:

: 4917

FRANKLIN

:

, /10/2011

FRANKLIN

:4917

.../../

: :

:

, .

, .

:

: FRANKLIN

: :

i

,

, ,

,

. , ,

, .

,

.

.

.

, ,

,

,

,

, , ,

. , 90,

, ,

. 1998

Berdj Mikaelian.

2004,

, .

7 2004,

.

. 27 2005,

, ,

.

25cm, ,

ii

286 , .

.

,

.

.

,

.

:

I.

.

II. 2

.

III. Franklin.

IV.

(ESE)

Franklin .

V.

. Franklin

.

iii

ABSTRACT

More than a century has passed, since Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime Minister of

Greece had contemplated the construction of a bridge that would connect western

Peloponnese with the mainland of Greece, the city of Rion with Antirio. Back then,

the three kilometers of sea water which separated the two cities, seemed impossible

to be bridged. The difficulties were many and the know how had not reached that

level, where it would make a great vision such as this, possible. Besides the project

seemed extremely expensive for the countrys economic potential at that time.

Despite all this, the project was never abandoned. Studies were made

repeatedly, in order to take under consideration all the parameters, like the seismic

activity of the area, the extraordinary depth of the sea, the possibility of a tsunami

after an earthquake, the unstable materials that constituted the bottom of the sea, the

movement of the tectonic plates in the Corinthian gulf away from one another, the

strong currents, winds etc. All these factors acted as a brake for the construction of

the bridge. Eventually, in the mid 90s, a greek-french collaboration, composed by a

group of companies from both countries, took over the design and the building of the

bridge. Construction works started in July of 1998 under the supervision and

guidance of the architect Berdj Mikaelian.

The construction of the bridge was expected to be completed during the period

of September to November of 2004, but works were accelerated because of the

Olympic games that would take place in Athens, that same year. Therefore the bridge

was revealed to the public on the 7th

of August 2004, with the Olympic Flame

crossing it, on the way to Athens. The bridge was considered to be a miracle of

modern mechanics and all the necessary measures were taken for its perfect

operation. However, on January 27 of 2005, just six months after the opening of the

bridge, a lightning stroke cut down one of the longest stay cables that connected the

deck of the bridge to the pylons. The lightning struck the top 25cm diameter cable in

the southwest fan of stays over the 286m span nearest Rion. The high density

polyethylene cable was set on fire, and as a result of that the cable was completely

iv

destroyed and fell on the deck. All the necessary means were taken, in order to

replace the cable and get traffic back on the bridge as soon as possible. It was obvious

at that point that the lightning protection of the bridge was neither sufficient or

effective enough.

There are five chapters following:

I. In the first chapter there is an introduction to the natural phenomenon of

lightning and its characteristics

II. The second chapter gives a definition of the lightning protection system

of a structure

III. In the third chapter, the Franklin rod is presented

IV. The fourth chapters refers to the early streamer emission systems and

compares them with the Franklin rod

V. In the fifth and final chapter there is an analysis of the lightning incident

on the bridge. The installation of Franklin rods on the lightning system of the

bridge is presented, alongside with an enhancement of the protection.

v

(i)

ABSTRACT (iii)

(v)

1 : (1)

1.1 (1)

1.2 (3)

1.2.1 (4)

1.3 (8)

1.4 (9)

1.5 (10)

1.6 (15)

1.7 (17)

1.8 (19)

2 : () (21)

2.1 (21)

2.2 , (23)

2.3 (26)

c

2.4 Risk Factor ( ) (26)

2.5 (27)

3 : Franklin (30)

3.1 (30)

3.2 Franklin (31)

vi

3.2.1 Franklin (32)

3.2.2 (34)

3.3 (38)

3.4 (48)

4 : (52)

- ESE (Early streamer emission)

4.1 (52)

4.2 Early Streamer Emission (55)

4.2.1 ESE (57)

4.3 ESE : (63)

4.3.1 (68)

4.4 , ESE (70)

4.5 ESE (80)

4.6 (95)

5 : (98)

5.1 - (98)

5.2 (101)

5.3 (105)

5.4 (107)

5.4.1 (112)

5.5 (112)

5.6 (115)

vii

5.7 (123)

5.8 - (130)

(136)

(138)

FRANKLIN

1

1

1.1

.

.

.

, .

,

, .

.

,

,

.

18

,

.

,

FRANKLIN

2

,

. ,

, Leyden,

.

,

, 1749 ,

.

,

.

.

,

, .

,

Francois DAlibard, 1752

, . G.W.

Richmann, , 1753,

,

, .

,

.

,

.

.

1752,

.

FRANKLIN

3

1.2

.

.

,

.

.

FRANKLIN

4

1.2.1

,

, .

. :

dQ/dt = -aQ

O :

Q(t) = Q0e-at

.

. ()

.

, < 2000

. ,

.

.

.

, He++ ( )

( ) .

, ,

. ,

,

FRANKLIN

5

. .

( ),

.

,

.

,

1.5/cm3. H ,

.

.

,

15-20 .

.

.

.

, ,

,

, .

:

q=an2+nN

q , n

, ,

( , STP, = 1.6*10-6

cm3/s) o , ( = 3*10

-6 cm

3/s, STP). , ,

q ,

. ~105

cm-3

,

FRANKLIN

6

n,

an2 .

~6*102

cm-3

, 5*103 cm

-3 ~15km.

.

(~10-15%)

, , .

, .

, .

ui

, ki = ui/E. ki

, ,

.

:

ki = (qi/2mi)(l/) = (3KT/2mi)1/2

qi/mi / , l

, Boltzmann,

.

1-210-4

(m2/Vs), 10

-8 - 10

-6

(m2/Vs).

.

. ,

, ,

ui = i

* E. H

FRANKLIN

7

, (

~95%) . H

, ,

.

,

.

,

, . H

, , .

=/0, 0

, 0=8,85410-12

(farad/m)

. :

Q = s ds

:

I = -dQ/dt = s Jds = s ds = (/0) s 0ds = Q/0

:

Q(t) = Q0exp(-t/0)

,

= 0/.

FRANKLIN

8

1.3

.

, .

~ 120 V/m .

(,

, , , , , ).

. : 1) (fair

weather field) , 4/10

2)

(disturbed weather field) .

, .

,

120 V/m . :

0 = -120 (V/m)

To ,

.

-5,4105 C. A

, , , 10 km ~3%

.

FRANKLIN

9

1.4

.

.

,

.

,

.

, .

,

.

,

,

,

,

, .

,

,

. ,

,

FRANKLIN

10

, , ,

,

,

.

,

.

,

200-500s , 100-200s

0.3-0.5 V/m. ,

,

, .

1.5

,

, (1)

, (2)

,

(3)

,

, .

3MV/m,

. , 20 30 Coulomb

FRANKLIN

11

. ,

.

,

.

.

. ,

.

,

, , ,

,

. ,

, ,

,

.

,

.

.

,

. (Streak-camera)

FRANKLIN

12

,

. ,

,

50m

50s.

~1s ~5105 m/s. H

(Stepped leader).

. ~20ms,

,

, ,

. ~50-10m

, , (connecting

discharge), .

- ,

, ,

.

( 10000,

107-10

8 m/s (return stroke).

, ,

.

:

1. ,

.

2. ,

, .

FRANKLIN

13

FRANKLIN

14

3. , .

4. ,

, .

0.1kV/cm, ,

.

30kV/cm. ,

,

.

,

. ,

5kV/cm,

20 30s

. , ,

,

.

,

kA

. ,

,

. , ,

.

FRANKLIN

15

1.6

: .

, .

, ,

.

,

FRANKLIN

16

.

.

,

, . ,

.

.

, 10% , 90%

.

/ , ,

,

I,

Qf, Qs

W/R, , ,

.

, ,

,

. ,

. ,

, .

( 300kA ), ,

(

Coulomb ) .

,

miliseconds.

.

FRANKLIN

17

,

100ms.

,

, .

, ,

,

, . ,

,

,

,

, . ,

, ,

VHF ,

.

1.7

, ,

, ,

, ,

.

,

.

, ,

. ,

,

FRANKLIN

18

,

, . ,

10-15s.

. ,

, 20%

200-300s.

,

1-2s.

.

.

:

i = (I/h)[(t/1)/(1+(t/1)]exp(-t/2) ,

=

h=

t=

1=

2=

,

.

, 20-50s. , 1000s.

, ,

.

, ,

, ,

i2dt. ,

,

FRANKLIN

19

,

.

1.8

,

, .

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

5kV/cm,

. ,

, ( .. striking

distance ) ,

.

,

. ,

.

150-200m. ,

:

FRANKLIN

20

rs = 6.7I00.8

& rs = 8I00.65

,

, ,

, .

FRANKLIN

21

2

()

2.1

,

.

,

, ,

,

.

,

.

(

,

,

, 1-2cm

30000K ), - ,

, , ,

, ,

-

( ,

FRANKLIN

22

,

side flash),

.

,

. ,

:

.

.

.

. ,

.

,

,

,

.

, ,

,

.

,

,

, .

.

.

IV.

,

FRANKLIN

23

, .

, ,

, ,

d

Nc.

2.2

,

,

g ,

.

FRANKLIN

24

(

).

,

.

. , ,

.

,

1985.

, o

, CIGRE 10kHz.

, ,

.

FRANKLIN

25

, g,

, g, ,

(d). g :

Ng = 0.04Td1.25

d

:

Nd = NgAeC110-6

:

g

,

e

(m2)

C1

, .

,

3H ( ) ,

.

C1.

FRANKLIN

26

2.3 c

c

,

. c

:

,

-

, -

2.4 Risk Factor ( )

. ,

(Ns) :

Ns = 10-6

NgAeq

Ng [km-2

year-1

], Aeq

.

Ng :

Ng = 0.04d1.25

FRANKLIN

27

Td .

p(i)

.

, .

max :

I=31kA , = 0.7368.

:

.

2.5

c

d.

FRANKLIN

28

,

.

d Nc ,

d > Nc ,

1 - Nc / d

:

E > 0.98 ,

,

,

.

0.95 < 0,98

0.90 < 0.95

0.80 < 0.90

0 < 0.80 IV

E 0

FRANKLIN

29

FRANKLIN

30

3

Franklin

3.1

.

1706. ,

,

, , ,

. , .

.

3

, ,

. ,

, 12 .

.

,

. 1750 : ,

,

, ,

.

FRANKLIN

31

, :

,

.

,

.

Franklin 1752.

.

3.2 Franklin

,

, ,

, .

,

, ,

,

. ,

, ,

FRANKLIN

32

.

, .

.

Franklin.

Franklin

. ,

,

, ,

.

Franklin ,

.

.

3.2.1 Franklin

Franklin

.

, ,

.

,

, .

,

,

.

FRANKLIN

33

Franklin,

Franklin .

,

,

, .

, .

,

.

,

Franklin

( ).

D

D* .

.

, ,

,

, , . D*

D ,

.

D D*

.

D H

D*=D

FRANKLIN

34

3.2.2

D D

*

,

, . ,

.

D

( ) .

D* :

D* = sqrt[X

2 + (D-H)

2]

FRANKLIN

35

, ,

.

. -

/D D*/D,

exp(-H/D) D*

.

D*

D /D, :

D* = D(1 + ae

-H/D)

a 0.24, /D

.

D*

D .

.

D* D

:

D* = D

FRANKLIN

36

0.88, .

D*

D. D*

/D.

.

, /D

. /D ,

D ,

Franklin .

D*

/D,

.

Franklin

.

.

,

,

.

,

Franklin D*.

,

. ,

. ,

,

. ,

FRANKLIN

37

.

Franklin

FRANKLIN

38

3.3

,

.

,

.

, ,

.

,

.

, , Lc,

q Q, H,

(. 1).

U(z,y) P(z,y) :

FRANKLIN

39

. 1

:

, ,

0z :

z { }

F= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

=1

x (z,y).

,

.

FRANKLIN

40

, .

, .

0 90

,

, :

i0 kA, h m, .

m,

. max

:

SC = 2 max

max

:

max ( )

( )

, :

max 0.47[(h+15)i0]2/3

, [m,kA]

FRANKLIN

41

:

SC=0.22 [( ) ]4/3

, [m2, m, kA]

m :

Vcol =2/3 (0.213 +0.085

3 +0.38

2+0.29

2)

=0,8[( ) ]2/3

, B=2.4

52 .

FRANKLIN

42

.

, Ostankino ,

540m , , 95%

,

.

max :

S=arctan max/h

FRANKLIN

43

.

.

FRANKLIN

44

.

,

.

, ,

.

. -

H :

U =

(

( ) )

{ |

( )

| |

( ) ( )

( ) |}

, side flashes

:

[ ]

, ,

.

FRANKLIN

45

:

rse- = 4.8i0

2/3

c,

,

h. 200 ,

20kV/m. , cl,

, 5-10 kV/m.

5kV/m 65kV/m 600m.

, h

FRANKLIN

46

, cl,

, 1.

,

:

s- = 0.8[(h+15)i0]

2/3kbexp(ah) , [m, kA]

4,2kV/m

a=0.0021. kb=1.2

b=5m. a

cl.

:

0.47[(h+15)i0]2/3

exp(0.0021h) , [m, kA]

,

. ,

,

. ,

(discharge gap),

.

. ,

.

. >50 ,

FRANKLIN

47

%.

.

FRANKLIN

48

3.4

.

,

.

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

. , -

.

,

, .

:

.

,

.

.

FRANKLIN

49

,

,

. ,

100V/m

.

10000V/m,

.

Charles B. Moore, ,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

, .

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

FRANKLIN

50

, , .

, , . ,

, ,

, ,

.

,

.

,

.

,

, :

300-500 kV/m

1MV/m .

0.7-1m

.

,

,

.

,

.

, .

.

FRANKLIN

51

, ,

.

. 1

.

.

.

, .

1

FRANKLIN

52

4

ESE (Early streamer emission)

4.1

,

,

, ,

-

.

,

,

,

,

. ,

, ,

.

,

FRANKLIN

53

, .

Franklin

.

,

, ,

.

. ,

,

, ,

. ,

,

.

,

.

Franklin

,

, .

,

, Franklin

.

.

, -

,

:

FRANKLIN

54

1.

2. ( ESE)

,

, ,

,

,

.

ESE, ,

, ,

,

early streamer emitters.

FRANKLIN

55

4.2 Early Streamer Emission

,

,

.

,

,

, , ,

.

(early streamer emission)

,

, ,

,

,

.

,

.

, ESE

!

,

FRANKLIN

56

. ,

.

,

,

s, . ,

, 3000 C,

.

, ,

.

, 7000 C!

,

. ,

,

.

.

, ,

,

, .

,

.

, , ,

,

.

( 2m/s ),

,

FRANKLIN

57

. ,

,

,

, . , ,

,

,

,

.

.

4.2.1 ESE

Franklin.

, ,

.

.

,

,

.

FRANKLIN

58

1. ESE

ESE ,

, . ,

, .

,

. , ,

, , ,

. ,

, , ,

, .

, ,

.

, ,

FRANKLIN

59

. ESE

Franklin.

(

Chernobyl ) .

1988, Heary, ESE,

. ,

, 10 cm,

1m.

, ,

, .

2. ESE Special shapes and sparking ESE

,

, ,

,

.

.

.

) Prevectron , ,

.

, ,

.

FRANKLIN

60

,

.

.

.

) Dynasphere

,

.

, ,

. miliseconds

.

.

FRANKLIN

61

,

.

85%

. Dynasphere,

,

.

FRANKLIN

62

3. ESE

,

, .

.

,

.

,

,

.

. , ,

, .

Pulsar ESE Corona II ESE Satelit ESE

FRANKLIN

63

4.3 ESE :

,

.

,

,

100%! ,

,

.

,

. ESE

, .

ESE

ESE , ,

Franklin,

, .

Heary, ,

, ,

. , ,

, . ,

,

.

,

FRANKLIN

64

.

,

(NFPA),

,

, NFPA 780

. , NFPA

ESE

.

.

. ,

,

,

,

(.. ,

0.25 0.5 ).

2 . ,

,

, . ,

FRANKLIN

65

.

,

.

,

, , .

, ,

.

,

,

.

,

ESE ,

,

, , t,

.

, ,

.

t L,

L=t, .

ESE

106 m/s ( 1995).

, , ,

.

,

FRANKLIN

66

, McEachron (1939), Berger Vogelsanger (1966,

1969) Yokohama (1990). O McEachron 1939

, Empire State Building,

, 5,2104

6,4105 m/s,

6,2 23 . Berger Vogelsanger (1966,

1969) 4104

106 m/s

, 4 40 .

4 7 Berger Vogelsanger

4 7,5104

m/s 4 8 , ,

40 110 ,

. ,

1990 (Yokohama et al.), ,

0,8 2,7105 m/s.

, ,

100

,

.

, ,

,

, .

,

104 m/s,

, , 2

106, ESE (Berger 1992).

1997 Mackerras .., 1999 Chambers ..,

ESE .

,

FRANKLIN

67

,

,

. Mackerras, ,

,

, ,

.

, Mackerras

:

.

=106 m/s, t

100s,

L 100m,

ESE .

=105 m/s,

,

100s

,

, L=10m ,

.

FRANKLIN

68

4.3.1

ESE, ,

Eybert-Berard,

.

,

.

, Florida,

0,8 2s ESE, 85s

,

Eybert-Berard(1998). ESE .

ESE,

.

.

,

,

, ESE,

. ESE

,

,

.

- -,

,

ESE ,

. ,

FRANKLIN

69

ESE ,

,

.

.

FRANKLIN

70

4.4 , ESE

Kuala Lumpur, ,

,

(TD>200).

. , ,

, ,

.

,

.

,

ESE.

,

,

.

, ,

, ESE

,

,

.

FRANKLIN

71

ESE

, .

,

,

.

ESE

,

.

,

,

,

.

Z.A. Hartono I. Robiah

, Kuala Lumpur ,

1990 ,

.

,

.

,

ESE

.

,

,

1 2 .

80% 60m,

3 , ESE.

FRANKLIN

72

.

1

Kuala Lumpur Villa Putra Apartments.

110m , 20m 40m

1 2 .

1995, ESE .

, , 1996,

1997. 1998,

.

, , 5

.

ESE,

.

FRANKLIN

73

ESE

, ,

, ,

. ,

,

ESE,

,

.

, 2002

, ESE ,

.

FRANKLIN

74

FRANKLIN

75

2

ESE ,

,

,

,

.

Crimson Apartments,

Kuala Lumpur,

.

ESE

.

120m 200m,

ESE .

,

2004, 7

.

,

ESE,

, .

. 4

ESE

, ,

.

ESE

.

FRANKLIN

76

ESE,

.

.

,

, ,

Franklin ,

. ,

ESE,

, ESE,

Franklin.

FRANKLIN

77

.

,

, .

FRANKLIN

78

3

.

ESE,

,

,

.

116m,

, Putrajaya,

. ESE 1998,

.

FRANKLIN

79

, 30m

. 5m ,

,

, NF C 17-102.

ESE , ,

. 2006.

, ,

.

.

FRANKLIN

80

4.5 ESE

90

,

,

.

, ESE

, .

: ESE

, NF C

17-102.

GIMELEC,

, .

,

ESE,

IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)

. , ,

IEC IEC

, IEC-61024.

ESE

, CVM (Collection

Volume Method), /

(AS / NZS 1768).

ESE ,

CVM.

.

FRANKLIN

81

, ,

.

, ,

. AS / NZS 1768 ,

CVM, ,

. , ESE

.

, ESE ,

NFPA781, NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) IEC

(International Electrotechnical Commision). ,

, NFPA IEC

ESE, .

,

ESE.

1995 IEC CIGRE (International Council on large electric

systems) ESE,

CIGRE , .

CIGRE

(MNC-CIGRE Malaysian National Committee on Cigre).

1995,

CIGRE ESE,

, .

ESE

,

.

FRANKLIN

82

,

ESE, 10 , .

,

ESE .

CIGRE, IEC

ESE.

CIGRE,

IEC, 1995.

FRANKLIN

83

,

NFPA781 ESE

NFPA. NFPA

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology ,

)

.

, ,

300 , .

NFPA 1995,

NIST CIGRE ,

.

ESE ,

NFPA781 ( D#95-26

NFPA, 18/07/1995).

:

NFPA781

ESE

.

NFPA781 ESE

,

NFPA780.

ESE

,

NFPA781 .

,

, NIST,

FRANKLIN

84

. , ,

ESE,

, .

ESE

1995. NFPA781

ESE

1995.

1998, NFPA

ESE

,

ESE NFPA781. ,

, Bryan, ,

,

1999.

,

Bryan (Bryan, J. L., Biermann, R. G., and Erickson, G. A., Report of the

Third Party Independent Evaluation Panel on the Early Streamer Emission Lightning

Protection Technology, report submitted to the NFPA Standards Council, September

1999),

status ESE, ,

, Hartono Robiah (Hartono, Z. A., and Robiah, I.,

A Long Term Study on the Performance of Early Streamer Emission Air Terminals

in a High Isokeraunic Region, report submitted to the Third Party Independent

Evaluation Panel on the Early Streamer Emission Lightning Protection Technology,

National Fire Protection Association (USA), February 1999),

, .

FRANKLIN

85

,

The Royal Selangor Club, Damasara, 1998,

SE Subang Jaya.

, ESE .

The Royal Selangor Club Damasara,

1998. ESE .

FRANKLIN

86

2001. ,

.

ESE,

, , 2

. ,

50m.

FRANKLIN

87

2000, ,

ESE (

NFPA 28/04/2000, D #00-13).

NFPA781, 1995 ,

. Bryan

.

ESE

,

Franklin ,

2002, .

20m ESE,

, . ,

.

FRANKLIN

88

.

2001,

ESE

NFPA 2000, , INERIS

(Institute National de lEnvironnement Industriel et des Risques),

(Gruet, P, Etude

des Paratonnerres a Dispositif dAmorcage:, INERIS, October 2001) ESE

. ESE

NFC 17-102,

ESE . ,

INERIS :

ESE ,

NFC 17-102.

,

.

,

NFC 17-102,

.

ESE ,

Franklin .

, ,

,

. , ,

,

,

. ESE

FRANKLIN

89

, ,

.

GIMELEC, ESE

NFC 17-102.

INERIS ,

,

, .

,

, NFC 17-102

1995

,

.

, INERIS,

2001 ESE

,

ESE .

ESE

.

,

, , ,

.

, NFPA

NFPA781,

GIMELEC o ICLP.

To ICLP (International Conference on Lightning Protection)

, CIGRE,

FRANKLIN

90

.

50

,

CIGRE. ,

ESE NFPA, ICLP

,

ESE .

17 , 15

..., , 12 .

NFPA,

, ESE,

, Heary,

NFPA. 17 ,

:

1. Professor Ch. Bouquegneau (Belgium)

2. Mr. L. Dellera (Italy)

3. Professor O. Farish (United Kingdom)

4. Professor Z. Flisowski (Poland) - Vice-President of ICLP

5. Professor W. Hadrian (Austria)

6. Professor T. Horvath (Hungary)

7. Dr. J. Huse (Norway)

8. Professor T. Kawamura (Japan)

9. Professor C. Mazzetti (Italy) - President of ICLP

10. Professor C. Menemenlis (Greece)

11. Mr. E. Montandon (Switzerland)

12. Professor Aa. E. Pedersen (Denmark) - Honorary Member

13. Professor S. Lundquist (Sweden) - Honorary Member

14. Professor V. Scuka (Sweden) > 15. Professor M.A. Uman (USA)

FRANKLIN

91

16. Professor P.C.T. van der Laan (Netherlands) > 17. Professor J. Wiesinger

(Germany)

, NFPA :

ICLP NFPA781

NFPA

,

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ICLP :

NFPA781

.

,

, , ,

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,

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,

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FRANKLIN

92

ESE ,

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L L, L+L.

,

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ICLP

ESE

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,

, .

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,

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:

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FRANKLIN

93

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FRANKLIN

94

, ,

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5. ,

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.

. , ,

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IEC (

).

.

6.

,

,

,

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, ICLP

, .

ICLP NFPA

, .

ICLP

:

FRANKLIN

95

Prof. Dr. Ing. C. Mazzetti, President of ICLP

Prof. Dr. Zdobyslaw Flisowski, Vice President of ICLP

Abdul M. Mousa, Burnaby, BC Canada.

4.6

,

,

,

, .

, Franklin,

ESE, ,

.

,

, ,

,

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ESE ,

,

. , ,

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FRANKLIN

96

,

,

.

, ESE,

, ,

NFPA, ICLP, CIGRE

.

, ,

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,

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,

, .

. 100 ,

FRANKLIN

97

,

106m/s,

ESE

. ,

,

, .

,

, ,

2005.

FRANKLIN

98

5

5.1 -

2004 ,

. 155 ,

.

, .

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, .

FRANKLIN

99

,

. 65

.

60

.

100 .

.

:

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.

17

1999 , 7,4

.

,

,

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265 km/h,

5, -,

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.

,

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FRANKLIN

100

90 150-

200 , 2 25-30 ,

7 , . ,

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.

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, 4x4 ,

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.

35

.

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.

,

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.

FRANKLIN

101

1,30 ,

1m/s.

2.883 ,

4 560 , 170.100

227 , 48

.

FRANKLIN

102

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.

,

.

, .

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,

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, CIGRE 10kHz,

.

, ,

FRANKLIN

103

.

,

:

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, ,

.

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15 , ,

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.

g ,

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Ng=YgK/Rg

0,95 Rg

20km.

1985-1999

, Ng, , :

Ng=3.7 flashes/km2year

FRANKLIN

104

FRANKLIN

105

5.3

,

.

,

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1

,

,

. .

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, ,

.

,

,

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(HDPE),

. 10

, .

, 10:15.

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.

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, ,

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FRANKLIN

106

,

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FRANKLIN

107

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Technique des Industries Mecaniques) .

FRANKLIN

108

2 . 3 ,

. .

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, .

:

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, .

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,

,

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.

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50kA 10/500. ,

HDPE( )

FRANKLIN

109

, ,

4 .

.

, 8 ,

, .

,

,

.

CEAT ,

, . CEAT

. 10x5m2,

.

20cm ,

. ,

,

, .

.

600kV,

900kV.

E.

,

.

, DEHN ,

700C! ,

, ,

FRANKLIN

110

1 ,

.

, . 680C,

!

FRANKLIN

111

,

, ,

.

( 50kA) (680C),

5 .

,

. 500C 10mm

, .

FRANKLIN

112

5.4.1

, .

, 10mm

HDPE .

11 ,

.

, , ,

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,

.

5.5

,

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, ,

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FRANKLIN

113

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FRANKLIN

114

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FRANKLIN

115

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FRANKLIN

116

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( =0 ).

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:

FRANKLIN

117

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. ,

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, :

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.

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r(E),

,

. ,

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, .

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FRANKLIN

118

R0 , . MESTL

r(E). :

* ,

. n 3.

, .

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, ,

(CA).

,

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4 ,

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.

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),

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FRANKLIN

119

( )

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, 400 m2 ,

, .

,

, , 110

. o , .

.

,

. MESTL, * 20kV =10-7

sec

1,2x106m/s .

,

. ,

1kV/cm

150 .

2,5kV/cm

50 .

.

FRANKLIN

120

1kV/cm y

d=0

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FRANKLIN

121

,

y. , ,

, 20

y. 30

.

.

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. .

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,

, .

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FRANKLIN

122

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FRANKLIN

123

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1993

. ,

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. 2 , 90

, 144 .

,

,

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, ,

.

, 25

.

FRANKLIN

124

2003 , ,

, ,

EN-IEC 62305.

,

.

, .

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,

, ,

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.

FRANKLIN

125

side flashes.

, ,

.

,

,

.

FRANKLIN

126

, .

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, ,

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, .

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.

,

.

FRANKLIN

127

.

, ,

.

.

,

FRANKLIN

128

,

.

, CDEGS.

, 2 .

, . ,

,

, ,

, EN-IEC 62305-1

(0,25/100s, 50kA).

,

,

450 kV,

FRANKLIN

129

, .

.

.

(=240m),

2 ,

350kV!

FRANKLIN

130

5.8 -

27

2005

.

, .

, ,

, , ,

,

.

,

.

,

IEC 62305-2, 2,1km2,

.

FRANKLIN

131

30,

6,3 .

4 . ,

, 21

2004 2005.

3 ,

. .

:

,

,

62305-3

I.

,

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, 3

-, ,

.

,

4 .

.

FRANKLIN

132

FRANKLIN

133

II.

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

.

,

,

.

,

.

FRANKLIN

134

FRANKLIN

135

FRANKLIN

136

, .

, . ,

,

. ,

,

. ,

,

,

, .

18

,

.

20

,

.

,

. 80

,

Franklin

.

, ESE,

, .

,

FRANKLIN

137

Franklin.

,

,

. -,

.

27

2005

. ,

,

,

. , ,

.

, .

.

,

.

,

,

.

. ...

FRANKLIN

138

Effects of traveling waves of current on the initial response of a tall Franklin rod

S.Guerrieri, E.P.Krider, C.A.Nucci ICLP 2000

Interception of a lightning stroke C. Menemenlis ICLP 2000

Laboratory study of Franklin rod height impact on striking distance S.

Grzybowski, G. Gao ICLP 2000

A study of non-conventional air terminals and stricken points in a high

thunderstorm region Z. A. Hartono, I. Robiah ICLP 2000

A modern perspective on direct strike lightning protection F. DAlessandro, J.

R. Gumley ICLP 2000

Determination of attractive area and collection volume on earthed structures

N. I. Petrov , G. N. Petrova , R. T. Waters ICLP 2000

Recording lightning activity in Patras-Greece and correlation with the outages

of distribution lines E. Pyrgioti, D. Agoris, C. Menemenlis, P. Stavropoulos -

ICLP 2000

Air terminations for lightning protection of structures A. S. Farag, M.

Shweehdi, C.A. Belhadj , T.C. Cheng , D. Penn

Report of the committee of atmospheric and space electricity of the American

geophysical union of the scientific basis for traditional lightning protection

systems (NFPA)

A simulation for the efficiency of the lightning protection system of the Rion-

Antirion tall bridge D. P. Agoris , C. P. Stamatelatos , E. C. Pyrgioti , V. P.

Charalambakos ICLP 2006

FRANKLIN

139

Lightining protection of cable bridges D. Kokkinos, G. Valirakis, N.

Kokkinos, ELEMKO SA, Ch. Charalambous, I. Cotton ICLP 2006

Lightining protection of a cable-stayed bridge A. Rousseau, SEFTIM, L.

Boutillon, VINCI Grands Projets, A. Huynh, FREYSSINET ICLP 2000

Computer simulation of lightning strokes V.P. Charalambakos, D. P. Agoris

, C. P. Stamatelatos , E. C. Pyrgioti ICLP 2000

Hellenic Standard ELOT 1197, Protection of structures against lightning

.

Evaluation of Early Streamer Emission Air Terminals S.D.Mcivor , R. B.

Carpenter Jr. , M.M.Drabkin

Active lightning protection systems and a means of calculating the protective

area A.J. Surtees , ERICO Inc.

Lightning protection systems: an update and a discredited method vindicated

D.W. Zipse (copyright material IEEE, paper No. PCIC-99-03

A modern perspective on direct strike lightning protection F. DAlessandro ,

ERICO lightning technologies, Australia

A critical review of non-conventional approaches to lightning protection

M.A.Uman , V.A. Rakov

International standard on lightning protection of structures IEC 1024-1:1990

Conventional and unconventional lightning air terminals : an overview Z.A.

Hartono , I. Robiah Forum on lightning Protection, Hilton Petaling Jaya, 2004

A review of studies on Early Streamer Emission and Charge Transfer System

conducted in Malaysia - Z.A. Hartono , I. Robiah

A Long Term Study on the Performance of Early Streamer Emission Air

Terminals in a High Keraunic Region - Z.A.Hartono and O. Roniah

Experimental Validation of Conventional and Non-Conventional Lightning

Protection Systems - William Rison, Member, IEEE

Performance of non standard lightning air terminals : revisited - Z. A. Hartono,

I. Robiah

FRANKLIN

140

Conventional and Unconventional Lightning Air Terminals: An Update - Z. A.

Hartono, I. Robiah

Wikipedia