ñ

Marika Karayanni ñ Kostas Lavdas ñ George

Pagoulatos ñ Ch. Papassotiriou ñ Thodoros

Psalidopoulos ñSylvia Tsaglioti ñ H. Tsiliotis ñ

Nancy Vasilopoulou, Dimitris Chryssochou

ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

Stergios Babanasis ñ Thanasis

Diamandopoulos ñ Nikos Frangakis ñ

Panayotis Ioakimidis ñ Ilias Katsoulis ñ

Panos Kazakos ñ Antonis Makrydemetres ñ

Yiorgos Papadimitriou ñ Argiris Passas ñ

Konstantinos Stefanou ªichalis Tsinisizelis ñ

Pavlos Tzermias

ADVISOR - PUBLIC RELATIONS:

Alexandros Lakerdas–Ypsiladis

TRANSLATIONS:

ñ A. Baboula ñ P. Balopoulou ñ V. Geka ñ St.

Karathanou ñ V. Polyzoidi

TECHNICAL ADVISOR:

Politika Themata Inc.

CORRESPONDENTS ABROAD:

Eszter Almassy (Budapest) ñ G.

Chatzimarkakis (Bonn) ñ D. Christopoulos

(Bristol) ñ Yorgos Heretis (Belgrade) ñ Irina

Pavlova (Skopja) ñ Ronald Meinardus (Manila)

ñ Savas Papassavas (Nikosia) ñ Camil Parvu

(Bucarest) ñ Beata Plonka (Washington) ñ

Alessandro Stricca (Rome) ñ D. Triantafyllou

(Brussels) ñ Nikos Yannis (Brussels) ñ Ch.

Zoumboulis (Berlin),

E¯ÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ÂÈˆıÂ› fiÙÈ ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™‡-ÛÙËÌ· ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ µ'¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÏ¤ÁÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi,Ó· ËÚÂÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î¤˜ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È ÁÈ·Í·Ó·ÎÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ¤˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙË-ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛıËÎÂ ÛÂ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È

ÛÙÈ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Îfi Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂√∫/∂.∂. ∏ Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‹ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Ë ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Î‹ ÙÔ˘Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Û¯Â‰fiÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ÙË˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË˜ ∂∫∞Ã ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‘50.

∞fi ÙË ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’80 ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó¤Ù˘ÍÂ ÌÈ· È‰È·ÈÙ¤-Úˆ ̃ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·Î‹ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ı¤ÛË ÛÂ ÈÛ¯‡ ÙË ̃∂ÓÈ·›· ̃∂˘Ú -̂·˚Î‹ ̃¶Ú¿ÍË ̃Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙË ̃∂ÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎ‹˜ ∞ÁÔÚ¿˜. ∂Î ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· Ô‰‹ÁËÛÂÛÙËÓ ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ ̆ª¿·ÛÙÚÈ̄ Ù Î·È ÙË ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙÔ ̆Û¯Â‰›Ô ̆‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-Á›· ̃ÙË ̃√¡∂. √È ‰‡Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÂ ̃̄ ÚÔÓÈÎ¿ ™˘Óı‹ÎÂ ̃Â›̄ ·Ó ̂ ̃ÛÙfi¯ÔÙËÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙË ̃∂.∂ ÂÓfi„ÂÈ ÙË ̃ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ̃¤ÌÙË˜Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË˜ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÈ̃ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹˜ Î·È∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ ̃∂˘ÚÒË ̃, ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ª¿ÏÙ·.

¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Ô Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ÙË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¤-ÓÙÂ˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ƒÒÌË ıÂÒÚËÛÂ ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈfiÙÈ ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË˜ÙˆÓ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ì·È ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÛÂ ı¤ÛË Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ ÙÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÌÊˆÓËıÂ› ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ∞Ú¯ËÁÒÓ∫Ú·ÙÒÓ ‹ Î·È ∫˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ó·ıÂˆ-ÚËÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰‹ÏˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›-Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ›Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁË-ıÂ›.

¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·ÓıÂ› fiÙÈ Ë ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘-ÓÂÛÙ‹ıË ÌÂ ÙË ¢‹ÏˆÛË ÙÔ˘ §¿·ÎÂÓ ¤Î·ÓÂ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÌÈ·ÛÔ˘‰·›· ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿, ·ÊÔ‡ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛÂ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ù·ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù· ÂÎÎÚÂÌ‹ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ıÂÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ∂Ó‰Â¯ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·Ó· ·¤¯ÂÈ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎ›Â˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛÂ Ë ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ÚÔÛ‹ÏˆÛË˜ ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ. ∞˘Ù‹Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È·Î·Ù¤¯ÂÈfiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ·Ó·ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ·fiÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÍÂÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ Ô‡ÙÂ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜.

ªÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ··ÈÙÔ‡-ÓÙ·È: ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË.¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ ·Ú·ÙËÚËıÂ› ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ¿ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜Û˘ÓÂÏÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜. ÕÏÏˆÛÙÂ fiˆ˜ ·Ú·-Ù‹ÚËÛÂ Ô Schmitter ¯ˆÚ›˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ú·ÍÈÎfiËÌ·, ·Â-ÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË ·fi Í¤ÓË Î·ÙÔ¯‹, ‹ÙÙ· ‹ Ó›ÎË ÛÂ fiÏÂÌÔ ÎÈÓË-ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ancient regime, ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Î·-Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹, Î·Ó¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤-ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂ›˙ÔÓÂ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜.

¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÙÂÏÈÎfi ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙ¿-‰È· ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂˆÓ: ∏ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ-Î‹ ¢È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë Î·È ÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘-ı‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎ‹˜. ÕÏÏˆÛÙÂ ÛÙ· ™˘-ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ÙË˜ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔ-Ó›ÎË˜ ÚËÙÒ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ «ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ô-

ÙÂÏÂ› ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· Î·Ï‹ ‚¿ÛË ÂÎÎ›ÓËÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓË-ÙÈÎ‹ ¢È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë» Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔÙÔ˘ 2003 Î·È ÂÓ‰Â¯ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜ Ù›ÔÙÂ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·˘Ùfi.

∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ™‡-ÓÙ·ÁÌ· fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÎÓ¿ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Û˘˙‹-ÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ¯·Ú·-ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È. ¢ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÂ›· Ô‡ÙÂ ÛÙËÚ›-˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ Û˘-ÓÂÈ‰ËÙÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢‹ÌÔ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ·ÏÒ˜ ËÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÈÔÚÈ-ÛÌ¤ÓË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜.

Afi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘-ÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ıÂˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤· ·Ó Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂ-Ú· ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙÈ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›Â˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.

∏ ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÈ˜ ™˘Óı‹-ÎÂ˜ ÙË˜ Ã¿ÚÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜∂ÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂.∂ , Ô ¶ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛËÙË˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓË˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ∂È-ÙÚfiÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÙÚfiÔ˘, Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙË˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¤˜ Ú‹ÙÚÂ˜·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜, Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙË-Ù·˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓˆÓ ‹ Î·È Ë ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹˜ ¤ÌÓÂ˘ÛË˜ ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·ÈÔ‰ËÁÈÒÓ ÛÂ ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Ï·›ÛÈ· Î·È Ë ˘ÔÎÚ˘ÙfiÌÂ-ÓË (;) ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓÓfiÌˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È-ÓÔÙÔÌÈÒÓ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È Â¿Ó ÚÔÎ·ÏÔ‡Ó ‰È¯ÔÁÓˆÌ›Â˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ‰È-Î›Â˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÔÚÂ›· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘-ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∞ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù· Ô-Ô›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â·ÓÂÈÏËÌÌ¤Óˆ˜ ÙÂıÂ› ÛÂ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚ-ÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·ÛÎ¤„ÂÈ˜ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ̄ ÚfiÓÈ· ̄ ˆÚ›˜ fiÌˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤-ÏÂÛÌ·. ∞˘Ùfi ·fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· Ó· Â-ÎÙÈÌËıÂ› ‰ÂfiÓÙˆ˜ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜.

∆Ô ÙÂÏÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ Û˘Ó¿Ú-ÙËÛË ÏÂÈfiÓˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. √È ∂˘Úˆ·ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÈÎ¤˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË ı· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ-Î‹ ¤Î‚·ÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ ÙË˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ÌÂ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂ-ÛË ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÁÂÊ‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ›‰È·ÙËÓ ∂.∂. Î·È ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜ ·Ï·È¿˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ (ÁÈ· Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈ‹Ûˆ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ·ÔÏ‡Ùˆ˜ ·‰fiÎÈÌÔ fiÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Î. Ramsfeld)Î·È ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfiÙÂ-ÚˆÓ – status quo- ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÙË˜ ·Ó·ıÂˆ-ÚËÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛıÂ› fiÙÈ ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë∂.∂. ‰È‹ÏıÂ ·fi Ì›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÔÏ‡ÏÂ˘ÚË ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÂ ·-ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤-ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ Â›Ó·È ıÂÙÈÎ¿. ∫·Ù¿ Ù· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙ¿‰È· ÙË˜ ·Ó·ıÂˆ-ÚËÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ fiÏˆÓ Ì·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·ÈÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ë ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊˆÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ.

ª.π.∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤ÏË˜


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∏ Û˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Î·È ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙË˜ ¡¤·˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜

4 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏


TÔ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘-Ê‹˜ ÙË˜ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË˜ Â›Ó·È Â¿Ó Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎËÁÈ· ÙË £¤ÛÈÛË ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜Ê¤ÚÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË (∂∂) ÂÁÁ‡ÙÂ-Ú· ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·,‹ Â¿Ó Ë ∂∂ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ› Ó· ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË

ÛÊ·›Ú· ÌÈ·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹˜ Î·È È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ë˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰›·˜, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›·ˆ˜ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜. ∏ ·¿ÓÙË-ÛË ÛÙÔ Â›Î·ÈÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ›‰ÈÂ˜ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙÈÓÔÌ›Â˜ ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙËÛ˘ÓıÂÙÈÎ‹ Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙË˜ ∂∂,ÌÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎ‹ Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ÙË¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›Â˜ fiÛÔÎ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. Ÿˆ˜ Ë ›‰È·Ë ∂∂, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜

Ô˘ ÂÎfiÓËÛÂ Ë fi¯È Î·È ÙfiÛÔ «™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹» ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘-ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ - ÂÏÏÂ›„ÂÈ ÌÈ·˜ ÁÓ‹-ÛÈ· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ - ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó·ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ˘‚ÚÈ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÂÁ-Á‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·ÛÂ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯· ÎÚ¿ÙË, ·Ú¿ ÂÓfi˜ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜.

∆Ô ̇ ‹ÙËÌ· fiÌˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ·ÊÔÚ¿ Â›ÛË˜ ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈÎ‹ ÌÂ-ÙÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÙË˜ ∂∂ ·fi ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ·Û·Ê¤˜ Û‡ÛÙË-Ì· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓË Î·È‰ËÌÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·, ÔÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ô-Ê¿ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È Ó· Î·Ù·Ó¤ÌÔ˘Ó ·Í›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‚›Ô ÙË˜∂∂, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ‰È·‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘-ÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Î¿ÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤ÛˆÙË˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¿‰ÚÒÌÂÓ·. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÂÈ ¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ Î·È Ë ÂÈ-Ù·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ «ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡»Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË˜ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ-Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË.

∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›¤ÙÛÈ ÌÈ· ·ÎfiÌË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÚfiÛÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó-ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛËÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰‹ÌÔ˘, ÈÎ·ÓÔ‡ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù·‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜, Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ, ÙˆÓ ÎÂ-ÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ‹ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ï-Ï¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘«‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏÏÂ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜» ÙË˜ ∂∂, ÌÂ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ

ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘Reader ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ∂ÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Exeter, ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›·

To ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·

Το Σχέδιο Συντακτικής Συνθήκης φέρνει την Ευρώπη πιο κοντά στην Οµοσπον-διακού τύπου πολιτική οργάνωση;

5


ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ˆ˜ ÙÔÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÙË˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·-ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Ï‹„Ë˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ô-Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙË˜ ‰È·‚Ô˘-ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓfi„ÂÈ ÙË˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎË˜ÁÈ· ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË - ÂÎ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi - ÙË˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘fiıËÙÔ ÔÈÔÙÈÎfi ÌÂÙ·Û¯Ë-Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ ∂∂ «·fi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›Â˜ ÛÂ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·».

™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ «ÌÂÙ·ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤Ú-ÓËÛË˜» - Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÙË˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË˜ÙË˜ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙË˜ ‰ËÌfi-ÛÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ - Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÚÔ‚¿Ï-ÏÂÈ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹. ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË fiÌˆ˜ ÙË˜ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ÔÏ›ÙË ˆ˜ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÌ¤ÓË˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·-Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ó· ¤-¯Ô˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ Î·È¿Ú· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ. ∏ ÂÁÎ·ı›-‰Ú˘ÛË ¤ÙÛÈ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-ÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂, Ì¤Ûˆ ÂÓfi˜ ÓÔÌÈÎ¿ ‰Â-ÛÌÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ã¿ÚÙË £ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ÛÂı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈÓ Î·È Ó·‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔÏ‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ·›Ô˘. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô fiÌˆ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤-ÙÂÈ ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó·Ó Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ Ó¤-Â˜, ÌË ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎ¤˜, Î·È ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ÌË Â‰·ÊÈÎ¤˜ ÌÔÚ-Ê¤˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ıÂÒÚËÛËÙÔ˘ «ÌÂÙ·ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡» ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ‰È·-ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi fiÚ·Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂.

™‹ÌÂÚ· fiÌˆ˜, Ë ∂∂ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ› Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ.∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎ‹˜Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔ-ÚÈÛÌ¤ÓË˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ¤ÓˆÛË˜, Ù· Ì¤ÚË ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ ‰È·ÙË-ÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ı˘·ÚÍ›· Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ Û˘Ó-‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ıÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ.1 ∏ Ó¤· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ÙË˜ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂÛË˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÎÏÂÈ‰› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛËÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÙË˜ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ Î˘-ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚÂ› Ï¤ÔÓ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓÂ˘ÙÂ› ˆ˜ ÙÔ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô ÔÏÈ-

ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ Ë ÙÂÏÈÎ‹ Â˘ı‡ÓË.∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙË˜, Ë ∂∂ ‰ÂÓ

¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏ‹ ˘Ú‹Ó· Î˘-ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Ô˘ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ Â˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Û˘ÓÂ¯›-˙ÂÈ Ó· Â‰Ú¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ Ì¤ÚË. ∏ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛËÙË˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ÙfiÛÔ ˆ˜«∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ», fiÛÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎÔ›‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË˜ ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ modus operandiÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ë ‰È·ÚÎ‹˜ ·Ó¿-ÁÎË ÂÍÂ‡ÚÂÛË˜ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂ-ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙË˜ ∂∂. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-Ì¤Ó·, Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰ÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·ÙÈÎ‹ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹, ·‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› «¤Ó·Ó È‰ÈˆÙÈ-Îfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ-ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂÈ».2 ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈ-ÌÔ˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎ‹˜: ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô fiÔ˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿Î›ÓËÙÚ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜.

Ÿˆ˜ ÛˆÛÙ¿ Ì·˜ ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ Ô Forsyth, Ë ∂∂ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· «ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜» Î·È fi¯ÈÌÈ· «ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ï·Ô‡».3 √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ‰ÂÓ ·-

ÁÌ· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜

Τα κράτη παραµένουν οι αποφασιστικοί «παίκτες» στη διαδικασία οικοδόµη-σης της ευρωπαϊκής πολιτείας.

& ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™

6 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™


ÓÙÏÂ› ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÙË˜ ·Â˘ıÂ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ-·›Ô˘˜ ÔÏ›ÙÂ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙÈ˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘-ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ¿‰È·ÌÔÚÊˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˘˜. √‡ÙÂ, fiÌˆ˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙ‡-¯ÂÈ Ë ∂∂ ÌÈ· Ï‹ÚË «Û‡˙Â˘ÍË» ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Î·ÈÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ Ô˘ Ó· ıÂˆÚÂ›-Ù·È ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜ Î·È Ù· ÂÈÌ¤ÚÔ˘˜ ·-ÍÈ·Î¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ.

°È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÚ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÙ¤˜, ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÚfiÙ˘ÔÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· Ì¤ÚË ·ÔÙÂ-ÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆÛË ÙË˜Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜, È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Û˘ÛÙË-ÌÈÎ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜. ∞˘Ùfi ·ÓÙÈÎ·ÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰˘-Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ Ó· Â-ËÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ¿Ú·ÙÈ˜ ÂÎÚÔ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ËÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÂÙ·È, ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÂÓÈ-Û¯‡ÂÙ·È, Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜Û˘ÓÂ¯Ô‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙÂ˘ÛË˜ ÛÂ ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎfiÂ›Â‰Ô Ô˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ ¤Ó·Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û˘Ó‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÒÓfiÙ·Ó Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ› ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ·Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË. £· ‹Ù·Ó fiÌˆ˜ Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ÂÍÈÛÒ-ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÌÂ ÙËÓ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Î‹ ÚÂ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ™¯¤ÛÂˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÎÚ¿-ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡-Ó·ÌË ÙË˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË˜. ∏ Ó¤· ·˘Ù‹ È‰ÈfiÙË-Ù· ÛÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ «·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· ÔÏ‡ ÈÔÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú·‰Ô-ÛÈ·Îfi ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ÙË˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜».4

¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ÍÂÓÔ ¤ÙÛÈ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ ÙË˜, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ∂∂ ˆ˜ ¤Ó·ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË,ÂÓ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÌˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ finalité politique. ™ÙËÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ·˘Ù‹, Ë ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓıÂÙË˜ ÔÏÈ-ÙÂ›·˜ ‹ Û˘ÌÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜ ÙË˜ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·ÂÓfi˜ È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ô˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô«¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ Ù·‡ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ ¤-‰·ÊÔ˜, Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈ˙ÂÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜»,5 ¯ˆÚ›˜ fiÌˆ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·ÂÈ-Ï‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓÛ˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ó· ·Ó·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ıÂÌÂ-ÏÈÒ‰ÂÈ˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÛÂ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ÚfiÙ˘Ô·˘Ùfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÂ ¤Ó· Û˘-Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎfi (consociational) Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›-˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Î¿ÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂ-ÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·-ÎfiÌË Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ.

¶·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡-Ú˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Â‰›Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙË‰ÈÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·, Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ Ï‹„Ë˜ ‰È·-‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ·Á·ı¿ ¤Ú·Ó ÙË˜ ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·‰È-Î·Û›·˜. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ·Á·ı¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁ-Ì· ÁÈ· ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÚÂÙ‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜¯ÚËÛÙ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÈ· Ó¤·˜‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ civitas ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ıÂ-ÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË˜ ÙË˜ «·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ». °È·ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ ÙË˜ ÚÂÔ˘ÌÏÈÎ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ıÂÒÚËÛË˜, «Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· Î·Ù·-ÛÎÂ‡·ÛÌ· Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ ·˘ÙÔÚ˘ıÌÈ˙fiÌÂ-ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÂ›˜ Ô‡ÙÂ ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ˘fiÌÂÓÔÌ¤ÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfi-ÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜».6 ∏ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÍÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÈ·˜Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ res publica ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÛÂÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ·Ú-Ù‹ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·: ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙË-Ì· ·ÍÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂ ÛÙfi¯ÔÙËÓ ÂÍ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜, fi-Ô˘ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË Î·Ù·Ï·Ì-‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ı¤ÛË. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ë È‰¤· ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ-·˚Î‹˜ res publica Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÚÌÔÓÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙË ÏÔ-ÁÈÎ‹ ÂÓfi˜ «ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜» Ô˘ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔÈ-Â› Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿: (·) ÈÛfiÚÚÔË ÌÔÚ-Ê‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜, (‚) ÂÈ‰›ˆÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Î·ÏÔ‡ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Î·È (Á) ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿-ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÔ˘Ó ·fiÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË. ∏ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·-Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÂ ¤Ó· Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÌÂÈÎÙ‹˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ -ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÔÏÈÙÂ›· ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓˆÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÒÓ - ÙÔÔÔ›Ô ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Î·È fi¯È ‰ÈÎ·˚Î‹ ÂÚ-ÌËÓÂ›· ÙË˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ «™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·», Î·ıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÌÔÚÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ·ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂∂.

™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒ-Ë˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÓÔÚÌÒÓ,·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈÎ·ÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·-Û›· ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜. ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÛ‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÌÈ·˜«™˘Óı‹ÎË˜-Ï·›ÛÈÔ» Î·È fi¯È ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÔ‡˜«™˘Óı‹ÎË ÓfiÌˆÓ», ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ ÂÚÁ·-ÏÂ›Ô ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ Ô˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔ-‹ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘ÛÂ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· «ÂÓfiÙËÙ·ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·». ¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ fiÔÈ· Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ¿ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ÌÈ· ‰ÈÎ·˚Î¿ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓË ÂÎ‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘-ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÓÙÈ-

∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ 7


ÚÔÛˆÂ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘‚ÚÈ‰ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈÎ‹ Ê‡ÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂ Î·È Î˘-Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Â‰Ú¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ¤Ó· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ¢ÈÂıÓÂ›˜™˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜. ∞Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÓÔÌÈÌÔ-Ô›ËÛË˜, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤Ó·Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ, ÏËÓ fiÌˆ˜ ‰È·ÈÚÂÌ¤ÓÔ, ÛÒÌ· ÔÏÈÙÒÓÛ˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ Â-ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ Ù¿ÍË˜. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ-Î‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÚÔÛÊ¤-ÚÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÈ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù· Ì¤Û· ÌÂ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ-ÊÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, Â-ÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË˜.

¶Ò˜ fiÌˆ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· Û˘ÏÏ¿‚Ô˘ÌÂ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔ-ÁÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi ÙË˜∂∂; √È Bellamy Î·È Castiglione ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·¿-ÓÙËÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ıÂˆÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ «‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂ-ÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡», Ë ÔÔ›· Â‰Ú¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÌÈ· «ÚÔ-ÊÈ-ÏÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù·˘Ù›-˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË Î·ÈÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜.7 ∆Ô ÂÓÓÔÈ-ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi Û¯‹Ì· ·Ó¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÛÂ «¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ‰È·¯¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ … Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ Ì¤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ-·˚ÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜».8 ∆ÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›ÛË˜ fiÙÈ, «·-ÓÙ› ÙÔ Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹, Ë ÔÏÈÙÂ›· ·˘ÙÔ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ›-‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘».9 ªÂ ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÓÂ‡Ì·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Â‰·ÊÈÎ¿ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È-ÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Ë ıÂˆÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈÙÈ˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·ÈÛÂ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÛÙÔ-¯Â‡ÂÈ «ÛÙË ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó·ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË˜ Î·È ‰È·‚Ô˘ÏÂ‡ÛÂˆÓ [ˆ˜ Ì¤ÛÔ ‰ÈÔ¯¤-ÙÂ˘ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ] … ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Î·È·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÔÊ¤ÏÔ˘˜, Î·È fi¯È ÙˆÓÛÙÂÓÒÓ ÙÔÌÂ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ».10 ™ÙËÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·-ÏÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÔÏÈÙÂ›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Â›Ó·È ‰˘-Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈ-ÚÔÛÒÂ˘ÛË˜ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ∏ ¤Ó-ÓÔÈ· ÙË˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔÂ›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙË-

Ú›˙ÂÈ Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜, Î·ıÒ˜Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË, ÙÔ ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˜ ¢ÈÎ·›Ô˘ Î·È ÙË‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÚÔ-ÛÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ÈÛÔÚÚÔËÌ¤ÓÔ ÌÂ›ÁÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓÎ·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ.

™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¿, ı· Ï¤Á·ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Â-Ófi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ - ÙÔ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·ÌÔÌÈ·˜ fiÏÂˆ˜, Ë ÔÏÈÙÂ›· ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ ·ÓÙÈÎ·ÙÔÙÚ›-˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÛÎÔfi ÙË˜ - ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·¿ÓÙËÛËÛÙÈ˜ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù·ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ·¿ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙË˜ «Ó¤·˜» ∂∂ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÎ‡„ÂÈ ·fi ÙÈ˜‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙË˜ Ó¤·˜ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎ‹˜ ¢È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë˜¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍË ÙË˜ ÂÁÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ-·˜ ÙË˜ ∂∂, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ë Ê˘ÛÈÔ-ÁÓˆÌ›· ÙË˜ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘Ó‰È¿ıÂ-ÛË˜. ∫·È Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, ÛÂ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛËÌÂ ÙÔ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓÎ·Ù·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÂÈ ÚÔ¸-fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ÛÂÌÈ· Ó¤·, ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ res public·, Ë ÔÔ›· ı·‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ú¯¤˜.

™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ˜:

1. ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË˜ ¡. ÃÚ˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˘, £ÂˆÚ›· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ∂ÓÔÔ›Ë-ÛË˜, ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶··˙‹ÛË˜, 2003. °È· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ıÂˆ-ÚÈÒÓ ÌÂ ÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ ‰Â˜Â›ÛË˜ ªÈ¯¿ÏË˜ π. ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤ÏË˜, Quo Vadis Europa?, ∞ı‹Ó·:∞Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î¤˜ ∂Î‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ™Ì˘ÚÓÈˆÙ¿ÎË, 2001, Î·È Dimitris N.Chryssochoou, Michael J. Tsinisizelis, Stelios Stavridis andKostas Ifantis, Theory and reform in the European Union, ‰Â‡-ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ıÂˆÚËÌ¤ÓË ¤Î‰ÔÛË, Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press, 2003.

2. Paul Taylor, ‘The United Nations in the 1990s: ProactiveCosmopolitanism and the Issue of Sovereignty’, PoliticalStudies, Vol. 47, No. 3, 1999, Û. 538.

3. Murray Forsyth, ‘Towards a New Concept of Confederation’, inConference Proceedings The Modern Concept ofConfederation, European Commission for Democracy ThroughLaw, Council of Europe, 1995, Û. 4.

4. Taylor, Û. 5645. Brigit Laffan, ‘The European Union: a distinctive model of

internationalization’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 5,No. 2, 1998, Û. 238.

6. Nicholas Onuf, Republican Legacy in International Thought,Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1998, Û. 5

7. Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione, ‘Democracy,Sovereignty and the Constitution of the European Union: theRepublican Alternative to Liberalism’, EurCit Working Papers,No. 99/11, 1999.

8. Ÿ.. ¢Â˜ Â›ÛË˜ ∫. ∞. §¿‚‰·˜, ‘¢ËÌfiÛÈÂ˜ ™Ê·›ÚÂ˜ ÛÙÔ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ-Îfi ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜: ∫Ú·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ¶ÔÏ˘Êˆ-Ó›· Î·È £ÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÈ˜ ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡’, ∆Â-ÙÚ¿‰È· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË˜, 1, ºıÈÓfiˆÚÔ 2002, ÛÛ. 63-91.

9. Ÿ..10. Ÿ..

8 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™


∏ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË

√Ù·Ó ÙÔÓ ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘2002 ¿Ú¯È˙Â ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ÙË˜ Ë ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘-

ÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ‰Ë-ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË ˆ˜ Ë∂˘ÚÒË ı· ÎÈÓËıÂ› ÂÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂ-Ù¿ ·fi ÌÈÛfi ·ÈÒÓ· ˙ˆ‹˜ ÈÔ ‰˘-Ó·ÌÈÎ¿ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔÔÚÈ-ÛÌfi ÙË˜: ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË. √Î‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤Î·ÓÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·-Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÌÂ Ù· ÙÂÎÙ·ÈÓfiÌÂ-Ó· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓˆÌ¤ÓË ∂˘ÚÒË Ó· È-ÛÙ¤„Ô˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‹-Ù·Ó Ë ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓfi˜™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ ‰ÈÂ‡-Ú˘ÓÛË ÂÔ¯‹.

ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿

‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂÓ· ıÂˆÚËıÂ› Â‡ÎÔÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔ-Ô›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·ıÒ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ¤ÚÁÔ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÌÔÚÊÔ Î·È Û˘Ó·›ÓÂ-ÛË Â˘ÚÂ›· ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤-ÏË.1 ªÂ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ÛÂ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô (ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ-Î¤˜ Î·È ÔÏÂÌÈÎ¤˜) Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-Î‹ Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ï·ÒÓ, È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Í›·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂ-ÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒ-Ô˘ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÙË˜ ıÚË-ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜.

∫·Ù·ÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ë ™˘Ó¤-ÏÂ˘ÛË ÙÈ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ (Ë ÈÎ·-ÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ÚÔÛ¤-‰È‰Â Û·ÊÒ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfiËıÈÎ‹˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ·Ô-

‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ·fiÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÓ‰È·ÊÂÚÔ-Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ ÙË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜) , ¤‰ˆÛÂ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ√Ì¿‰· ππ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹ÛÂÈ ‰˘Ô Ô-Ï‡ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ Ù˘¯¤˜:

ñ ∆ÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÌÈ·˜ÂÓ‰Â¯fiÌÂÓË˜ ÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘Ã¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ∞ÓıÚˆ-›ÓˆÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·.

ñ ™˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ÂÓ‰Â¯fiÌÂÓË˜ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ /ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ™‡Ì‚·-ÛË ∞ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ.2

∂ÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÂ˘ÓÒÓ ÙË˜Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË˜ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·-Û›·˜ ÂÙ¤ıË Ô Î. Antonio Vitorino,Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔÌ¤· ÙË˜ ÚÔÛÙ·-Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÔÈı‹-ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·fiÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫ÔÈ-ÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛÂ ÛÙËÓ∂ÏÏËÓ›‰· Â˘Úˆ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹ Î· ∫·-Ú·Ì¿ÓÔ˘ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÊÂÚÂ ÚÔ˜„‹ÊÈÛË ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÂÚ› Î·Ù·ÚÁ‹-ÛÂˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·‚¿ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ŸÚÔ˘˜.3

™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ÙÔ˘ Î. Vitorino ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÂÚÂ˘-ÓÒÓ ÙË˜ √Ì¿‰·˜ «Ë ÛˆÊÚÔÛ‡ÓËÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÊÂÙËÚÈ·Îfi ÛËÌÂ›ÔÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙË˜ √Ì¿‰·˜ ÙËÓ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ

&™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË

¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜

∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜

ÙÔ˘ £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˘ ∫Ô˘ÎÔ‡ÏË,£ÂÔÏfiÁÔ˘, ª∞ ¢ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ Î·È ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜

Η ελευθερία εκδήλωσης του θρησκεύµατος είναι δικαίωµα που κατοχυρώνεται από τον Χάρτη τωνΘ.Α. ∆ικαιωµάτων της Ε.Ε.

∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ 9


ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·-ÙÂ‡ıËÎÂ Ë ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ™˘Ó¤-ÏÂ˘ÛË, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÎÔÈÓfi ÎÂÎÙËÌ¤-ÓÔ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚË-ıÂ›».

ÿÛˆ˜ fiÌˆ˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÚˆÙËıÂ› Î·-ÓÂ›˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛË ÛËÌ·Û›·ÛÙÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈ-Î¿ ÛÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘-ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÂ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ÈÔ Û·Ê¤˜ -·fi Î·-Ù·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆ-ÛË˜- ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›-˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙË˜ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â-‰Ô. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 10,Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙË-Ù· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÒÓ, ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜:

«∫¿ıÂ ÚfiÛˆÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ·ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ÛÎ¤„Ë˜, Û˘ÓÂ›-‰ËÛË˜ Î·È ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜. ∆Ô ‰ÈÎ·›ˆ-Ì· ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘-ıÂÚ›· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ‡Ì·ÙÔ˜‹ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Â-ÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ÂÎ‰‹ÏˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ıÚË-ÛÎÂ‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂÒÓÙÔ˘, ·ÙÔÌÈÎ¿ ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¿, ‰ËÌfi-ÛÈ· ‹ Î·Ù’È‰›·Ó, ÌÂ ÙË Ï·ÙÚÂ›·,ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙÈ˜ ÙÂÏÂÙ¤˜».4

¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÎÂ›-ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·-ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓÛ¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂ Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈÎ·È-ÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ·fi ÏÂ˘-Ú¿˜ ∂.∂. Î·È ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ∂˘-ÚÒË˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ë ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙË˜ ›‰È·˜ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·fi‰Ô-ÛË ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·ÈÛ˘ÓÂÒ˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î‡ÚÔ˘˜ÛÙÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ˘‹ÚÍÂ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿·ÚÁÔÔÚËÌ¤ÓË (ı˘Ì›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ˆ˜ÚÒÙË Û·Ê‹˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹˜ÚfiıÂÛË˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚ›-ÏË„Ë –ÌÂ ÙÔ ÎÏÂ›ÛÈÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·-ÛÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎ‹˜ ¢È¿-

ÛÎÂ„Ë˜ Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛÂ ÛÙË ™˘Óı‹-ÎË ÙË˜ ¡ÈÎ·›·˜- ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·-ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙË˜ ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚ-ÓËÙÈÎ‹˜ ¢È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë˜ ÙÔ˘ 2004).

∏ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¿ÏÏ·ÍÂ ÚÈ-˙ÈÎ¿. ∏ ÙÂÏÈÎ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÙË˜ √Ì¿-‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ππ, Ô˘ „ËÊ›ÛÙËÎÂÛËÌÂÈˆÙ¤ÔÓ ÔÌÔÊÒÓˆ˜ ·fi Ù·Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜, ¤ıÂÛÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÍ‹˜ Èı·Ófi-ÙËÙÂ˜:

1. ∆ËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú-¯‹ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜,ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ∆›ÙÏÔ ‹ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ù‹˜

ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜, ‹2. ∆ËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÛÂ ¿ÚıÚÔ ÙË˜

™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÌÈ·˜Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹˜ ÛÙÔÓÃ¿ÚÙË Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ı·ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÂ› ÌÂ ÙËÓÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ÛÂ ·Ú¿Ú-ÙËÌ· ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹-ÎË˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ·˘Ù‹Ó, Â›ÙÂ ˆ˜ ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ Ô˘ÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔÓ Ã¿ÚÙË Â›ÙÂ ˆ˜¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi ÓÔÌÈÎfi ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ (.¯. ˘-fi ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏÔ˘).

ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ë √Ì¿‰· ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈ-ÛÂ fiÙÈ Ô Ã¿ÚÙË˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ Ú›-˙Â˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜·Ú·‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ,Ô˘ ÂÌÂÚÈ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÎÙÂÓ‹ ÓÔÌÔ-ÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒ-

Ì·Ù·. Ã·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈÛÂ ‰Â ÙÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂ-ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ˆ˜ «¤Ó· ‰ÔÌÈÎfiÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙfiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, fiÛÔÎ·È Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù·,Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙÂ Ó·ÂÓÙ·¯ıÂ› ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÏ·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜».

™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤ÎıÂÛË Ë √Ì¿‰· ‹-ÚÂ ı¤ÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙË˜ ÚÔ-Û¯ÒÚËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘-Úˆ·˚Î‹ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ¢ÈÎ·ÈÒ-Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÚÒÔ˘ (∂™¢∞). ∆ÔÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ¤Ó·˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂ-ÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒ-Ô˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÁÚ¿„Â›Û¯Â‰fiÓ fiÏ· Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ ¤ıÓË·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Î·È Ë ›‰È· Ë ŒÓˆÛË, Î·ÈÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÚıÚ· Û¯Â-ÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ÙË˜ ıÚË-ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜: ÕÚıÚÔ 3:«¢ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È „˘¯È-Î‹˜ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙË-Ù·˜», ÕÚıÚÔ 9 :«∂ÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ÛÎ¤„Âˆ˜, Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹-ÛÂˆ˜ Î·È ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜», ÕÚıÚÔ 11:«∂ÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ÂÓÒÛÂˆ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·-ıÚÔ›ÛÂˆ˜», ÕÚıÚÔ 14: «∞·Áfi-ÚÂ˘ÛË ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ». 5

∆· Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ÓÔ-ÌÈÎ¿ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ˘¤Ú ÙË˜ ÚÔ-Û¯ÒÚËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ∂™¢∞, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛËÂ›Ó·È Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı·:

ñ ∏ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞ ı··ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‹Ì·ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ «Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜», fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Â-Ù·È ÌÂ ÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó-ıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘.

ñ ∏ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›-ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏ›ÙÂ˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË ÚÔ-ÛÙ·Û›· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ fiˆ˜·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ÁÈ· ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤-ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂ-

❝ ∆Ô ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ£ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ∞ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÎÔÈÓfiÎÂÎÙËÌ¤ÓÔ Ô˘ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·‰È·ÙËÚËıÂ›

❞

10 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™


Ù·‚È‚¿ÛÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰Èfi-ÙËÙÂ˜ ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¯Ò-ÚËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ï¤ÔÓfiÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·-ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË.

∫·Ù·Ï‹ÁÂÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙÔ Û˘-Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛËÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞ ‰ÂÓÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ıÂˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·-ÎÙÈÎ‹ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓˆ˜ Û˘ÌÏËÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‚‹Ì· ÂÍ·-ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË.6

ªfiÏÈ˜ 6 ËÌ¤ÚÂ˜ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ë™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛÂ ¤Ó·¶ÚÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›ÔÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈÛÌ¤Ó· ÔÏ‡ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÛËÌÂ›·. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 1 ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÒÙÔ˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘«¶ÂÚ› ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙË˜ŒÓˆÛË˜», Î¿ÓÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·-Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜, ÛÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 2 ÙÔ˘ È-‰›Ô˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÙË˜ŒÓˆÛË˜ Î·È Î¿ÓÂÈ ÚËÙ‹ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ÛÙ· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù·, ÛÙÔÕÚıÚÔ 6 ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘«¶ÂÚ› Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜Î·È £ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ»,Î¿ÓÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÓ-ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË Î·È ÚÔ-Û¯ÒÚËÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂™¢∞: ·) ·Ú·-ÔÌ‹ ÛÙÔ Ã¿ÚÙË, ‚) ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ÙË˜ ÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË Î·ÈÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ ¿Ï-ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ‹ ÛÂ ¤Ó·ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ, ÚÔÛ·ÚÙÒ-ÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, Á) ÂÓÛˆÌ¿-ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË. 7

∞fi ÙfiÙÂ ¤Ú·ÛÂ Î¿ÙÈ ·Ú·-¿Óˆ ·fi ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Ó··ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÂ› ÙÔ Â›ÛËÌÔ Ï¤ÔÓ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÕÚıÚˆÓ 1-16 ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÛÈÛË™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË.

∆Ô ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈÙ· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÔ-Ì¤· Ô˘ ÂÚÂ˘ÓÔ‡ÌÂ: ™ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÒÙÔ

∆›ÙÏÔ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÔ‡ÌÂ Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ¿Ú-ıÚ·: ÕÚıÚÔ 1 «¶ÂÚ› È‰Ú‡ÛÂˆ˜ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜»: ∏ ŒÓˆÛË Û¤‚ÂÙ·ÈÙËÓ ÂıÓÈÎ‹ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·-ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙË˜. ÕÚıÚÔ 2 «¶ÂÚ›·ÍÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜»: -ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›- ÔÛÂ‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰È-Î·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ÕÚıÚÔ 3 «¶ÂÚ› ÛÙfi-¯ˆÓ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜»: ∏ ŒÓˆÛË ·-ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó·Ó ¯ÒÚÔ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜,·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË˜, Â-ÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·ÈÔÈ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÙË˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÛÂ-‚·ÛÙfi˜ Ô ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ-Î‹˜ ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·˜ . ™ÙÔÓ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ù›ÙÏÔ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÔ‡ÌÂ Ù· ·-ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ¿ÚıÚ·: ÕÚıÚÔ 5 «¶ÂÚ›£ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ»: ·) √Ã¿ÚÙË˜ ÙˆÓ £ÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ¢ÈÎ·Èˆ-Ì¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÌ‹-Ì· ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. √ Ã¿ÚÙË˜ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È [ ÛÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÌ¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ / ÛÂ ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ ÚÔ-Û·ÚÙÒÌÂÓÔ] ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ‚) ∏ŒÓˆÛË ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó· ÚÔÛ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏÈˆ-‰ÒÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛËÛÂ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙË ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÙÚÔÔ-ÔÈÂ› ÙÈ˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆ-ÛË˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ·-ÚfiÓ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, Á) ∆· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Î·ÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÔ-ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ Û‡Ì‚·-ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó-ıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓıÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÒÓ Î·È fi-ˆ˜ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÌ‹-Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎ·›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ˆ˜ÁÂÓÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜.8

§›ÁÔ Î·ÈÚfi ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ô °ÂÓÈ-Îfi˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜ ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜¤Ï·‚Â ·fi ÙÔÓ Î. Borrell (Ù·ÎÙÈÎfiÌ¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜) Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ÎÎ Carnero & Lorez Garido (·Ó·-

ÏËÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ Ì¤ÏË) ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›ˆ-Ì· «¶ÂÚ› ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·ÈÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›¯·Ó ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿„ÂÈ 163 Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÛËÌÂ›ˆÌ· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙË ™˘Ó¤-ÏÂ˘ÛË Î·È Ù· Ì¤ÏË ·˘Ù‹˜, ·fi ÙÔ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ (Ô˘ ÛËÌÂÈˆÙ¤ÔÓ ı·¿ÚÂÈ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÙÂÏÈÎ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜ÁÈ· ÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙÔ 2004 ÛÙËÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË ¢È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ ¢È¿-ÛÎÂ„Ë9), ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ Î˘‚ÂÚ-Ó‹ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ·fi Ù· ÂıÓÈÎ¿ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈ· Ù· ÂÍ‹˜:

ñ ∫·Ì›· ıÚËÛÎÂ›· Ó· ÌËÓ ·Ô-Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Â˘ÓÔ˚ÎÔ‡ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜,Ô˘ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-Ì¤Ó· ¿ÚıÚ· ‹ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÓÂ‡Ì· ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜.

ñ ∏ ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ó· ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È ÙËıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·, ÙÔ ‰ÈÎ·›-ˆÌ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Â-ÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ, ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚË Ï·-ÙÚÂ›· Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ıÚËÛÎÂ˘-ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜.

ñ ∏ ™˘Óı‹ÎË Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈÙÔÓ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿-ÙÔ˘˜ * Î·È Ó· Î¿ÓÂÈ Û·Ê‹ ÏfiÁÔÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜**.10

™ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·-ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·-ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜, ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤-ÚÔ˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤ÏË ÌÂ ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÌ¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜, Î¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÏ‡ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Úfi-ÏÔ, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›-ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ıÚËÛÎÂ›Â˜ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ ¤-Ó· ·Û·Ê¤˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ,Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÙÈ˜ ËÌ¤ÚÂ˜ Ì·˜.11

∏ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜

MÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›Â˜ ·-Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ

∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ 11


ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Ó¤-ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒ-Ë˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ÙË˜∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ¶ÚÔ˜ ÂÍ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ·˘-ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó¤ÏıÂÈÔÏÏ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙË˜ ™˘-Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜, ¿Ù˘Ë ∂È‰ÈÎ‹ ∂ÈÙÚÔ-‹ ÌÂ ı¤Ì· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙËÓ ÛÙÂÓ‹·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓˆ-ı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ Î·È ÙËÓÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÈÙË-Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙË˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿-‰Ô˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜.

∏ ¢È·ÚÎ‹˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-ÎÒÓ £ÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙË˜ πÂÚ¿˜ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ÙË˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÌÂ-Ù¿ ·fi ÂÓ·ÚÁ‹ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË ÌÂÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙË˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿˜ Ì·˜ -ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂ Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÈÛËÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·ÈÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜ÙˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ- ÂÍ¤‰ˆÛÂ ÌÈ· «¢‹ÏˆÛË Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ÌÂ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜». ªÂ-Ù·Í‡ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ‰‹-ÏˆÛË ·˘Ù‹:

1. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙË˜ ÔÚÂ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Ó· ÌË¯¿ÛÂÈ Ô ÔÏ›ÙË˜ ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Î·È ÙÔÛÂ‚·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ∑ˆ‹, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÏ·fiÛ· ‰ÂÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ‰ÂÓ Î·-Ù·Ó·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È, ÁÈ’·˘Ùfi Î·È Ì¤-ÓÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÈÒÓÈÂ˜ ·Í›Â˜, ¿Êı·Ú-ÙÂ˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙË ‰›ÓË ÙË˜·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜, ·-ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ·Ó·-˙‹ÙËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Î¤Ú‰Ô˘˜.

2. £›ÁÂÈ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Î˘-ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ Û‡Á-¯ÚÔÓË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜: ·ÓÂÚÁ›·, ÌÂÙ·-Ó¿ÛÙÂ˘ÛË, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈ-ÛÌfi˜.

3. ∫·Ù·‰ÈÎ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÈÛ‹Ìˆ˜ Î·ÈÛ˘ÓÂ¯Ò˜ Î¿ıÂ ·ÎÚ·›· ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛËÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂıÓÔÊ˘ÏÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡,Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î¿ıÂ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÊÔ-

ÓÙ·ÌÂÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Ó·˙ËÙÂ› ÙËÓÎ·Ù¿‰ÂÈÍË ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹˜ÔÏ˘ÌÔÚÊ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ.

4. ∂È˙ËÙÂ› ÙÔ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌfi ÙË˜ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹ÛÂˆ˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ-·˚ÎÒÓ Ï·ÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎ¤˜Ú›˙Â˜ ÙË˜ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È Û˘Á-¯ÚÔÓÈÎ‹˜ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÏË-ÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ı›ÁÂÙ·È ÌÂÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi Ë ·Ú¯‹ ÙË˜ ıÚË-ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÂ˜ÙÈ˜ £ÚËÛÎÂ›Â˜ ‹ √ÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜12.

⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÂ ˘-Â˘ı‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ-‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘-ÛË ÙË˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ -˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÂ‰Ú›· ÙÔ˘ ™Â‚·ÛÌÈÔ-Ù¿ÙÔ˘ ªËÙÚÔÏ›ÙÔ˘ ∞ÙÙÈÎ‹˜ Î.¶·ÓÙÂÏÂ‹ÌÔÓÔ˜ - Û¯ËÌ·Ù›Û·ÌÂÙËÓ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË ˆ˜ Ë Â›ÛËÌË ·-ÊÂÙËÚÈ·Î‹ ı¤ÛË ÙË˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù’·Ú¯‹Ó ıÂ-ÙÈÎ‹ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ Â˘Ú‡-ÙÂÚË˜ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÓ‰Â¯fiÌÂ-ÓÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·-ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ∂˘-ÚÒË. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ‰È·ÙË-ÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜Î·ıÒ˜ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÂÓÒÈÔÓ È-ÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó·ÚÎÂÙfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘ÓÓ· ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆ-Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ ÙË˜ Ë-Â›ÚÔ˘ Ì·˜.

À‹ÚÍÂ ÌÈ· ‰È¿ıÂÛË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-Û›·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÌÂ Ù· fiÚÁ·Ó·ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÂ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÓ-‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙËÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›-ÏË„Ë ÛÙË Ó¤· ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÚËÙ‹˜ ·-Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ÚfiÏÔÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-Á›· ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ.13 Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹Â’·˘ÙÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ ·-Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎ·ı‹ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÙË˜∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÎÎ. ÃÚÈ-

ÛÙÔ‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÎÂÊ·-Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ-Î‹˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ Î. ValeryGiscard d’ Estaing, Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓÚfiÛÊ·ÙË Â›ÛÎÂ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘-Ù·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÛÙÈ˜ 19 ºÂ-‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2003:«…∂ÍÔ¯Ò-Ù·ÙÂ… ∂Ï›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ˆ˜ ı· ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ-Î‹ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÌÈ· ·-Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎ‹ ÎÏËÚÔ-ÓÔÌÈ¿ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÔ›ÌÈfiÙË˜». 14

™ÙËÓ ··ÓÙËÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ª·Î·ÚÈÒÙ·ÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔı¤Ì· ÙË˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ ÌË ÙË˜ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ ÙË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜ ÛÙË ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ¿Ú-ıÚÔ˘ 2 ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤-¯ÂÈ ÚÔÎ·Ï¤ÛÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓÂ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹-ÛÂÈ˜, ÛËÌÂ›ˆÓÂ Ô ¶ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜: «…Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔ-ÛˆÈÎ‹ ÌÔ˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ··Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ı· ¤‚ÚÈÛÎÂ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂ-Ú· ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙË˜ Î·È ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂÓ· ÂÚÈÏËÊıÂ› ÛÙÔ ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔ ÙË˜™˘Óı‹ÎË˜, ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÙË˜…∂È‰›ˆÍ‹ ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·ÈÓ· ÂÚÈÏËÊıÂ› ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÎÂ›ÌÂ-ÓÔ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜Ë ˘’·ÚÈıÌfiÓ 11 ¢‹ÏˆÛË ÙË˜™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì, Û‡Ì-ÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛËÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ¶Ô-ÏÈÙÂ›·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂıÂ› ÛÙÔ Â-ıÓÈÎfi ‰›Î·ÈÔ Î¿ıÂ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜-Ì¤-ÏÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂.».15

π‰È·›ÙÂÚË˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù¤ÏÔ˜¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÔÚ-ıfi‰ÔÍÔ˘ ™˘ÓÂ‰Ú›Ô˘ Â› ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â-‰›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹-ÎË˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂., Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËÎÂÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË Î·ÙfiÈÓ ÚÔÛÎÏ‹ÛÂ-ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ¶·ÙÚÈ¿Ú-¯Ô˘ ÎÎ µ·ÚıÔÏÔÌ·›Ô˘ (18-19/03/2003). ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· Ù·ÛËÌÂ›· Ô˘ Ì·˜ ¤Î·Ó·Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚËÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Ù· Î¿ÙˆıÈ:

1. ™ÙË Ó¤· ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ™˘Ó-

12 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™


ı‹ÎË Ë Î·ÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘-ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·-Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ·ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓÎ·È £ÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜.

2. ∂È‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ë Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë·˘ÛÙËÚÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ˘fi ÙË˜ ÓÔÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ¢È-Î·ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô-Ú›ˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ·Ú·ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ

(Û¤ÎÙÂ˜) ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙË˜ ıÚË-ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜, fiÛÔ Î·ÈÁÈ· ÙË ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ‰Ú¿ÛË˜ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ·ı¤ÌÈÙÔ˘ÚÔÛËÏ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË-Ì¤ÏËÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜. 16

™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ˜

1. ÕÔ„Ë Ô˘ ÂÍ¤ÊÚ·ÛÂ Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ Î. °. ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘,ÛÂ ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ, ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›·Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·-ÓÒıËÎÂ ·fi ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ∑¿ÂÈÔ ª¤Á·ÚÔ ÛÙÈ˜ 22/04/2002.

2. ™ËÌÂ›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙË˜ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î.Antonio Vitorino ÚÔ˜ Ù· Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ÌÂ ı¤Ì·: «∂ÓÙÔÏ‹ÙË˜ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ã¿ÚÙË» ÌÂ ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›·31/05/2002.∆Ô ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ CONV 72/02 Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ÙË˜ ∂.∂. :www.europa.eu.int.

3. ¢‹ÏˆÛË ÂÚ› ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·‚¿ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ ŸÚÔ˘˜(12/07/2001), ·fi ÙÔÓ ∂›ÙÚÔÔ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ¢ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË˜ Î·È∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÀÔı¤ÛÂˆÓ, Î. Antonio Vitorino, Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ıËÎÂÛÙËÓ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÛÙÈ˜ 13/07/2001.

4. ŒÎ‰ÔÛË Â›ÛËÌË ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ÌÂ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙËÎ·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÂ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË Ùfi-ÛÔ ÛÙ· ÁÚ·ÊÂ›· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· fiÛÔÎ·È ÛÙ· ÁÚ·ÊÂ›· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·ıÒ˜Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜: www.europarl. eu.int. , www.europa.eu.int/comm. www.europa. eu.int. Charter of Fundamental Rights,Frequently Asked Questions, download of 03/04/ 2002.

5. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ™‡Ì‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¢ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÚÒÔ˘Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙÔÓ Â›ÛËÌÔ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ∂˘-ÚÒË˜: www.coe.org.

6. ∆ÂÏÈÎ‹ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÙË˜ √Ì¿‰·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ππ, Ô˘ Î·Ù·Ù¤ıËÎÂÛÙË ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ÛÙÈ˜ 22/10/2002, ÌÂ ·ÚÈıÌfi CONV 354/02, Î·È Â›-Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË http://register. consilium.eu.int/pdf/gr/02/ cv00/00354gr2.pdf.

7. ¶ÚÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜, Ô˘ ÂÍ¤‰ˆÛÂ Ë ™˘-Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ÛÙÈ˜ 28/10/2002, ÌÂ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ CONV 369/02,Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ÙË˜ ∂.∂. www.europa.eu.int.

8. ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ 1-16 ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜,Ô˘ ÂÍ¤‰ˆÛÂ Ë ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ÛÙÈ˜ 06/02/2003, ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ ÌÂ ·ÚÈıÌfiCONV 528/03, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂.∂.www.europa.eu.int.

9. ™ÙÔÈ¯Â›· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÚÎÙ‹ÚÈ· ÔÌÈÏ›·Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛÂ Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ Î. ¶.∫. πˆ·ÎÂÈÌ›‰Ë˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹˜ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛÂ ÙÔ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ∑¿ÂÈÔ ª¤Á·ÚÔ(22/04/2002), ÌÂ ı¤Ì·: «ƒfiÏÔ˜, ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜» Î·È Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚÂ› ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÎ‰fiÛÂÈ˜™¿ÎÎÔ˘Ï·.

* ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎ‹ Ì·˜ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ ÛËÌÂ›ÔÎÚ‡‚ÂÈ ÙËÓ ··›ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ¿ÌÂÛË ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË˜ ıÂÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ‹‰Ë ˘·Ú-¯fiÓÙˆÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ ÛÂ ıÂÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¿ Î·È Ù›ÔÙ· ·Ú·¿Óˆ.

** ∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Î·È ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚË ÂÛÙ›· ¤ÓÙ·ÛË˜ Î·È ÙÚÈ‚ÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ Î·È ∂.∂.Î·ıÒ˜ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ÙÔ ÓÂ‡Ì· Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÛÎÔ-ÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜. ¶ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘ÌÂ ˆ˜ ÌÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ

ÙÚfiÔ ı· ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ· Î·È Ë ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ÏÂÈ-ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· –ÚÒÙ· Î·È ¿Óˆ ·’fiÏ·- ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ‚¤‚·È·ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ ÙÈ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ¿ Ë ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ -ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ ›Ûˆ˜fiÏˆÓ- Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎ·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ·fi ÙÔÓ¿ÏÏÔ. ∞Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ ˆ˜ ÌfiÓÔ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË, fiÏÂÌÔÈ Î·È ‰È¯·-ÛÌfi˜ ÚÔ‹Ïı·Ó ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·ÈÙ›Â˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÛ·ÌÂ ·Ú·¿Óˆ fiÙ·Ó Ù·Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ˆı‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÂ ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô (‰ÈˆÁÌÔ› ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ ·fiÙË ƒˆÌ·˚Î‹ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·, ÂÈÎÔÓÔÌ·¯›· Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡˜¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜, ÈÂÚ¿ ÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ˘ ªÂÛ·›ˆ-Ó·). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È Ô ·ÓÙ›ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ô˘ Ï¤ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÔÚÈ-ÛÌ¤Ó· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ ¤ıÓË –¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈ-Îfi- Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ ÙÔ «ÛˆÛ›‚ÈÔ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË˜» ÛÂ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÂ˜Î·Ì¤˜ ÙË˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜Î·ÙÔ¯‹˜ ·fi Í¤ÓÂ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÛˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ô-ÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ Ù¤¯ÓÂ˜, ÙˆÓ Ï·-ÒÓ, Ô˘ ÚfiÛÊÂÚÂ Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ÛÂ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯ÚÔÓÈÎ¿ ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·).∞ÏÏ¿ ·˜ ÌËÓ ÏËÛÌÔÓÔ‡ÌÂ ˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ô˘‰È¤ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ¯Ò-ÚÂ˜ ·Û·Ê¤˜ Î·È ÛÎÈÒ‰Â˜, Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ Â›Ó·È Â˘‰È¿ÎÚÈÙÔ ÛÂ¯ÒÚÂ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ∞ÁÁÏ›·, Ë πÙ·Ï›· Î·È Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰·.

10. ¢È·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfi ™ËÌÂ›ˆÌ· ÙˆÓ ÎÎ Borrell, Carnero, GaridoÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤· ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ÂÚ› «ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú-¯ÒÓ ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜»,Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎÂ ÛÙË ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ÙÚÂÈ˜, ÌÂ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ CONV 587/03, Î·È Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÛÙË ‰ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË: www.europa.eu.int.

11. ŒÁÁÚ·Ê· ˘’·ÚÈıÌfiÓ: CONV 108/02 ÙË˜ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜,CONV 174/02 ÙË˜ ∞˘ÛÙÚ›·˜ Î·È CONV 110/02 ÙË˜ πÙ·Ï›·˜.

12. ¢‹ÏˆÛË ÙË˜ √ÚıÔ‰fiÍÔ˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ÌÂ ÙÔ ª¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂ‰fiıË ÛÙÈ˜ 30/05/2002 Î·È Â›-Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË: www.ecclesia.gr/greek/ news/europe/ declaration.htm.

13. ™ÙÔÈ¯Â›· Ô˘ ÚÔ‹Ïı·Ó ·fi Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÌÂ ÙÔ ¢Ú. ∫. ∑ÔÚ-Ì¿, ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙË ÙÔ˘ °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô˘ ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘-ı‹ÛÂˆ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ £ÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙË˜ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, Ô˘¤Ï·‚Â ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÈ˜ 27/03/2003.

14. ¶ÚÔÛÊÒÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ª·Î·ÚÈˆÙ¿ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú¯ÈÂÈÛÎfiÔ˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓÎ·È ¿ÛË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î.Î. ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‰Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Valery Giscardd’ Estaing ÛÙÈ˜ 19/02/2003, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÛÙË ‰ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË:www.ecclesia.gr/greek/archbishop/europe/giscard_1.html.

15. ∂ÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ Î. ¡Ù’∂ÛÙ¤Ó ÛÙÔÓ ª·Î·ÚÈÒÙ·ÙÔ ,Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ıËÎÂ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰· ∂ÏÂ‡ıÂÚË flÚ·, ÛÙÈ˜19/03/2003.

16. ¶ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË ¢ÈÔÚıÔ‰fiÍÔ˘ ™˘ÓÂ‰Ú›Ô˘ Â› ÙÔ˘Û¯Â‰›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ∂ÓÒÛÂ-ˆ˜, Ô˘ Ì·˜ ‰fiıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙËÙÔ˘ °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô˘ ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂˆ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ £ÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙË˜∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, ¢Ú. ∫. ∑ÔÚÌ¿.

∏ ™ À ¡ ∆ ∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ & ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™ 13


OÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·-Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿-ÊÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·-ÛË. ªÈÏÔ‡Ó fiÌˆ˜ ÁÈ·ÙË Û˘ÛÎÂ˘·Û›· Î·È fi-¯È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂ-

ÓÔ. ∆· ·›ÙÈ· ÙË˜ ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙË˜ Ô-ÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Â›Ó·È ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ·. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓË-Ì¤ÚˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ÔÏ›ÙËÎ·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë ·Ô˘Û›·ÙÔ˘ ·fi Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ··ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÏfiÁÔÔ˘ Ë ŒÓˆÛË ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘Ï¿Î·È ‰Â ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÔÚıÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ô-ÏÈÙÈÎfi ÙË˜ ·Ó¿ÛÙËÌ·. ∞Ùfi ·-Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙËÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·-ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·ÈÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ª¤Û· ·fiÙÈ˜ ÔÏ˘ÏËıÂ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‰ËÏÒ-ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÎ‚›·Û·Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ

¢ÂÎ·¤ÓÙÂ, ÂÍ¤ÊÚ·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ·-ÁˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙË˜ ËÁÂ-ÌÔÓÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ∏.¶.∞. Î·È ··›ÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿-‰ÂÈÍË ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ˆ˜ fiÏÔ˘ ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ·˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÈÚ‹ÓË˜.

∞Ó Á˘Ú›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Ï›ÁÔ ›Ûˆ ÙÔÊÈÏÌ ÙË˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ı· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘ÌÂfiÙÈ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚÂ› Î·Ù¿Î·ÈÚÔ‡˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂ›Â˜ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ Î¿ıÂÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂ›·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓfi¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ·‚¤‚·È· ·ÔÙÂ-Ï¤ÛÌ·Ù·. ŸÏÂ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ìfi-ÓÔ ÛÙ· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎ¿ Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰È·(fiÛˆÓ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ó· Ù·ÚÔÌËıÂ˘ÙÔ‡Ó), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÂ ÂÈ-‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÂÎ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙÈ-ÚÔÛˆÂ›Â˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È

ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ÛÙÈ˜ ÚˆÙÂ‡Ô˘ÛÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ (fiÛˆÓ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÈ˜Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È fiÛˆÓ ÚÔ-ÛÎ·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È).

√È ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÏ¿-¯ÈÛÙ· ·ÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÔÏ›ÙË. √È Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÎÚ¿-ÙÂ˜ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ˘‰·›-‰·ÏÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡fiÔ˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÂ Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ı¤Ì·Ù· ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ Ó· Î·-Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· fiÌˆ˜ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù›ıÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ÔÈÔ˘˜ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË˜; ª‹ˆ˜Û’¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ÂÈ-ÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Ë-Á·ÈÓÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· Ì¤ÚÔ˜ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ÙË ı¤-

∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË

ÙÔ˘ ª¿ÚÎÔ˘ ¶··ÎˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ‹¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢ÈÎ·›Ô˘ – Nancy II

∏ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó

Í·Ó¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎ·ÈÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÁÈ· ÙÔ

ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÎ·¤ÓÙÂ ÛÙ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·

‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó

fi¯È Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ó·

Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜.

∆· ·›ÙÈ· ÙË˜ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ ÙË˜

∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ

·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ¤Ó· ÌÂ›˙ÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜

ı¤Ì· ÙË˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜

ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜

·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰ÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡

¯ÒÚÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ «¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜

‚Ô‡ÏËÛË˜». ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔ

ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘

‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜

¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ˘

Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡.

Î·È Ô ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˜ ÔÏ›ÙË˜

14 ∏ ™ À ¡ ∆∞ ∫ ∆ π ∫ ∏ ™ À ¡ ∂ § ∂ À ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∏ ¶ √ § π ∆ π ∫ ∏ ∂ ¡ ø ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∏ ™


ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ·˘Ù‹ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹; ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· Ù· 56ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ fi-ÚÈÔ ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ (ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔ-ÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ›Ô˘ ÂÓ›·˜ Ï·Ì‚¿-ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈ-Î¿ ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·Ù·)1, Ù· 30 ÂÎ·ÙÔÌ-Ì‡ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó¤ÚÁˆÓ (·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ô-Ô›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ 25% Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÂÚÁÔÈ ÁÈ·Ì·ÎÚfi ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·), Ù· Â-Î·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙ¤ÁˆÓ ‰Â ı·‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ÔÏ‡¯ÚˆÌ·Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰È· Ô‡ÙÂ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·›-ıÔ˘ÛÂ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂ‰ÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î¤-ÓÙÚˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏÒÓ ÍÂÓÔ-‰Ô¯Â›ˆÓ. ∆ÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô ÔÏ›ÙË·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈ-ıˆÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-ÚÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ·fiÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ·. ∆Ô˘‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ıÂ·Ù‹Û’¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ·ÎÚÈ-‚¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÂÈ Î·È Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ ‰˘Û·ÚÂÛÙËÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ·Ù›‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿Ï·‚Â ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË.

∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ÁÈ· Ó·ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË Ô-ÊÂ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹. ¡··ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ·Ï¿ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙË˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ¤ÚıÂÈ ÈÔÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ ÔÏ›-ÙÂ˜ Î·È Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔ-Û‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜2. √È Â˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ¿-Û¯Ô˘Ó ·fi ¤Ó· ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÂÓËÌ¤-ÚˆÛË˜. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛËÛÙÈ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓÎ˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË

ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÛÙ· Î¤ÓÙÚ· Ï‹„Ë˜ ·-ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ ı·Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹, ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛËÙË˜ ÂÓˆÌ¤ÓË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ Î·È ı·ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏ›ÙÂ˜ÙË˜ ÔÏ‡ ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·, ÛÙÂÓ¿Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ·’fiÙÈ ÌÂÙËÓ Â·Ê‹ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ-ÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ. √È Â˘Úˆ-·›ÔÈ ı· Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ¤˜ Î·ÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂÈ˜, ÎÔÈÓ¿ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ı·Û˘ÌÔÚÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ı· ÚˆÙ·-ÁˆÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì·˙› ÂÓˆÌ¤ÓÔÈ. ŒÙÛÈÌfiÓÔ ı· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÂ› ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË Î·È ı· Â-ÎÏÂ›„Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎ¿ Ê·ÈÓfi-ÌÂÓ· Ù· ÔÔ›· Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÌÂ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙËÓ ∂˘-ÚÒË, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰˘Ô ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘˜ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘˜. ∂¿Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ-‰ÈÒÍÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÎ·¤ÓÙÂ Â›Ó·È ËÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË, ˆ˜ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ ı·ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÂ› ·Ó fi¯ÈÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹˜ ÙË˜ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË˜;

∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓˆÛË ··ÈÙÂ› ·Ó-ıÚÒÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù·, ÌÂÎÔÈÓ¤˜ È‰¤Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜ Î·È ÌÂ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÊÈÏÔ‰Ô-Í›Â˜.

√ ·ÚfiÛˆÔ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ‰ÂÓÎÂÓÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Â˘-Úˆ·›Ô˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›-ÍÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ‹ÂÈÚÔ. §›-ÁÔÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ ÙË˜

∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜, ·ÎfiÌ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÙÔÓÎ. ∫∂¶¶∞ Î·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔÈ ÙÔÓÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈ-ÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘, Î¿ÔÈ· ·fi Ù· Ì¤ÏËÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·Ë ŒÓˆÛË Â›Ó·È ˘ÂÚ¿Óˆ ÚÔÛÒ-ˆÓ Î·È ·˘Ùfi ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È ÙËÓ ÂÈ-Ù˘¯›· ÙË˜ Î·È ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ·‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙË˜. √ ·ÚfiÛˆÔ˜ fi-Ìˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ¤Ó· ·›ÛıËÌ· ·ÔÌfi-ÓˆÛË˜ Î·È ÌÈ· ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓÂ˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ·fi Ù· Î¤ÓÙÚ· Ï‹-„Ë˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ. ¢›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â-ÓÙ‡ˆÛË fiÙÈ Ë ŒÓˆÛË Î˘‚ÂÚÓ¿-Ù·È ·fi ·ÚfiÛÈÙÔ˘˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÎÚ¿-ÙÂ˜, ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ·ÌÔÈ‚fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ó· Î·Ù·-ÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·Ù¿ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ Ô-ÏÈÙÒÓ.

ªÔÚÂ› Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒ-Ë˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤ÛÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ˘¿Ú-¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ Î·Ú‰È¤˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì˘·-Ïfi Ì·˜. £· Ú¤ÂÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ·-Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ ÔÏ›-ÙÂ˜. √È ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓÔ›ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ›, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓÔ› ÛÙfi-¯ÔÈ Î·È Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù· ·ÔÙÂ-ÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË-Ì¤ÏË. ∏ ÛˆÛÙ‹ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·-·Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ÂÎ·-¤ÓÙÂ. ∏ ŒÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ˘-fiıÂÛË ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ.∞ÔÙÂÏÂ› ˘fiıÂÛË fiÏˆÓ Ì·˜.

1. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÂ˜ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ Eurostat Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ«ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi». ™Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙË˜ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ ıÂˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· fiÛÔÈ ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ-Ûfi‰ËÌ· Â›Ó·È Î¿Ùˆ ÙÔ˘ 60% ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞Í›-˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈˆıÂ› fiÙÈ Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÛÙËÓ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ ·Ó¤Ú-¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ 21% ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÙË˜, Pauvreté et exclusionsociale dans l’UE après Laeken – partie 1 et 2, Eurostat,

Statustiques en bref, Population et conditions sociales,4/2003. ™ÙË °·ÏÏ›· ¤Ó· ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈÔ ·È‰È¿ ˙Ô˘Ó Î¿Ùˆ ·fiÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜, ∆· ¡¤·, 30/4/2003, ÛÂÏ. 48.

2. ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ‚·ÚfiÌÂÙÚÔ ÙÔ 31% ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ Ô-ÏÈÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛÙÂ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ∂.∂. ‹Ù·Ó ÂˆÊÂÏ‹˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 40 % ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓËÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙË˜, Commissioneuropéenne, Les européens vus par eux-memes,Documentation européenne, 2001, ÛÂÏ. 23 Î·È 27.


∏ ¢ π ∂ À ƒ À ¡ ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ 15


To M¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜

HÙˆÚÈÓ‹ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂.∂. Â›-Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ Î·-ıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ‰Â‰Ô-

Ì¤Ó· Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ï·Ì‚¿-ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ·. °È· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ‰ÈÂ‡-Ú˘ÓÛË ÌÂ 10 ÎÚ¿ÙË. √˘‰¤ÔÙÂÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ˘‹ÚÍÂ ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍË Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·Ú¿-ÙÔÏÌË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÌÂ ÙfiÛÔ ÔÏÏ¿Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ ‰È-

Â‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ E∂ ÌÂ ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔ ÎÚ¿-ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ∆· Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙËÙË˜ ∂.∂. ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÂÍÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ Î·È·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ Úfi-ÛÊ·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó –Î·È·ÎfiÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÛÔÓ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ Î·È ·-ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜- ÛÙÔ ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÁÂˆÛÙÚ·-ÙËÁÈÎfi Î·È ÁÂˆÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÙË˜ƒˆÛ›·˜. ∏ ∂.∂. ÌÂ ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÙË˜·˘Ù‹, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÍ·ÏÂ›ÊÂÈ ÂÌÚ¿-

ÎÙˆ˜ Ù· Ï¿ıË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ ÌÂÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ÛÂ‰˘ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›-¯ˆ˜ ÛÂ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡˜,·ÏÏ¿ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁÂ› Ó¤-Â˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¤ÓˆÛËÙË˜ °ËÚ·È¿˜ ∏Â›ÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÂ›ÓÂÈ¯Â›Ú· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÊÈÏ›·˜ ÛÙËÓƒˆÛ›· Î·È ÛÂ fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙËÙÔ˘ ÚÒËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÌÏÔÎÚÔÛÎ·ÏÒÓÙ¿˜ Ù· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È·˘Ù¿ ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜∂.∂. fiÙ·Ó Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌ·. ªÂ ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡-Ú˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ∂.∂. ·Ó·ÈÚÂ› fiÏÔ˘˜ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï·ÈÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·ÈÂÈÊ˘Ï¿ÍÂÈ˜ Î·È ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ Ó¤Ô˘˜ Ô-Ú›˙ÔÓÙÂ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-Û›·˜, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ·ÏÏ¿ Î·ÈÛÂ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË.

∏ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Â›ÛË˜ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÁÈ·Ù› ı· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ¤Ó·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÔÏ‡ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂÁ¤ıË, ÙfiÛÔÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿.¢È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛËÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÛÔÚÚÔË-Ì¤ÓË ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿ Î·ıÒ˜ ÂÓÙ¿Û-ÛÔÓÙ·È ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·-fi ÙÔÓ ‚ÔÚÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ¤-ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÓfiÙÔ Î·È ÙË ‰‡ÛË. ŒÙÛÈ ı·ÂÓÛˆÌ·ÙÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÔÏ‡ ÌÈÎÚfiÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÙË ª¿ÏÙ·, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ¤Ó·ÔÏ‡ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ, ÙË ¶ÔÏˆÓ›·. ∂›-ÛË˜ ı· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ ·-

∏ ¢ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛËÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜:√È ¶ÚÒÙÂ˜ ∞ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜

ÙÔ˘ ∂˘¿ÁÁÂÏÔ˘ ∆¤ÌÔ˘¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚÔ˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ï‹ÚÂ˜ Ì¤ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘ (IISS) Î·È ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ∞Ó·-

Ï˘Ù‹ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚÂ›·˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ (∂§.∂.™.ª∂.)

∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘

ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜, Ô˘ ‰È·ÚÎÂ› ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ

ÂÍ¿ÌËÓÔ ÙÔ˘ 2003, ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊÙËÎÂ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË

‰¤Î· Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ

ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ‹. ⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÔÏ‡ ÛÎÏËÚ¤˜ Î·È ÔÏ‡ˆÚÂ˜

‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ

ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ, Ô˘ ·Ú·Ï›ÁÔ Ó·

ÎÔÛÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù‹ Î·ı’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË, ÂÈÙÂ‡¯ıËÎÂ ÙÔ

ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ ÚÔÛÙÚÈ‚¤˜

ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂∂ fiÛÔ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ

ÚÒÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ. ªÂ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ‰È‹ÌÂÚË˜ ·˘Ù‹˜

‰È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë˜ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹˜, Ë ∂.∂. ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÛÂ ÌÂ ‰¤Î· 10 Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË

Ô˘ ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜ ÙË 1Ë ª·˝Ô˘ 2004, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Î˘ÚˆıÂ› Ë

ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ Î¿ıÂ

ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ¤ÌÙË (1973, 1981, 1986, 1995,

2003) Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÂ Ó¤Â˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË

ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ

ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó.

16 ∏ ¢ π ∂ À ƒ À ¡ ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂


Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ –ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ-Î¤˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜- ˘ÔÂÚÈÊ¤ÚÂÈÂ˜ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜. ∏ §ÈıÔ˘·Ó›·, Ë §Â-ÙÔÓ›· Î·È Ë ∂ÛıÔÓ›· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÈ˜ µ·ÏÙÈÎ¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜, ·ÏÏ¿Î¿ÔÙÂ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜ ÚÒËÓ ∂™™¢. ∏ ¶ÔÏˆ-Ó›·, Ë ∆ÛÂ¯›·, Ë ™ÏÔ‚·Î›· Î·È Ë√˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ˘ÔÂÚÈ-Ê¤ÚÂÈ· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜, Ô˘ ·ÔÎ·-ÏÂ›Ù·È Î·È –ˆ˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜– µ›˙ÂÁÎÚ·-ÓÙ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌË Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›·,Î·È Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚË‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ Â·Ê‹ ÛÂ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·ÈÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô. ∏ ª¿ÏÙ· Î·ÈË ∫‡ÚÔ˜ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·-Î‹ ÏÂÎ¿ÓË Î·È ÂÈ‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙË˜ ÌÂÏÏÔ-ÓÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ı· Â-ÎÙÂ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÙÚ·¯È¤˜ ·ÎÙ¤˜ÙË˜ ¡ÔÚÌ·Ó‰›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¶· ÓÙÂ Î·-Ï¤ ÛÙÔÓ ∞ÙÏ·ÓÙÈÎfi, ¤ˆ˜ ÙÈ˜ ·Ú˘-Ê¤˜ ÙË˜ ªfiÛ¯·˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ·ÁˆÌ¤-ÓÂ˜ ÛÙ¤Â˜ ÙË˜. £· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿-ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ˙ÂÛÙ¿ ÎÏ›Ì·Ù· Î·È ‡‰·Ù·ÙË˜ ∞Á›·˜ ¡¿·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ µ·Ï¤Ù·˜,Ì¤¯ÚÈ Ù· ÙÚÈÎ˘ÌÈÒ‰Ë ÓÂÚ¿ ÙË˜ µ·Ï-ÙÈÎ‹˜ £¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜. °È· ¿ÏÏË ÌÈ· ÊÔ-Ú¿, Ë ¤ÌÙË Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó-ÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ı·Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ Â›Ó·ÈÛ¯Â‰fiÓ ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎ¿ Î·È ÛÂÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Î·ıÔÏÈÎ¿.

∏ ¢ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ

H∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ÚÔ¯ÒÚË-ÛÂ ÔÚıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚ›ÏË-„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi Ù· µ·Ï-

Î¿ÓÈ·. ∏ Î›ÓËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÔÏ‡Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Â-ÌÚ¿ÎÙˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙË˜∂.∂. ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÌÂÛÎÔfi ÙÔÓ ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÏ¤-ÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÍÂˆÓÎ·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÛÙÈÒÓ ·Ó¿-ÊÏÂÍË˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë ∂.∂. ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÙ·-

‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÂ˜¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·Ó›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÎ·-Ó¤˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÈÎ·ÓÔÔÈ‹-ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ÌÂ ÛÎÔfi Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Ï‹ÚËÌ¤ÏË ÙË˜. ª¤Ûˆ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂıfi-‰Ô˘ ÔÈ µÚ˘Í¤ÏÏÂ˜ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ-ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Î‹ ÁÚ·Ì-Ì‹ Ô˘ ‹ıÂÏÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ·ˆ˜ ÙËÓ «˘ÚÈÙÈ‰·Ôı‹ÎË ÙË˜ ∂˘-ÚÒË˜». ŒÓ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ·-ÚÂÏıfiÓ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿ ‰ÂÓÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÙ¤ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏË-ÊıÔ‡Ó Ô‡ÙÂ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ-Î‹˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜, Ô‡-ÙÂ ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘, Î·-ıÒ˜ Ë µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ‹ ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ˜ ·-ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÌÈ· ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ-Î‹ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÈÏ¤ÔÓ ÙÔ˘·ÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ‡ «˘ÚÈ-ÙÈ‰·Ôı‹ÎË ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜», Ù·µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·ÓÓ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÛÙÈ˜ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂. (Î·È ÙÔ˘¡∞∆√). √È µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ·-Ú¤ÌÂÓ·Ó ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ fi-ÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÈ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂.∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ô Î·Ù·-ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Ù· ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓ· Û˘Ì-Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ·Ô-‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙË˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È Êˆ-Ó‹˜ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ.

∏ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ‹ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜

T· µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Î·È ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó Â› ›-ÛË˜ fiÚÔÈ˜ ÙËÓ ∂.∂.. ∏ ·fiÊ·-

ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ÙË˜ ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË˜ ÙÔÓ ¢ÂÎ¤Ì‚ÚÈÔÙÔ˘ 2002 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ·ÙË˜ ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓ›·˜ Î·È Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙËÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ‹ ÙË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂., ·Ô-

‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ¤Ú·Ó ÙË˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈ-ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÈ˙Â Ù·ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜ ‰˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜∂˘ÚÒË˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· Ô˘-ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ Î·Ù·ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔ-ÚÈÎ‹ ·fiÊ·ÛË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË˜ ÌÂÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜,Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ÛÎÔÂ‡ÂÈ Ó·Î·Ù·Ï‡ÛÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÈ˙Â Ù· µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ·ÌÂ ÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË ∂˘ÚÒË. ∏ ™‡-ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓËÁÂÙÒÓ ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË ‰ÂÓ ¿ÊË-ÛÂ Î·Ó¤Ó· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ·ÚÂÚ-ÌËÓÂ›·. ∆· µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ· ı· Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó-ÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛËÛÎÔÂ‡ÂÈ Ó· Â·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙfiÛÔ ÙË˜ µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›·˜ fi-ÛÔ Î·È ÙË˜ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ô-Ê·Û›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¤˜¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÙÔ 2007. ªÂ ÙËÓÂ›ÛÔ‰Ô ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô- Î·È ›Ûˆ˜Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË ¯ˆ-ÚÒÓ- ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ÙÔ 2007 ÂÂÎÙÂ›-ÓÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ë ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È Ë Â˘ËÌÂÚ›· Ô˘ Ê¤ÚÓÂÈÌ·˙› ÌÂ Î¿ıÂ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË Ë ∂.∂.

∏ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜

√È ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÂÏ‹ÊıËÛ·ÓÛÙËÓ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÙË˜∂.∂. ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË Î·È Ë

ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛË ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙË˜ª¿ÏÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È ÔÏ‡ ÛË-Ì·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÌÈ·Ó¤· ÂÏÈ‰ÔÊfiÚ· ÔÚÂ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. ∏ ‰ÈÏ‹ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ª¿ÏÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂.ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ∏ ÈÛfiÚÚÔË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ÔÈ µÚ˘-Í¤ÏÏÂ˜ ÚÔ˜ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÂ˜¯ÒÚÂ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÁÈÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ªÂ-ÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ Ô˘ ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ˆ˜ ÔÈ

∏ ¢ π ∂ À ƒ À ¡ ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ 17


ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ Î·È ‚·ÛÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ÙˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ Â›¯·Ó ˆ˜ ·Ô‰¤-ÎÙÂ˜ Û¯Â‰fiÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ÙÈ˜¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ∞Ó·ÙÔ-ÏÈÎ‹˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ¿ÏÏˆ-ÛÙÂ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Î·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-Û·Ó ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ Î‡Ì· ÙË˜ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ÏÂÎ¿ÓË ·Ú¤ÌÂÓÂ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ-ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓ‰È·ÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›-ÍÂˆÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘ÓÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ ›ÛÙÂ˘·Ó fiÙÈË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ Ó· ÚÔ-ÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÎ·È ÛÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË ÙË˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È·ÚfiÙÚ˘Ó·Ó ÙÈ˜ µÚ˘Í¤ÏÏÂ˜ ÛÂÌÈ· ÈÔ ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ªÂ-ÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ ÌÂ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ·Ó·‚¿ı-ÌÈÛË Î·È ÂÌ‚¿ı˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂ-ˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ-ª·ÁÎÚ¤Ì Î·Èª·ÛÚ¤Î. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤-·„·Ó ÔÙ¤ Ó· ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔÛÙËÓ ∂∂ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¡∞∆√ fiÙÈ ÔÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˜ ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi˜ ‚ÔÚÚ¿˜ ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. È-ÛfiÙÈÌ· ÌÂ Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙË-Ì¤ÏË,·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ¿Ú· ÔÏÏ¿ ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Î˘-Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÊÙˆ¯fi ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎfiÓfiÙÔ fiˆ˜ .¯. Ë ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙÂ˘ÛËÎ·È Ë Ï·ıÚÔÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙÂ˘ÛË Î·ÈÔ˘ ·ÂÈÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi ÈÛÙfifi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·-ÓÙ·È ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ∏ ∂ÏÏ¿-‰·, Ë πÙ·Ï›·, Ë πÛ·Ó›·, Ë ¶ÔÚÙÔ-Á·Ï›· Î·È Ë °·ÏÏ›· ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ¤-Ó· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ·fiÙËÓ ∂.∂., ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ-ÈÛıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¯ˆ-ÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÂÈÙÔ-ÓÈÎÒÓ. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ˆ˜ÙÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ÂÛÙÈ·-˙fiÙ·Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜∫∞∂ ÌÂ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ·Ú·Ì¤ÏËÛË

ÙˆÓ ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, Î¿ÙÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÛÂ ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘ËÌÂ-Ú›· Î·È ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÌÂ-ÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ÏÂÎ¿ÓË˜. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ,Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ Ô˘Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ¿ÓÙÔÙÂÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Û·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÌÈ· ÈÛÔÛÎÂÏÈ-ÛÌ¤ÓË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÌÂ ÎÚ¿-ÙË ÙË˜ ∫∞ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË˜ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ (Î·È ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·Ó›ˆÓ)fiÛÔ Î·È ÌÈ· ÈÛfiÚÚÔË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓfiÚˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ·, Û˘Ó-‰Â‰ÂÌ¤Ó· Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜∫.∞. ∂˘ÚÒË˜, ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘Î·È ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·Ó›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ µÚ˘Í¤Ï-ÏÂ˜

∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙË˜ª¿ÏÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ·fi ÙËÓ 1Ë

ª·˝Ô˘ 2004 ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ› ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ÙÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂.∂. ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ Â-ÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ ÛÙË ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ÏÂÎ¿ÓË.∏ ÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ∂.∂. ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÏ›Ì· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ Î·ÈÛÂ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ ªÂ-ÛfiÁÂÈÔ Î·È ÂÈ‚Ú·‚Â‡ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Â›Ô-ÓÂ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È¯·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˘·˘ÙÔ‡ ÓËÛÈÔ‡ Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ Ùfi-ÛÔ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-ÌÈÎ¿ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙË˜ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË˜. ∏ ¤-ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› ÙËÓ Â˘Ù˘¯‹ Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË ÌÈ·˜Â›ÌÔÓË˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·-ÎÔ‡ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô˘ ∂ÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Î·ÈÔÏÏÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌËÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›-ÓÂÈ ¤’ Ô˘‰ÂÓ› fiÙÈ ÂÈÏ‡ıËÎÂ ÙÔÎ˘ÚÈ·Îfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. √È ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈÂ˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ∂ıÓÒÓ, ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚËÛ·ÓÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰È-ÎÒÓ ·ÂÛÙ·ÏÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙË˜ ∂.∂. Î·ÈÙˆÓ ÂÈÌ¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Û˘ÓÂ¯ÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÌÂ ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â-›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÙË˜ ÔÏ˘fiıËÙË˜ Ï‡ÛË˜.

ŸÌˆ˜ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ÛÙË ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÓfiÙ· ·ÈÛÈÔ‰Ô-Í›·˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÙÂÓ›-˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÌÂ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚËÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿. ∏ Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ú¿‚Â˘ÛËÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎ·›Ô˘ Î·È ÙË˜ ËıÈÎ‹˜ Î·ıÒ˜ ËÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘ÛÙÂ-ÚÔ‡ÛÂ ÛÂ Ù›ÔÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈˆÓ ¯ˆ-ÚÒÓ. ∞Ó Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ÚÔ-Û¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂ ÙÔ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi fiÙÈ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ÂÈÏ˘ıÂ› ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Úfi-‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·ÌÂ Ó· È-Û¯˘ÚÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ Â›¯Â ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈË ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙË˜ ·‰ÈÎ›·˜ Î·È ˆ˜ fi,ÙÈÂ›¯Â Û˘ÌÊˆÓËıÂ› ÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂ-ÏÔ‡ÛÂ ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘ÛË ÙË˜ ∂.∂., Î¿ÙÈÔ˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡ÛÂ ÛÂ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi-Ù·ÙÔ Ï‹ÁÌ· Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜Î·È ÙË˜ ÊÂÚÂÁÁ˘fiÙËÙ·˜ ÙË˜ ∂.∂.ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂÓ· Ï‹ÍÂÈ Ù· ıÂÌ¤ÏÈ· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-·˚ÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ı· ¤Î·-ÓÂ Ù· ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· Î·È Ù· ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ·ÎÚ¿ÙË-Ì¤ÏË ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎ¿ Î·¯‡ÔÙ··¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÎËÚ˘ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú-¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ıÂ-ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙË˜.

∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÈÎ‹ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·

H¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘-Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·ÂÚÌËÓÂ˘ıÂ› Â›ÛË˜ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Ë-

¯ËÚfiÙ·ÙÔ ¯·ÛÙÔ‡ÎÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÎÏË-ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ¿‰ÈÎË ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘Ú-Î›·˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÂ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌËÙË˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜Î·È Ë ÂÎ¿ÛÙÔÙÂ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È Â-ÈÚÚÔ‹ ·fi ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙ·ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙ·›-ÚÔ˘˜, Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ Â-·ÚÎÂ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË fiÏˆÓÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ªÂÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙË˜ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ ·Ó·-ÙÚ¿ËÎÂ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿ Ë ·-Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜. ∏

18 ∏ ¢ π ∂ À ƒ À ¡ ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂


∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıÂ›, fiÙÈÛÙ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ È‰ÂÒ‰Ë ÙË˜ ÂÏÂ˘-ıÂÚ›·˜, ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜-‰È-Î·›Ô˘, ÂÈÚËÓÈÎ‹˜ Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË˜ Î·È‰ÈÂ˘ı¤ÙËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ‰ÂÓ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú·‚¿ÛÂÈ˜,·Ú·‚È¿ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÛÙÚÂ‚ÏÒÛÂÈ˜.∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ‹ È-Û¯‡˜, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Î·È ÂÌÔÚÈÎ‹‰‡Ó·ÌË, Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·fi ÈÛ¯˘-ÚÔ‡˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÁÔÚ¿ÙË˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ Ô˘ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÂËÚÂ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ·Ô-Ê¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ.∫¿ÔÈÂ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ fiÌˆ˜ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿‰ÂÓ Â·ÚÎÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË‰‡ÛÎÔÏˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ËÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙË˜ Â›Ï˘ÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘-ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ ∫‡-ÚÔ˘ ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ¿ Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛËÙË˜ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË˜ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙËÓÏ‹„Ë ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›·˜ ¤Ó·ÚÍË˜ ÙˆÓÂÓÙ·ÍÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂˆÓÙË˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ‹ ·fiÚÚÈ-„Ë ÙË˜ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔÎ˘-ÚÈ·Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ‹ÚıÂ Î·È ·fiÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÔÎ‡ÚÈ-Ô˘˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÔÈÎÔ˘˜. ∆·Û˘ÏÏ·ÏËÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ·ÛÙ· Î·ÙÂ¯fiÌÂÓ· Î·È Ô˘ ¤ÊÙ·Ó·ÓÌ¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô ÙË˜ ÔÈÎ›·˜ ÙÔ˘¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·È ËÈÔ ÙÚ·ÓÙ·¯Ù‹ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÙË˜ ·-Ù·ÁÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-Î‹˜ ÙË˜ ·‰È·ÏÏ·Í›·˜.

∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ Î·Ù·-‰›Î·ÛÂ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÙ¿-ÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈ˙fi-ÌÂÓË Î·È ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙfiÛ·¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ‡·ÛÌ¿ ÙË˜ Â-ÚÈÊÚfiÓËÛÂ ÂÈ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÕÙ˘Ë™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·È‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÂ›¯Â ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚË-ÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ·Ó·Ì-Ê›‚ÔÏ· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÏˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ÈÛ¯‡ ÙË˜ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·‡ÂÈ Ó·˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ µÚ˘Í¤ÏÏÂ˜ ÙËÓÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙË˜ ÕÁÎ˘Ú·˜.™Ù· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 2004 Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·-

fi ÂÓ‰ÂÏÂ¯‹ ÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË ÙË˜ ÚÔfi-‰Ô˘ ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ÙÈ˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÂ˜ ıÂÛÌÈÎ¤˜, ÔÈÎÔ-ÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ı-Ì›ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤-ÓÙ·Í‹ ÙË˜, Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙË Û‡Ì-ÊˆÓË ÁÓÒÌË ÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ı·‰ÔıÂ› ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· Ë ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›·Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·-Í‹ ÙË˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ∞fi fiÙÈ ‰È·Ê·›-ÓÂÙ·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ‰ÂÓ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ Ï‹-ÚÂ˜ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÚÈÓ ·fiÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›·˜ Î·ÈÙË˜ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ ÙÔ 2007. ∏ Úfi-ÛÊ·ÙË ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙË˜ ÕÁÎ˘Ú·˜ Ó·Î·Ù·ı¤ÛÂÈ ÓÔÌÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎ‹ ÂıÓÔÛ˘Ó¤ÏÂ˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË·fiÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎ‹˜ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÔÎ‡ÚÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë·ıÚfi· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔÎ˘ÚÈ·-Î‹˜ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô‡Ú-ÎÔ˘˜ ¤ÔÈÎÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ÛÎÔfi ‚¤‚·È·ÙËÓ ·ÏÏÔ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, ·Ô‰ÂÈ-ÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÕÁÎ˘Ú· ÂÈı˘ÌÂ› Ó·ÛÎÏËÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙË˜ Î·È Ó·ÂÎÊÔ‚›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·È ÙËÓ§Â˘ÎˆÛ›· fiÙÈ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ-¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂ ÙË ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÛË ÙˆÓÎ·ÙÂ¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiˆ˜ Â›¯Â Â·ÓÂÈ-ÏËÌÌ¤Óˆ˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏ-ıfiÓ.1 ∏ ÕÁÎ˘Ú· fiÌˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈ-Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ-Î‹ Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·Áˆ-ÁÈÎ‹ ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ËÏËÙËÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÈ˜‰ÈÌÂÚÂ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÕÁÎ˘Ú·˜-∞ı‹-Ó·˜ Î·È §Â˘ÎˆÛ›·˜-ÕÁÎ˘Ú·˜, fiÛÔÎ·È ÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÕÁÎ˘Ú·˜ ÌÂÙÈ˜ µÚ˘Í¤ÏÏÂ˜. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ··ÁÎÈÛÙÚˆıÂ› ·fi ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏ-ıfiÓ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ·‰È¿ÏÏ·ÎÙÔ¡ÙÂÓÎÙ¿˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ ÁÈ·ÙÈ˜ Ù‡¯Â˜ 70 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ˘-Ú›ˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ÕÁÎ˘Ú·˜ ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ˘Ô¯ÚÂˆÙÈÎ¿, ÙÒÚ· Ï¤ÔÓ, fi¯ÈÌfiÓÔ ·fi Ì›· ·ÏÏ¿ ‰‡Ô ÚˆÙÂ‡-Ô˘ÛÂ˜, ÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· Î·È ÙËÓ §Â˘Îˆ-

Û›· Î·È ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚË-ÛË Î·ÏÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÁÂÈÙÔÓ›·˜ Î·ÈÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô.

∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ë ¢ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË

√∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ÎÂÚ‰ÈÛÌ¤ÓË·fi ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË. ∫·Ù¿ÊÂÚÂÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÔ-

Û¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÂ› Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙË‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÈÛ¯‡ Ô˘ ı· ¤-¯ÂÈ ÛÙ· ıÂÛÌÈÎ¿ fiÚÁ·Ó· ÙË˜ ∂∂.∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·ÂÈÛÎÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ï˘-ÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡. ∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂. ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó, Ô‡ÙÂÂ›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi˜. ∏ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘Î˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó··ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙËÓ ‡„ÈÛÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ë Â-ÓÙ·ÍÈ·Î‹ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÌÔÚÂ› ÛÂ ÔÏ-Ï¿ ÛËÌÂ›· Ó· ·Ú·ÌÂ›ÓÂÈ ÓÂÎÚfiÁÚ¿ÌÌ· Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÂ› Ë Ï‡-ÛË ÛÙÔ Î˘ÚÈ·Îfi ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô. √‡-Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿ÏÏˆ˜ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈ-ÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÎÙËÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÔ-Ó¿¯· ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÔÎ˘ÚÈ·Îfi ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙË˜ Ó‹ÛÔ˘. ¶¤Ú·Ó ·˘ÙÔ‡ ˘¿Ú-¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÛËÌÂ›· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ËÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ô-Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ, Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ Î.Ô.Î.ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎˆÏ˘ıÂ› ·fiÙÔÓ ¡ÙÂÎÙ¿˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·. ∏ ¤-ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜ ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓ›·˜ Î·È Ë ÚÔÔ-ÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰‡Ôµ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ 2007 Â›Ó·ÈÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎ¿ Â˘ÓÔ˚Î¤˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ªÂ ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜∂.∂. ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰˘ÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ-Î¿ µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ·, Ë ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ˜ ‚Á·›-ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË Î·È ·Ú¯›-˙ÂÈ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙË‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÛÎËÓ‹. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ‰È-Â‡Ú˘ÓÛË˜ Ô˘ ı· Ù·˘ÙÈÛÙÂ› ¯ÚÔÓÈ-Î¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ÚÔ˜ ·Ó·ÙÔÏ¿˜2 ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔÎÏ›Ì· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ-·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Î·È ı· ·ÔÌ·-

∏ ¢ π ∂ À ƒ À ¡ ™ ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ 19


ÎÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ ·Ó·‚›ˆ-ÛË˜ ·Ù·‚ÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘¯Ô‰ÈˆÎÙÈÛÌÒÓÛÙËÓ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ‹. ∏ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓËÎ·È ‰ÈÏ‹ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔ-·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ·µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ· ı· ÚÔÛ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Ó¤·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÌÂ-Ù·Í‡ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙË˜ ˘fiÏÔÈË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜. ∏ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂.∂.Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔÎÏ›Ì· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÈ˜ ËÁÂ-Û›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·ÈÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏ›ÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ª¤Û· ·fiÙËÓ ÂÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ı· Â-ÓÈÛ¯˘ıÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÈ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ÛÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜·˘Ù¤˜, ı· Â‰Ú·ÈˆıÂ› Î·È ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ó-ıÂ› ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜-‰ÈÎ·›Ô˘ Î·È Ë ÚÔ-ÛÙ·Û›· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ,ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÂ› Ë ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·, Ë Â-ÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ı··ÔÎËÚ˘¯ıÂ› Ë Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË ÛÙË ‚›·3

Î·È Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ·˘Ù‹˜ ˆ˜ Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ÙÚfiÔ˜ Â›Ï˘ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ. ∏ ∂.∂. ı· ÙÔÓÒ-ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÏ›Ì· ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·˜ ÂÌÈÛÙÔ-Û‡ÓË˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙË˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙË˜ √¡∂4

Î·È ÙË˜ Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏˆÓÂÈ-·ÎÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·ÌˆÓ Ì¤-ÛˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓÛ˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙ· Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË, ı·ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÂ› Ë ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹, ‰È·Û˘ÓÔ-ÚÈ·Î‹ Î·È ‰È·ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÂ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜ ·-ÌÔÈ‚·›Ô˘ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ŒÙÛÈ Ë¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, ˆ˜ Ë ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎ‹ ¯ÒÚ·ÙˆÓ µ·ÏÎ·Ó›ˆÓ ÌÂ ÔÏ‡ ˘„ËÏfi-ÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·‚›ˆÛË˜ Î·È ÌÂ Â-ÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓË ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙË˜, ·-Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ÚˆÙÔÛÙ·Ù‹ÛÂÈÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÈÌÂÚÒÓ Î·È Ô-Ï˘ÌÂÚÒÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ÂÌÔÚÈ-ÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÊÒÓÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÂ›ÙÔÓ¤˜ Ì·˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›-ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ ·Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È Î·È Ë‰È¿ÓÔÈÍË Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙË˜ Ó¤·˜

‰È·Û˘ÓÔÚÈ·Î‹˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜-∞Ï‚·Ó›·˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÚÙ˙·-ÓË. ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓµ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂.∂.Î·È ÛÙÔ ¡∞∆√ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı··Ó·‚·ıÌ›ÛÂÈ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ¿ ÙË ÁÂˆÔ-ÏÈÙÈÎ‹, ÁÂˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹ Î·È ÁÂˆ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ·Í›· ÙË˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Î·Èı· ÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÙÈ˜ Èı·Ófi-ÙËÙÂ˜ ¤ÎÚËÍË˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ó¤Ô˘ µ·ÏÎ·-ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓÎ·È ‰È· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ Ïfi-Áˆ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹.

∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÎÏ›Ì· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-Û›·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ÂÈ-ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ∞›-ÌÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ ÂÊËÛ˘¯·ÛÌfi ÙË˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·Î·È ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎfiÛÎÏËÚÔ˘ÚËÓÈÎfi Î·ÙÂÛÙËÌ¤ÓÔÔ˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎÂ› ÙË ÁÂ›ÙÔÓ· ¯ÒÚ· Ê·›-ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ‰˘Û·ÚÂ-ÛÙËÌ¤ÓÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·Ô-Ù˘¯›· ÛÙË ∞ı‹Ó·, ÂÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ fiÙÈ Î·Ù¿Î¿ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó·ÎˆÏ˘ÛÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙË˜∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‹ Ó· ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÂÓÙ·ÍÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿-ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙ· Î·ÙÂ¯fiÌÂÓ·. ∏ ∆Ô˘Ú-Î›· ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÌ¤ÓË ·fi ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË ·ÓÙ¤-‰Ú·ÛÂ ÌÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·Ú·‚È¿ÛÂÈ˜ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÓ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·ÈÙË˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ¶Ù‹-ÛÂˆÓ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈıÂ-ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó·ÚÎÂÙfi Î·ÈÚfi5 ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË ™‡ÓÔ-‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÛÙË ∫ÔÂÁ¯¿ÁË Î·ÈÔ˘ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒıËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿Ú-ÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ˆ˜ Ì¤ÛÔ ›Â-ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹˜ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜. ∏ ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ı· Ú¤-ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ı·ÚÔ‚Â› Î·È ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ Â-Ó¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ ÌÂ ÛÎÔfi Ó· ·Î˘ÚÒÛÂÈ

Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˜Ë ∞ı‹Ó·˜Î·ÈÓ· Î·ı˘ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ¤-ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˜Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Â-›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡. ∂›Ó·È ¿-ÁÓˆÛÙÔ ·Ó ÔÈ ÊÈÏÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÙ¤˜·Ú·ÌÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ›, ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ ÌÂÙ¿ÙËÓ ·ÔÁÔËÙÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ·¿ÓÙËÛËÙˆÓ µÚ˘ÍÂÏÏÒÓ. ∞Ó ÙÔ ÊÈÏÔÂ˘-Úˆ·˚Îfi ÎÏ›Ì· ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·, ÙfiÙÂ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Èı·Ófi-ÙËÙ· Ë ÌÂÙÚÈÔ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›· Ó· ˘ÂÚÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙ·Í‡∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î·È ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜. √È ·ÏÏÂ-¿ÏÏËÏÂ˜ ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÙÂÓ-ÎÙ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ÕÁÎ˘Ú· Î·È ÛÙ· Î·ÙÂ-¯fiÌÂÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ËÁÂ-ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÂÏÂ¯ÒÓ ÙË˜ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÎ‹˜Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜, fiÙÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ·-Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜∞ı‹Ó·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÎÔÂ‡ÂÈ Ó· Ù· ·-Ó·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Â-Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˚‰Â¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·-ÎÔ‡˜ ÔÈˆÓÔ‡˜. ∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ·Ú·-Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÂÈÛÊ·Ï‹˜ÁÂ›ÙÔÓ·˜ Î·È ÌÂ Ì›· ÚÔ‚Ï¤„ÈÌËÔÚÂ›·.


1. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ë ÕÁÎ˘Ú· Â›¯Â ÚÔ-¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È ÛÂ ¿ÏÏ· Ì¤ÙÚ· Ô˘ ÈÛÔ‰˘Ó·-ÌÔ‡Û·Ó ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÛË˜ÙˆÓ Î·ÙÂ¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓÛˆÌ¿Ùˆ-ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈ-ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙÂ¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘Ú-Î›·˜.

2. ∆· µ·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·ÈÌ¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ·fi ÙË 1Ë π·ÓÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘2004 Â›Ó·È Ë µÔ˘ÏÁ·Ú›·, Ë ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›· Î·È Ë™ÏÔ‚ÂÓ›·. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ·fi 1Ë ª·˝Ô˘ 2004.

3. Ÿˆ˜ .¯. Ë ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓÈÎ‹Â›ıÂÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹ ¶Úˆı˘-Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÙË˜ ™ÂÚ‚›·˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚-ÛÙ‹ ∑fiÚ·Ó ∆˙›ÓÙ˙È˜.

4. ∆· Ó¤· ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆ-ÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ √¡∂ ÚÈÓ ·fi2006-2008.

5. Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ô·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÈÎÒÓ ÂÓ·¤ÚÈˆÓ ·Ú·-‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ú·‚È¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ Ì‹Ó·√ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ 2002 ¤ÊÙ·ÛÂ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙÈ˜390.

20 ∂ . ∂ . ∫ ∞ π ∂ £ ¡ √ ™ - ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ √ ™


™¯Â‰fiÓ ÛÂ Î¿ıÂ ÂÚ›-

ÙˆÛË ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-Î‹˜, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô-‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ Î·ı·Ú¤˜ Î·È·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÂ˜ ·ÏÏ·-

Á¤˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓıÂÛÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ – ÌÂÏÒÓ(domestic structural change).∫¿ıÂ ¤Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËÎÂÓ· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÂ› ÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·-Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ·Ó Î·ÈË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¯ÚˆÌ·Ù›ÛÙËÎÂÌÂ Ù· «ÂıÓÈÎ¿ ¯ÚÒÌ·Ù·» ÙˆÓÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ¤Ó· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰È-Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ı· ‹-Ù·Ó ·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÈ˜ Ùfi-ÛÂ˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÙˆÓ‰ÈÔÈÎ‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Â-

Ù·È ÂÔÌ¤Óˆ˜ Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ÈÎ·Ófi˜ Ó· ÂÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ÛÙÔ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ¤ıÓÔ˜ – ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ì¤-Ûˆ ÙˆÓ È¤ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜(adaptational pressures) Ô˘ ·-ÛÎÂ› ÛÂ ·˘Ùfi. √È È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔ-Û·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Â-Í·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ·fi ÙË Û˘Ì-‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ Ù˘¯fiÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓÂ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÌÂÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ.

™Â ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ÔÈÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·ÈÏ‹Úˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÔ› ÌÂ ÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·-Û›· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ·ÛÎÂ›-Ù·È Î·Ì›· ›ÂÛË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂÎ¿ÔÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰Ô-

Ì¤˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Â-ÎÂ› Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔ-Û·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ‰Â ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó·Ô‡ÌÂ ÌÂ ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ Â-ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ıÂÛÌÈÎ¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜.∂ıÓÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ˘fi-ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜(subnational) Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó ÔÏ‡ ·Ï¿ Ó· ·ÔÊ‡ÁÔ˘ÓÎ¿ıÂ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË˜ÛÙÈ˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜Ô˘ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹(implementation) ÙË˜ ÂÎ¿ÛÙÔÙÂÂ˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜.

∆Ô Â¿Ó ÌÈ· Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ ‹ fi¯È ÙË ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ÙË˜ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÛÙÈ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ··È-Ù‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·Ú-

∏ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹

ÙÔ˘ ∂˘¿ÁÁÂÏÔ˘ °. ª·ÓÔ˘‚¤ÏÔ˘¢ÈÂıÓÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ¶·ÓÙÂ›Ô˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘

ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡Ë ‰È¿‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜&

√ fiÚÔ˜ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ (Europeanisation), ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË

ÛÂ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜. ∏ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹

‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·1 ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙË˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ¤˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ

ÂÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÛÙ· ¤ıÓË-ÎÚ¿ÙË, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜

ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘˜, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÂıÓÈÎ¿ ÓÔÌÈÎ¿

Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î¤˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎ‹ÛÂÈ˜. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘

ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿Ù·È Ë ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ Ó·

Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ› ·ÓÂ›ÛËÌ· ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ –

ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ, ÔÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔÈ, Ë Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ – ÂıÓÒÓ, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È

ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂÈ˜ ÂÚ› ÓÔÚÌÒÓ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ (Knopf, 1997 Î·È Lemke, 1997).

∂ . ∂ . ∫ ∞ π ∂ £ ¡ √ ™ - ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ √ ™ 21


ÍË ‹ fi¯È ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚Ë-ÛË˜. ø˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·-ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Â-Ê·ÚÌÔÛÙÂ› ÔÌ·Ï¿ Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙÔ ¤‰·Êfi˜ ÙÔ˘. ªÔ-ÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ (Cowles,Caporaso, Risse, 2001, Û. 9-12)ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ –Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜:

1. ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ¿ÛÎËÛË˜ ‚¤ÙÔÛÂ ÔÏÏ¿ Â›Â‰· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ (multiple vetopoints)

2. £ÂÛÌÔıÂÙËÌ¤Ó· fiÚÁ·Ó· ÌÂ-ÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜ (facilitating formalinstitutions)

3. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÓfiÚ-ÌÂ˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜ (organizationaland policymaking cultures)

4. ¢È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿-ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ(differential empowerment)

5. ª¿ıËÛË (learning)Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿-

ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1, Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ∂ÍÂ˘-Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·ÙÚÈÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‚Ë-Ì¿ÙˆÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· Ë ›‰È· Ë«¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡»(·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓË-ÛË˜ ÛÂ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô)ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› «¶È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔ-Á‹˜» ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙÂ˘-¯ıÂ› Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜. ™˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ·fiÌˆ˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ«∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ» ÌfiÓÔÂ¿Ó ÔÈ «£ÂÛÌÔ› – ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ªÂ-ÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜» (Knill, 1998) ÙÔ˘ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔÏ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â-

ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-Î‹˜ Î·È ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ ˘ÔÎ‡„Ô˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. ∂ÔÌ¤-Óˆ˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈÂ›-Ù·È Ë «¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚-ÛÌÔ‡» Î·È Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ÂÓÙ·ÙÈ-ÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ «¶È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ¶ÚÔ-Û·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜», ·˘Ùfi ‰Â ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ (·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ÈÎ·Ó‹ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Â·ÚÎ‹ ÚÔ¸fi-ıÂÛË). ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÚÒÙ·,ÔÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ˘ÂÚÈÛ¯‡-ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿‰Ú·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ «£ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ – ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜

ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜» Î¿ıÂ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ıÂÙÈÎ¿˘¤Ú ‹ / Î·È ··ÁÔÚÂ˘ÙÈÎ¿ Î·Ù¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.

™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·ÊÔ‡ ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿-ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ¢È¿-ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1, ı· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙË˜ ‰È·-‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÈ-‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ªÂÁ¿ÏË˜ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ Î·È ÙË˜°ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜.

¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡

¶È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜:™˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È

ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ

£ÂÛÌÔ› - ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜

∞ÏÏ·Á‹ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ

¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1: ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ (¶ËÁ‹: Caporaso et alii, eds, 2001)

22 ∂ . ∂ . ∫ ∞ π ∂ £ ¡ √ ™ - ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ √ ™


√ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·-Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜

∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜

√È ‰ÔÌ¤˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ÛÂ

∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô, ÛÙÈ˜ÔÔ›Â˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙÂ fi-

Ù·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜, ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·ÈÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Â›-Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂÂ˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù·ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ ‰›ÎÙ˘· (policynetworks) Ô˘ ÂÍÂÈ‰ÈÎÂ‡ÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÒÓ Â˘-Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ. √ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ-·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÂÌÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ Ô˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂÈ‰ÚÔ‡ÓÌÂ Ù· ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ·. ªÈ· ‰È·‰ÈÎ·-Û›· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË˜, fiÌˆ˜, Ë Ô-Ô›· ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÎ·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘-Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ê‹ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚË ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ Â-ÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ ÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË. ∆· Ó¤· ·˘Ù¿Â›Â‰· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Â›ÛËÌˆÓ Î·È ·ÓÂ›-ÛËÌˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, ‰È·‰ÈÎ·ÛÈÒÓ,ÓÔÚÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Î˘-‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi, ÂıÓÈÎfiÎ·È ˘fi-ÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô.

∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔÓ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÂÓÓÔÈÔ-ÏÔÁÈÎ¿ ÙÔÓ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi ·fiÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙË˜‰ÈÂıÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜ / ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›-ËÛË˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰È¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·ÈÔÈ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ (Keohane andMilner 1996). ŒÙÛÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ô

∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ·Ó Î·È ÌÔÚÂ›Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·-Û›Â˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜, Â›ÙÂ Â-ÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÂ˜ Â›ÙÂ ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ·fiÙÈ˜ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙÂ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ fiÌˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·-ÎÚÈÙ‹ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÂ›-Ù·È ‹ ¤ÂÙ·È ÙË˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ·-ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ (Rosamond1999). ∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ-Ì¤· ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Â›¯ÂÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ: ÙÔ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÙË˜ ·-ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÛÂ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÙÔÌ¤· ·˘Ùfi ¿ÛÎË-ÛÂ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂∫/∂∂Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ì¤Ûˆ Â˘-Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÔÌ¤·ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÎÚ¿ÙË, fi-ˆ˜ Ë πÙ·Ï›·, ¤ÂÈÙ· Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ·-fi ¤ÓÙÔÓÂ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈ-‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜, Ô‰ËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ô-Ú‡ıÌÈÛË (deregulation ‹reregulation ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜) ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ-Ì¤· ÛÙÔ ¤‰·Êfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ¿ÏÏË fiÌˆ˜ ÛÂ ÎÚ¿ÙË fiˆ˜ ËªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· Î·È ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›·, fi-Ô˘ Â›¯·Ó ‹‰Ë ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙÂ› Ì¤-ÙÚ· ÊÈÏÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ Â-Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â-›Â‰Ô, ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ ÂÈ-‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÎ·Ù·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÔÔÈ·-‰‹ÔÙÂ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ-·˚ÛÌÔ‡.

¶È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜

∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÂ›·

·fi ÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ-·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈÎ‹ ·ÏÏ·-

Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜,Ô˘ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÛ˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ-·˚ÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ.∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚfiÊˆ˜ ·-Ó¿ÏÔÁÂ˜ ÙË˜ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÈ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ·ÓÙ›-ÛÙÔÈ¯Â˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘Úfi-ÙÂÚÂ˜ fiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ·ÏÏ·-Á¤˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰Ô-Ì¤˜, ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ¿ÛÙÔÙÂ ÙÔÌ¤· Ô˘ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘-ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Â˜ Â˘-Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜. ¶ˆ˜ fiÌˆ˜ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ· ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔÛ·Ú-ÌÔÁ‹˜;

∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ-·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ Â›-Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Ô-Ô›· ¤Ó· ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (Â˘-Úˆ·˚ÎÔ› Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜, Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ›Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ÓfiÚÌÂ˜) ·ÏÏË-ÏÂÈ‰Ú¿ ÌÂ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· (ÙÈ˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÂıÓÈ-Î¤˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¤-ÏÔ˘˜). ªÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘-ÌÂ ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›-ˆÓ Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ·ÛÎÂ› È¤-ÛÂÈ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜‰ÔÌ¤˜: ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÔÈ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÓÛÂ ·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È Î·ÓÔ-ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·fi ÙË Ì›· Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈ-ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË.∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·-Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÛÎÂ› È¤ÛÂÈ˜ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfi-ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È

∂ . ∂ . ∫ ∞ π ∂ £ ¡ √ ™ - ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ √ ™ 23


ÂÈ‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ‰È-ÔÈÎËÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ô∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚÂ› ¿ÌÂÛ·Ó· ·ÛÎÂ› ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÈÎ¤˜ È¤-ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈÂ˜ ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ ıÂ-ÛÌÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜. Ÿˆ˜ ı· Ê·ÓÂ›Î·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ, Ô ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚-ÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ Ó· ÚÔÎ·-Ï¤ÛÂÈ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ¤˜ ÛÂ ‚·ÛÈÎ¿ ¯·-Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎ‹˜ÓfiÚÌ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜.

£ÂÛÌÔ› – ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜

™ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ

È¤ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, Ë·ÚÔ˘Û›· ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ô˘-

Û›· ıÂÛÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂ-ÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎ‹ÛÂ-ˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÁÈ·ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛË˜ Î·È ÚÔ-Û·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚-ÛÌÔ‡. ™ÙÔÓ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ›Ó·Î··ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ·˘-Ù¤˜. ∂È‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ·:

ñ ¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ¿ÛÎËÛË˜ ‚¤ÙÔ ÛÂÔÏÏ¿ Â›Â‰· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜. ŸÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfi-ÙÂÚÔÈ ÂıÓÈÎÔ› ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ÌÈ·˜·fiÊ·ÛË˜ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÛÔ ÌÂ-Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ·), ÙfiÛÔ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂ-ÚÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÂ› ÙÔ ·-·Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi consensusÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ·-·Ú·›ÙËÙÂ˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ıÂ-ÛÌÈÎ¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÎ·-

ÏÂ› Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ-·˚ÛÌÔ‡ (Tsebelis, 1995).

ñ £ÂÛÌÔıÂÙËÌ¤Ó· fiÚÁ·Ó· ÌÂ-ÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜. ∞ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Â-ÎÂ›ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›ÛËÌÔ˘˜ ıÂ-ÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ÙÔ ··-Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi·fiıÂÌ· ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Â-Í˘ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎ¤˜·ÏÏ·Á¤˜.

ñ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÓfiÚ-ÌÂ˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜. ∏ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·Î·È ÔÈ ÓfiÚÌÂ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ËÌÈ-Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·Ù·-ÓfiËÛË˜ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ÂÍ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó Ù·ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘-ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· «ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ Î·Ù·Ï-ÏËÏfiÙËÙ·˜», Ë ÔÔ›· ıÂˆÚÂ›Î¿ıÂ ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·ÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈË-Ì¤ÓË (March and Olsen,1998). ∂‰Ò ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ Úˆ-ÙÔ‡Ó: «¶ÔÈ· Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·-ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ;», «∆È Ú¤-ÂÈ Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›-ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹;», «¶ÔÈÔ˜ Î·Ófi-Ó·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È;»

ñ ¢È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿Ìˆ-ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ.√È ‰ÔÌÈÎ¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÛÂ ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙË˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂ-ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÂ›˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡,ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ùˆ-ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ˘-¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂ-ÓÂ˜ ·fi„ÂÈ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ Î‡ÚÈˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ: Ë ÚÒÙË(Moravcsik, 1994) ÙÔ˘˜ ı¤ÏÂÈÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ·-fi ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ÛÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi

Â›Â‰Ô, Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·È ¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ˘Ô-Â-ıÓÈÎÒÓ ‹ / Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·Ú·Ì¤-ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÌfiÓÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô˘˜ Â˘Úˆ-·›Ô˘˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ¤˜ (¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Ë-Ï·‰‹ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ Â˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ Û˘Ó·-‰¤ÏÊˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ·fiÏ˘ÙË ¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ‰ÚÒ-ÓÙˆÓ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘˜). ∞fiÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¿Ô„Ëı¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ / Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ˘Ô-Â-ıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜, Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›-˙Ô˘Ó Ó¤· ËÁ‹ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›Ë-ÛË˜ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ÂÊfi-ÛÔÓ Ë ∂∂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ·ÙË-ÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎË-Ù¤˜ Î·È Ó· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ¿-ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Î¤-ÓÙÚÔ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙÈ˜ µÚ˘Í¤Ï-ÏÂ˜ (Marks, 1993)

ñ ª¿ıËÛË. √È ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ‰È·-ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË˜ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿Ìˆ-ÛË˜ Î·È ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙË˜ Â-ÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘ÓfiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù·ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙËÓÙ·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ Â-ÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂÈ˜ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Â¤Ï-ıÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÈ‰ÈˆÎfiÌÂÓÂ˜ ‰ÔÌÈ-Î¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ŸÌˆ˜ ‚Ï¤Ô˘-ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚-ÛÌÔ‡, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Î·È ÌÈ·‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Ì¿ıËÛË˜ Ô˘ ‰È-Â˘ÎÔÏ‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘-ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ. ™ÙË ‰È·‰È-Î·Û›· ÙË˜ Ì¿ıËÛË˜ Â›Ó·È ·-

24 ∂ . ∂ . ∫ ∞ π ∂ £ ¡ √ ™ - ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ √ ™


·Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ÂÍ‹˜‚·ÛÈÎ‹ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË: ÚÒÙÔÓ ÛÂÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰ÚÒ-ÓÙÂ˜ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘ÓÌ¤Û· Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔ-ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ ÛÂ ÂÚÈ-ÙÒÛÂÈ˜ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ Ô-‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ Ï‹ÚË ÌÂÙ·‚Ô-Ï‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-ÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂ-Úfi fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ Ì¿ıËÛËÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜‰Â‡ÙÂÚË˜ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ (Ô˘Â›Ó·È ¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ÏÈÁfiÙÂ-ÚÂ˜) ·Ú¿ ÛÂ ÂÎÂ›ÓÂ˜ ÙË˜‰Â‡ÙÂÚË˜, fiÔ˘ ¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ Î·ÈÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂ-Ù·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÏfiÁˆ Ì¿ıËÛË˜ Î·È‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ (ÌË ÌÂ-Ù·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘˜)ÏfiÁˆ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ ÛÎÔÈÌfi-ÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÒÓÙˆÓ, Â›Ó·È‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹˜.

∆· ÙÚ›· ·˘Ù¿ ‚‹Ì·Ù· (¢È·‰È-Î·Û›· ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ¶È¤ÛÂÈ˜¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, £ÂÛÌÔ› Î·È ¶Ú·-ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ªÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË˜) ÂÍËÁÔ‡Óˆ˜ ÊÙ¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ï-Ï·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. ™˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ‰ÔÌÈ-Î¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ-·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Â¿Ó:

1. ∞ÛÎËıÔ‡Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈÔ Â-ÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ

2. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÛÌÔ› ÌÂÛÔÏ¿-‚ËÛË˜ Ô˘ ı· ‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔÏ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓÙÂÏÈÎ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Ô-ÌÒÓ.

¶ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ªÂÏ¤ÙË:

∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ-Î‹˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÛÙË°ÂÚÌ·Ó›·

∞ÊÔ‡ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ë «ÏÔ-

ÁÈÎ‹» ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ˆ˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË˜

Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË˜ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â-›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘-‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜, Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ıËÎÂ Ò˜·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Ô-ÌÒÓ, ı· ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚËıÂ› ÙÒÚ· ÌÈ·ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÚÔ-ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Ê·ÓÂ› Ë Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹ Â-Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙË˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ı¤ÛË˜Î·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙÂ›, ¤ÛÙˆ ÛÙ· fiÚÈ·Ô˘ ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÌÂÏ¤-ÙË ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ, ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Â‰›-Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙË˜ ıÂˆÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹-Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙË˜.

∂ÈÏ¤¯ıËÎÂ Ë ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ‹ ÂÚÈ-‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi-ÙÂÚ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚÈ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Ô˘ Â-ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈfi ÙË˜. ™˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È: Ë √‰Ë-Á›· ¶fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ¡ÂÚÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ 1980, Ë√‰ËÁ›· ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈ-

‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ∂ÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘1990, Ô ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ EMAS ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·ÈÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘ Î·ıÒ˜Î·È Ë √‰ËÁ›· EIA ÙÔ˘ 1985 ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔ-ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ‚ÈÔÌË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ.∂È‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÂ˜ Ô-ÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ›Ó·Î·:

√È ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÂ˜ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ¤˜ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜

√‰ËÁ›· ¶fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ¡ÂÚÔ‡, 1980ŒıÂÙÂ ÔÈÔÙÈÎ¿ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓÎ·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ fiÛÈÌÔ˘ÓÂÚÔ‡. ¶ÚÔ¤‚ÏÂÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfi-Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Â-Ï¤Á¯ˆÓ Â› ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ¯¤ˆÓ fi-ÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡.

√‰ËÁ›· ¶ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶Â-ÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ∂ÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË, 1990∞ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ-·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙ‹-ÛÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏË ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂∂ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÏ·ÙÙˆıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÂÏ¤Á-¯Ô˘ ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔ-ÓÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜.

∂ıÓÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ¤˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜

µÚÂÙ·Ó›· °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·

√‰ËÁ›· fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ∫·ı˘ÛÙÂÚËÌ¤ÓË K·ı˘ÛÙÂÚËÌ¤ÓËÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹

√‰ËÁ›· ¶ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ªË - ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹∂ÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË

∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ∂ª∞S ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹

√¢∏°π∞ ∂π∞ ªË - ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ªË - ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹

∂ . ∂ . ∫ ∞ π ∂ £ ¡ √ ™ - ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ √ ™ 25


∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ EMAS (Environ-mental Management and Audi-ting Systems) ∫·ıÈ¤ÚˆÓÂ ¤Ó·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜ ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ÙÈ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ó·˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfiÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓÙÔ˘˜.

√‰ËÁ›· EIA, 1985 (Environ-mental Impact Assessment)ÀÔ¯Ú¤ˆÓÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜(‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ¯ÂÈ-Ú‹ÛÂˆÓ) Ó· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔ-Ú›Â˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔ-ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤-ÓˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (Ô˘ ÚÔ-¤‚ÏÂÂ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎ¿ Ë √‰ËÁ›·) ÛÂÌÈ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹∞Ú¯‹.

√È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ¤˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ÙË˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙË˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙË-Ù·˜ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ú˘ıÌÈ-ÛÙÈÎfi Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÓËÌ¤-ÚˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙ‹ ÁÈ· Â-ÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ¿ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ªÂÁ·-Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ fiÌˆ˜ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ¤¯ÂÈÓ· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Ô-Ô›Ô ·ÓÙ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ‰‡Ô ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì¤-ÏË ÙË˜ ∂∂ /∂∫ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·Ú-ÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂È‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ı· ÂÍÂ-Ù¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜:

Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ›Ó·-Î· ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙Ô-ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi EMAS, ·ÓÎ·È Ë µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ·ÊÔ‡ ÙË˜ ·ÛÎË-ıÔ‡Ó ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚÂ˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÊ·Ú-ÌÔÁ‹˜, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Î·ÌÈ¿ ‰ÂÓÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ √‰ËÁ›·EIA. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Â‰Ò Ó· ÂÈ-ÛËÌ·ÓıÂ› Î·È Ë ÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔ-

Ô›ËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·fiÌÈ· √‰ËÁ›·. ∂Ó‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ¤¯ÂÈÎ·È Ë ÌË – ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙË˜ °ÂÚ-Ì·Ó›·˜ ÛÙËÓ √‰ËÁ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË. ∞˘-Ùfi ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎ‹Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹ Ë ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ó··ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÌÏÂ-ÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi.∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·Û˘Ì‚·ÙfiÙË-Ù· Ô‰ËÁ›·˜ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ-Î‹˜ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓÂ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›-ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, fi-ÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ √‰ËÁ›· ÂÚ› fi-ÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡, ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂ Î·-ı˘ÛÙÂÚËÌ¤ÓË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·ÈÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·ÈÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÎÚÈÙË-Ú›ˆÓ ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ‹˜ Ô‰ËÁ›·˜ Î·ÈÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ¯¤-ˆÓ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¿ ÚÔÎ¿ÏÂÛ·ÓÎ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚÂ˜.

™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·

∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚-

ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎ‹ÛÂ-ˆÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÂÈ ¤-

‰·ÊÔ˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·-Ê›· (Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜, Û˘-

ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹). Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·-Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ·Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤-ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘-Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ (ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜,ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î¤˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹-ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜, ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ̄ ÒÚ·). ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ÏÂ›ÂÈÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙË ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË ∂∂– ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÛÂ fiÏ· Ù· Â›-Â‰· ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÂ›Ô ÂÈ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎfi˜ ÈÛÔ-ÌÔÚÊÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚ-Á·Û›· ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛÂ Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È Ó· ÙËÓÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎ‹ ÂÚÈ-‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹. ŒÙÛÈ ÛÙfi-¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ Â›-Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡˘ÂÚÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈ· Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›-ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ ‰È¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÙÔ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ªÂÙÂÍÂÏ›-ÍÂÈ˜ Ô˘ Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙË-Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·-Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ ÙË˜‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.

This article analyses the impact of European policies on nationaladministrations. Under which conditions can we expect domestic change,particularly the convergence of administrative styles and structures? Howcan we explain national patterns of administrative transformation in thecontext of Europeanisation? In order to explain domestic change we followthe three-step conceptual framework set by Caporaso, Cowles and Risse:Europeanisation, goodness of fit and mediating factors. We expectstructural change in response to Europeanisation to occur if and when itgenerates significant adaptational pressures in the domestic environmentand also when facilitating factors are present, enabling actors to induce orpush through institutional change. Finally, we include an account of theadministrative impact of EU environmental policy in Britain and Germany.

Abstract

26 ∫ ∞ ¡ ∞ ¢ π ∫ ∏ √ ª √ ™ ¶ √ ¡ ¢ π ∞


∏Î·Ó·‰ÈÎ‹ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë-Ì¤ÓÔ ›Ûˆ˜ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ô-ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, Ô˘ Û˘Ó-‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏÔ-

ÌÔÚÊ›·. ∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ Î·Ó·‰È-ÎÔ‡ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ Ô-ÊÂ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó·ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒ-Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ÛÂ‚fiÌÂÓÔ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÙÈ˜ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙÂ˜ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ‰›ˆÓÎ·È ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ1.

∏ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë È-‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÊÂ›ÏÂ-Ù·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰¤Î·Â·Ú¯›Â˜, ÙÚÂÈ˜ ÂÚÈÊ¤ÚÂÈÂ˜ Î·È‰‡Ô Â›ÛËÌÂ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛÂ˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ··˘Ù¿, fiÌˆ˜, Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Â›Ó·È Ì›··fi ÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯ËÌ¤-ÓÂ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›Â˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜ Î·È·fi ÙÈ˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÔÊÂ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙË-Ì· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ÌÂ ¤Ó· ÛÙfi¯Ô: ÙËÓÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙË˜ ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÔ-

¯‹˜, Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎ·›Ô˘Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿-ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ2.

√ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ˘fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ÛÂ Î¿ıÂ Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·˘-ÙÔÙÂÏ‹ ÈÛ¯‡ Ë Ì›· ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË.∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ú¯‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜Î·Ó·‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜¿Óˆ Î·È ¤Ú· ·fi fi,ÙÈ Â›ÛËÌ·ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·. √È ÂÎÏÔ-Á¤˜ ÁÈ· Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈÎ¿ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈ·(ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÔ Quebec) ‰ÈÂ-Í¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰Ë-ÌÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÍÂ¯ˆ-ÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î¤˜ Â-ÎÏÔÁ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ Ô-ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î¤˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜. √ Û‡Ó-‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘‰ÈÂÎ‰ÈÎÔ‡Ó Î·ı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÛÛÂ-Ú· Â›Â‰· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂ›ÛËÌ· ÌÈ-ÎÚfi˜ Î·È Â›ÛËÌ· ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙÔ˜. √È‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈÊ¤ÚÂÈÂ˜ ÙˆÓ Â-·Ú¯È·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÒÓ˘Ô˘ÚÁÂ›ˆÓ ÌÂ Ù· ›‰È· ‹ ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ¯·ÚÙÔÊ˘Ï¿ÎÈ· ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿-˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‡ÙÂ, Î·Ù¿ Î·-

ÓfiÓ·, Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ·ÙˆÓ ‰‹ÌˆÓ ‹ ÌÂ ·˘Ù¿ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ-ÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘Ì-‚Ô˘Ï›ˆÓ ‹ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›-ˆÓ. ∆· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ ÎfiÌÌ·Ù·, Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ÛÙ· ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›Â‰·, Û˘¯Ó¿¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÏÂÍÈÎ¤Ú·˘ÓÔÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛË ÙË˜ ‰˘ÛÊÔ-Ú›·˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÊ‹ÌÂÚË˜ Î·È ˘Ô-Ù˘ˆ‰Ò˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË˜3.

√ ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Î¿ÔÙÂ Â›¯Â Ù· ›-‰È· ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi,Â·Ú¯È·Îfi Î·È fiÔ˘ ˘‹Ú¯Â, ÛÙÔ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰ÈÛÌÔ‡ Â¤ÙÂÈÓ·Ó ÙËÓ ·-Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË. ¡¤·ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· ‰Ë-ÌÔÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙ· Â-·Ú¯È·Î¿ Â›Â‰·. √È ‰ÂÛÌÔ› ÌÂ-Ù·Í‡ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Â-·Ú¯È·ÎÒÓ ÙÂÚ‡ÁˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌ-Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÂÍ·Ûı¤ÓÈÛ·Ó, ÌÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ÊÔ-Ú¤˜ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌÂ›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ‰È¿-Û·ÛË˜4.

Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿, Â‰Ò Î·È Ù¤Û-ÛÂÚÈ˜ ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›Â˜, ÔÚÈÛÌ¤Ó· ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎ¿ ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÛıÂ-Ó·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·

∫∞¡∞¢π∫√™ Oª√™¶√¡¢π™ª√™:

ÙÔ˘ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·ÏË∞fiÊÔÈÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ & ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ,

‚ÔËıfi˜ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ (∂∫∂ª)

ª›· Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·

∫ ∞ ¡ ∞ ¢ π ∫ ∏ √ ª √ ™ ¶ √ ¡ ¢ π ∞ 27


ÙË˜ Â·Ú¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÌ¤Î.5 ∆ÔÎ‡ÚÈÔ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈÔÈ Á·ÏÏfiÊˆÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÌ¤Î ‰ÂÓÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔÌÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ∫·-Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ·ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ı· ¤ÚÂ-Â Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎ¿Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÌ¤Î. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ô-‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÌˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰È-Îfi ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ÙÔÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÙÔÔ6.∫·È ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Ë Î˘-ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÎ‹ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ‰›ˆÓ, ÙÔ ‰ÈÎ·È-Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë Ô-Ï˘ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÚËÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi ™‡-ÓÙ·ÁÌ·.

ŸÏÂ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-Ú›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·È Â›ÛËÌ· ÙÔ 1982 ÌÂÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ ıÂ-ÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÏÂ˘-ıÂÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi ™‡-ÓÙ·ÁÌ·7. √ Ã¿ÚÙË˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈÚËÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔÓÛÂ‚·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙˆÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÒÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î·Ó·-‰ÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ï‹-ÚË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙ· ‰ÈÎ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ·ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ó·ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ‰›Î·ÈÔ ÛÂ ÔÔÈ·-‰‹ÔÙÂ ·Ú·‚›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·Èˆ-Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿. ∞Ú¯ÈÎ¿ ËÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ÛÙÔ Ô-ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Û˘Ó¿-ÓÙËÛÂ ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·ÈÙË˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹˜ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿, ÌÂ ÙÔ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ· fi-ÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ú¿ÍË ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡-ÛÂ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜.øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ì¤Û· ÛÂ ¤ÓÙÂ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÚÂ›˜ (ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›, ÂÚÈÊÂ-ÚÂÈ·ÎÔ›, ˘fi-ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÔ›) Î·-Ù¿Ï·‚·Ó fiÙÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ë ÌÂÙÔ˘-Û›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ã¿ÚÙË ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰È·Îfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÂÙ¤ÙÚÂ-

Â ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÌÂÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ·Ï-Ï¿ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ! £· ÂÓ›Û¯˘Â ÔÏ‡ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎfiÚfiÙ˘Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ Ô-Ô›Ô ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆ-Ì¤ÓÂ˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ-Î‹˜ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ Î·È ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·-ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ‰›ˆÓ. √ Ã¿ÚÙË˜ ·ÔÙÂ-ÏÂ› ÙÔ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Â›ÙÂ˘ÁÌ·Î·È ÂÈÛÙ¤Á·ÛÌ· ÙË˜ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎ‹˜ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ Ì¤-Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¤ÓÙÚˆÛË ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙË ‰‡Ó·-ÌË ÙË˜ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈ-ÙÂÈÒÓ ÙË˜. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‹Ù·ÓfiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ∫·Ó·‰Ô› Ó· ıÂˆÚÔ‡Ó Ï¤-ÔÓ ÙÔÓ Ã¿ÚÙË ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ıÂ-ÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ıÂÛÌÈÎ¿ Ì¤Û· ÙÔ˘ Û˘-ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙË Â-·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÌ¤Î. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi,‰ÈfiÙÈ, fiˆ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ô Î·-ıËÁËÙ‹˜ James Kelly ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂÈ-ÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Brok ÛÙÔ St Catharines,Ô Ã¿ÚÙË˜ «ÂÍ˘ËÚÂÙÂ› ÙË ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓÎ˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÎ‹ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· fi¯È Ìfi-ÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ fiÏÔ˘

ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜»8.™˘ÓÂ¯›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÚÔÛı¤-ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÔÈ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi ‰ÈÎ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙË-ÎÂ Ó· ·Ú¤Ì‚ÂÈ ÛÂ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÈ˜ ÔÌfiÛÔÓ‰Â˜Â·Ú¯›Â˜ ‹Ù·Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÏ¿¯È-ÛÙÂ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Û¿ÓÈÂ˜»9.

∆Ô Î·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi‰‡Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â-ÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ. ∫¿ıÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔ, ÌÂ ÙË ‰ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ Â-ÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍÔ˘-Û›·, ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ¿ÛÎËÛË˜ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹Ô-ÙÂ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙ· ÛËÌÂ›· Ô˘ ÔÚ›-˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·.∂›ÛË˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ Ì¤Û·ÛÙÔ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, fi-Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ÔÈÔ Â-›Â‰Ô ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ.

∆Ô ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ¤ÓÙÂ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜,Ô˘ ÙÔ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË ÌÂ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·.¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·10:

28 ∫ ∞ ¡ ∞ ¢ π ∫ ∏ √ ª √ ™ ¶ √ ¡ ¢ π ∞


1. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰È·ÎÒÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ: ™ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿fiÏ· Ù· Â›Â‰· Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ Â›-Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿, ÒÛÙÂ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ-Î‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚÈ-ÛÙÂ› Â‡ÎÔÏ·, ÛÂ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ Ù·˘fiÏÔÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË.™˘ÁÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÌÂ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· Ô-ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÙÔ ∫·-Ó·‰ÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÌÔ-‰ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÈÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜, fiÔ˘ÔÈ ÔÌfiÛÔÓ‰Â˜ Â·Ú¯›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÂ˘ÚÂ›Â˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙË-ÙÂ˜. Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿, ÛÂ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤-ÓÂ˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ Ë ÊÔÚÔ-ÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ Â¤‚·Ï·Ó ÔÈ ÔÌfiÛÔÓ-‰Â˜ Â·Ú¯›Â˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏ›ÙÂ˜ÙÔ˘˜, ‹Ù·Ó ÔÏ‡ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ·fi·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ fiÚÈ˙Â Ë ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË11. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ Â›ÛË˜ Û˘Ì-‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÛÂ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒ-ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜ ÙË˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜˘ÁÂ›·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿-ÏÂÈ·˜.

2. √ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Â-·Ú¯ÈÒÓ12: ™ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ˘¿Ú-¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Â·Ú-¯ÈÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔ-Ï‡ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ Â·-Ê¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘. À¿Ú-¯Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ 10 ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎ¤˜ Â·Ú-¯›Â˜, ÛÂ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ °ÂÚÌ·-Ó›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ 16 ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·-Î¿ Lander, ÙËÓ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›· ÌÂ 26 Î·-ÓÙfiÓÈ·, Î·È ÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞ ÌÂ 50 ÔÏÈ-ÙÂ›Â˜. √ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ÙˆÓ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎÒÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ, ‰ÈÂ˘-ÎÔÏ‡ÓÂÈ Ù· Ì¤ÁÈÛÙ· ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÙÔ-ÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂ ÂÚÈÊÂ-ÚÂÈ·Îfi Î·È ˘ÔÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Â›-Â‰Ô, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Î·È ÔÈÎÔ-ÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ Û’ fiÏÔ ÙÔ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙË˜ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜. ∂›ÛË˜, ÔÈ ÌÂ-Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ Â·Ú¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·Ó·‰È-ÎÔ‡ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, fi-ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ √ÓÙ¿ÚÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÌ¤Î,Î·ıÒ˜ Â›ÛË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ-Î‹˜ ∫ÔÏÔ‡ÌÈ· Î·È ÙË˜ ∞ÏÌ¤Ú-

Ù·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ÂË-ÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Ì¤ÁÈÛÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ-Î‹ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ› Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ Î˘-‚¤ÚÓËÛË13.

3. √ ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi˜ Ù‡Ô˜ °Â-ÚÔ˘Û›·˜: ™˘ÁÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓË Ë °ÂÚÔ˘-Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÂ˜°ÂÚÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÒÓÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈ-ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙË˜ ÁÂˆÁÚ·-ÊÈÎ‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÂ˘ÛË˜14. ™ÙÈ˜∏¶∞, Ô ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜ Â›Ó·ÈÔÏ‡ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÂ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂÙÔ Î·Ó·‰ÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi Û‡-ÛÙËÌ·. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÂÚÔ˘-ÛÈ·ÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ‰ÂÓ ÔÚ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿·fi ÙË ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ °Â-ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÈ˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ıÂÛÌÈÎ¿ ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡-ÏÈÔ.

4. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ-Î‹˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·15: ªÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ 24 ˘·Ú¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰È·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÌfiÓÔ Ù¤Û-ÛÂÚ· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÙË˜ ·-Ï‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜: Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜, Ëª·Ï·ÈÛ›·, Ë πÓ‰›· Î·È Ô St. KittsÎ·È ¡evis. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹-ÛÂÈ˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·ÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰È·Î˘-‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜Ì¤Ûˆ ÛÙÂÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·Ú¿-ÁÔ˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜.

5. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿-‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÏÂÈÔ„Ë-Ê›· Ì¤Û· ÛÂ Ì›· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û·ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·16: ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ÔÈ Á·Ï-

ÏfiÊˆÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÌ¤Î, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›-˙Ô˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙÔ˘˜ Â·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ Â·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙËÓ Ô-Ô›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ 81,5% ÙÔ˘ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. ∏ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘∫ÂÌ¤Î ¤¯ÂÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÚÔÒıËÛË ÙË˜ Â·Ú¯È·Î‹˜ ·˘ÙÔ-ÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿.

∞˘ÙÔ› Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÂ ·Ú¿ÁÔ-ÓÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÍ¤¯Ô˘Û·ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓÛ¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰¿. ™Â Î·Ì›·¿ÏÏË ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ÓÔÈ ¤ÓÙÂ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·-Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜. √È ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂ›-Â˜, Ì›· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÈÔ Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈÂ˜ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›Â˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó· ·-fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿.

√ ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙËÛ˘ÓÂ¯‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·Ú-ÍË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·˘-ÙÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·. ∂›-Ó·È ÌÈ· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·, ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ÔÈ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘-ÙfiÓÔÌÂ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÊ·›ÚÂ˜‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜. ∏ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Â›Ó·ÈfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ·ÓÂÍ·Ú-ÙËÛ›·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ ÌÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙË˜ ÂÓfiÙË-Ù·˜17.

∏ ÂÎÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓË ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙˆÓÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÂÈ·fi ‰‡Ô ËÁ¤˜. ¶ÚÒÙ· ·fi fiÏ·ÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·¯ˆ-ÚÂ› ÛÙÈ˜ Â·Ú¯›Â˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ‹‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ‰ÔÛ›· ÛÂ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜,ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›Â˜Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ‰È-Î·ÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ù¿-ÍÂˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ (ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹˜ –ÙÔÈÎ‹˜). ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ˘·Ú¯Â›ıÂÛÌÈÎ¿ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Û‡Ó-‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÌÂ ÙË°ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰ÂÓ ˘-¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹ ÕÓˆµÔ˘Ï‹, Ô˘ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi

∫ ∞ ¡ ∞ ¢ π ∫ ∏ √ ª √ ™ ¶ √ ¡ ¢ π ∞ 29


·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰È·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ‰›ˆÓ.18

ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›·ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, Ë Ô-Ô›· Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ÙË˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜, Î·È Â-·Ú¯›Â˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁ-Ì‹, fiÌˆ˜, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜(ÙÔÈÎ¤˜) Â›Ó·È ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂ-ÓÂ˜. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ó· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ·Ï-ÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-‰È·-Ï¤ÎÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ,fiÛÔ ÂÂÎÙÂ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÙÔÌÂ›˜ ‰Ú·-ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜19.

°È’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈ-Î‹ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ¤-¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ·ÍÈÔÛËÌÂ›ˆÙÂ˜ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈÂ˜ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î˘-‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ. √ Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒ-ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÈ˜‰‡Ô Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›Â˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ, ¤-ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈËıÂ› Ë ›‰È·Ë ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›· ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. ∞˘ÙfiÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÂ ‰ËÌÔÛÎÔ‹ÛÂÈ˜,ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì›· ‰ËÌÔÛÎfiË-ÛË ÙÔ˘ EKOS20 ÙÔÓ ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘1998 ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Â fiÙÈ Ì›· Û˘ÓÙÚÈ-ÙÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ∫·Ó·‰ÒÓ, ÙÔ75% (ÂÎ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 65% ÛÙÔ∫ÂÌ¤Î), ıÂˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔÓ‰È·Î¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ Î˘‚ÂÚ-

Ó‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì›· ÎÔÈÓ‹·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛËÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ.øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂ-ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi-¯Ô˜21.

√ÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ ÌÔ-ÚÂ› Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË‰‡ÛÎÔÏË22. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ËÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÔÓ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎ›Â˜, Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ›Ó· Î¿ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÂ˜. ∂›ÛË˜ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔ› ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Î˘-‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂËÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ‰È·-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜: ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ÓÂ˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÂ˜ Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›Â˜, Â¿Ó fi-Ï· Ù· ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿-‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·fi fiÙÈ ·Ó ÌÂÚÈÎ¤˜ Â›Ó·ÈÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰ÂÈ˜ ·fi ¿Ï-ÏÂ˜. √È ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙÂ˜ ·›-˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙ·ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙ·ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ·. Ã·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-ÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÈ˜µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ Columbia, Ë ÔÔ›·Â›Ó·È ÙÒÚ· ÈÔ ·ÓÔÈ¯Ù‹ ÛÙË Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ·fi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·ÈÓÔ‡Ú-ÁÈÔ˘ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ËÁÔ‡. ∂ÓÎ·Ù·ÎÏÂ›‰È, Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ı· Â›-Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚ›-ÏÔÎË, Â¿Ó Ì›· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛÙÂ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ

Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜. ¶·Úfi-Ï· Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, Î¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÂ› Ë ÛÙÂÓfi-ÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ ·Ô-‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÔÏÏ¤˜ Û˘Ì-ÊˆÓ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÊıÂ› Ù·ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿ Â‰›·, fiˆ˜ ·˘ÙfiÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜, ÙË˜ Â-Ó·ÚÌfiÓÈÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ˘Ô-‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›-Ô˘ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÔ-Ì¤· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜23.

™Â fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ, ÙÔ ∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfiÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¿ÏÏ·ÍÂÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ·fi ÙË ™˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰›· ÙÔ˘ 1867 Î·È Û˘ÓÂ¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂ-ÙÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜24. ∏ ‚·ÛÈÎ‹ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜ ÎÂ-ÓÙÚÈÎ‹˜ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÔ-ÈÎÒÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË™˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ¶Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ 1867, È-‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙ· ¿ÚıÚ· 91– 10125. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ¿-ÛÙÔÙÂ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·-ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ. √È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·˘-Ù¤˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ ÌÂ ·ÔÊ¿-ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓˆÙ¿ÙÔ˘ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·-ÎÔ‡ ¢ÈÎ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘.

™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ˜1. Federal systems operate on the

principle that authority is shared and

federal constitutions, at least those in

democratic federations, represent the

interests of communities in sub-national

jurisdictions as well as those at a national

level. Yet, despite emphasising the

virtues of federal democracies, federal

constitutions in western democratic

systems do not easily represent the

interests, or satisfy the needs, of their

indigenous populations.

2. The historical process which gave birthto the federation of Canada is distinctfrom the one which led to the birth ofIndian federation. As you are aware,the British North America Act, 1867,gave effect to the ‘confederationscheme’ settled at conferences held in1864 and 1867. The entity whichemerged from this Act, was laterjoined by British Columbia, PrinceEdward Island and Newfoundland and

still later by Yukon and north-westterritories.

3. Millner H., «∫·Ó·‰ÈÎfi˜ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È-ÛÌfi˜ Î·È ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ŒÓˆ-ÛË» ÛÙÔ ∆ÛÈÓÈÛÈ˙¤ÏË˜ ª. (Â.), ™Î¤-„ÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂, ™È‰¤ÚË˜, ∞ı‹Ó·,1996, Û.285.

4. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ, Û.298.

5. http://polisci.nelson. com/constitution.html Downloaded 5/6/02

6. ttp://www2. marianopolis. edu/quebechistory / federal/compare. htm.

30 ∫ ∞ ¡ ∞ ¢ π ∫ ∏ √ ª √ ™ ¶ √ ¡ ¢ π ∞


Downloaded 6/6/02

7. A charter of rights and freedoms wasentrenched in the CanadianConstitution in 1982. It recognizes theprimacy of fundamental rights andfreedoms and authorizes the courts tostrike down, for example, anylegislative measure in violationthereof. Many predicted that theCharter would exert a standardizingpressure that would prevent theprovinces from implementing theirown policies and priorities. It waspredicted, mistakenly, that the logic ofthe Charter would be contrary to thelogic of federalism and that in thename of equal rights, the decisionsand opinions rendered by theSupreme Court of Canada wouldgradually bring about thestandardization of our laws.

8. He has calculated that “the number ofcases where the Court has nullifiedprovincial statutes are few and farbetween, but more importantly, thenullifications have not taken place incore areas of provincialresponsibilities” (5). In fact, under theterms of the Charter, the SupremeCourt has struck down more federalstatutes than provincial ones.(6)p.4.Ihave sought to show that, in Canada,the Canadian Charter of Rights andFreedoms, and the Supreme Court’sinterpretation of it, have instilled ourfederalism with a new vitality thatrespects both justice for all and thediversity of solutions, contexts andneeds.p.5. http:// www.pco - bcp. gc.ca/ aia/default. asp? Language =E&page = pressroom & sub =speeches & doc = 20010629 e.htmdownloaded 6/6/02

9. http: // www. pco-bcp.gc. ca/aia/default. asp? Language = E & page =pressroom & sub = speeches & doc =20010629_e.htm downloaded 6/6/02

10. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/ aia/default.asp?Language=E&page=pressroom&sub=speeches&doc=20000611e.htm downloaded 6/6/02

11. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ó·›‚ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÂÎ·Â-Ù›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È 1970.

12. The relatively small number ofCanadian provinces not only makes iteasier to hold frequent interprovincialor federal-provincial meetings, butalso to build interprovincial cohesion

13. Moreover, the largest provinces,Ontario and Quebec, but alsoBritish Columbia and Alberta, havepolitical and administrative structuresof appreciable size in relation to thatof the federal government. They aremajor actors in our political system.

14. Compared with other senates,Canada’s, which is not elected, is inless of a position to compete with theprovincial governments in terms ofregional representation. If wecompare to the United States forexample, the competition that isobserved there between the twosenators and the governor of a givenstate has no equivalent in ourCanadian political system.Furthermore, because our senatorsare appointed by the federal executivebranch, and not by the executivebranches or the legislatures of theconstituent entities,intergovernmental relations in Canadathus take place between executivebranches that are clearly distinct andthat are not institutionally linkedthrough Parliament.

15. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/ aia/default. asp? Language= E&page=pressroom&sub =speeches&doc=20000611_e.htm downloaded 6/6/02, In comparison, federations thatcombine a presidential system and/ora proportional representation systemtend to have intergovernmentalrelations that are more diffused andthat are strongly defined by thebalance between the executive andthe legislative branches and by partycoalitions.

16. Federalism and democracy: this pairof concepts leads to another:autonomy and solidarity. Indeed,every federation experiences anongoing dialectic between theautonomy of its components and thesolidarity that unites them. Thisdialectic strengthens democraticvalues, http://www.pco-bcp. gc. ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&page=pressroom&sub=speeches&doc=20000611_e.htm downloaded, 6/6/02

17. DOES FEDERALISM SAFEGUARDINDIGENOUS RIGHTS?, ChristineFletcher Director, North AustralianResearch Unit The AustralianUniversity http://www .ciff.on.ca /Reference / documents/bg _

papers/docbg _ fletch.htmldownloaded 6/6/02, p.1.

18. http:// www. pco - bcp. gc. ca/aia/default. asp? Language = E&page=pressroom & sub= speeches & doc=19960425e.htm downloaded 6/6/02

19. Under the principle of solidarity, thegovernment works for the commongood of all citizens and all regions,especially those less fortunate. Andthe principle of diversity leads to theautonomy of local powers, citizensand institutions

20. And this is what Canadians want. Forexample, an EKOS poll in April 1998revealed that a vast majority ofCanadians (75%) - and 65% inQuebec - believe that the federal andprovincial governments have a jointresponibility to improve socialprograms. Improving cooperationbetween governments is not a simpletask. Of course, I suppose it is normalthat disagreements and conflictscapture more attention thanagreements.

21. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ

22. Governments’ political orientationsinfluence negotiations: there will bemore agreement if all parties believein social policies, for example, than ifsome are more lukewarm than others.Personalities also play a role: forexample, it is no secret thatBritish Columbia is now more opentoward cooperation than in the past,because of the leadership of its newPremier. Finally, cooperation will ofcourse be more complicated if one ofthe governments does not believe inthe future of the country., http://www.pco - bcp.gc. ca/aia/default.asp?Language = E&page=pressroom&sub = speeches&doc=20000414_e.htm downloaded 6/6/02

23. op.cit footnote

24. Nelson – Political Science –Canadian Politics on the Web/Federalism, “Division of Powers”,http: // polisci. nelson. com/federalism.htm , downloaded 30/06/02

25. Nelson – Political Science –Canadian Politics on the Web/Federalism, “Division of Powers”,ttp:// polisci. nelson. com/ federalism.htm , downloaded 30/06/ 02

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∏ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ™¯¤ÛÂˆÓ

∏ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ-ÎÒÓ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·-Ù·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔ-

ÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ˙ÒÓË ‰˘ÓËÙÈ-Î‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ·˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-ÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ, ÌÂÙ·Ó·-ÛÙÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÒÓ Î·È ‚›·ÈˆÓ Û˘-ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ıÚË-ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ∆Ú›· ÌÂÁ¿-Ï· ı¤Ì·Ù· Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈ-ÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ·ÛÊ·ÏÂ›·˜: Ë‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎ‹ ·ÓÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ·Ó¿-ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·Ù˘ÁÌ¤-ÓÔ ¡fiÙÔ Ô˘ ‘ÂÎÚ‹ÁÓ˘Ù·È’ Î·È ÙÔÓÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ µÔÚÚ¿ Ô˘ ‘ÁËÚ¿ÛÎÂÈ’,ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙË˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹˜ ‚Ô‹-ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂ˘ı¤ÙËÛË Î·È ÙÔ˘¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ µÔÚÚ¿-¡fiÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ¤-ÓÙ·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·-ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, Î·È ÔÂ˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ‰È·Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓÛ¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓÁÂ›ÙÔÓ· ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙÔ Ï·›-ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ™˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (∂ª™).

∏ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙË˜∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜Î·È ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ (∂¶∞∞) ·Ó·‰ÂÈ-ÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹ ÌÂÙ·-‚ÏËÙ‹, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚-Îfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, Ùfi-ÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜ ÙË˜ ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ Î·È

ÙË˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÈ-ÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜.ª›· ÂÓˆÌ¤ÓË Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆ-ÙÈÎ¿ ∂˘ÚÒË ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙË‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ‘ÊÚÔ‡-ÚÈÔ’, Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ ‚Â‚·›ˆ˜ Ó· ·-ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÂÈ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-Á›· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ̇ ÒÓË˜ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ¿-ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·ÈÙÔÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ ·ÓÙ·Áˆ-ÓÈÛÌfi. √È ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ Û¯¤-ÛÂÈ˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÂ-ıÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Ó¤· ‚¿ÛË, Î·Ù¿ ÙÚfiÔ Ò-ÛÙÂ Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ıÂ› Ô ‹ÈÔ˜ Î·È ·-ÓÔÈÎÙfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞,¯ˆÚ›˜ fiÌˆ˜ Ó· ÂÎÊ˘ÏÈÛÙÂ› ÛÂ ÌÈ·ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈÎ‹, ¯·Ï·Ú‹ Î·È Î·Ù¿ Â-Ú›ÛÙ·ÛË Û˘ÌÌ·¯›·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-ÙÒÈÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ.ÕÏÏˆÛÙÂ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ›Ûˆ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞ ‰ÂÓÂ›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È Ë ıˆÚ¿ÎÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ˙ˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘-Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘.

∏ ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜

™Â ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Â›Â‰Ô, Ë∂ª™ ÌÂ ÙË ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙË˜µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Û‹ÌÂ-

Ú· ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi ÔÚ-Á·ÓˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. √È Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜

∂∂ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¡Ô¤Ì-‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1995 ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ¤˜Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂ ÙÚÂÈ˜ ˘-ÏÒÓÂ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛË˜: ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi (Ì¤ÙÚ·ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË˜ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜ Î·È ·-ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜), ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi (Î˘Ú›ˆ˜Ì¤Ûˆ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·Ì-Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙË˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ¤ˆ˜ÙÔ 2010, ÌÈ·˜ ˙ÒÓË˜ ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÓÛ˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ), Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi (‰È·-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·ÓıÚÒÈ-Ó· ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù·). ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ Û‡ÌÌ·¯Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿-Ù˘ÍË ÈÎ·ÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ-·ÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ∏ ¤Ì-Ê·ÛË Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÂ-ÏÈÒ‰Ë˜, Î·ıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›ÔÔ˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂ª™ ·fi ÙÈ˜ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ·Ï·Èfi-ÙÂÚÂ˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜∂∂.

∏ ∂ª™ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ˆ˜ Ì›· Ô-Ï˘ÌÂÚ‹˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ·Ú-¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·ÈÙË˜ ÌË-·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-Î¤˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Û˘ÓÂ-¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·-·Ú·‚›·ÛÙÂ˜. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› Î·ÓfiÓ· ·ÚfiÙÈ Ë ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍËÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ ÚÔ‚Ï¤ÂÈ ÚËÙ¿Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·-Û›· ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ

√È ∂˘Úˆ - ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ ™¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·

¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚË ∫. •ÂÓ¿ÎË∂ÚÂ˘ÓËÙ‹ ÙË˜ ¤‰Ú·˜ Jean Monnet ÙË˜ ∂.∂., ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫Ú‹ÙË˜

32 ∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂


‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›Â˜Û¯¤ÛË˜ Î·È ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË˜. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ,Ë ∂ª™ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈÛÙÂ› ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤-ÏÔ ÙË˜ ¢∞™∂ Î·È ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈ-Î¤˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÌÂ ¿ÏÏ· Ì¤-ÚË ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, fiˆ˜ .¯. ÌÂ ÙÈ˜¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∫·Ú·˚‚ÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∂È-ÚËÓÈÎÔ‡, ·Ó Î·È Ë ·Ú¯‹ ÙË˜ ·ÈÚÂ-ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÌÂ-ÚÂ›˜ Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›Â˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË˜ Î·È fi-¯È ÛÙË ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒ-ÓË˜. √È Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂ª™ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤-ÏÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ·Ú-ÙÒÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ Úfi-ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (follow up), ·-ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ‰ÈÂ˘ı¤ÙËÛË˜Î·È ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË˜ ıÂ-ÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· Ú˘ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ªÂ-ÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË·˘Ù‹, Ë ∂ª™ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈÛÂ ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·Ó·‰fi-ÌËÛË˜ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ÂÚÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÂÓ’ fi„Ë ÙˆÓÓ¤ˆÓ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ. ¶ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ı·Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÎÏ›Ì·ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÓfiÚÌÂ˜¯ÚËÛÙ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ı· ÏÂÈ-ÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·ÂÓfi˜ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ-·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘.

ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·-Î‹Ú˘ÍË˜ ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ ÙÔ1995 ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯Ò-Ú· ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·’ ·˘ÙfiÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÁÎ·ıÈ‰Ú‡ıËÎÂ. √È Î‡-ÚÈÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·-ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ª¿ÏÙ· (1997) Î·ÈÛÙÔ ¶·Ï¤ÚÌÔ (1998) ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·Ó·-Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜

∂ª™. øÛÙfiÛÔ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó ÛÂ ¤Ï-ÏÂÈ„Ë ÔÌÔÊˆÓ›·˜ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ·Ó-ıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ·-Ó·‚ÔÏ‹ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ Ã¿ÚÙ·˜, ÛÙËÓ Î·-ı˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË ÙË˜ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ¯ÚËÌ·-ÙÔ‰ÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤Ï-ÏÂÈ„Ë Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÌË-Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚ-Á·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∏ ÙÚ›ÙË ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂÈ·Î‹ ‰È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙË ™ÙÔ˘ÙÁ¿Ú-‰Ë (1999) ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ˘fi ÙÈ˜Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ ¤Ï·‚Â ¯ÒÚ·(fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙË ÚÒËÓ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔ-ÛÏ·‚›·, ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï Î·È·Ú·›ÙËÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ∂È-ÙÚÔ‹˜). ∏ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ¤-‰ˆÛÂ Ó¤· ÒıËÛË ÛÙË ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘-ÍË Î·ÙÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹ÚÈˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ Ã¿ÚÙ·Ô˘ ÂÚÈÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó Ì¤ÙÚ· ÔÈÎÔ‰fi-ÌËÛË˜ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜, Î·Ï‹˜ÁÂÈÙÓ›·ÛË˜, ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹˜ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÚÔÏËÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰È-ÏˆÌ·Ù›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë Â˘¤ÏÈ-ÎÙË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈÙÈ˜ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÂ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜ÁÈ· ÙË ‚·ıÌÈ·›· ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ È-ÛfiÚÚÔÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎ‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ-·˜. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ı· ÌÔ-ÚÂ› Ó· ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ÂÌÈ-ÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË Ì¤Û· ·fi ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÓÔÈ¯ÙÔ‡ ‰È·Ïfi-ÁÔ˘, ÚÔÛ¯Â‰È·ÛÌ¤ÓË Î·È ·fiÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·-ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÚËÓÈÎ‹ ‰ÈÂ˘ı¤ÙËÛËÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ.

∏ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ Ã¿ÚÙ· Â-ÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙËıÂ› ÛÙËÓ ∂˘-Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙËª·ÛÛ·Ï›·. ™ÙËÓ ·ÓÂ›ÛËÌË fi-Ìˆ˜ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙË §ÈÛÛ·‚fiÓ·(ª¿ÈÔ˜ 2000) ÔÈ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·ÓÈ‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÔ-‰Ô Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌÂÈˆıÂ› ·fi ÙËÓ Â-ÈÙÚÔ‹ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ¯¤‰›Ô ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔ-

ÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ Ã¿ÚÙ·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı·ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·ÙË˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì¤Û· ÛÂ ¤Ó·ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌË-‰ÂÛÌÂ˘ÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Û·Ó ¤Ó· fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÓÔÌÈ-ÌÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊˆÓËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂ-ÏÒÓË˜, ·Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ·ÓÔÈ-ÎÙfi ÙÔ ÂÓ‰Â¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÙË˜ ·Ó·‚Ô-Ï‹˜ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ›Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·-ÙÂ› ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹. ∞Ù˘¯Ò˜ Ë∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙËª·ÛÛ·Ï›· (2000), ¤Ï·‚Â ¯ÒÚ· ˘-fi ÙË ÛÎÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÍÂÛ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜‚›·˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓÈˆÓ Î·ÈπÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÒÓ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÈ˜ 28 ™Â-ÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Â›¯Â– ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·ÙË˜ ∂ª™ - ‰‡Ô Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙÂ˜¯ÒÚÂ˜, Ë ™˘Ú›· Î·È Ô §›‚·ÓÔ˜,Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÂÈ‰ÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÚÓ‹-ıËÎ·Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ÙË˜ ∂ª™ ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÙËÎ·ÓÛÙÔ Ó· ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘ÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›-Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙË Û‡-ÁÎÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·-Ù· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ó¿-ÛÙÂ˘ÛË˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙÂ›‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›· ÛÂ Ì¤ÙÚ·‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤-ÙËÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜Ã¿ÚÙ·˜. ∆Ô 2001 Ë ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂÈ·Î‹ ‰È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙÈ˜ µÚ˘Í¤ÏÂ˜ÂÈÛÎÈ¿ÛÙËÎÂ ·fi Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·ÙË˜ 11Ë˜ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘, ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ¤ÌÙË Î·È ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ‰È¿-ÛÎÂ„Ë ÛÙË µ·Ï¤ÓıÈ· (2002), ÔÈ Â-ÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ ª. ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È Ô·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜/ÔÌËÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú·Ê¿ÙÛÙÔ ·Ú¯ËÁÂ›Ô ÙË˜ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·-Î‹˜ ∞Ú¯‹˜ Â¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¿ÛÙËÓ ∂ª™. øÛÙfiÛÔ Ë ·Ô¯‹ ÙË˜™˘Ú›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ §È‚¿ÓÔ˘ Î·Ù¤ÛÙË-ÛÂ ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·Ù¿ ÙË‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ πÛ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÂ-‰Ú›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÌÂ Î·ÙÂ˘ı˘-

∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ 33


ÓÙ‹ÚÈÂ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¤˜, ÙÔ ‘™¯¤‰ÈÔ¢Ú¿ÛË˜’ (Valencia Action Plan).

∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ˘-ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙË˜ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘-ÍË˜, Ù· Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ËÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÂÈ‰Â›ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∞Ú·-‚Ô-πÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂ Â›-ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ¶·Ï·È-ÛÙÈÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙ¤_Â-Û·Ó ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â-›ÙÂ˘ÍË Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈ-ÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏ ·Ô-Ù˘¯›· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·-ÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·ÂËÚ¤·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ∂∂ ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ Ó· ¯ÂÈÚÈ-ÛÙÂ› ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, Î·È ÔÏ‡ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ¿Ì˘Ó·˜. ¢ËÌÈÔ‡Ú-ÁËÛ·Ó Â›ÛË˜ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·Ô-ÁÔ‹ÙÂ˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ¤-ÏÈÍË ÙË˜ ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂ-ÏÒÓË˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙË˜.∏ ÛÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÂÈ‰Â›ÓˆÛËÙË˜ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·-ÙÔÏ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Î¿ ÙÔÎ˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎ·-Û›· ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·ÈfiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚ‹ ¯·-Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙË˜. √È ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ› ıÂ-ÛÌÔ› Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁÎ·ÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ Ó· Î·-Ù·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ-Â˜ ÛÙËÓ (fiÓÙˆ˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË) ·Ô-ÛÙÔÏ‹ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹ÏÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‚¤‚·È· ÔÈ ˘-fiÏÔÈÔÈ ¿Ú·‚Â˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ Ó· ÙËÓÂÁÎ·Ù·ÏÂ›„Ô˘Ó. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì-‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÚËÓÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ··›-ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿‚ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi-¯ÚÔÓ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘ÓÙËÓ Â¯ıÚÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘πÛÚ·‹Ï.

¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚Ï¤ÔÓÙ·ÈÙÚ›· ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÂÌfi‰È·. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú-¯‹Ó ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ Î·-

Ì›· Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙËÓ ¢È·‰È-Î·Û›· ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ Î·È Ë ÛË-ÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∆ÂÏ-∞‚›‚‰ÂÓ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂ª™, ÛÂÎ·Ì›· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ó· ÂËÚÂ¿ÛÂÈÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙË˜ ÛÙËÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÎÚ›ÛË. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÔÈ ·-Ú·‚ÈÎ¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ (Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ë ™˘Ú›·Î·È Ô §›‚·ÓÔ˜) ·ÓÙ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó,·ÚÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÂ˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘ÓÛÂ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ¿-Ì˘Ó·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ fiÔ˘ Ù˘-¯fiÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ¢ÂÓÚ¤ÂÈ ‚¤‚·È· Ó· ÍÂ¯Ó¿ÌÂ ˆ˜Î·È ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‚È-ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, - ÂÍ·ÈÚÔ˘Ì¤-ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓÌÂ ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï - ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Î·Ï‡-ÙÂÚÂ˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÂ› Î·ÈÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÈÌÂÚ‹ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ∂∂ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù··ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÌÂ Û˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË.∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙË˜ ∂∂ ·-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜, ÙfiÛÔÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓfiÚˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜, ÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜Î·È ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘. ™ÙËÓ∂Ó‰È¿ÌÂÛË ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË (25-27ª·˝Ô˘ 2003) ÙˆÓ 35 (15 ∂∂ + 10¡¤· ª¤ÏË ∂∂ + 10 ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ›ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ), Ë ∂ª™ ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›·˙Â Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÌÈ·˜ Ì›ÓÈ-™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ·Ú¿ ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Û¯‹Ì·ÛÙÂÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ™ÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ πÛ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ À¶∂•ÛÙËÓ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË (16-17 ª·˝Ô˘2003) ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ ÂÈ-ÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜∂∂, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È‰È·‰ÈÎ·ÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈÏÔÎ¤˜ Ô˘·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰ÔÙˆÓ 35 ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË, Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔˆ˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛËfiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂ª™

ÒÛÙÂ Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙÂ› ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎ‹.∞fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‡-

ÎÔÏ· ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÚfiÔ-‰Ô˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ˘ÏÒÓ· Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍ’·Ú¯‹˜ ÛÙË ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙË˜ µ·Ú-ÎÂÏÒÓË˜. ∞fi ÙÔ ÍÂÎ›ÓËÌ· ÙË˜ ÙÔ1995, Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·ÓÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó ˙Ë-Ù‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍ¤¯Ô˘Û·˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ∂ª™, ·Ú¿ ÁÈ·ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙ·›-ÚÔ˘˜. ¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ‚¤‚·È· Ó··Ú·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô-ÊÂ›ÏÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¤˜ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆ-ÚÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÌÂ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÈ-ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂ›Ô˘. ™›ÁÔ˘Ú· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Î-ÏËÍË ˆ˜ Ë ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒ-ÙÔ ˘ÏÒÓ· ÙË˜ ∂ª™ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·ÓÌÂÁ¿ÏË, Î·È ˆ˜ ÂËÚÂ¿ÛÙËÎÂÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ Â-ÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ πÛÚ·‹Ï-¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓË˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛËÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ,ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎ¿ Ï›Á· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÁÌ·-ÙÔÔÈËıÂ› fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÛÙÚ·-ÙËÁÈÎ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙË ªÂÛfi-ÁÂÈÔ, Î·È ·ÎfiÌË ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂ›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÙË˜ ÔÏ˘fiıËÙË˜ ∂˘-Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ Ã¿ÚÙ·˜. ¶·Úfi-ÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛËÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿-ÏÂÈ·˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì·ÎÚÈÓ‹, ‰È·Ê·›ÓÔ-ÓÙ·È Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙËÌ¤ÓÂ˜ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-Ì¤Ó·, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏÂ›ÂÙ·È Ó· ˘¿Ú-ÍÔ˘Ó ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜, ˘fi ÙËÓ ÌÔÚÊ‹‘Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔı‡ÌˆÓ’ ·-Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·-ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜∂¶∞∞, ÌÂ ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÎÔÈÓÒÓ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔÌ¤· ÙË˜Ó·˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÛÙ˘ÓfiÌÂ˘ÛË˜ Î·È ÛÂı¤Ì·Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙÂ˘ÛË˜ Î·È Ï·-ıÚÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘.

34 ∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂


∏ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞: ªÈ· Ó¤·ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜

£· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙÂ› ˆ˜ ÔÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍËÏ‹ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚËÛÈ·Î‹˜ Â-

ÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-ÛÂ ÌÈ· È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó¤Ï·‚ÂÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›· ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ ÛÙÈ˜ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ¤˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞‹‰Ë ·fi ÙËÓ 1Ë πÔ˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2002,ÏfiÁˆ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË˜ (opt-out)ÙË˜ ¢·Ó›·˜. ⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ¤-ÓÙÔÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙË˜∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓÕÙ˘Ë ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÕÌ˘Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ ƒ¤ı˘ÌÓÔ, ÛÙÈ˜ 4-5√ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2002, Ë ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞ Ù¤ıËÎÂ ÛÂ ÈÔ ÛÙ¤ÚÂÂ˜‚¿ÛÂÈ˜. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ Ë∂¶∞∞ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÙÈ˜ ··Ú·›-ÙËÙÂ˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓÂ˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Ê¤ÚÂÈÂÈ˜ ¤Ú·˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ¤˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Û˘ÌÏËÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ·-ÌÔÈ‚·›· ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ (Ì¤ÛˆÎÔÈÓÒÓ ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ-ÛË˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÒÓ,Î.·.). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ·Ô‰ÔıÂ› ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿-Ù˘ÍË ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÎ·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ,ˆ˜ ÚÔı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤-ÙËÛË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ ÂÓÛˆÌ¿-ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÚÎÂ-ÙÔ‡˜ ¿Ú·‚Â˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜, ÛÙÔ Ï·Ó-ı·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ˆ˜ Ë ∂∂ÌÂ ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞ ÌÔÈ-Ú¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·-Ù·ÔÏ¤ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ·Û‡ÌÌÂ-ÙÚˆÓ ·ÂÈÏÒÓ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÍ¿ÏˆÛË˜ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Ì·˙ÈÎ‹˜ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔ-Ê‹˜.

√ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙË˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi-

ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙË˜∂˘ÚÒË˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ fiÌˆ˜ Ó· ·Ô-ÎÏÂ›ÂÙ·È Î·È ÙÔ ÂÓ‰Â¯fiÌÂÓÔ ·Ó¿-ÏË„Ë˜ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÚË-ÓÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ªÂ-ÛfiÁÂÈÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ›ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıÂˆÚ‹-ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· Î›ÓËÙÚ· Â›-Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·-‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. √‡ÙÂ ‚¤‚·È· ˆ˜ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√,È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿-Ù˘ÍË ÙË˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ú¤Ì-‚·ÛË˜ ÛÂ ÎÚ›ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙÚ›ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∏ ∂¶∞∞ ‰ÂÓ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› Î·È, ÛÂ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fi-ÚÔ˘˜, ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÏËÊıÂ›ˆ˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘. °È·ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÚÔÙ¿ıËÎÂ ÛÂÚÒÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ë ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË Â-Ófi˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·-ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜.

∏ ∂¶∞∞ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ï¤ÔÓ ÙË ‰È-Î‹ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË,¯¿ÚÈÓ ÙË˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ Ô˘ ·-Ó¤Ï·‚Â Ë πÛ·ÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›· ÙÔª¿ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2002. ∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ì¤ÛˆÙË˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÈfiÏ·˜ÂÍ¿ÌËÓÔ ÙÔ˘ 2003 Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÂ Î·-Ù·Ï˘ÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹.™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÂ-‰Ú›·˜, ÌÂ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô˘ ∂ıÓÈÎ‹˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜, ÔÚ-Á¿ÓˆÛÂ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯· ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·ÛÙÈ˜ 1-2 ¡Ô¤Ì‚Ú›Ô˘ 2002 ÛÙË ƒfi-‰Ô Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ 9-10 ª·˚Ô˘ 2003 ÛÙËÓ∫¤ÚÎ˘Ú·. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ‹Ù·ÓË ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ÂÓË-Ì¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›-ÚˆÓ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∞∞. √È ÂÏÏËÓÈ-Î¤˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛËÙË˜ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜, ÙË˜ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡-ÓË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·-

Î‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜, Â¤-ÙÚÂ„·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ Â-Ù·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÏËÚÔÊfiÚË-ÛË, ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ë·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚ›· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›-˙ÂÈ. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Â˘fi‰ˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë˜ ÂÚ› ÛÙÚ·-ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ÛÙË ªÂ-ÛfiÁÂÈÔ.

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›·ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ÛÙÔÓ ∆Ú›ÙÔ ¶˘ÏÒÓ·

∞Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, ÌÂÙ¿ Ù· ÁÂÁÔ-ÓfiÙ· ÙË˜ 11Ë˜ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘, ÔÈÓ¤Â˜ ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚÂ˜ ·ÂÈÏ¤˜ Î·È

Ù· Ì¤ÙÚ· Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜Â›¯·Ó ÙÈ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·-Ó·ÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ:ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÛÂ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ‰È·‰ÈÎ·ÛÈÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÊÈÏÂÏÂ˘ıÂ-ÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ Â-ÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚË ÌÂÙ·Î›-ÓËÛË, Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÍ¤ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÏÂ˘ÚÒÓ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘, Ô˘Ï¤ÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÌÔÈ-‚·›· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·¯˘Ô„›·˜. ª¤-Û· ÛÙÔ ÊÔÚÙÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·fiÙÈ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙˆÓ∏¶∞, ÔÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ Ô‰‹-ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ‹ ˘Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛËÙÔ˘ ÎÏ›Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹˜ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù·¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·‰Ô-ÛÈ·Î¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙË-ÁÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÛÙË ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙË˜µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜.

ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Indifada ÛÙËª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÂ ı¤Ì·-Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÔıÂ›ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÒıËÛË ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ· ÙË˜∂ª™. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÎÈÓ‹ıË-Î·Ó Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂ›˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ

∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ 35


ÀÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ∂ÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂ª™ÛÙË µ·Ï¤ÓıÈ· (2002) Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹-ÙË (25-27 ª·˝Ô˘ 2003). À‹ÚÍ·ÓÊ˘ÛÈÎ¿ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ÛÂ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù·ÔÔ›· ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹-ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒ-Ë˜ ÂÓÒ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜. ∫·-ıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Ô Î·ıÔ-ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙË˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›·˜, ÂÔÌ¤Óˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜Î·Ù·ÔÏ¤ÌËÛ‹˜ ÙË˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ ˘-¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¿ ı¤Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ·, ÛÙ· Ô-Ô›· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÂ ˘fi-ÂÚÈ-ÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Â›Â‰Ô.

∏ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔÂ›Ó·È ¤Ó· ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È¤Ú· ·fi Ì›· ÛÎÏËÚ‹ ‹ Ì·Ï·Î‹ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙË˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ∞Ô-ÙÂÏÂ› Â›ÛË˜ ÌÈ· Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë˜ ÛËÌ·-Û›·˜ fi„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ-ÎÔ‡ ÛÎÔÔ‡ ÙË˜ ∂ª™, Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛËÙË˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ÙË˜ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘. ∏ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ¿Ô„Ë fi-ÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙÂ›ÓÔ˘ÓÓ· ÂÈÏ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÂÈÚËÓÈÎ¿ Ì¤Û·, Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÙË ‰È·‰È-Î·Û›· ÂÎ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓÏ¤ÔÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙÔ ·-ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ·. º˘ÛÈÎ¿, ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤-Ó· ÔÏ‡ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ÛÙÔÏ·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ∂ª™. ÕÏÏˆÛÙÂ Ë È‰¤·ÙË˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓıÂÛÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡-ÛÂ ÂÍ’ ·Ú¯‹˜ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂ-ÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û¯Â‰›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓÙË˜ ∂ª™. ¶ÚÔÛÙ¤ıËÎÂ ˆÛÙfiÛÔÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ-·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘, Î·È ¤ÎÙÔÙÂ,ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ∂˘Úˆ-·›ÔÈ, Û˘ÓËÁÔÚÔ‡Ó ˘¤Ú ÙË˜ Î·-Ù¿ÚÁËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂ-ÙÚÈÔ·ı‹ ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË(good governance) ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÚÔÒ-ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÚÈÏ¤-

¯ıËÎÂ ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÌÂÙ¿·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÁÂÏ›· ÙË˜ √˘¿ÛÈ-ÁÎÙÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ-ÙÔ˜, ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈÎ¿ Î›ÓË-ÙÚ· ÙË˜ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∆ÔÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛÂ ÙÈ˜ ˘Ô-„›Â˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÂÚ-ÌËÓÂ›Â˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, fiÙÈ ËÚÔÒıËÛË ÙË˜ ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›·˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤-ÍˆıÂÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤Ô-ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ-Î‹˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜.

∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ÙÔ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÒÓ· Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÓÔÌÈÌÔ-Ô›ËÛË˜ ÛÙ· Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙ· Î¿ÔÈˆÓÓfiÙÈˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∫¿-ÔÈ· ·’ ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Î·-¯‡ÔÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜¢‡ÛË˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÈ·ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ È-ÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ·ÓË-Û˘¯›Â˜ ·ÛÊ·ÏÂ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ-ÏfiÁËÙÂ˜ Î·È ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-Û›·˜ Û·Ó ÌÈ· ÂÈÎ›Ó‰˘ÓË ÓÂÔ-·ÔÈ-ÎÈ·Î‹ ÌË¯·ÓÔÚÚ·Ê›·. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â‰Ò fiÙÈ ·ÚÎÂ-Ù¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Â-ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¿ Û¯›ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ·Û·ÊÂ›˜Â‰·ÊÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÓÒ Ë ›-‰È· Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯Ó‹ Î·ÈË ÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÛÊ·-Ï‹˜. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÙ·È Â‰ÒÂ›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÎÚ¿ÙË ı·ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ·ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ··Ú·›-ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹ ·ÛÊ¿-ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË.

¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Â›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ˆ˜ fiÏ· Ù· Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜ ∂ª™ ¤¯Ô˘Ó˘ÔÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú-¯¤˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙË ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍËÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔÙÔ˘ 1995. ∫·Ù’ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ë™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ ¤ıÂÛÂ ÛÂÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙËÓ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁ-Á‡Ë ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂ-

ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ ∂˘ÚÒË ÙÔ1975, ÔÈ Â›ÛËÌÂ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙË‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÛÙË ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ÙË˜µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈ-Û¯˘ıÔ‡Ó, Î·È fi¯È ·Ï¿ Ó· Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËıÔ‡Ó. º˘ÛÈÎ¿, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·-ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ÙË˜µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· Ï·›-ÛÈ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ·Ú¿-‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈÔÏ›-ÙÂ˘ÛË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫Â-ÓÙÚÈÎ‹ Î·È ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹ ∂˘ÚÒË ˘È-Ôı¤ÙËÛ·Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÁÌfi Ù· ÊÈ-ÏÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚfiÙ˘·ÙË˜ ¢‡ÛË˜, Î¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ-ÚÂ› Ó· ÂÈÙÂ˘¯ıÂ› ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó‹Û˘¯Ô·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘.

™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ‚¿ÛË, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·ÈÓ· ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÏËıÈÓ‹‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ defacto ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙË˜ ÈÛfiÙÈÌË˜ Û˘Ì-ÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Ï‹„Ë˜ ·-ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ, ·ÔÎÏÂ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ·’ ·˘-Ù‹ ÌfiÓÔ fiÛÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙË‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÌÂ ¤ÓÔÏ· Ì¤Û·.∂ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜, Ë ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹˜ Ù¿ÍË˜ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓ-ı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÌË-‚›·ÈˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ Ô˘‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚËÛ˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·‰È-Î·Û›Â˜. ∆Ô ª·ÚfiÎÔ Î·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚÂ˜ fiÔ˘ ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚Ô-Ï· ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ‚‹-Ì·Ù· ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔÌ¤· ·˘Ùfi.™˘Ó·Ê¤˜ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ë Âfi-ÌÂÓË Ì¤Ú· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. £· ·ÊÂıÔ‡Ó¿Ú·ÁÂ ÔÈ πÛÏ·ÌÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ Ô˘Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÂ ¿Ï-ÏÂ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘-Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó Â› ›-ÛÔÈ˜ fiÚÔÈ˜ ‹ ı· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ë ¢‡-ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î; ∞Ó Ë∂∂ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈ-ÛÙ›· ÙË˜ ˆ˜ ÂÈÚËÓÈÎ‹ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ·¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›-ÚÔ˘˜ ÙË˜, ı· ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙÂ› Ó· ÂÈÌÂ›-

36 ∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂


ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi ̄ ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓÈÛfiÙÈÌË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ fiÏˆÓ ÛÙÈ˜ Â-ÎÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ Î·È ·Ô-ÎÏÂ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÈ˜ ‚›·ÈÂ˜ ·ÓÙÈ-Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜, Î·È ‚Â‚·›-ˆ˜, Ù· ‰ÈÏ¿ Ì¤ÙÚ· Î·È ÛÙ·ıÌ¿.

∏ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÒÓ - ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô-ÎÏÂÈ‰› ÛÙËÓ ·-Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ô-ÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ - ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘ÓıÂ› ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿ Î·È ·ÚÈı-ÌËÙÈÎ¿, ÌÂ ·ÌÂÛfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍËÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ¡fiÙÔ. ªÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ô‰ÔıÂ› ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ·ÙˆÓ ‘ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ’ ˆ˜ ËÁ‹·ÚÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È Èı·ÓÒÓ Ú‹ÍÂ-ˆÓ, ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈÂ˜ Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛË˜. √È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Ì·ÎÚÔ-ÚfiıÂÛÌÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË˜ ÙË˜ ·-ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ÂÎ-‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ‰Â‰ËÏˆÌ¤ÓË ̆ -ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÛÂ ÌË-Î˘‚ÂÚÓË-ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌfiÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙË ¯ÚËÛÙ‹ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ·Ó Î·È·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÙÚ· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Ûˆ-ÛÙ‹ Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·-ÓÙÔ‡ ÂÊÈÎÙ¿. ¶ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ·fi Â˘-Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔÎ·È ÙËÓ ∂ª™. ™ÙËÓ ·ÂÌfiÏËÛËÙˆÓ ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚˆÓ Êfi‚ˆÓ Î·È ·ÂÈ-ÏÒÓ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È Ô ·-ÌÔÈ‚·›· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÌÊÈ-ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎ‹ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔ-ÁÔ˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë Â-ÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ Û¯¤ÛËÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡, ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜ Î·ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜ Û‡Á-¯ÚÔÓÂ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›Â˜Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔÙÌ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÏË-

ÚÔÊfiÚËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Â-Ù·›ÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂∂ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Î·ÈÙËÓ ∂¶∞∞ ÂÈ‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ·.

∏ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·

∏∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›· ÚÔ¤‚ËÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙ˆ‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ-‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË

Î·È ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿-Ì˘Ó·˜. ∏ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘À∂£∞ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹, Â¿Ó ·Ó·-ÏÔÁÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ù· ÛËÌÂ›· Ô˘ ‰Ë-ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘-Úˆ·˚Î‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔÎ·È ÙËÓ Ó¤· ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·-ÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·-ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·-ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó, Î·ıÒ˜Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›·ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›-ÚˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËıÂ› ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ 11Ë™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. ∫Ú›ıËÎÂ ÂÔÌ¤Óˆ˜ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›· Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÂ› ¤Ó·˜ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ‰›·˘ÏÔ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙË˜∂¶∞∞, ‰È·Û·ÊËÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ÚÔ-ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ, Î·È ·Ì‚Ï‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ È-ı·Ó¤˜ ·ÚÂÚÌËÓÂ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ. √ ‰È¿ÏÔ-ÁÔ˜ ÚÔ‹Á·ÁÂ ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙ· Â‰›· ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜,fi¯È Î·Ù¿ ‹ÛÛÔÓ· ÏfiÁÔ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ÔÈÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ-¤‰Ô˘ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË˜ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù·∂¶∞∞, ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ·Ô‚ÏË-ıÔ‡Ó Èı·Ó¤˜ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÛ-‰ÔÎ›Â˜ Î·È Êfi‚ÔÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·Ô-‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ∂∂ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Î·-Ù¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Â¯ıÚÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔı¤ÛÂÈ˜ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.

∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Â˘¤-ÏÈÎÙˆÓ ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë˜Î·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·-ÔÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Â-

ÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛË-Ì·ÓÙÈÎ¿ (Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘ÙÈÎ¿) ·ÔÙÂ-Ï¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙË˜µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÌˆ˜ Ë ·-Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ì›·˜ Â˘-Ú‡ÙÂÚË˜ ÁÎ¿Ì·˜ ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Î·-ıÒ˜ ÙÔ ÎÏ›Ì· Â›Ó·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ˘ÓÙÈÎfiÛ¯Â‰fiÓ ÛÂ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙÔ˘¡fiÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ¿Ì˘Ó·˜, Î·ÈÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ ÛÂ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈ-Î¤˜ ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂÈ˜. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌË¯·ÓÈ-ÛÌÔ› ‰ÈÌÂÚÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ê·›-ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¯·›ÚÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË˜ Â-ÎÙ›ÌËÛË˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘, ÔÔÏ˘-‰ÈÌÂÚ‹˜ (multi-bilateral) ‰È¿-ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞ ·-Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÓÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹-ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘-ÛË˜ ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÈ·˜·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË˜ ÙË˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ·-ÛÊ·ÏÂ›·˜ ÙË˜ ∂ª™ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÂÈ-ı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓÙË˜ ∂∂. √È ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂˘-Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¢È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¤ıÂ-Û·Ó Ù· ıÂÌ¤ÏÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤-ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ù·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÌÈÓ·Ú›Ô˘ÁÈ· ÙË ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙË˜∂¶∞∞ ˆ˜ Ì¤ÙÚÔ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË˜ Â-ÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜ (follow up –Fundaci_ CIDOB-À∂£∞ πÛ·Ó›·˜,µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË 6-7 πÔ˘Ó›Ô˘ 2003).

∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ·-ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓÙˆÓ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›ˆÓ ∞Ì‡ÓË˜ ·fiÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÂÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ· ÌÂ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÈ‰ÈÎÒÓ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÛ‹ÌˆÓ Î·È·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô ÏÂ˘Ú¤˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂ›Ô˘, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ì¤ÙÚÔ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌË-ÛË˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·-Î¤˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜. ∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ›· ÙË˜ πÛ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜ ¤Î·Ó·Ó Ô-Ï‡ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ÙË Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË, ÌÂ Ù· ™ÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË

∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ ∂ 37


Î·È ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·Î·-‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ÓfiÙÈ· fi-¯ıË ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘, È‰›ˆ˜ Ì¤ÛˆÙˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿-ÙˆÓ, Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÔÈÔÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·ÈÔÈÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ·‡ÍËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ‘‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˘’ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ∂∂, ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó Â›ÛË˜ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞,ÙË˜ ∂ª™ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ (È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·˘Ù‹ ÙË˜ ‰È-Â‡Ú˘ÓÛË˜) ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ ÙˆÓªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔ-‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÚÔ-ÛÒˆÓ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô fi¯ıÂ˜, ˆ˜ Ì¤-ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ˘‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÓÈ-Û¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ·ÓÔÈ¯Ùfi‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡-ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ ÂÎ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ªÂ-ÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¡fiÙÔ˘.

™˘ÓÔÏÈÎ¿, ·Ú’ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-Ï›Â˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Î˘„·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÏÈ-Ì·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ª¤ÛË∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·‚¤‚·ÈË ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ-ÛË ÙÔ ‘√‰ÈÎÔ‡ Ã¿ÚÙË’ Î·Ù¿ ÙË‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂ‰Ú›·ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ·-ÓÒÙ·ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÔ‡¯ˆÓ ÛÙÔÏ·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹-ÙË, ÙËÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Î·¯˘Ô„›·ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ ÙË˜ ∂ª™,ÙËÓ ·ÓÂ¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓfiÚˆÓ Î·È Ù· Ó¤· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó· Ô˘ÚÔÎ‡ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Ì·˙ÈÎ‹ ‰ÈÂ‡-Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂, Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fiÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â-ÛÌÂ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÂÎ Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÏÂ˘ÚÒÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ÎÏ›Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÈÙ˘-¯ËÌ¤ÓË ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·. ∏‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙˆÓ ™ÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ ÙË˜ ƒfi-‰Ô˘, ÙË˜ ∫¤ÚÎ˘Ú·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÚÒ-ÙË˜ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ 35 ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Ì·-˙ÈÎ‹ ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙË˜ ∂∂, ÏÂÈÙÔ‡Ú-ÁËÛ·Ó ıÂÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛËÙˆÓ Î·›ÚÈˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙË˜¢È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜ µ·ÚÎÂÏÒÓË˜ Î·È

·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Û˘ÓÂÈÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙËÓ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛËÙË˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ-Î‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂ-ÛÔÁÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ.

¡¤Â˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

ª¤Û· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔ-Ù¿ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·ÙË˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜

ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹ ¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙË˜ ∂¶∞∞ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙË˜ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÚÔ¤-Î˘„Â ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ÎÏ›Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜Ô˘ ÂÈ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·-Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ™˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·-Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÓfiÙÈ·ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Â-Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·-Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ∂˘Úˆ-ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·-ÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ı· ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ™Â-ÌÈÓ·Ú›Ô˘, ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ô‡Ùˆ˜ÒÛÙÂ ÔÈ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÂÙ·›ÚÔÈ Ó·ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ·-fi„ÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ı· Ú¤-ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·-Ù· Ô˘ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó È‰È·ÈÙ¤Ú·ÙÔ˘˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ Î·ÈÎ¿ıÂ ¯ÒÚ· ı· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘-ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙË˜, ÂÓÒ ÔıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙË˜ ‘ÛÙÚÔÁÁ˘Ï‹˜ ÙÚ·¤-˙Ë˜’ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ Û˘ÌÌÂ-ÙÔ¯ÈÎ‹ ÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

°È· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛËÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ ÛÂı¤Ì·Ù· ∂¶∞∞, ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜Î‡ÎÏÔ˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÈÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓÂÈÙÂÏÂ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙË˜ ∂∂Î·È ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·›ÚˆÓ¿Óˆ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ô fiÏÂ-ÌÔ˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Î·ÈÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-Î‹˜ ‰‡Ó·ÌË˜ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·-

ÛË˜. ¶ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È Â›ÛË˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘-ÛË ÙË˜ ˘Ô-ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Î‹˜ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ Ì›·˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÙË˜∂.∂. Î·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓÙË˜ ÓfiÙÈ·˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔ-ÁÂ›Ô˘ Ì¤Ûˆ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ Î‡ÎÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·-ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË˜ Î·È ÂÎ·›-‰Â˘ÛË˜ (.¯. ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔÌ¤· ÙˆÓÓ·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂˆÓ). ªÈÎÙ¤˜ Ô-Ì¿‰Â˜ ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ¯Ò-ÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∂∂ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Úfiı˘ÌÔ˘˜ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ı· ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó, ·Ú¯È-Î¿, ¤Ó· Î‡ÎÏÔ ÂÈÌÔÚÊˆÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·-Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË˜ (ÛÂ ¯ÒÚ·-ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙ‹),Î·È ÛÂ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ·˘Ùfi ı·ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ıÂ› ÛÙÔ Û‡-ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ ÛÂ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ-¯‹ ÙˆÓ ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙÔÛ¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. √È¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ÓfiÙÈ·˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ÙË˜ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÂÓ·Ú›ˆÓ ÙˆÓÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂˆÓ. ™Â Â-Ú›ÙˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ¿ÛÎË-ÛË˜, ¤Ó· ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜-Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ı· ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ÚÔÛÎ·Ï¤ÛÂÈ ÂÎÚÔÛÒ-Ô˘˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∂ª™ Ó·Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· Â-ÈÙÚ·Â› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ Ó··Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Î·ıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘ÓÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ù· ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘Î¿ıÂ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ·Ï-Ï¿ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈË ∂¶∞∞ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â¯ıÚÈÎ‹ ·¤Ó·-ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÔÙÂÏÂ› Â›ÛË˜ ÂÍ·È-ÚÂÙÈÎ‹ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-ÁËıÂ› ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ∂∂ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ªÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙË˜ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛÂ-‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÈÎ·ÓÔ-ÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·-Î‹˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.

38 ∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ . ∂ .


Onward and Upward –Opportunities of the 1980s and1990s The relationship between Europeand Japan began to show signs ofpromise in the mid/late 1980s.There were a number of reasons

for this. The EuropeanCommunity (EC) was becomingincreasingly integrated, whichfacilitated easier relations withJapan (1986-Single European Actplus the promise of Single Marketin 1992). In this respect,

Japanese fears of «fortressEurope» led to greater flexibilityon the Japanese side. At thesame time, Margaret Thatcher, inpursuit of free market ideals,encouraged massive Japaneseinvestment in the U.K. with otherEC countries to follow the U.K.lead. Apart from that, in the 1980sJapan was beginning to seek amore active role in internationalinstitutions (attempting to convertits economic in to political power)such as the InternationalMonetary Fund and the WorldBank. Europe was wellentrenched in these institutionsand Japan needed its support. Inpolitical terms, both Europe andJapan were becoming concernedby the USA’s hard line attitude tosome events, i.e. Iranian hostage

EU-JAPAN:

Opportunities, Incentives,Limitations

Japan’s relations with Europe began in 1542with the arrival of Portuguese missionaries inKyushu. Since then, European ideas haveplayed an important role in the politics andsociety of Japan. However, after WW IIJapan’s relationship with Europe was largelydisplaced by its security ties with the USA andfor most of the Cold War period therelationship

between Europe and Japan was of onlysecondary importance, behind each party’scommitments to the USA. The USA-Europe-Japan triangle was said to have a weak link.Nevertheless, with the expansion and theconsolidation of the European Union (EU),together with the end of the Cold Waropportunities and incentives seem to beincreasing.

by Eleni Demiri,ª∞ International Relations and European Studies, University of Kent

Η Ιαπωνία αποτελεί τον δεύτερο εµπορικό εταίρο της ΕΕ µετά τις ΗΠΑ.

∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ . ∂ . 39


crisis, Soviet invasion ofAfghanistan and Palestine(Middle East in general). However, it was the 1990s thatsaw the relations reach newheights, especially in politicalterms. Events after 1989 focusedinternational attention on theEuropean continent and openedup the prospect of a greatlyenlarged European Union. Theeasing of Cold War tensions inAsia (i.e. Gorbachev’sreconciliation with Tokyo,withdrawal of troops from easternSiberia) also provided a breathingspace for Japan. Alongside this,the creation of the SingleEuropean Market in 1992 and theformulation of the EuropeanUnion in 1992 (Maastricht Treaty)provided economic and politicalpromise that Japan could notignore. The prospect of EU led tothe EC delegation in Tokyo beingawarded the rank of Ambassadorin 1990. On 18th July 1991,Europe and Japan signed theHague Declaration (JointDeclaration on Relations betweenthe European Community and itsMember States and Japan),which is considered to be alandmark in the history of theEurope-Japan relationship, as itrepresents a mutual commitmentto smoothing the economicproblems between the two in thename of political progress[1]. Inparticular, the terms provided forthe establishment of Japan-EC/EU summit meeting (PrimeMinister of Japan with thePresident of the EuropeanCouncil and the President of theEuropean Commission), whichhas been held annually eversince. A summit level meetingwas not only a highly symbolic

commitment but also a gatewayto further initiatives (today, forexample, there are 34 EU-Japanconsultation forums). Throughoutthe 1990s, however, the summitmeetings have largely beentalking shops, providingopportunities for the exchange ofviews rather than agreements[2]. The Hague Declaration alsocalled for increased cooperationand the pursuit of joint projects inthe areas of trade, investment,industry, technology, energy,employment, social issues,

cultural issues, and theenvironment. In response tothese ideals, a number ofexchange programmes - knownas the EXPROM programme -have been established since1992, including the ExecutiveTraining Programme (ETP) [anexchange programme offeringyoung executives the chance tolearn a new language and a newculture], the EU-Japan Centre forIndustrial Cooperation, and theVulkanus Programme (an 8-month engineering exchange with

language training)[3]. What also needs to be taken intoconsideration in the evolution ofEU-Japan relationship is the factthat in the 1990s the EU favouredthe institutionalization of inter-block and inter-regionalrelationships with the Associationof South East Asian Nations(ASEAN), the North AmericanFree Trade Association (NAFTA)and Mercosur as the basis forstrengthening relations with Asia,North America and Latin Americarespectively. More particularly, theend of the Cold War marked thebeginning of a new era ofglobalization in which drugtrafficking in Colombia, the launchof the Euro, the 1997 AsianFinancial Crisis, piracy in theSouth China Sea take on globalimportance. In this new era theEU aspires to an enhanced globalrole and attempts to respond toglobalization through the adoptionof new forms of regionalassociation. In this changingcontext, the creation of the Asian-Europe Meeting (ASEM) in 1996signposted the EU’s renewedinterest in the region. In the main,the ASEM initiative bringstogether the EU member statesand the European Commission,with 10 ASEAN members plusthree countries from North EastAsia (China, Japan and SouthKorea) and provides a forum forinformal inter-regional dialoguefor enhancing cooperation inpolitical, economic andsocial/cultural fields[4]. It could beargued that because of Japan’sincreased participation in ASEANand ASEM, Tokyo was becomingincreasingly comfortable withnon-governmental actors,something that facilitated its

❝ ∏ È‰È·›ÙÂÚËÛ¯¤ÛË π·ˆÓ›·˜- ∏ÓˆÌ.µ·ÛÈÏÂ›Ô˘ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·ıÂˆÚËıÂ› ˆ˜ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂ‰Ú·›ˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ÎÔÈÓ‹˜∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜

❞

40 ∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ . ∂ .


relationship with the EU. As aresult, both the EU and Japanhave initiated a number of jointprogrammes with the most recentone being a Global Partnership forthe 21st Century, which seeks toacknowledge the developmentsmade since the 1991 HagueDeclaration and to reinforce itsideals[5].

Economic and PoliticalIncentives

The reorientation of EUrelations with Japan should beexamined in economic and

political terms. Economically, theEU aimed to focus on economicopenness and flexibility of labourmarkets, together with investmentin high technology sectors.However, even though we see adesire on the EU part for moretrade and investment (especiallyin high technology sectors likeelectronics and automobiles)direct investment from Japan tothe EU greatly exceeds that in thereverse direction, from the EU toJapan. In addition, up to the 1998economic crisis Japaneseinvestment in Europe (especiallyin the U.K.) continued to rise,whilst EU investment in Japanwas more erratic[6]. This of coursecan be seen as a consequence ofthe Asian Economic Crisis, whichcaused a significant loss of tradebetween Asian states (includingJapan) and Europe. For thisreason, the EU has been puttingpressure on Japan to show moreleadership in the region.Moreover, greater cooperation onWorld Trade Organization (WTO)matters is another priority for theEU-Japan relation - at least on theEU part. This renders EU-Japan

relationship a bit problematic, asthe latter maintains a high level ofregulation in its economy. Like theUS, the EU has been apt to applypressure on Japan about the levelof regulation in its economy andthe consequent difficultiesexperienced by foreign companiesattempting to penetrate theJapanese market. Subsequently,calls for greater openness andreciprocity have characterizedmost joint statements.Strengthening the third leg of arelationship between Europe,Japan and the US – the world’sdominant economic powers – canbe seen as another catalytic factorin the re-evaluation of EUrelations with Japan (and Asia ingeneral). The US alwaysmaintained close ties with Japanand East Asia through the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperationforum (APEC) in which the EUhad been unable to gain observerstatus. This had created aEurasian «Cinderella Complex»meaning the third poor relation inthe triad[7]. From this perspective,the institutionalization of EUrelations with Japan throughASEM has a wider significance inthat it constitutes the last inter-regional triadic arrangement to fallinto place, the others being APEC(transpacific economic axis) andthe New Transatlantic Agenda(transatlantic economic axis).In terms of political considerations,the Maastricht Treaty in 1992provided the EU with a frameworkfor the development of a CommonForeign and Security Policy(CFSP), which created the basis -at least in theory - for a morecomprehensive relationship withJapan. Here, political dialogue isnot limited to universal values that

underpin the CFSP, such asrespect for human rights, the ruleof law, freedom and democracybut is extended to a new securityagenda that includes issues suchas environmental threats,international terrorism (especiallyafter September 11, 2001),transnational crime, illegalimmigration. It is of particularinterest that ASEM III and IVattempts to consolidate EU-Asia(and Japan) relations bystrengthening the political aspectof the partnership within theframework of CFSP. At this point, it has to be stressedthat security ties between Europeand Japan have traditionally beenminimal. During the Cold Warperiod the two were confinedwithin their regional theatres, andthere was neither the opportunitynor the need for considerableJapan-Europe connections.Furthermore, the Japanese«Peace Constitution» and variousnormative restraints preventedJapan from developing a majormilitary presence, especially notimmediately adjacent to Japanitself. However, with the end ofthe Cold War, came a newstrategic atmosphere, and globalsecurity partnerships (rather thanregional ones) began to look moreattractive. Accordingly, theargument that EU relations withJapan have been exclusively tradefounded can be challenged.Japan’s admission to «Partner forCooperation» status within theOrganization for Security andCooperation in Europe (OSCE) in1996 is of great significance. Inthe same year, France finallywithdrew its opposition to Japan’sadmission to the Council OfEurope as an observer. In other

∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∆ ∏ ™ ∂ . ∂ . 41


words, 1996 was a watershedyear for EU-Japan security anddiplomatic relations – with thelatter being permitted access toEuropean security apparatuscommensurate with its economicimportance to the region. Eventhough it is arguable that the EUadmitted Japan for its money,there is no doubt that the latterhas contributed to a great extentin many areas (especially in theformer Yugoslavia). In 1995Japan pledged $500 million forreconstruction in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in 1998 it extendednearly $10 million of humanitarianassistance to displaced personsin Kosovo and since 1999(despite the financial problems inJapan) it pledged a further $ 238million[8]. Perhaps moresignificantly, however, has beenthe relative willingness of Japanto send personnel: during the1996/7 elections in Bosnia-Herzegovina Japan sent 95supervisors and observers, and italso participated in the SteeringBoard of the PeaceImplementation Council[9]. TheEU on its part in 1997 becamethe fourth partner - the othersbeing Japan, the US and theRepublic of Korea - in the KoreanPeninsula Energy DevelopmentOrganization (KEDO) joining theadvisory board and contributingcash (in part, of course, this canbe seen as the flip side ofincreased Japanese participationin the OSCE).Building on this basis, togetherwith increased EU cooperation inthe ASEAN area (and particularlyin North Korea), Japan-OSCE isbeginning to formulate a globalunderstanding of security for thepost Cold War period. Another

milestone in this regard was theOSCE-Japan Conference 2000:Comprehensive Security inCentral Asia – Sharing OSCE andAsian Experiences, which hascontributed to a sharedunderstanding ofcooperative/comprehensivesecurity[10].

Limitations

Despite the evident progressthat has been made in thefield of security there are

certain limitations that have to beexamined. The so-called «AsianWay» with its emphasis oncollectivity at the expense ofindividualism and itsconcentration on themanagement and not theresolution of disputes is of centralimportance in understanding thecultural gaps between the Asianand European way of thinking andacting. Myanmar’s entry inASEAN and the latter’s objectionto the EU sanctions over China

for the 1989 events in TiananmenSquare are indicative examples oftwo different value agendas thatconstrain political dialogue. This isquite explicit within the ASEANRegional Forum (ARF), EastAsia’s only security forum inwhich both the EU and Japan aremembers. The ARF process iscoming about according to anevolutionary approach:Confidence Building Measures,Preventive Diplomacy andConflict Resolution[11]. Eventhough the EU supports all threepapers (Concept Paper) there is adifferent perception of security, asthe ARF based on the «AsianWay» addresses issues ofregional security by pursuing aproblem-avoidance approachbased on the norm of non-interference. This comes inopposition to the EU approach incases like the former Yugoslaviawhere the EU interfered on thebasis of violation of human rights.As a consequence, even thoughthe ARF has managed to draw

Η Ευρώπη στοχεύει στην ευελιξία και το άνοιγµα των αγορών της σε βιοµηχανικές αλλά και υψηλής τε-χνολογίας ιαπωνικά προϊόντα.

42 ∂ • ø ∆ ∂ ƒ π ∫ ∂ ™ ™ Ã ∂ ™ ∂ π ™ ∂ . ∂ .


China into a multilateral process, itdoes not address problemsdirectly and there are manysecurity issues (such as Taiwan,North Korean missile/nuclearprogramme and US-Japanesedefence agreements) that are notdiscussed. Japan’s special relation with theU.K., which has been developedbilaterally as well as through themedium of the EU, can be seen asanother impediment toestablishing a CFSP. Today therelationship remains close and theU.K. remains Japan’s partner ofchoice in Europe. It is of particularinterest that although Japan hasshown support for the Europeancommon currency, hoping that itwill facilitate stability andaccessibility in the region, itremains worried about the U.K.reticence over joining. However,unofficial Japanese pressure on

the U.K. (such as Toyota’s 1997suggestion that refusal to join theEuro might lead to a decline in itsinvestments in the U.K.) hashelped to push Blair into a lessanti-Europe stance.

Epilogue

Although EU-Japan relationsseem to be improving, there isa sense in which the

relationship lacks any real senseof urgency. Ostensibly, the two areeconomic competitors but politicalallies in the post Cold War system.Hence, there is some incentive toconsolidate political, strategic anddiplomatic ties, but suchincentives are usually couched interms of global ideals (democracy,human rights, and environmentalissues). Geography, albeit ofdecreasing salience, does nothelp. As a result, the EU-Japan

relationship is big on talk and

short on action.

In economic terms, both the EU

and Japan represent global

presences so large and significant

that neither can afford to ignore

the other. However, in neither

case is the other the primary

market or competitor. Both have

more interest in (and more vocal

disputes) the USA. It remains

difficult to consider the EU-Japan

axis outside the de facto triangle

with the USA. A possible fourth

player in the emerging matrix,

primarily from the Japanese

perspective, is South East Asia,

and particularly China. Japan is

certainly focusing a great deal of

its attention on its own regional

neighbourhood – but whether this

will be at the expense of its

relationship with the EU or even

with the US remains to be seen.

∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜-π·ˆÓ›·˜ Î·ÈÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆÛË ÙË˜ Û¯¤ÛË˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘. ∞Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙÈ˜ ‰ÂÎ·-ÂÙ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ 80’ Î·È 90’ Î·È ¿ÓÔÈÍ·Ó ÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÈ· ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚÂ˜ Â·Ê¤˜ ÌÂÙ·-Í‡ ∂˘ÚÒË˜-π·ˆÓ›·˜ ÂÓÒ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿ ÔÈ ÎÈÓË-Ù‹ÚÈÂ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ – ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ – ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ-‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ∂.∂.-π·ˆÓ›·˜. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛËÛÂ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙÂ› «Ó¤· ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜» (new securityagenda). ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Â›ÛË˜, Ù· fiÚÈ· Ô˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¤ÏÈ-ÍË ÙË˜ Û¯¤ÛË˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ (.¯. ∞ÛÈ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÛÎ¤„Ë˜). ∫·Ù·Ï‹ÁÔ˘ÌÂ fiÙÈ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌÂÈˆıÂ› ÛÙÈ˜ ∂˘Úˆ˚·ˆÓÈÎ¤˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜, Ô ÙÔ-Ì¤·˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎ¤˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ Ùfi-ÛÔ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË˜ π·ˆÓ›·˜.

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë

Notes

1. Hook, G. (2000) "Japan’s InternationalRelations”, Routledge: London, p.p.156-161.

2. A particular frustration for Japan hasbeen the refusal of the EU to support itsbid for a permanent UNSC seat (somegovernments feared that support forJapan might encourage Germany topush for similar support).

3. Hook, G. (2000) "Japan’s InternationalRelations”, Routledge: London, p.p.163-164.

4. Demiri, E. (2003) “Reorientation of EURelations with Asia” found inhttp://www.eliamep.gr/main.asp?cat=4escat= 9, p.3.

5. http: //www.europa.eu.int/ comm/external_relations/aseau/intro/japan.

6. Strange, S. (1995) «European Businessin Japan: A Policy Cossroads?» Journalof Common Market Studies, Vol. 33, No.1, pp. 1-26.

7. Dent, C. (2001) ‘ASEM and the“Cinderella Complex” of EU-East Asia

Economic Relations’, Pacific Affairs,Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 25-52.

8. www.oscebih.org/oscebih_eng.asp.

9. www.oscebih.org/oscebih_eng.asp.

10. Mason, M. (1997) «Europe and the

Japanese Challenge», Clarendon:London, pp. 42-48.

11. Narine, S. (1997) ‘ASEAN and theARF: The Limits of the “ASEAN Way”’,Asian Survey, Vol. 37, No. 7.

ª ∫ √ 43


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√ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ª∫√

44 ª ∫ √


Î·È ÚÔÒıËÛË.

ß ™ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ª∫√ ÛÂËÁ¤˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂÂıÓÈÎfi, ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰ÈÂ-ıÓ¤˜ Â›Â‰Ô. ŒÓ· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-

ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›-

˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Â›-

Ó·È Ë ¤ÁÎ·ÈÚË ÚfiÛ‚·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÈ˜

ÂÎ¿ÛÙÔÙÂ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÂ˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰Ô-

Ù‹ÛÂÈ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ¤Á-

ÁÚ·Ê·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Î¿ıÂ ÊÔÚ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ

Ó· Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜

ÚfiÙ·ÛË˜. ∏ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ·-

ÏÔ˘ÛÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ

ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË˜ ÛÂ ¤Ó·

ÂÛÙÈ·Îfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó‰¤Â-

Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤-

ÛÌˆÓ (“links”) ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡˜

ÙfiÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙË-

ÛË˜, ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙÂ‡ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÙË

¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Î·È

ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ª∫√ ÛÙË

ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍÂ‡-

ÚÂÛË Î¿ıÂ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ÙÈ˜

ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ.

ñ ™ÙÔ «¿ÓÙÚÂÌ·» ÙË˜ ˙‹ÙËÛË˜Î·È ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô

ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô

ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÊÔÚÒÓ

Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÈ‰ÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒ-

ÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ª∫√.

ŒÓ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ‰È·‰Ú·-

ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÂ› ÌÂ Â˘ÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ ¢È·-

‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙfi˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘-

ÓÙ·ÈÚÈ¿ÍÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ÛÂ˜ ·Ó¿-

ÁÎÂ˜ ÌÂ ÙË ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿,

ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏ·.

ñ ™ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ È‰›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ª∫√, ÌÂÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›ˆÓ, fi-ˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔIntranet. H ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹, ¤Ú· ·-

fi ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î¿ıÂ ÔÚ-

Á¿ÓˆÛË Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ÙÔ Ï‹Úˆ˜

ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÌ¤ÓÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi «ÈÛÙÔÚÈ-

Îfi» ÙË˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·È ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Â›-

Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ ·Ó¿ ¿Û· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹

Î·È ·fi ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙÂ, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Î·È

ÛÂ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ Îˆ‰È-

Îfi Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÈ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙË-

ÚÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤·, ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô-

ÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË ‰È·Ê·Ó‹ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-

Á›·.

ñ ™ÙË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈ-Ô‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ª∫√, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ô

Î¿ıÂ ÂÓ‰È·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Úfi-

Û‚·ÛË Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔ-

ÏÔ˘ıÂ› ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ

‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· Ô˘

ÙÔÓ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Î·È ÂÈı˘ÌÂ› Ó·

ÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Î¿-

ÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÂ›

ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÚfiÔ

Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·-

ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· ÌÂ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹

ÙË˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜, Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ

¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÂ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›Â˜.

ñ ™ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·-ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›-Ó·È Ë ÙËÏÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∏ ÙËÏÂÚÁ·Û›· ·-

ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÌÈ· È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ÌÔÚ-

Ê‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È

ÂÍ˘ËÚÂÙÂ› ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·fi

ÙÈ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈ-

Ô‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ

ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ··Û¯ÔÏËıÂ›

·fi ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙÂ Î·È ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È.

ºÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙÂ› Î·ÓÂ›˜ ˆ˜ ÔÏ-

ÏÔ› ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·

ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó·

ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, ¯ˆÚ›˜

Ó· ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ··Ú·ÈÙ‹Ùˆ˜ ÛÙ·

ÁÚ·ÊÂ›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ªÈ· ¿Ï-

ÏË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¿ÏÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ

ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È-

Â˘ÎÔÏ‡ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô

‰Ú¿ÛË˜, Â›Ó·È Ù· ‰ÔÚ˘ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÙËÏ¤-

ÊˆÓ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ

ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ ÙËÓ ·-

ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È

ÛÙ· ÈÔ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘ÛÌ¤Ó· Ì¤ÚË, ÛÙ·

ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·Ù·ÚÚÂ‡ÛÂÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ì-

‚·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·Î¤˜ ˘Ô‰Ô-

Ì¤˜ ‹ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÔÙ¤.

∂›ÛË˜, ÌÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ

ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi

ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Î·È Ë ÚÔÒıËÛË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ-

ÎÒÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂ-

Ï›‰ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ª∫√, ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰˘-

Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ˆÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ·

ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ˘Ô-

„‹ÊÈˆÓ ̆ ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÒÓ, fiÔ˘ Î·È ·Ó

·˘ÙÔ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-

ÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù· ¤ÛÔ‰· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿-

ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜.

ñ ™ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎ‹ Â-ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‰È·-ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙË ÁfiÓÈÌË ·ÓÙ·Ï-

Ï·Á‹ ·fi„ÂˆÓ, È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È ÙÂ¯ÓÔ-

ÁÓˆÛ›·˜, Ì¤Ûˆ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÂ Û˘-

˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È forum ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·-

fi„ÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô.

ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÁÈ·

ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈÎÂ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ

ª∫√ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÔ›-

ÁÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÙÂ-

¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ë ÚÒÙË ·ÌÈ-

ÁÒ˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ∞ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ¶‡ÏË

ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›·

«anthropos.gr». ∏ ¶‡ÏË, Ë ÔÔ›·

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ ÌÂ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·

ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·-

ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (∫∂.™.™.∞.)

¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞ Î·È ÙˆÓ °È·ÙÚÒÓ ÃˆÚ›˜

™‡ÓÔÚ· ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜, ÌÂ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ-

ÍË ÙË˜ ÀËÚÂÛ›·˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ∞Ó·-

Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹˜ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘

ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô˘ ∂ÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›

ÌÈ· Î·›ÚÈ· Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ Î›ÓËÛË

ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚ-

ı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È

ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ

ª∫√, Ô˘ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿-

‰·, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎfi.

∞Ó fiÌˆ˜ Ë ˘ÏÈÎÔÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹ ˘Ô‰Ô-

Ì‹ Î·È ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÔ‡Ó ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË˜ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜

ª∫√, ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÍÂ¯Ó¿ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ô

·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÔ‡ÛÂ ¿ÓÙ· Î·È ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ› Ó· ·-

ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô Ï›ıÔ ÙË˜ ÏÂÈ-

ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ

ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ ÙÔÌ¤· ÙË˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎ‹˜

ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ª∫√ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÈ-

ÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜, ¤-

ª ∫ √ 45


¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚËıÂ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ï-

Ï·Á¤˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û‡-

ÌÓÔÈ· ÌÂ ÙÔ ÓÂ‡Ì· ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÚÒÓ

Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›-

ÍÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌÂÈˆıÂ› ÛÙÔÓ ¯Ò-

ÚÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ï¤-

ÔÓ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. ª›· ·fi

·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÈ˜ ÓÂÔÂÈÛ·¯ıÂ›ÛÂ˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜

ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÂÎÂ›ÓË ÙÔ˘ «Â-·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹», ÙÔ˘ ÂıÂ-

ÏÔÓÙ‹ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ·Ô˙ËÌÈÒÓÂÙ·È

ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘.

∂Í·Ú¯‹˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘

«Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹» ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ

Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ‚¿ÛË ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎ‹, Î·-

ıÒ˜ ·ÔÂÈÚ¿Ù·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÈÚÈ¿ÍÂÈ

ÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ

ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·, ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘

‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛÎÂ› ÌÈ· ÌfiÓÈÌË ÂÚ-

Á·Û›· ÌÂ ÛÎÔfi ÙÔÓ ‚ÈÔÔÚÈÛÌfi. ∏

·ÓÙ›Ê·ÛË Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂ-

ÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ Ó· ·-

ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹

‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ˘ÔÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È

(Î·È ÔÊÂ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ˘ÔÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È) ·fi

Î·ı·Ú¿ ·ÓÈ‰ÈÔÙÂÏ‹ Î·È ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ-

Î¿ Î›ÓËÙÚ· Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ Ó· Â-

ÌÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ-

ÎÔ‡ Î¤Ú‰Ô˘˜.

∂›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ Â›ÛË˜, ÁÈ·

ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙÂ˜ Î·È ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜

ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ô˘ ÎÔÛÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÎ·ÙÔ-

ÓÙ¿‰Â˜ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ _, Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó

Î·È Ó· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ ¿ÚÈÛÙË˜

‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÙË

‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·fi‰ÔÛË Î·È ·Ô-

ÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √È ÂÓÙ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·˘-

Ù¤˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂ-

Û· ÛÂ fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤-

¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ Û¯Â-

‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ·-

ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ. √È ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¤ÔÓ

ÚÔÎ·ıÔÚÈÛÌ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó-

ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏

‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ Î¿ıÂ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘-

ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ¯ÚÔÓÔ‰È·-

ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È

fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó

ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ·ÔÎÏ›-

ÛÂÈ˜. °›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi fiÙÈ

‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÂ› Ë «Î·Ï‹ ı¤ÏËÛË». ∞·È-

ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÈÎ·Ó¿ Î·È ¤ÌÂÈÚ· ÛÙÂÏ¤¯Ë

Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙ·Â-

Í¤ÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ·˘ÍËÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ··ÈÙ‹-

ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜

ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜,

ÌÈ·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ı·

ÂÎÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ¤-

ÛÙÂÚÂ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·Ó Î·ÓÂ›˜

ÙÈ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Â˜

Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎfi

ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.

™ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿ÌÂ ÂÔÌ¤-

Óˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·

‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·

Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔÛfiÓÙ·, Ë ·¿-

ÓÙËÛË Â›Ó·È Û·ÊÒ˜ «Ó·È», ¶·ÚfiÏ·

·˘Ù¿ Î·Ì›· ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎ‹ ‰Ú·-

ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÚÔ-

Ô‰Â‡ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÈ‚ÈÒÛÂÈ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ

Ï·ÈÛÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰˘Ó·-

ÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ

·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÈ˜ Û˘Ó-

ı‹ÎÂ˜ ÙË˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜

¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÂÍÂÈ‰›ÎÂ˘ÛË˜ Ô˘ ·-

·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ˘˜

ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ ÍÂÓ›-

˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ «Â-

·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹» ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ

ÙˆÓ ª∫√.

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¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ ÙÔ Â›Ì·¯Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·È ·-

ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›Ë-

ÛË˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÂÓfi˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· Î·È

ÂÓfi˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹. √È fiÔÈÂ˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ·ÔÏ·‚¤˜ fiÌˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·

ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹ per se, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó

·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-

Î¿ ÛÙÔ Ó· ÌÔÚÂ› ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˜ Ó· ·ÊÔ-

ÛÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·ÂÚ›Û·ÛÙ· ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ

ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡ÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÛÙÂÚ‹-

ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó˘-

¤Ú‚ÏËÙ· ÂÌfi‰È· (Ó· ÌË ÛÎ¤ÙÂ-

Ù·È ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤-

ÓÂÈ· Ô˘ ¿ÊËÛÂ ›Ûˆ Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ı¤ÛË

Ó· Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‚ÈÔÔÚÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜

·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜). √ ıÂÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ «Â·Á-

ÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ‹» ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ-

ÛÙÂ› ÌÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ·fi ÙÔ

ÊÔÚ¤· Ì·˜, ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡

™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË

(∫∂.™.™.∞.) ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ·

ÙË˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ ̄ Ò-

ÚÔ ÙË˜ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È

·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÂ› ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô Ï›ıÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘-

ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ì·ÎÚ¿˜ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ ÚÔ-

ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÌÂ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿

Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË

·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜

ÙË˜ ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈÎ‹˜ ™ÂÚ‚›·˜ Î·È ∆Ô˘Ú-

Î›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÊ˘ÁÈ-

ÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙ· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙÔ˘

¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó ÌÂ ÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó. ∆Ô

∫∂.™.™.∞. ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∞ ¿ÏÏˆÛÙÂ Î¿-

ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·

ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ·ÍÈÔÔ›Ë-

ÛË ÙˆÓ «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÂıÂÏÔ-

ÓÙÒÓ» Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÊ¤-

ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÔÏ‡ÙÈÌÂ˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜

Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›.

∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·-

ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔ-

ÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ‰È·ÊÂÚÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ

ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ «‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ‹˜» Â·Á-

ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ

Ù· ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÌ·Ù·

Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· Î·È

·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂÎÎ›ÓËÛË˜ ÁÈ·

ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÍÂÈ‰ÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘

ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÂ› ÁÈ·

ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏÏˆÓ ÚÔ-

ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ.

º˘ÛÈÎ¿, Ë Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜

ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏÏÔ˘Ó, fi-

ˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÔÈÎ›ÏÏÔ˘Ó Î·È Ù·

ÚÔÛfiÓÙ· Î·È Ë ÂÍÂÈ‰›ÎÂ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Â-

·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ. ∏ ‡-

·ÚÍË ÙË˜ «‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ‹˜» ‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔÏ‡-

ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·›ÚÈ·ÛÌ· ÙË˜ ÚÔÛÊÔ-

Ú¿˜ ÌÂ ÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÙËÓ

Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ËÛË

ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î¿-

ıÂ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi ‹ ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎfi

ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·.

46 µ π µ § π √ ¶ ∞ ƒ √ À ™ π ∞ ™ ∏


∂ÚÌËÓÂ›· Î·Ù’ ¿ÚıÚÔÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛËÎ·È ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛËÙË˜ ∂˘Ú. ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜-

∆fiÌÔ˜ π : ™˘Óı‹ÎËÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË

™˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜ : °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ∫ÚÂÌÏ‹˜ / ¡›-ÎÔ˜ ºÚ·ÁÎ¿ÎË˜ / ¡¿ÛÔ˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÔÁÈ·Ó-ÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜∂Î‰fiÛÂÈ˜ : ∞ÓÙ. ¡. ™¿ÎÎÔ˘Ï·, ∞ı‹Ó·- ∫ÔÌÔÙËÓ‹, 2003

√ÙfiÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔÙÌ‹Ì· ÌÈ·˜ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ-Î‹˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ·

ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙÔ˘‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ÌÂ Ù›ÙÏÔ “∂ÚÌËÓÂ›· Î·Ù’¿Ú-ıÚÔ ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÂÚ› È‰Ú‡ÛÂˆ˜ ÙË˜∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜”, ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›· Î·È ÌÂ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜.

∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· Î·Ù’¿ÚıÚÔ ÂÚÌËÓÂ›·ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘-Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË (™∂∂) ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™˘Óı‹-ÎË ÙË˜ ¡›Î·È·˜, ÌÂ Ù· ¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·ÈÙÈ˜ ¢ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÛ· ·fi Ù·¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È ¢ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ™˘Ó-ıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ª¿·ÛÙÚÈ¯Ù Î·È ÙÔ˘ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ÈÛ¯‡. ∆·¿ÚıÚ· ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È, ÌÂ ¿ÎÚˆ˜ Î·Ù·-ÓÔËÙfi Î·È Â‡ÏËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒ-ÛÙË ÙÚfiÔ, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔ-ÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹ÎË˜ ÙÔ˘ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÛˆ-Ì·ÙˆıÂ› ÔÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Â-ÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙË˜ ¡›Î·È·˜, ÂÓÒÙ· ¶ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È ÔÈ ¢ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ·-Ú·¤ÌÔÓÙ·È Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Î·Ù¿ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ-ÌËÓÂ˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ.

¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì¤-Û· ·fi ÏËıÒÚ· ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·-Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Î¿ıÂ ∆›ÙÏÔ˘, ÙÔÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¤ÚÁÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈÂ¯fi-ÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍÂ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÂÈ,ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ¿ÏÏˆÓ, ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›ÔÁÈ· ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ¤˜ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÂÍˆ-ÙÂÚÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÛÊ¿-ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ (∫∂¶¶∞), Î·ıÒ˜ Î·ÈıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ‰ÈÎ·ÛÙÈÎ‹˜Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÂ ÔÈÓÈÎ¤˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜.

¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·, ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡ÔÓÙ·ÈÎ·Ù’¿ÚıÚÔ ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ∆›ÙÏÔÈ ÙË˜ ™˘Óı‹-ÎË˜: π (∫ÔÈÓ¤˜ ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜, ¿ÚıÚ· 1-7),V (¢È·Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ∫∂¶¶∞,¿ÚıÚ· 11-28), VI (∞ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Î·È ¢È-Î·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÂ ¶ÔÈÓÈÎ¤˜ ÀÔ-ı¤ÛÂÈ˜, ¿ÚıÚ· 29-42), VII (∂ÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓË™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ¿ÚıÚ· 43-45) Î·È VIII (∆Â-ÏÈÎ¤˜ ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜ , ¿ÚıÚ· 46-53). ∆Ô ¤Ú-ÁÔ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· ·Ú·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì-‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÙÂÏÈÎ¤˜ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ (¶ÚˆÙfi-ÎÔÏÏ·, ¢ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜, ¶›Ó·Î·˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ-¯ÈÒÓ) ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·ÌÎ·È ÙË˜ ¡›Î·È·˜.

∏ ÂÚÌËÓÂ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ·ÎÔ-ÏÔ˘ıÂ› ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈÌ¤-ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÙÚfiÔ ÏÈÙfi, ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎfi, Û·Ê‹ ·ÏÏ¿ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ ÌË È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÍÂÈ‰ÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÛÙË, ÂÓÒ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙ·“·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎ¿ ·›ÙÈ·” Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·ÓÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ ™∂∂ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤-ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ÂÓ›ÔÙÂ Â-Ú›ÏÔÎˆÓ, ‰˘ÛÓfiËÙˆÓ ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈ-ÎÒÓ) ‰È·Ù˘ÒÛÂˆÓ. ªÂ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓË ÙËÓ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÂÏÏË-ÓÈÎ‹˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘(‰ËÏ·‰‹ Î·Ù’¿ÚıÚÔÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂ›·˜ ÙˆÓ™˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ‰Â-Î·ÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‘80), ÙÔ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ (‰‡ÛÎÔ-ÏÔ Î·È Â›ÔÓÔ, ·ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜) ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ·¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó· Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ, ÌÂ ¿ÎÚˆ˜ ÈÎ·ÓÔ-ÔÈËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ïfi ·Ó·ÁÓÒ-ÛÙË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·,¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÌÂÙ¿ÙÈ˜ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎ¤˜ (ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÂ˜ Î·È Â-fiÌÂÓÂ˜) ·Ó·ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ “∫·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ã¿ÚÙË” Î·Ù¿ ÙË‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ‘90 ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ì·˜. ªÂ ·Ó˘ÔÌÔÓËÛ›· ÏÔÈ-fiÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÔÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ∆fi-ÌÔ ÙË˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÒÛÙÂ Ó· Û˘ÌÏËÚˆıÂ›Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· (Î·È ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË ı¤-ÛË ÛÂ ÈÛ¯‡ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘-ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜) Î·È Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÙÂ› ¤ÙÈÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÓˆ-ÛÈ·Îfi ÎÂÎÙËÌ¤ÓÔ (ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜ Î·È ·-Ú¿ÁˆÁÔ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi ‰›Î·ÈÔ), Ì¤Û· ·fiÙËÓ ¿ÚÙÈ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË Î·ÈÙËÓ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ÂÚ› Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¿ ‰ÚÒ-ÌÂÓ· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓÛ˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¤ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÔ-ÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÒÙÔ˘ ∆fiÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡¤ÚÁÔ˘.

∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË˜∂Í·ÌËÓÈ·›· ∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË ¶Ô-ÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË˜ Î·È ¶ÚÔ-‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡

∞fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÎ‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ Î˘ÎÏÔ-ÊfiÚËÛÂ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ÂÍ·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô Â-ÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙË˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜

∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË˜, Ù· ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂È-ÛÙ‹ÌË˜. ∆· ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡ÓÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤-ÚÂ˘Ó·˜, ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙË˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË˜, Ô˘ Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ fi-¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓÂ˜Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î¿ıÂÛÎÂÙfiÌÂÓÔ ÔÏ›ÙË.

∏ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Û˘ÁÎ˘Ú›·, ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒËÎ·È ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÛ˘Ó‡·ÚÍË ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ˆ˜ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜: ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛÂ-ˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚˆÙfi-ÁÓˆÚˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË˜,Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Î·È Û‡ÌÚ·ÍË˜ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ∏ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ∆Â-ÙÚ·‰›ˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·-ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰ÈÎ‹, ÓË-Ê¿ÏÈ· Î·È ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Û˘˙‹ÙË-ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÔÙÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â-ÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÛÙ‹-ÌË, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Î·È ÛÂ ÂÎÂ›ÓË ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ·È‰Â›· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÚÔ¸-fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜.

∆· ∆ÂÙÚ¿‰È· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡Ô˘Ó ¿ÚıÚ·ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ¿ Î·È Ù· ·ÁÁÏÈÎ¿. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂È-ÛÙ‹ÌË˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫Ú‹ÙË˜, ·Ï-Ï¿ ÙÔ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Â-ÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÂÈ-ÛÙ‹ÌÔÓÂ˜ Î·È ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘∫Ú‹ÙË˜, ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ¶·-Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·-ÊÈÂÚÒÌ·Ù· ÛÂ ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜, ÙÔ ÌÂ-Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓË˜ ‡-ÏË˜ ı· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÙ·È ·fi ¿ÚıÚ· Ô˘ ˘Ô-‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Î·È ·ÍÈÔ-ÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹ÙÔ˘˜ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·fi ·ÓÒÓ˘ÌÔ˘˜ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜.

∆Ô ·ÊÈ¤ÚˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ÙÂ‡¯Ô˘˜Â›Ó·È ºÂÓÙÂ·Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-Ù· ÛÙË ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË. ∆Ë ÂÈÌ¤-ÏÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›¯Â Ô ∫ÒÛÙ·˜§¿‚‰·˜, Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂È-ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∆ÂÙÚ·‰›ˆÓ.

¡ ∂ ∞ ∂ ∫ º ƒ ∞ ™ ∏ ™ 47


™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂ-Í‹¯ıË ÙËÓ ¢Â˘Ù¤Ú· 30 πÔ˘Ó›-Ô˘ 2003 ÛÙÔ ∞ÌÊÈı¤·ÙÚÔ π.

¢Ú·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ∫Ù‹-ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ,ÌÂ ı¤Ì· ÙÈ˜ ıÂÛÌÈÎ¤˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ˜ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙË˜ £ÂÛ-Û·ÏÔÓ›ÎË˜, Ë ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÎÊÚ·-ÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙË˜ °ÂÓÈÎ‹˜°Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÂ›·˜ ¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜ Î·È ÙË˜°ÂÓÈÎ‹˜ ¢ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË˜ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË˜Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·¤ÓÂÈÌÂ Ù· ‚Ú·‚Â›·ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡“SEE EU in the Future”.

√ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi˜ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜SEE-EU in the future, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›-¯ıËÎÂ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ∂È-ÙÚÔ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ °ÂÓÈÎ‹ °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÂ›·¡¤·˜ °ÂÓÈ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Î·È‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË ÛÂ ÙÚÂÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜, ∂ÏÏ¿-‰·, °·ÏÏ›· Î·È °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·. √ ‰È·Áˆ-ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔÔÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘-¯È·ÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÈÙË-Ù¤˜ ËÏÈÎ›·˜ ¤ˆ˜ 33 ÂÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈÛÔ˘‰¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·Ú·Î¿-Ùˆ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÂ˜: ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ÙÈ˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÂ˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ Â˘Úˆ-·˚Î¤˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓÓÔÌÈÎ‹, ÙËÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Î·È Ù·ªª∂, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜. ∞Ò-ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜‹Ù·Ó Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÊˆÓ‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜

ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓÂ˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓÂ˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ÙÈ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÙÂ›-ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌÈÎ¤˜ È‰¤Â˜. √ ‰È·-ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·,¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛË ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂ-ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹,ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡,ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù·∂∂, ÙËÓ ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Á‡-Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙË˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ πı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜.

µÚ·‚Â‡ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÙÚÂÈ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯fi-ÓÙÂ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÙË °ÂÚÌ·-Ó›· Î·È ÙËÓ °·ÏÏ›·, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯·.

¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ÂÓÏfiÁˆ ËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ‚Ú·‚Â‡ıËÎÂ Ë ÈÔÎ·ÈÓÔÙfiÌ· ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ π‰¤·.

√È ‚Ú·‚Â˘ı¤ÓÙÂ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜:∂§§∞¢∞-Greece:

µ·Û›ÏË˜ ªfiÎÔ˜ 1Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

“ªÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ∫ÔÈÓÔ-‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ √Ì¿‰Â˜ Ó· ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏÈ-¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿-ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙË˜ ŒÓˆ-ÛË˜”

°ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ∫Ô˘ÎÔ˘‰¿ÎË˜,2Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

“∞ÙÂÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ ÂÍˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ŒÓˆÛË˜ ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜”

™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ∫Ô‡ÚÙ·ÏË˜,3Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

“∏ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË ÛÂ ·Ó·ÌfiÚ-ÊˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÚÔÂ‰Ú›·˜Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙË˜ ∂.∂.”

Laurence VIELLE,1Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô & ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ∫·ÈÓÔÙfiÌÔSimulated InternationalNegotiations on the Convention onthe future of Europe: A YoungConstitution for an old Europe

Violaine HACKER,2Ô µÚ·‚Â›ÔEurope U want : Let’s Propose

Juliette GAYRAUD, 3Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

Rendez-vous in the future : AFrench Vision of the EuropeanConstitutionROUVEN KLEI¡, 1Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

“European Security and DefensePolicy (ESDP): Finality of EuropeanIntegration and project of peace”

EVANGELOS ARAMPATZIS, 2Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

“Legitimation in the European multi-level system: Dare a democracy onother rails!”FLORIAN OSTERLOH,

3Ô µÚ·‚Â›Ô

“Beyond Nice – Perspectives on theReform Convention of theEuropean Union”

∂Àƒø¶∞´∫√™ ¢π∞°ø¡π™ª√™: “SEE-EU in the future”

Στιγµιότυπο από την ηµερίδα που πραγµατοποιήθηκε στο Παν/µιο Αθηνών.Από αριστερά ο καθηγητής κ. Πάνος Καζάκος και ο κ. Laurente Avignon,Πρόεδρος Eurojeune.

Μετά το τέλος της απονοµής, οι βραβευθέντες και οι οργανωτές του διαγω-νισµού, µέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Έκφρασης.


48 ∂ À ƒ ø ¶ ∞ ´ ∫ ∏ ∂ ∫ º ƒ ∞ ™ ∏

¢HMO™IEY™EI™ ™THN EYPø¶A´KH EKºPA™H

™ÎÔfi˜ ÙË˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛË˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ - ·ÚÎÂ› Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÎÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ·˘-ı·›ÚÂÙ· - Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ È‰ÂÒÓ ÌÂ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ

ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ Û˘Ì-ÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û' ·˘Ù‹Ó. OÈ ·fi„ÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡Ô˘ÓÙËÓ È‰ÈÔÎÙËÛ›·, ÙÔÓ ÂÎ‰fiÙË ‹ ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË.

T· ¿ÚıÚ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ E˘Úˆ-·˚Î‹ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË, ÂÈÏ¤ÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÌÂÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹ ÂÁÎ˘ÚfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ÔÈ-fiÙËÙ·, ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Î¿ıÂ ÙÂ‡¯Ô˘˜, ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘-

›· Î·È ÂÈÎ·ÈÚfiÙËÙ·. H ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi 900 Ï¤ÍÂÈ˜.

ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜, ˘-Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÔÔÙÂ‰‹ÔÙÂ,ÛÂ ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›Ù˘·, ˘-·ÎÔ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÚÔ‰È·ÁÚ·Ê¤˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-ÓÈÎ‹˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘ıÂ› Ô‡ÙÂ

ÌÂ ·Ú·Ï‹ÛÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‹ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÛÂ ¿ÏÏ· ¤ÓÙ˘-·, ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜ EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹˜ EÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙË˜E˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË˜, ÌÂ Ï‹ÚË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂ-ÓÈÎ‹˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜ (·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÓfiÓÙˆÓ, ÔÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ‚¤‚·È· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË) Î·È Ë

¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÙ·Í‡ 2000 - 3000 Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ. O ˘Ô„‹-ÊÈÔ˜ ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›ˆÌ·.

™Â fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Ì·˙› ÌÂ Î¿ıÂ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÛÂÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÁÏÒÛÛ· (·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯· ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈÎ¿ ‹ Ù·ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ¿) (100 - 200 Ï¤ÍÂÈ˜). TÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ı· Ú¤-

ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÂ ‰ÈÛÎ¤Ù· PC ÒÛÙÂ Ó··ÔÊÂ‡ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙË˜ ‰·ÎÙ˘ÏÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎ¿Ó· ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÂÙ·ÈË ¤Î‰ÔÛË. K·Ïfi Â›Ó·È Â›ÛË˜ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÂ-Ù·È ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¤·. XÂÈÚfiÁÚ·Ê·, ‰ÈÛÎ¤ÙÂ˜ Î·È¿ÏÏ· ÚˆÙfiÙ˘· ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È.

A·ÁÔÚÂ‡ÂÙ·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ Ë ÌÂÚÈÎ‹ ‹ ÔÏÈÎ‹ ·Ó·‰Ë-ÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ‹ ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÌÂ ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙÂ ÙÚfiÔ,ÂÎÙfi˜ ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊË ¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ‰fiÙË. OÈÛ˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛË Û' ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙË˜ıÂÙÈÎ‹˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘

¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ E˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË, ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÌËÓ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘ıÂ› ÔÔ˘‰‹ÔÙÂ ·ÏÏÔ‡. OÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙ›Ù˘· ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÂ›Ô˘ ÙÂ‡¯Ô˘˜. H ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ŒÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·ÙËÚÂ› ÙÔ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· Ó· ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÈ ÌÂÔÔÈÔ˘Û‰‹ÔÙÂ fiÚÔ˘˜, ¿ÚıÚ·, ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂÈ˜ ‹ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓE˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÿÓÙÂÚÓÂÙ.

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EÈı˘ÌÒ Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÙÒ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ Â-ÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi «E˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ 'EÎÊÚ·ÛË» ˆ˜: ............ETH™IA ¢YO ETøN

ú T·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙ‹˜................................................15 Â˘ÚÒ 28 Â˘ÚÒ

ú ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ, OÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, TÚ¿Â˙Â˜,

N¶¢¢, N¶I¢, EÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜, ™‡ÏÏÔÁÔÈ................................21 Â˘ÚÒ 42 Â˘ÚÒ

ú E˘ÚÒË ......................................................................21 Â˘ÚÒ 38 Â˘ÚÒ

ú 'AÏÏÂ˜ 'HÂÈÚÔÈ...........................................................24 Â˘ÚÒ 48 Â˘ÚÒ

ú ºÔÈÙËÙÈÎ‹, ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÈÎ‹, ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ‹ .........................12 Â˘ÚÒ 21 Â˘ÚÒ

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HMEPOMHNIA Y¶O°PAºH

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ŒÙÔ˜ ›‰Ú˘ÛË˜: 1989

OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ 54, 106 72, Aı‹Ó·, ÙËÏ.: 3643223-4, fax: 36.46.953,e-mail: [email protected].

H Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Î·Ù·‚ÏËıÂ› ÛÙ· ÁÚ·ÊÂ›· (Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ 09.30 - 17.00, OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ 54), ÌÂ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎ‹ ÂÈÙ·Á‹·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙÂ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi Î·Ù¿ÛÙËÌ·, ‹ Ó· Î·Ù·ÙÂıÂ› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÔ‡˜ 701/296002-87 ÙË˜ EıÓÈÎ‹˜ TÚ·¤˙Ë˜,

‹ 176-002101 - 023369 ÙË˜ Alpha Bank Î·È Ó· Ì·˜ ÂÈ‰ÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÙÂ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛË.

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European Expression - Issue 49

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Transcript of European Expression - Issue 49