ΣΜΗΜΑ ΗΛΕΚΣΡΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΥΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ...

:

:4971

:

, 2010

:4971

3/ 3 /2010

: : : :

, . . . .

1 ... . 2 . 3 . 4 . . 5 Duval, . . Duval, .

- 1 -

1 : ...5

1.1 ....5

1.1.1 H ..5

1.1.2 6

1.1.3 ..7

1.1.3.1 ..7

1.1.3.2 ..10

1.1.3.3 ...12

1.2 .13

1.2.1 13

1.2.2 ....14

1.2.3 ...15

1.2.3.1 ...15

1.2.3.2 ......15

1.2.3.3 ....17

1.3 ..18

1.3.1 ..18

1.3.2 ....19

1.3.3 -

...20

1.3.3.1 19

1.3.3.2 ...21

1.3.3.3 ....22

.1..24

2 : ..25

2.1 , .25

2.1.1 / .25

2.1.2 ..26

2.1.2.1 ....26

2.1.2.2 ..27

2.1.2.3 ...29

2.1.2.4 ...29

2.1.2.5 ..30

2.1.2.6 ....31

2.1.2.7 ....32

2.1.2.8 ..33

2.1.3 ...33

2.1.4 ..37

2.1.4.1 .....37

- 2 -

2.1.4.2 ....40

2.2 .43

2.2.1 ...43

2.2.1.1 ...43

2.2.1.2 ..44

2.2.2 ...46

2.2.2.1 ..46

2.2.2.2 ....47

2.2.2.3 ....48

2.2.2.4

-...49

2.2.3 50

2.2.3.1 .51

2.2.3.2 .55

2.2.3.3 -..57

.2..59

3 : /61

3.1 ....61

3.2 ..64

3.2.1 64 3.2.2 67 3.3 /..69

3.3.1 ...69

3.3.2 ...70

3.3.3 71

3.3.4 .72

3.4 ..76

3.4.1 ..76

3.4.2 80

3.5 ..86

3.5.1 ..86

3.5.2 /87

3.5.3 / 88

3.6 92

.3..95

4 :

..97

4.1 ..97

4.2 / ....99

- 3 -

4.3 ...101

4.3.1 (DGA)101

4.3.1.1 IEEE C 57104,IEC 60599

(TDCG 103

4.3.1.2 Doernenburg....104

4.3.1.3 Rogers...106

4.3.1.4 Duval.107

4.3.1.5 .108

4.3.1.6 ..109

4.3.1.7 IEC..110

4.3.1.8 DGA..111 4.3.2 ..114 4.3.2.1 ..114 4.3.2.2 ( )..115

4.3.2.3 ...115

4.3.3 ..116

4.3.3.1 CO

CO2....116

4.3.3.2 ...117

4.3.3.3 .117

4.3.3.4 ...118

4.4 ...119

4.4.1 ...119

4.4.1.1

.119

4.4.1.2 /.120

4.4.2 .....122

4.4.2.1 122

4.4.2.2 123

4.5 ...124

4.5.1 ...124

4.5.1.1 ..124

4.5.1.2 ....124

4.5.2 ...125

4.5.2.1 ..125

4.5.2.2 ....126 4.5.2.3 ..126 4.5.3 ..128

4.5.3.1 HF.129

4.5.3.2 UHF.129

4.5.4 .131

- 4 -

4.5.4.1 A (FRA)...131

4.5.4.2 (TF)...132

4.6 ..134

4.6.1 .134

4.6.2 ..135

4.7 ...136

4.7.1 .136

4.7.1.1 ...136

4.7.1.2 ..138

4.7.2 ..139 4.8 ...141 4.9 / ..145

4.9.1 .145

4.9.2 ...145 4.10 / /......148

4.10.1 ....148

4.10.1.1 ...148

4.10.1.2 Online

149

4.10.1.3 ..152

4.10.2 ....154

.4...160

5 : DUVAL ..162

5.1 ....162

5.2 .166

5.3 DUVAL....168

5.3.1 C...168

5.3.2 Java Applet...173

5.3.3 ...179

.5...183

......184

....187

- 5 -

1 :

1.1

1.1.1 H

.

,

,

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.

.

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- 6 -

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1.1 :

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,,

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1.1.3

1.1.3.1

( )

( ).

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: , , , , , ,

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:, , , , .

(

, 30-45 %), (

, 25-35 %),

( , 50 %)

- 8 -

(

, 50 %).

, ,

.

.,

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:

.

.

. .

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,

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.

2008

155 . ,

(UNEP).

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- 9 -

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.,

(, ,

...) (,

...).

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15-40 % .

1.1.3.2

.

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- 11 -

o :

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o :

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: :

i,j

Pij =ViVjsin/ (: , : )

P .

: P ,

P = EIcos

P = I2R

R = l/q

P = P2l/E2qcos2 ,

.

:

: 30kV,

: 50kV,

:

.

.

.

. ,

,

.

- 12 -

1.1.3.3

.

.

,

.

:

50 220/380 V.

:

(. 1.2) : .

(. 1.3) : .

1.2 1.3

.,

.

:

. .

.

, .

, .

- 13 -

1.2

1.2.1

.

.

(57%

).

.

(25-34%) (38-43%).

.

( 1100-1300 kcal/kG 1200-1400

kcal/kG ).

4.5 %

1990-1998 4% 1985-2003.

(

) 75%,

50%.

(66%).

. (

- 14 -

)

.

: 10%

1970 30% 20-30 . 2010 , 37,5%

30 .

..

.

.

1.2.2

(). 1950

, ,

,

. 93%

, ,

,

.

, .

, 7 .

(2001)

.

. 6.500

30% .

(

). (

).

- 15 -

1.2.3

, .

1.2.3.1

34

3

61 .

98 12.760 MW.

.

(MW) .. (31/12/2007)

** *** *

5.288 750 1.966 8.004 3.020 46 11.070

, &

- 1.656 - 1.656 - 34 1.689

9.660 3.020- 80 12.760

.1.1 (:) * **

***

( " ")

1.2.3.2

( )

.

, .

3

400 kV

. 400 150 kV

- 16 -

66 kV .

(. )

400kV .. (D.C.) 400kV 150 kV 66 kV

2.329 107 8.006 39 10.481

160 140 15 315

5 33 38

2.334 267 8.179 54 10.834

.1.2 (:)

kV MVA

400 5.408 17

150 7.489 66

20 7 2

150 16.041 384

150 815 18

400/150 11.840 44

400 597 3

66/20 25 1

66/15 50 2

20/15 5 1

42.277 538

.1.3 (:)

( 150 400 kV) ,

( 400 kV) , .... ( 400 kV) , (

500MW) (

400 kV).

- 17 -

1.4 : (:)

1.2.3.3

.

(.)

22, 20, 15, 6,6

kV 230-400V

90.500 100.294 190.794

949 2 951

7.830 10.532 18.362

99.279 110.828 210.107

.1.4 (:)

- 18 -

1.3

1.3.1

,

.

.

.

.

:

, ,

.

:

1.

(-1).

2. .

3.

.

4.

( ).

.

- 19 -

(, ..)

.

.

.,

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.. .

.

.

.

,

.

1.3.2

.

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.

.

.

,

.

.

23 2007 (10610 MW)

.

, ,

.. .

- 20 -

1.5 (:)

1.3.3

-

1.3.3.1

1996

.

.

75%

( 70% ) 65%

.

., ....

.

-.

.

.

- 21 -

1.6 (:)

1.3.3.2

12 2004

.

1

.

2

.

.

3

.

4

.

- 22 -

-.

1.3.3.3

.

3 150 kV ( 2

) 2 -

.

.

.

.

:

o

400 kV

.

o .

o

.

o (400/150 kV

150 kV),

.

400 kV

400 kV --.

.

.

.

- 23 -

.

.

.

, 10 MW : ,

,

.

,

.

:

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

,

. :

o .. .

o , .. .

o

.

- 24 -

.1

[1] . , & ,

. 1997

[2] Electric Power Systems , Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009

(encarta.msn.com)

[3] (www.dei.gr)

[4] (www.ypan.gr)

[5] WWF (climate.wwf.gr)

[6] (www.desmie.gr)

[7] (www.rae.gr)

http://www.encarta.msn.com/http://www.dei.gr/http://www.ypan.gr/http://www.climate.wwf.gr/http://www.desmie.gr/http://www.rae.gr/

- 25 -

2 :

2.1 ,

2.1.1

,

,

.

, .

.

( 90%)

.

( .)

.

.

:

- 26 -

:

(15-20kV) ,

, .

.

: .

, .

.

,

.

2.1.2

2.1.2.1

.

.

. ac .

:

,

.

,

.

,

.

- 27 -

, .

2.1 :

.

.

.

.

.

.

, .

, ,

.

.

.

2.1.2.2

.

.

( )

.

2.2.

- 28 -

2.2 :

. ac

()

.

, R

XL ,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

( )

( )

- 29 -

.

.

,

.

Lenz,

,

.

.

2.1.2.3

,

.

/. 2.3

.

2.3a : in phase 2.3b : 180o out of phase

2.1.2.4

.

.

1.

,

.

.

- 30 -

.

2.1.2.5

.

.

.

,

( )

( )

.

.

,

V,

V .

: .

(

- 31 -

, (step-down voltage,step-up current)

.

. , ,

:

U1

U2 =

1

2 =

2

1

2.1.2.6

V

I , P=VI.

V =

V =

P=VI , .

,

().

2.5 :

- 32 -

2.1.2.7

( ) .

(

) .

(R = l/d).

,

:

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

, (laminated core) ,

.

2.6 : two adjacent pieces of core band with their internal eddy currents

,

- 33 -

,

.

,

.

.

.

2.7 : rotation of magnetic domains

2.1.2.8

.

n (in%) = (Pout / Pin)100

(Pin = VI)

(Pout = VI).

.

:

80-90% 98%.

2.1.3

:

:

.

- 34 -

:

.

.

:

:

.

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:

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:

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:

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() /

(), .

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... .

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34,5 kV

15 kV.

- 35 -

: ,

.

:

:

120 V ( ) 12 24 V ( ) .

:

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- 36 -

:

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(taps). ,

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(

) .

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:

,

.

:

.

:

5-20%.

208 230 V

.

(220 230 V)

(208 240 V).

,

,

.

- 37 -

2.1.4

,

.

kVA

1000 MVA . ,

kV.

2.1.4.1

,

.

35 kV

600 V . 10 kVA 2500 kVA

15 kVA 2500 kVA

.

2.1.

OVERHEAD TYPE PAD-MOUNTED TYPE

SINGLE- PHASE THREE- PHASE SINGLE- PHASE THREE-PHASE 5 15 25 75 10 30 37 1/2 112 1/2 15 45 50 150 25 75 75 225 37 1/2 112 1/2 100 300 50 150 167 500 75 225 750 100 300 1000 167 500 1500 250 2000 333 2500 500

. 2.1: Standard Ratings of Distribution Transformers, kVA

.

250 kVA 36 kV.

- 38 -

250 kVA 2000 kVA

2000 kVA 72,5 kV.

,

, .

o

,

.

(laminated core).

(..

). 60%

.

.

, .

(, , ,

..)

.

PCBs (clophen,pyralen

...)

.

(Schneider Electric). ,

IEC

296.

, , ... . 2.8

.

- 39 -

2.8 : (:

Schneider no 2)

50 kVA ,

.

, 140.000

. 7.000 ,

.

:

Pole-mounted transformers :

. ,

. 2.9.

2.9: (: Electric Power eTool, Power

Transformer Co.)

- 40 -

Pad-mounted transformers :

,

, , .. .

. 2.10 .

2.10a : pad-mounted transformer 2.10b : distribution transformer for

(:Power Transformer Co.) industrial facility (:Electric Power eTool)

2.1.4.2

, 2,5 -100 MVA 132 kV,

/ 100 MVA

420 kV.

,

.

.

.

.

.

,

, .

.

.

- 41 -

,

.

,

. .

.

.

,

( ).

2.11 : (:Energy Manager Training)

.

. , .. ,

.

.

, :

,

.

,

.

.

- 42 -

.

.

.

,

Buchholz,

.

.

relays

.

,

. ,

Buchholz .

.

.

, relay

., Buchholz

.

, .

2.12 : Buchholz relay

- 43 -

2.2

2.2.1

(hot spots) .

, .

.

2.2.1.1

:

:

.

.

.

:

,

. ,

.

AFA : ()

(FA:forced

air). ( )

,

.

/FA : ()

(FA)

- 44 -

.

:

(FA).

ANV : ()

(NV:non ventilated)

.

.

GA : (G:gas)

(A).

. , ,

.

.

.

. ,

,

.

.

2.2.1.2

.

:

(O:oil immersed)

.

- 45 -

OA/FA :

.

: ()

(FA).

OA/FA/FA : OA/FA

.

3 (, /FA, OA/FA/FA).

OA/FA/FOA : .

,

(FO:forced oil)

. 3 (, /FA,

OA/FA/FOA).

/FOA/FOA : ,

,

. 3 (OA, OA/FA,

OA/FOA, OA/FA/FOA, OA/FOA/FOA).

OW :

/.

. ,

.

OW/A : .

OW (oil water) (OW/A)

.

- 46 -

FOA :

.

FOW :

.

2.13 : forced air / oil / water-cooled transformer

2.2.2

2.2.2.1

3 ,

, .

.

. ,,

(

). ,

.

,

, .. . ,

- 47 -

. ,

,

. -

.

,

, ,

. 3

.

,

. .

, -,

( Carton).

.

,

Corona.

. 0

, , 1 .

.

.

.

2.2.2.2

,

,

- 48 -

(.. -). ,

,

.

,

. PCBs (

), ,

.

,

.

, ... .

2.2.2.3

.

: ,

, ,

.

, .

.

.

: 0,895 g/cm3

.

: .

.

: 140 C.

: 25%

.

- 49 -

:

.

: (

),

.

2.2.2.4

-

.

: , ,

.

:

, ,

. kraft.

:pressboard / transformerboard,

cottonboard, nomex, fulleboard presspan,

.

pressboard, transformerboard.

(thermally enhanced paper). ,

, .

,

.

55 oC (kraft paper) 65 oC.

2,5

kraft. kraft

:

,

kraft.

100 .

(

),

.

- 50 -

. ,

.

. ,

.

.

.

- ,

40 kV/mm 12 kV/mm , 64 kV/mm

.

(hot spots).

2.2.3

(degradation)

, (deterioration) (aging)

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

- 51 -

2.2.3.1

.

.

.

: , ,

, ,

: , , .

.

)

1)

, .

.

,

, .

.

.

, .

,

100% .

0,5 1 %. 2-2,5 %

.

- 52 -

, .

. (DP),

.

2)

.

.

DP.

.

2.000 ppm (parts per million)

, .

, ,

.

10.000 ppm.,

(,) .

2.14 :

3)

.

.

.

- 53 -

:

6 oC 98 oC

6 oC 98 oC (.2.15,.2.2).

. .

2.15,.2.2 (:Association of Municipal Electricity Undertakings S.A.)

:

.

. -

.

.

,

.

:

,

2.3

.

- 54 -

2.3 : comparison of water distribution in oil and paper

)

1)

,

:

,

,

2)

.

- 55 -

.

,

. ,

.

3)

.

.

,..

.

Visser

.

,

.

(:Association of Municipal Electricity Undertakings S.A.)

2.2.3.2

.

- 56 -

. ,

.

. 2.4 : 100 oC

50 ,

22 .

.2.4 : life tests of the transformer winding models under impact of temperature,

electrical and mechanical stresses ( : ZTZ Services)

.

. ,

,

.

2 %,

.

.

,

. ,

,

.

.

, .

- 57 -

,

.

. ,

,

.,

.

:

Ws=Woil exp(-B/T) , Woil B .

2.2.3.3 -

.

:

. -.

.

1000 3000 .

:

.

( ) , (

5-7 )

6 .

:

:

(), .

CO2 , CO , H2 CH4. ,

, .

.

:

. ,

.

, .

- 58 -

: .

,

.

2.16 -

2.17

.

2.16 :

2.17 : the progression towards insulation failure

- 59 -

.2

[1] . , , . 2007

*2+ . . , .-/

, 2007

*3+ . , .. ,

(www.technicalreview.gr)

*4+ , (www.metadosi-

ischios.gr)

*5+ Transformers:Basics,Maintenance and Diagnostics , U.S. Department of the

Interior Bureau of Reclamation 2005

*6+ Transformer Maintenance:facilities instructions,standards and techniques ,

U.S.Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation 2000

*7+ Transformer Diagnostics , U.S.Department of the Interior Bureau of

Reclamation 2003

*8+ Rashmi Sanghi , Chemistry behind the life of a transformer , June 2003

*9+ G.V.Suryanarayana Raju , Transformers Pillars of the Power System , 2003

[10] H.C.Visser , Power transformers,cellulose paper insulation

*11+ Olle Srneroth , Insulation materials , ABB library

*12+ Large Distribution Transformers , Medium Distribution Transformers ,

Small Distribution Transformers , ABB library

*13+ Definition of a Distribution Transformer , Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy 2004

*14+ Distribution transformer , Enviromental product declaration , ABB library

*15+ Transformers , Electrical Engineering Training Series

*16+ Distribution transformer , www.mhprofessional.com

[17+ Schneider no 2 (www.schneider-electric.com.gr)

[18] Energy Manager Training (www.energymanagertraining.com)

[19] Power Transformer Co. (www.powertransformer.us)

[20] Siemens (www.siemens.com)

http://www.technicalreview.gr/http://www.metadosi-ischios.gr/http://www.metadosi-ischios.gr/http://www.mhprofessional.com/http://www.schneider-electric.com.gr/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/http://www.powertransformer.us/http://www.siemens.com/

- 60 -

[21] Transformer Technologies (transformertechnologies.com)

http://www.transformertechnologies.com/

- 61 -

3 : A

3.1

.

. ,

,

.

3 4

,

.

20 25 .

40 oC

65 oC

.

40 .

.

, , , ,

.

- 62 -

.

.

3.1 : transformer life cycle

.

, .

,

/ .

.

.

.

,

.

- 63 -

.

27

1975

1990. 27 ,

1980 2001 21

.

. 3.2

.

3.2 : Calendar-time event plot

- 64 -

3.2

3.2.1

,

.

,

, .. .

.

, ,

, .

.

(hot spots) ,

/

,

, .

.

,

. :

: , ..

, , .

:

.

- 65 -

Corona :

.

,

, ,

.

.

,

.

, :

o , ,

, .. .

o

.

o

.

.

( )

.

.

/ :

.

.

/ :

,

.

- 66 -

, .

:

.

, .

2003 .

3.1 : cause of failure

.

3.3 F N , frequency number.

.

... .

, .

- 67 -

3.3 : frequency/severity of transformer failure

3.2.2

,

.

.

.

:

o ,

o /

o

o

o / ..

- 68 -

, ,

.

. ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

- 69 -

3.3

3.3.1

.

4.

.

:

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

4.

;

5. ;

,

:

1. ;

;

2. ;

;

3.

;

. :

, , , ,

- 70 -

.

,

.

:

SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS CURE

.

3.4 : monitoring diagnostic logic diagram

3.3.2

:

(normal) :

, .

(aged and normal) :

.

- 71 -

(defective) :

.

(faulty) :

. .

(failed) : .

.

:

: .

0,5-1% . 15 ppm

5% 60-70 oC.

: 1-1,5 % .

5-8 % 60-70 oC .

: ,

50 % .

:

100 % .

3.3.3

.

.

2

.

.,

,

.

- 72 -

.

.

.

,

.

: ,

.

:

, ,

.

:

.

,

.

:

.

3.3.4

:

/

.

(average downtime hours per year) .

3.2 ,

.

- 73 -

3.2 : failure rates and average downtime per year for electrical

equipment

(average downtime hours per year = failure rate per year average hours per

outage)

.

3.5 : percentage of downtime hours per year by equipment

.

- 74 -

1.

2.

3.

,35

4.

(on-line dissolved gas analyser,relay)

5.

6.

(Operation &

Maintenance)

. & (.. ..)

(.. 20

).

.

(loaded < 160% of rated)

3.6.

3.6 : typical failure rate curve

- 75 -

3.7.

1 16

. ,

.,

.

(125-135%) , ()

, .

3.7 : total net savings in 1994 present value dollars

- 76 -

3.4

.

.,

( ...)

.

.

.

3.8 : chemistry of insulation degradation

3.4.1

.

,

.

. ,

- 77 -

50 % .

:

.

,

.

,

.

3.9,

. ( ).

,

.

.

.

.

(DP) , .,

.

3.9 : , -

25-40 ,

.

, .

1000 1400, ,

- 78 -

150 200, 20 %

.

, .

.

3.3 (

) .

3.3 : DP values for estimating remaining paper life

,

, ,

. , CO2 CO

,

, -2. ,

100

ppb (parts per billion).

, 1000 ppb

70.000 ppb. CO+CO2

: CO+CO2

. 3.4 CO

CO2 .

3.4 : paper status conditions using CO and CO2

. 250 ppb

.

- 79 -

.

(

-2

)

, . 3.5

3.6

-2,

. 3.7

,

.

3.5 : -

3.6 : furan content-DP value-condition

3.7 : furans,DP,percent of life used

- 80 -

, H2 CH4

() .

CO2 / CO

CO+CO2.

3.4.2

,

(..

).

.

. ,

tests, .

( .. )

.

3.8 : functional based classification of oil properties

- 81 -

. ,

3.10a, b, c

.

3.10a : density 3.10b : flash point

3.10c : relative permittivity

, , 3.11,

.

, .

3.11 : breakdown voltage

- 82 -

,

, 3.12a, b.

.

3.12a : dissipation factor 3.12b : viscosity

, 3.13,

,

. (

)

,

.

3.13 : specific resistance

.,

.

(TAN,total acid number).

.

3.14

.

.

.

- 83 -

3.14 : acidity

2

.

: CO , CO2 , CH4 , C2H2 () , C2H4 () C2H6

() .

,

:

1 = CH4/H2

2 = C2H2/C2H4

3 = C2H2/CH4

4 = C2H6/C2H2

5 = C2H4/C2H6

2

. C2H2

. CH4 , C2H6 , C2H4 .

.

3.15a : tracking discharge 3.15b : current circulation in

in wet insulation the core

- 84 -

3.15c : overheated connection 3.15d : winding overheating

3.16

.

3.16 : combustible gas generation

- 85 -

150 oC . 250 oC 350 oC . , ,

. 500 oC . 700 oC

(hot spots) ,

700 oC

. 200 300 oC

. 275 oC

. 450 oC

750-800 oC .

,

.

- 86 -

3.5

3.5.1

,

.

. ,

.

,

.

,,

.

,

.

.

, .

,

.

3.17a : ageing mechanisms 3.17b : ageing rate

- 87 -

3.5.2

X.Chendong ,

.

,

.

.

:

o exp (-5,45 + 0,13 T) exp (-2,98 + 0,137 T)

.

o exp (-2,98 + 0,137 T)

.

o 0 exp (-5,45 + 0,13 T)

.

3.18 :

- 88 -

3.5.3 /

:

y = 1303.5863 123.97843 nx1

y = 1387.1026 149.26419 nx2

x1 : 55 C rise transformer 2-furfuraldehyde (in ppb)

x2 : 65 C rise transformer total furans (in ppb)

y : estimated degree of polymerization

(RL,remaining life) :

RL = - 381.91574 + 72.053012 nDP

,

:

(RL)0,5 = 10.508376 0.092978923 x1

(RL)0,5 = 11.10373 0.15201543 x2

IEEE Std C57.91-1995 ,

:

Log(life) = 6972.15/(273 + t) 1

,

(hot spots).

THS = + +

THS : hotspot temperature

: average ambient temperature

: top oil temperature

: winding hotspot temperature

Arehennous Dakin :

- 89 -

Remaining life = A eB/T

lifep.u. = A eB/( THS+273)

A,B : = 9,810-18 , = 15.000

:

FAA = e[B/383-B/(THS+273)]

:

FEQA = ( =1 FAAntn)/( =1 tn)

:

% loss of life = (FEQAt100)/normal insulation life

V.Socolov,

,:

n = DPo/DP 1

DPo :

DP :

n = 5 , 200

.

, :

Log(life) = -7.94 + 4934/T

T : Kelvin

Transfomerboard Cottonboard

.

- 90 -

3.19 :

3.20 :

, ,

.

- 91 -

3.21 :

:

Log(Fa) = 1,83 + 0,05 Y

Fa = exp (-421 + 0,13 Y)

Fa : mg/l

:

(

)

- 92 -

3.6

:

:

, ,

.

. 3.22

.

3.22 : failure probability trees

- 93 -

:

o

o

o on line

o

o

o

. 4

.

1.

2. 20 oC

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

1.

2.

3. CO2 + CO / CO2/CO

4.

5.

- 94 -

6.

7.

8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9. Water heat run test

10.

11.

12.

13.

- 95 -

.3

[1] . , , . 2007

[2] M.K.Pradhan,T.S.Ramu , Criteria for estimation of end of life of power and

station transformers in service , Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore 2004

[3] M.N.Bandyopadhyay , Transformer diagnostics in the practical field

[4] Brian D.Sparling,Jackues Aubin , Power Transformer Life Extension Through

Better Monitoring

[5] Yili Hong,William Q.Meeker,James D.McMalley , Supplement to Prediction

of remaining life of power transformers based on left truncated and right censored

lifetime data , Iowa State University

[6] Mohammad R.Meshkatoddini , Aging study and Lifetime estimation of

Transformer mineral oil , University of Technology,Tehran 2008

[7] Dragan S.Kovaevi,Slobodan P.kundri,Jelena M.Luki , Monitoring and

Diagnostics of power transformer insulation , Nicola Tesla Institute,Belgrade 2006

[8] H.C.Visser , Power transformers,cellulose paper insulation

[9] I.A.R.Gray , Evaluation of transformer solid insulation

[10+ Transformer oil as a powerful tool of life management of transformer aged

population , ztz services international (www.ztzservices.com)

[11] KBMI Perera,JR Lucas,KKASD Kumarasinghe,RLIK Dias.UADR Athukorala,PGA

Gunawardana , Estimation of optimum transformer capacity based on load curves

, University of Moratuwa 2001

[12] Claude Kane , The future of predictive technologies is here now , Electrical

Diagnostic Innovations (www.elec-di.com)

[13+ Oil filled transformer explosion , Power engineering (pepei.pennnet.com)

[14] William H. Bartley P.E. , Analysis of transformer failures , Stockholm 2003

[15+ Glenn Swift,Tom Molinski , Power transformer life-cycle cost reduction ,

Canada

*16+ Transformer diagnostics , United States Department of the Interior Bureau

of Reclamation 2003

*17+ David J.Woodcock , Maintenance Strategies for the new millennium ,

Indianapolis 2000

http://www.ztzservices.com/http://www.elec-di.com/

- 96 -

*18+ M.Arshad,S.M.Islam , A novel fuzzy logic technique for power transformer

asset management , IEEE 2006

- 97 -

4 :

4.1

. ,

, , , .

.

(on line)

/ (off line). 4.1

.

4.1 : overview of common used methods

- 98 -

.

.

4.2 : failure distribution of high voltage transformers

- 99 -

4.2

/

.

.

.

3

.

1. (routine tests) :

. :

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o (tap changer)

2. (type tests) : (

)

:

o

o

o

3. (special tests) :

. :

o

o

- 100 -

o

.

.

:

o ( )

o ( )

o , ( )

o ( )

o ( )

o ( )

o ( )

o ( )

.

o

o

o

o

o

- 101 -

4.3

, ,

.

ppm (parts per million).

, , , / ...

(..

) .

4.3.1

(Dissolved Gas Analysis-DGA)

DGA

,

, , .

,

(. 3.15,3.16).

. DGA

, ,

.

DGA .

4.3

. CH4 .

- 102 -

4.3 : total gas amount for different failure gases in dependence of the

extraction position

DGA 4 :

: DGA

.

: DGA ( )

.

: DGA

.

: DGA

( )

.

, .

,

.

.

.

- 103 -

4.3.1.1 IEC 60599

IEEE C 57104 (Total Dissolved Combustible Gas-TDCG)

.

4.1 : dissolved key gas concentration limits in ppm

4.2 : actions based on dissolved combustible gas

Condition 1 : TDCG

.

4.2.

Condition 2 : .

. DGA

.

- 104 -

Condition 3 :

/ . .

DGA

.

Condition 4 : .

.

condition 4

.

. C2H2

.

DGA

.

4.3.1.2 Doernenburg

(. 3.4.2)

.

4.4 Doernenburg.

:

DGA

( 4.4).

4.4

.

4.3

, .

4.3

R1,R2,R3,R4.

4.3 .

- 105 -

4.3 :

4.4 :

4.4 : Doernenburg

- 106 -

4.3.1.3 Rogers

, R1 ,R2 ,R5 , Rogers. Rogers

.

.

:

.

.

, DGA, Rogers

.

,

IEEE.

.

4.5 : Rogers ratios for key gases

- 107 -

4.3.1.4 Duval

. .

.

,

.

,

DGA 4.6 / IEEE standards. IEEE standards

condition

3. 4.6

L1

G2. 4.6 IEEE standards

.

4.6 : L1 limits and generation rate per month limits

4.5.

5 .

- 108 -

4.5 : the duval triangle

4.3.1.5

(key gas method)

.

.

, ,

.

.

(key gases)

- 109 -

,

.

(%)

. ,

4.6.

4.6 : Key gases diagnosis (a:principal gas ethylene , b:principal gas hydrogen ,

c:principal gas carbon monoxide , d:principal gas acetylene)

4.3.1.6

(gas ratio)

(key gas)

.

.

.

,

.

.

- 110 -

.

.

.

.

( )

.

4.7 : the logarithmic nomograph

4.3.1.7 IEC

Rogers

C2H6 / CH4. 3

Rogers 9

.

- 111 -

4.7 : IEC Ratio Codes 4.8 : classification based on

IEC Ratio Codes

4.3.1.8 DGA

DGA.

.

Fault Type Faults Type

Code

Number of cases

Thermal fault at low temperature F1 10

Overheating and sparking F2 33

Arcing F3 22

Partial Discharge and Corona F4 14

Normal F5 13

4.9 : set of data used in analysis

- 112 -

Method F1 F

2 F

3 F

4 F

5

Roger Slight overheating

- 113 -

4.11 : result analysis for each type of faults

. : Ap

(p) AT

(TC).

Ap = (TR / TP) 100

AT = (TR / TC) 100

4.12.

,

.

- 114 -

4.12 : comparison of each method accuracies value

4.3.2

. ,

.

4.3.2.1

. DGA

.

3.5.

250 ppb.

- 115 -

4.3.2.2 (

)

1

.

.

.

. 0,40.

0,20

mg KOH / gm.

4.3.2.3

DGA

.

25 oC.

.

. (interfacial tension,IFT) (

dynes , 1 dyne=0,000002247 pound)

.

IFT 40 50 dynes per cm.

. IFT,

/. IFT 25 dynes

per cm

.

IFT

. IFT,

,

4.8. IFT

.

- 116 -

4.8 : service limits for transformer oil

4.3.3

4.3.3.1

CO CO2

. .

CO + CO2 : CO + CO2

(..3.4) , ,

(), ( ) (

).

DGA CO.

(H2,CH4,C2H6,C2H4).

CO2 / CO :

CO2 7 20 CO.

CO2 / CO 7 .

5 CO2 / CO

. 7 ( 5)

- 117 -

.

DGA CO2 / CO .

DGA .

3

.

4.3.3.2

2

DGA (.2.2.3.1

, 2.2.3.3). 2 2.000 ppm

10.000

ppm

. ,

.

3 5

DGA.

.

DBPC (Ditertiary Butyl Paracresol). 2

.

.

. DBPC 0,3 %

.

4.3.3.3

. (moisture by dry weight M/DW)

. M/DW

2,5 % 30 %.

60 oC .

- 118 -

69 kV : 35 ppm

69 230 kV : 20 ppm

230 kV : 12 ppm

.

H

.

, .

4.9 : humidity sensor

4.3.3.4

(DP)

, .3.

offline

.

.

,

DP .

.

,

.

3.3.

- 119 -

4.4

4.4.1

4.4.1.1

(Partial Discharge)

,

PD

, . PD

PD . PD

.

.

,

.

PD

.

.

PD .

.

. , ,

PD.

,

10 kHz 300 kHz.

.

.

- 120 -

4.10 : principle schematic to the 4.11 : acoustic PD detection system

acoustic PD detection

4.12: acoustical sensors installed on transformer tank

4.4.1.2

, .

.

.

.

:

1. Bloch 90

( )

- 121 -

4.13 : Possible domain structures, showing large magnetostatic energy associated with isolated domain (a), and successively lower energies associated with (b), (c) and (d). The last represents the kind of domain structure actually observed. In (c) and (d) the 90 degrees Bloch Walls are clearly visible at the top and bottom.

2. (..2.7)

3. Lorentz

(..2.6)

.

.

. , ,

/ .

.

.

( , ...).

0,1 0,5 inch

per second (ips).

0,5 ips

0,15 ips.

- 122 -

4.4.2

4.4.2.1

( )

(.3.3.2).M

,

.

. relay (sudden pressure relay)

,

.

relay . relay

. relay

.

,

.

4.14 : sudden pressure relay pressure relief device

, relays,

.

.

relays.

- 123 -

4.4.2.2

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

( ).

. 1980

, .

.,

.

. ,

.

.

- 124 -

4.5

4.5.1

4.5.1.1

. 20 kV

288 kV 25 kV 287,5 kV.

.

DGA.

.

4.5.1.2

(

watt).

DGA Doble.

/ ,

. DGA

25 oC 100 oC. 0,5 % 25 oC. 0,5 1

. 1 % ,

. 2 % ,

.

- 125 -

4.5.2

4.5.2.1

, Megger,

.

, .

.

, 20 oC

.

(figure 1)

.

20 oC

(figure 2).

20 20 oC.

40 oC

.

Mhm.

:

.

.

- 126 -

4.5.2.2

(,,).

(I2R) VA .

Watt

. 0,5 % 20 oC.H

.

4.5.2.3

(

) .

.

.K

.

RVM

, . PDC

. FDS

.

.

, RVM

.

(Recovery or Return Voltage Measurement

RVM)

. ..

.

()

- 127 -

. .

UR(t) .

. ,

.

.

dUR/dt URmax.

4.15 : Return Voltage principle 4.16 : test connection for power

transformers ( : Tettex instruments)

(Dielectric

Frequency Domain Spectroscopy FDS)

.

()

.

()

.

.

. ()

1/ ()

. .

- 128 -

(Polarization

Depolarization Current PDC)

..

. Ip(t) Id(t)

.

.

5 10

, .

.

100 V Tp ( ).

, .

. Tp, S

.

. .

4.17 : a:PDC-Analyzer b:principle waveform c:portable measuring

measuring system of relaxation currents instrument

4.5.3

PD : HF / VHF (20

MHz 300 MHz ) UHF (300 MHz 3 GHz).

- 129 -

4.5.3.1 HF

. PD ns

.

PD 100 MHz.

.

.

4.18 : measuring for HF PD detection on machines

4.5.3.2 UHF

.

. PD, (

- 130 -

a b

4.19 : UHF sensors installed on a power transformer : figure a shows an

external sensor against a dielectric window , figure b shows an internal sensor

through an oil drain valve

4.20 : UHF measuring setup on 450 MVA power transformer

UHF .

MHz.

PD

2 GHz.

- 131 -

4.21 : UHF PD measurement

4.5.4

4.5.4.1 A (Frequency

Response Analysis-FRA)

.

. :

, on-line

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

4.22 : FRAMIT test procedure ( : Starlogic Instrument Development)

- 132 -

( : frequency , : dB response)

4.23 : FRAMIT FRA Resonance Plot ( : Starlogic Instrument Development)

[ A : A peak describes a parallel resonance occurring within transformer winding

structure.The winding resistive property describes the height of the peak.

B : A valley describes a series resonance occurring within transformer winding

structure.The winding resistive property describes the depth of the valley.

C : inductive properties (downward fall)

D : capacitive properties (upward climb) ]

4.5.4.2 (Transfer

Function-TF)

TF

, , .

.

.

,

.

4.24 : transformer considered as linear two-port-network

- 133 -

O TF

.

a b

4.25 : measuring the TF a : in frequency domain b : in time domain

,

.

,

. ,

,

.

- 134 -

4.6

. ,

.

.

4.6.1

.

(..

) .

.. .

, (hot spots).

.

/

.

.

.

4.26 : temperature monitor for oil-filled transformers ( : Weschler

Instruments)

- 135 -

4.6.2

(0 )

.

.

3 5

m 8 12 m. ,

.

.

, .. .

4.27 : transformer normal view transformer T image

- 136 -

4.7

:

( )

.

.

.

4.7.1

4.7.1.1

.

. 15

.

.

offline,

.

.

.

- ( ).

.

- 137 -

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. DGA

bladder.

.

bladder,

.

4.28 : conservator with bladder

- 138 -

(dehydrating breather)

.

.

.

Buchholz

.

.

.

.

,

.

DGA

.

, relay relay .

4.7.1.2

.

.

relay

CO2/CO

DP

, ,

.. .

- 139 -

.

4.7.2

hot spots

20 .

IEEE,IEC ..

:

( )

. 2 probes

,

50 %.

95 % ,

.

,

.

. hot spots

.

, ,

.. .

, .

12 ,real-time

.

- 140 -

4.29 : schematic diagram of the multipoint fiber optic sensor unit

- 141 -

4.8

1980

. ( )

.

, ( ) .

.

1990 DGA

online.

/

. DGA 11

,

.

.

.

/

.

online

(

) DGA (offline)

. DGA

, .

IEEE Standard C57.91.

,

. , 97%

1,

, . 2

.

- 142 -

DGA

online. DGA

,

. DGA

.

.

online

.

Initial Investment = $34,000

Annual O&M Costs = $3,000

IRR = 42.03%

NPV = $110,738

Payback = 5 Years

4.30 : Cumulative PV Cash Flow of On-line Monitoring vs. No Maintenance

- 143 -

,

(DGA offline).

.

Initial Investment = $5,000 (need to start a new program)

Annual O&M Costs = $250

IRR = N/A

NPV = $104,289

Payback = Immediate

, DGA

. online

,

.

4.31 : Cumulative PV Cash Flow of On-line Monitoring vs. DGA vs. No

Maintenance

,

.

- 144 -

4.13 : main monitoring on high-power transformers

- 145 -

4.9

4.9.1

(145kV

- 146 -

4.32 : condition based ranking flowchart

,

.

.

4.33 : steps of the ABB Mature Transformer Management Program

- 147 -

,

.

1 : .

.

2 :

.

DGA.

3 : DGA

. 75-80%

.

4 : DGA

. 50-60%

. DGA online

.

.

5 : . 80%

DGA .

6 : DGA . 60-70%

DGA .

DGA online.

7 : DGA

. 50%

DGA online.

.

- 148 -

4.10

4.10.1

4.10.1.1

time-based

()

.

.

.

. time-

based maintenance condition-based maintenance (CBM). CBM

. ,

.

,

IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices)

. IED ,

.

.

CBM .

1) .

(circuit-

breakers). IED

1 2,

.

IEC 61850, .

.

- 149 -

4.34 : Architecture of the monitoring system

2)

. 1

.

web server.

3)

.

, .

4.10.1.2 Online

.

,

( ..).

... .

.

- 150 -

.

modem

.

.

,

. 400 kV

:

4.14 : power transformers monitoring parameters and sensors

A/D

server.

.

.

.

PC

web browser .

software PC.

- 151 -

4.35 : Data access by the use of Intra/Internet

server

online .

4.36 : Web-based visualization of transformer condition

- 152 -

server

(Intranet), .

Intranet. firewall protection

Internet.

,

PC .

4.37 : Architecture of monitoring system MS2000

4.10.1.3

.

Intranet

,

,

.

.

.

- 153 -

4.38 : design aspects for open systems

Global device interoperability :

.

global

.

Different and changing utility philosophies :

IED.

State of the art system technology :

.

Easy communication engineering and maintenance : IED

IED.

IED.

.

State of the art communication :

,

.

.

IEC61850

.

.

IED . ,

- 154 -

.

.

IEC61850 . IEC61850

,

.

.

,

.

4.10.2

(Monitoring & Diagnostics)

. M&D

online

, ,

.. .

M&D SCADA .

1

:

,

,

,

.

SCADA

,

.

SCADA

DNP 3.0 over IP.

/ RTU , IED (Intelligent

Electrical Devices).

- 155 -

.

DNP over IP.

(M&D) RTU,

. RTU

IED

. IED LTC

(Load Tap Changer)

. M&D RTU

.

.

: ,

(LTC).

4.39 : 1 , System Architecture

2

online online

.

- 156 -

offline

. SCADA I/O

RTU . I/O

SCADA.


3

.

.

. online

.

online

(RTU)

DCS (Distributed Control System) .

:

o ppm

o

o

o

- 157 -

.


4

.

30

.

CBM (Condition Based Maintenance).

online real-time

DCS

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition).

To online

DCS .

DCS SCADA

DCS .

.

.

- 158 -


5

LTC

dial-up modems.

LTC.


- 159 -

6

.

DNP IP

.

.

DNP DCS server

.


- 160 -

.4

[1] . , , . 2007

[2] . , ,

. 2002

[3] Transformer diagnostics , United States Department of the Interior Bureau

of Reclamation 2003

[4] Claude Kane,Alexander Golubev , On-line Transformer Diagnostics ,

Electrical Diagnostic Innovations (www.elec-di.com)

[5] Tapan K.Saha , Review of Modern Techniques for Assessing Insulation

Condition in Aged Transformers , IEEE 2003

[6] R.Schwarz,M.Muhr , Measurement Techniques for Transformer Diagnostic ,

Graz University of Technology Austria 2008

[7] G.J.Pukel,H.M.Muhr,W.Lick , Transformer diagnostics:Common used and

new methods , Graz University of Technology Austria

[8] J.Dukarm , Proposed introduction to Transformer DGA guide , /PES

TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE ( www.transformerscommittee.org ) 2006

[9] Transformer Dissolved Gas Analysis Diagnostics , ENERGY CENTRAL

(www.energycentral.com)

[10] N.A.Muhamad,B.T.Phung,T.R.Blackburn,K.X.Lai , Comparative Study and

Analysis of DGA Methods for Transformer mineral oil , University of New South

Wales Australia

[11] K.Feser,J.Christian,C.Neumann,U.Sundermann,T.Leibfried,A.Kachler,

M.Loppacher , The Transfer Function Method for detection of winding

displacements on Power Transformers after transport,short circuit or 30 years of

service , HAEFELY HIGH VOLTAGE TEST Cigre 2000

[12] S.Meijer,P.Cichecki,P.D Agoris,J.J.Smit,H.F.Reijnders UHF Sensors for Partial

Discharge Diagnostics of Power Transformers , 2007

[13] R.Schwarz,M.Muhr , Partial Discharge measurement as a diagnostic tool for

HV-equipments , Graz University of Technology Austria 2006

[14+ Determining Transformer Dryness , library

[15] Infrared Thermography for condition monitoring , Newport solutions 2002

http://www.elec-di.com/http://www.transformerscommittee.org/http://www.energycentral.com/

- 161 -

[16] M.v.d.Veen , Measuring acoustic noise emitted by Power Transformers ,

Los Angeles 2000

[17] B.Sargent , Dispelling the old Myths of Winding Hot Spot Measurement

using Fiber Optics , Energy Solutions,Lumasense Technologies

*18+ High Performance Transformer Oil Pumps : Worth the Investment ,

PlantServices (www.plantservices.com)

*19+ Muhammad Arshad,Syed M.Islam , Power Transformer Condition Monitoring

and Assessment for Strategic Benefits , Curtin University of Technology Australia

*20+ Mature Transformer Management Program , ABB library

*21+ Robert Peltier , Monitoring key gases in insulating oil keeps transformers

healthy , POWER Magazine ( www.powermag.com )

[22+ Angelo Baggini,Franco Bua , Power Quality and Utilisation Guide On line

Diagnostic Monitoring for Large Power Transformers , european COPPER institute ,

Leonardo ENERGY ( www.leonardo-energy.org )

[23+ Victor Sokolov , Transformers condition based Ranking on the basis of

design review and comprehensive oil analysis , International Technical Conference

New Zealand 2005

*24+ Business Case for Transformer On-line Monitoring , EPRI Diagnostic Conference July 2006

*25+ G.Pudlo,S.Tenbohlen,M.Linders,G.Krost , Integration of Power Transformer

Monitoring and Overload Calculation into the Power System Control Surface ,

IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference Yokohama 2002

*26+ Juan Lorenzo Velsquez,Roberto Villaffila,Pau Loret,Luis Molas,Andreas

Sumber,Samuel Galceran,Antoni Sudri , Development and implementation of a

Condition Monitoring System in a Substation , 9th International Conference

Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation Barcelona 2007

*27+ Volker Lohmann , New Strategies for Substation Control,Protection and

Access to Information , ABB library

*28+ Byron Flynn , Case Studies regarding the integration of monitoring &

diagnostic equipment on aging transformers with communications for SCADA and

maintenance , DistribuTECH Conference 2008

http://www.plantservices.com/http://www.powermag.com/http://www.leonardo-energy.org/

- 162 -

5 : DUVAL

5.1

Duval 1974

IEC.

(DGA).

. 5.1

DGA.

DGA

(unresolved diagnoses).

.

5.1 : comparison of diagnostic methods

6

( ) 5.2,

DT .

- 163 -

.

.

5.2 : examples of faults detectable by DGA

H 3 (CH4 , C2H4 ,

C2H2). C2H4 , C2H2

( ) . 2

,

, . CH4

2

. CH4

2.

5.1 : Duval triangle method

- 164 -

2

(

). 2

,

.

.

DGA,

(10% ),

.

CO2 CO ,

(.4.3.3.1).,

1 2

.

3.

5.2 : actual cases of faults visually inspected in transformers

- 165 -

DGA .

( 5 %) CIGRE

15 %.

2 10 ppm (

35 %)

( 100 % ). ,

, 5.3.

5.3 : diagnosis uncertainties corresponding to laboratory accuracies of

15,30,50 and 75 %

.

2

( 5.4).

. 10 %.

5.4 : uncertainty on diagnoses

- 166 -

5.2

. 4.3.1.4.

,

,

(

2 DGA).

.

1) 2 DGA

. DGA 1 /

/.

DGA 1 (ppm) DGA 2 (ppm) increase(ppm)

CH4 A D G = D A

C2H4 B E H = E B

C2H2 C F I = F C

Total S2=D+E+F Sin.=G+H+I

DGA 2

increase .

,

.

0 100 %

100% ( X2+Y2+Z2=100% Xin.+Yin.+Zin.=100%).

:

CH4 : X2 = (D/S2)100% Xin. = (G/Sin.)100%

C2H4 : Y2 = (E/S2)100% Yin. = (E/Sin.)100%

C2H2 : Z2 = (F/S2)100% Zin. = (I/Sin.)100%

- 167 -

2) X2, Y2, Z2 Xin., Yin.,

Zin. .

:

.

,

CH4 C2H2,

C2H4 CH4 C2H2

C2H4. 3

.

5.5.

33,3 %.

5.5 : example of triangular graphical plot

:

, .

,

.

- 168 -

5.3

DUVAL

5.3.1 C

#include

#include

#include

int checkIEEE (float a,float b,float c);

void duval (float a,float b,float c,int j);

main ()

{

float CH4,C2H2,C2H4;

int choice,i;

time_t seconds;

seconds = time (NULL); // rand

srand(seconds); // time.

, rand //

printf("dialekse 1 gia na dwseis times gia ta aeria h 2 gia paragwgh tyxaiwn

timwn\n\n"); //

//

scanf("%d",&choice);

printf("\n");

- 169 -

switch(choice)

{

case 1:

printf("dialekses na dwseis times\n\n");

printf("dwse times gia CH4,C2H2,C2H4 se ppm\n\n");

scanf("%f%f%f",&CH4,&C2H2,&C2H4);

if ((CH4

- 170 -

C2H2=80*(float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX;

C2H4=200*(float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX;

printf("\nta posa twn aeriwn se ppm einai:\n\n");

printf("CH4:%f\n",CH4);

printf("C2H2:%f\n",C2H2);

printf("C2H4:%f\n\n",C2H4);

i=checkIEEE(CH4,C2H2,C2H4);

duval(CH4,C2H2,C2H4,i);

system("pause");

break;

default:

printf("prepei na dialekseis 1 h 2\n\n");

break;

}

}

int checkIEEE (float a,float b,float c) // checkIEEE

condition 3

//

{

int k=0;

if (a>401){

printf("\nto aerio CH4 vrisketai toulaxiston sthn condition 3 tou pinaka

IEEE\n");

k=k+1;}

if (b>51){

- 171 -

printf("\nto aerio C2H2 vrisketai toulaxiston sthn condition 3 tou pinaka

IEEE\n");

k=k+1; }

if (c>101){

printf("\nto aerio C2H4 vrisketai toulaxiston sthn condition 3 tou pinaka

IEEE\n");

k=k+1; }

if (k==0){

printf("\nkanena aerio den kseperna ta oria gia thn asfalh leitourgia tou

metasxhmatisth");

printf("\nkai den ekteleitai h methodos duval\n\n\n");

}

return k;

}

void duval (float a,float b,float c,int j) // duval

duval //

{

if (j==0){ //

system("pause"); // .

exit(1);// //

}

if (j>0){

printf("\nekteleitai h methodos duval\n");

}

float s1,s2,s3;

- 172 -

s1=100*a/(a+b+c); // % //

s2=100*b/(a+b+c);

s3=100*c/(a+b+c);

printf("\noi epi tois ekato sygkentrwseis twn aeriwn einai:\n");

printf("CH4:%f\n",s1);

printf("C2H2:%f\n",s2);

printf("C2H4:%f\n\n",s3);

//

//

if ((s1=13)&&(s2

- 173 -

printf("\nto shmeio entopizetai sth zwnh T1 tou trigwnou");

printf("\nkai h diagnwsh einai 'thermal fault T

- 174 -

int x,y,z,w;

Button btnClick;

TextField entry,entry2,entry3;

Label prompt;

String temp,temp2,temp3,message;

public void init() // //

{

prompt=new Label("dwse tis akeraies times se ppm gia

CH4,C2H2,C2H4. ");

add(prompt);

entry=new TextField(5);

entry2=new TextField(5);

entry3=new TextField(5);

add(entry);

add(entry2);

add(entry3);

btnClick=new Button("KATAXWRHSE TIS TIMES");

add(btnClick);

}

public boolean action (Event evt,Object arg)

{

//

temp string //

temp=entry.getText();

temp2=entry2.getText();

- 175 -

temp3=entry3.getText();

// temp //

CH4=Integer.parseInt(temp);

C2H2=Integer.parseInt(temp2);

C2H4=Integer.parseInt(temp3);

// //

if

((CH4=0)

){

prompt.setText("den ekteleitai h methodos,oi times twn

aeriwn einai mikres"); //

message=""; // //

}

if ((CH4401)||(C2H2>51)||(C2H4>101)){

prompt.setText("ekteleitai h methodos");

message=".";

}

repaint(); // repaint paint //

return (true);

}

- 176 -

public void paint (Graphics g)

{

// //

x=(int)(java.lang.Math.cos(1.046)*600+450); // 1.046 rad=60o //

y=(int)(java.lang.Math.sin(1.046)*600+150);

z=(int)(java.lang.Math.cos(2.093)*600+450); // 2.093 rad=120o //

w=(int)(java.lang.Math.sin(2.093)*600+150);

g.drawLine(450,150,x,y);

g.drawLine(450,150,z,w);

g.drawLine(150,670,750,670);

// //

Font header2=new Font("Times New Roman",Font.PLAIN,30);

Color black=new Color(0,0,0);

g.setFont(header2);

g.setColor(black);

g.drawString("PD:Partial Discharges",100,780);

g.drawString("D1:Discharges of low energy",100,830);

g.drawString("D2:Discharges of high energy",100,880);

g.drawString("T1:Thermal fault T700 oC",550,830);

g.drawString("DT:electrical and thermal faults",550,880);

// //

g.drawString("CH4",200,420);

- 177 -

g.drawString("C2H4",635,420);

g.drawString("C2H2",405,715);

g.drawString("100",140,715);

g.drawString("0",740,715);


g.drawString("100",760,660);

g.drawString("100",378,178);


// //

g.drawLine(444,161,456,161);

x=(int)(java.lang.Math.cos(1.046)*300+438);



z=(int)(java.lang.Math.cos(2.093)*24+510);












- 178 -










// //

Font header3=new Font("Times New Roman",Font.PLAIN,22);

g.setFont(header3);

g.drawString("______",450,152);

g.drawString("PD",523,165);

g.drawString("D1",280,550);

g.drawString("D2",420,550);

g.drawString("DT",530,550);

g.drawString("T3",618,550);

g.drawString("_______",470,202);


g.drawString("_________",537,312);


// //

Color red=new Color(255,0,0);

- 179 -

Font header=new Font("Times New Roman",Font.BOLD,70);

g.setColor(red);

g.setFont(header);

s1=(100*CH4/(CH4+C2H2+C2H4));

s2=(100*C2H2/(CH4+C2H2+C2H4));

s3=(100*C2H4/(CH4+C2H2+C2H4));

s22=100-s1-s3;

x2=(int)(742

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Transcript of ΣΜΗΜΑ ΗΛΕΚΣΡΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΥΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ...