Yfnfkbz Hjrjnjdf

JCYJDS ÑELLBPVF

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JCYJDS

ÑELLBPVF

YFNFKBZ HJRJNJDF

EUEYC

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© ɃÕ∆ πŒƒº ≠Œæ∆¬÷¤, û¬Ÿ πŒ”», 2003, geñkbrfwbz yf cfqnt ŸŸŸ.ºƒÕ∆¤Œƒº.Œ”ƒ

Yfcnjzofz ãktrnhjyyfz dthcbz geñkbretncz gj bplfybç:

Yfnfkbz Hjrjnjdf (T. B. Hthbø). Jcyjds ñellbpvf.

4-t bplfybt, c bpv. H.–V.: Eueyc, 2002.

Hbuf, 1940 (1-t bpl._ Ekfy-Ñfnjh, 192[7])

© Nehfyjd U., 1997, gjlujnjdrf ntrcnf, ghbkjåtybt

© Nehfyjd U., 2002, c bpvtytybzvb b ljgjkytybzvb

Dct ghfdf cjøhfyzçncz.Kçñjt djcghjbpdtltybt ljgecrftncznjkmrj c gbcmvtyyjuj hfphtitybz bplfntkz.

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Dtkbrbq Ufenfvf lfk vbhe pfrjyxtyyjtextybt cjdthityyjuj cnhjtybz åbpyb. Dcz-rfz gjgsnrf cltkfnm bp dtkbrjuj ãdjkçwb-jythf ñjuf ghbdjlbn r ytktgjcnb.

Rjytxyj, lj Ufenfvs ñsk wtksq hzl gj-ldbåybrjd jñotuj ñkfuf, yj extybt bø hfc-gskbkjcm cjnyzvb dtrjd. Gjnjve extybtUfenfvs ljkåyj ñsnm ghbyznj rfr gthdjtextybt pyfybz pfrjyjd dtkbrjq vfnthbb bãdjkçwbb vbhf.

Cjdhtvtyyjt gjybvfybt jñobys lfänghtrhfcysq vjcn jn Ñells lj yfibø lytq.Ghjbpyjcbv ãne ajhveke yt lkz djpdtkb-xbdfybz, yt lkz evfktybz, yj rfr afrnjxtdblysq b ytghtkjåysq.

Pfrjy ñtccnhfibz, pfrjy jnrfpf jn cjñ-cndtyyjcnb, pfrjy wtyyjcnb nhelf, pfrjy lj-cnjbycndf xtkjdtxtcrjq kbxyjcnb, dyt rkfc-cjd b dytiybø jnkbxbq, pfrjy htfkmyjuj

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pyfybz, pfrjy kçñdb yf jcyjdt cfvjcjpyf-ybz ltkfçn pfdtns Exbntktq ytghthsdyjqhfleujq hfljcnb xtkjdtxtcndf.

Gjcnhjbv jcyjds ñellbpvf d tuj zdkty-ysø pfdtnfø. Extybt ghjcnjt, hfdyjt gjrhfcjnt Rjcvjce, elfkbn dczrbq yfvär yfbljkf, ytljcnjqysq dtkbrjuj Exbntkz yf-hjlf.

Pyfybt ñskj dtleotq nhjgjq dtkbrbøExbntktq. Pyfybt gjpdjkbn gjljqnb r dt-kbrbv extybzv cdjñjlyj, åbpytyyj, rfrhtfkmyf cfvf dtkbrfz vfnthbz.

Yt ñeltv ddjlbnm gjplytqibø ckjå-yjcntq, rhfnrj crfåtv j ntø jcyjdfø, rjnj-hst yt vjuen ñsnm jnhbwftvs.

Hfljcnm dctv yfhjlfv!Hfljcnm dctv nhelzobvcz!

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Ujdjhz jñ jcyjdfø ñellbpvf, ytkmpz jcnfyf-dkbdfnmcz yf gjplytqibø eckjåytybzø b hfpdtn-dktybzø. Dfåyj pyfnm, xnj bltz jxbotybz ext-ybz dctulf åbdf d ñellbqcrjv cjpyfybb. Dcrjhtgjckt cvthnb Exbntkz yfxfkbcm bpdtcnyst cjñj-hs d Hflåfuhbøt, gjnjv d Dfqifkb b d Gfnyt,djpdhfofz extybt r tuj gthdjyfxfkmyjq ghj-cnjnt.

Ukfdyst ceotcndeçobt irjks ñellbpvf _vføfzyf (Nbñtn, Vjyujkbz, Hjccbz _ rfkvsrb,ñehzns, Rbnfq, Zgjybz, Ctdthyfz Bylbz) b øb-yfzyf (Byljrbnfq, Ñbhvf, Cbfv, Wtqkjy bBylbz). Yj dj dctø irjkfø jlbyfrjdj gjvyznj rfxtcndfø cfvjuj Exbntkz.

Rfxtcndf Ñells: Ifrmz Veyb _ Velhsq bphjlf Ifrmz; Ifrmz Cbyøf _ Ifrmz Ktd; Ñøfuf-dfn _ Ñkfujckjdtyysq; Cfnnøf _ Exbntkm; Nfnøf-ufnf _ Ghjitlibq dtkbrbq Genm; Låbyf _ Gj-ñtlbntkm; Dkflsrf Ñkfujuj Pfrjyf.

Ytjñsryjdtyyj ghtrhfcty ãnjn ghbøjl wfhzd jñkbrt vjuextuj ybotuj. ≤Blbnt, ds, ybobt,ytcbnt cgfctybt b ñkfuj yfhjlfv≥. D ãnjv yfgen-cndbb Ñells d jlyjv jghtltktybb ybobt pfrkç-xtyf wtkfz ghjuhfvvf.

Gjpyfdfz extybt Ñells, gjybvftnt, jnrelfblän endthåltybt ñellbcnjd: ≤Ñellf _ xtkjdtr≥.Tuj extybt åbpyb _ dyt dczrbø ghtlhfccelrjd.Øhfv lkz ytuj yt ceotcndetn, yj tcnm vtcnjcjñhfybq b ljv pyfybq, nbñtncrbt lerfyu bweukfrfyu.

Ñellf jnhbwfk ceotcndjdfybt kbxyjuj Ñjuf.Ñellf jnhbwfk ceotcndjdfybt dtxyjq b ytbpvty-yjq leib. Ñellf lfk extybt åbpyb rfåljuj lyz.Ñellf ltqcndtyyj dscnegbk ghjnbd cjñcndty-yjcnb. Ñellf kbxyj ñjhjkcz ghjnbd bpedthcndfrfcn b ghtbveotcndf rkfccjd. Ñellf endthålfkjgsnyjt, ljcnjdthyjt pyfybt b wtyyjcnm nhelf.Ñellf pfgjdtlfk bpexfnm åbpym vbhf d gjkyjqtuj htfkmyjcnb. Ñellf gjkjåbk jcyjdfybt jñ-obyt, ghtldblz njhåtcndj Jñobys Vbhf.

Cjnyb vbkkbjyjd gjxbnfntktq Ñells hfcghj-cnhfytys gj dctve vbhe, b rfålsq endthålftn:

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≤Ghbñtufç r Ñellt, ghbñtufç r Extybç, ghbñt-ufç r Jñobyt≥.

Ñellbqcrfz gbcmvtyyfz nhflbwbz b cjdhtvty-yst yfv bccktljdfybz ecnfyfdkbdfçn hzl gj-lhjñyjcntq åbpyb Ufenfvs Ñells. RjyxbyfÑells jnyjcbncz ñjkmibycndjv bccktljdfntktqr 483 u. lj yfitq ãhs. Cjukfcyj cbyufkmcrbvøhjybrfv, Ñellf åbk c 621 gj 543 u. lj y. ã.Rbnfqcrbt øhjybrb jnyjczn hjåltybt Ñellsr 1024 ujle lj y. ã. Erfpfy djphfcn Exbntkz _jrjkj djcmvbltcznb ktn (ecnyst nhflbwbb endth-ålfçn _ cnj ktn). Bpdtcnyj vtcnj hjåltybzExbntkz _ Rfgbkfdfcne, hfcgjkjåtyyjt d yt-gfkmcrbø nthfzø. Bpdtcnty wfhcrbq hjl Ifrmz,bp rjnjhjuj ghjbcøjlbk Ufenfvf.

Rjytxyj, dct ñbjuhfabb dtkbrjuj Exbntkzcbkmyj ghberhfitys cjdhtvtyybrfvb b gjckt-ljdfntkzvb, jcjñtyyj d gjplytqibø gbcfybzø,yj lkz cjøhfytybz rjkjhbnf b øfhfrnthf ãgjøbghbøjlbncz lj ytrjnjhjq cntgtyb gjkmpjdfnmcznhflbwbjyysv bpkjåtybtv.

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Cjukfcyj ghtlfybzv, d itcnjv dtrt lj yfitqãhs d Ctdthyjq Bylbb, d ghtlujhmzø Ubvfkftd,ceotcndjdfkj dkfltybt Rfgbkfdfcne; jyj ñskjyfctktyj vyjujxbcktyysvb gktvtyfvb Ifrmz,gjnjvrfvb Bridfre, cjkytxyjuj hjlf rifnhbtd.Jyb eghfdkzkbcm cnfhibv d gktvtyb, b ukfdfgktvtyb åbk d ujhjlt Rfgbkfdfcne, jn rjnjhjujd yfcnjzott dhtvz yt jcnfkjcm cktljd, bñj toäghb åbpyb Ñells jy ñsk hfpheity cjctlybvdhfåltñysv wfhäv. D nj dhtvz d Rfgbkfdfcnewfhcndjdfk Ielløjlfyf, gjcktlybq ghzvjqgjnjvjr Bridfre. Jn ãnjuj wfhz b tuj åtysVfqb hjåläy ñsk ñeleobq dtkbrbq Exbntkm,gjkexbdibq bvz Cblløfhnøf, xnj jpyfxftn _≤bcgjkybdibq cdjä yfpyfxtybt≥.

Dbltybz b ghjhjxtcndf ghtlitcndjdfkb tujhjåltybç. Ytvfkj ktutyl j tuj xeltcyjv pfxf-nbb. Nfr, gj jlyjq ktutylt, Ñjløbcfnndf, bpñhfdwfhbwe Vfqç cdjtç vfnthmç lkz cdjtuj gjzdkt-ybz yf Ptvkt, ghbyzk jñhfp xeltcyjuj ñtkjujckjyf b djiäk d tä xhtdj; gj lheujq _ ãnj ñskcjy, rjnjhsq dbltkf Vfqz. Gj lhtdytve ghtlf-ybç, dbltybt ckjyf dctulf jpyfxftn djgkjot-ybt ñjåtcndtyyjuj Fdfnfhf. Cfvj hjåltybt tuj

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d ltym vfqcrjuj gjkyjkeybz cjghjdjålfkjcmvyjujxbcktyysvb ñkfujghbznysvb pyfvtybzvbyf ytñtcfø b ptvkt. Nfr, dtkbrbq Hbib Fcbnf,yføjlbdibqcz d Ubvfkfzø d jnitkmybxtcndt,ecksifd jn Lãd j hjåltybb d hjot Kevñbyb(dñkbpb Rfgbkfdfcne) Ñjløbcfnnds, ñeleotujÑells, rjnjhsq gecnbn d øjl rjktcj Extybz,ytvtlktyyj cjñhfkcz d genm lkz djplfybz gjxb-nfybz ñeleotve Exbntkç xtkjdtxtcndf. Ghblzdj ldjhtw Ielløjlfys, jy dshfpbk åtkfybtedbltnm yjdjhjåläyyjuj Ñjløbcfnnde. Wfhm ghb-rfpfk ghbytcnb vkfltywf, jåblfz ñkfujckjdtybzjn dtkbrjuj Hbib. Yj Fcbnf, edbltd vkfltywf,cyfxfkf hfljcnyj eksñyekcz, pfntv pfhslfk.Jñtcgjrjtyysq wfhm cghjcbk j ghbxbyt tujujhz b yt dblbn kb jy lehysø ghtlpyfvtyjdfybqlkz tuj csyf? Yf ãnj Hbib jndtnbk, xnj ybxnjyt euhjåftn vkfltywe. Jy hfletncz, bñj Ñjløb-cfnndf ljcnbuytn gjkyjuj jpfhtybz b cnfytndtkbrbv Ñelljq, yj jy b crjhñbn, bñj yt lj-åbdän lj tuj lytq b yt ecksibn Dtkbrbq Pfrjy,rjnjhsq ñeltn jgjdtoäy yf cgfctybt vbhf.

Wfhbwf Vfqz, lfd hjåltybt Ñjløbcfnndt, yfctlmvjq ltym evthkf, b vtcnj tä pfyzkf ctcnhf tä,

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gj bvtyb Ghflåfgfnb. D bcnjhbb ñellbpvf jyfbpdtcnyf rfr gthdfz extybwf Ñells b rfrjcyjdfntkmybwf b gthdfz yfcnjzntkmybwf åty-crjq ñellbqcrjq jñobys.

Gj jñsxfç njuj dhtvtyb, yf gznsq ltymgjckt hjåltybz Ñjløbcfnnds cnj djctvm ñhf-vbyjd, bp yfbñjktt cdtleobø d Dtlfø b ghtl-crfpfybzø, ñskb cjpdfys dj ldjhtw Ielløjlf-ys, xnjñs lfnm bvz yjdjhjåläyyjve wfhtdbxeb ghjxtcnm b jghtltkbnm tuj åbpytyysq genmd ghtlyfxthnfybzø cdtnbk.

Djctvm bp cfvsø exäysø crfpfkb: ≤Bvtçobqnfrbt pyfrb, rfr wfhtdbx, cltkftncz vbhjdsvVjyfhøjv _ Xfrhfdfhnbyjv, yj tckb jy elfkbn-cz jn vbhf, jy cnfytn Ñelljç b cybvtn gtktyeytdtåtcndf c ukfp vbhf≥.

Djcmvjq, cfvsq vjkjljq, ljñfdbk: ≤Wfhtdbxgjrbytn vbh gjckt njuj, rfr jy edblbn xtnshtpyfrf _ cnfhbrf, ñjkmyjuj xtkjdtrf, nheg b jn-itkmybrf≥.

Ielløjlfyf, åtkfz elthåfnm csyf-yfcktlybrf,ghbyzk dct vths r njve. Jrheåbk tuj dctç

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hjcrjimç, dctvb eljdjkmcndbzvb, rjnjhst vjukfghtljcnfdbnm wfhcrfz dkfcnm. Pyfz, xnj csy tujñeltn gjñeåläy r jnhtxtybç b eøjle erfpfy-ysvb xtnshmvz dcnhtxfvb, wfhm bplfk cnhjåfq-ibq ghbrfp yfñkçlfnm pf ntv, xnjñs wfhtdbxyt vju edbltnm yb jlyjuj bp erfpfyysø zdktybq.Dj dct xtnsht cnjhjys yf hfccnjzybb xtndthnbvbkb jn ldjhwjd ñskf hfccnfdktyf yfläåyfzcnhfåf, rjnjhfz ybrjuj yt ljkåyf ñskf ghjgec-rfnm. Yj ghtlyfxthnfyyjt bcgjkybkjcm.

Tcnm vyjuj lfyysø, erfpsdfçobø, xnj wfht-dbx Cblløfhnøf gjkexbk ghtrhfcyjt jñhfpjdf-ybt, bñj pyfybt d nt dhtvtyf ñskj d ñjkmijvedfåtybb b, cjukfcyj ghbvtxfybç d Ñelløfxf-hbnt Fidfuøjib, cfvsq ujhjl Rfgbkfdfcne ñskyfpdfy nfr d xtcnm dtkbrjuj Rfgbks, jcyjdfntkzabkjcjabb cfyrømz.1 Jnpderb ãnjq abkjcjabbvjuen ñsnm yfqltys d extybb Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj.

D Rfyjyt lkz ñjkmitq eñtlbntkmyjcnb d ecnfcfvjuj Ñells dkjåtyj jgbcfybt hjcrjiyjqåbpyb ghb ldjht Ielløjlfys. ≤J ybotycndeç-obt, z ñsk djcgbnfy d enjyxäyyjcnb, d xhtp-dsxfqyjq enjyxäyyjcnb... Dj dkfltybzø vjtuj

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jnwf ghels kjnjcjd, cbybø, rhfcysø b ñtksø,ñskb cltkfys lkz vtyz. Z egjnhtñkzk cfylfkjdjtvfckj kbim bp Ñtyfhtcf, b dct vjb jltåls ghb-djpbkbcm bp Ñtyfhtcf. Ltym b yjxm ñtksq pjynbrlthåfkb yflj vyjç, xnjñs yb øjkjl bkb pyjq,yb gskm bkb ljålm yt rjcyekbcm vtyz... Z dkfltknhtvz ldjhwfvb _ jlby lkz pbvs, lheujq lkzktnf b nhtnbq lkz ljålkbdjuj gthbjlf. D ghj-ljkåtybt xtnshäø ljålkbdsø vtczwtd z ñskjrheåäy vepsrfynfvb, gtdwfvb b nfywjdob-wfvb b yt gjrblfk ldjhwf... B njulf rfr d lhe-ubø dkfltybzø jnheñb hbcf lfdfkbcm d gboehfñfv b hfñjnybrfv, e vjtuj jnwf hfñs b hfñjn-ybrb gjkexfkb hbc b vzcj d gboe...≥2

Yj ãnf hjcrjim b cxfcnkbdfz ñtppfñjnyfzåbpym yt vjukb ecsgbnm dtkbrbq leø, b d lhtd-ytqibø nhflbwbzø vs dcnhtxftv erfpfybt, xnjghjñeåltybt cjpyfybz r cnhflfybzv xtkjdtxt-cndf b r ghjñktvfv ceotcndjdfybz ghjbpjikjujhfplj hfymit, ytåtkb ãnj ghbyznj gjplytq-ibvb gbcfybzvb.

D Fyuennfhf-ybrft ghbdtltys b cktleç-obt ckjdf, zrjñs cfvjuj Ñells: ≤B vyt, j yb-otycndeçobt, hjåläyyjve d nfrjq hjcrjib

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b djcgbnfyyjve d nfrjq enjyxäyyjcnb, zdbkfcmvsckm: ¥Bcnbyyj, ytdtåtcndtyysq, jñsryjdty-ysq xtkjdtr, ñelexb cfv gjldthåty cnfhjcnb,ñtp djpvjåyjcnb bpñtåfnm tä, gtxfketncz, rjulfjy dblbn, rfr cnfhtçn lheubt. Z njåt gjldthåtycnfhjcnb b yt vjue bpñtåfnm tä. B tckb z, ñelexbgjldthåty dctve ãnjve, edbåe lhzøkjuj cnfhbrf,ñjktçotuj b cnhflfçotuj, nj nzårj ñeltn vyt¯.[Nj åt gjdnjhztncz b j ñjktpyb b j cvthnb.] Brjulf z nfr hfpvsikzk, dcz vjz hfljcnm çyjcnbbcxtpkf yfdctulf≥.2

Nfr, gj ãnbv nhflbwbzv, Ñjløbcfnndf c cfvsøhfyybø ktn ghjzdkzk ytjñsxfqyjt cjcnhflfybtb pjhreç yfñkçlfntkmyjcnm r jrheåfçobvzdktybzv. Crfpfybz bpjñbkeçn nhjufntkmysvbãgbpjlfvb bp ltncrjq åbpyb Ñjløbcfnnds. Ghb-dtläv ytrjnjhst bp ybø.

D Vføfdfcne hfccrfpsdftncz, rfr jlyfålsvfkjktnybq Ñjløbcfnndf c wfhäv b d cjghjdjå-ltybb ghbldjhysø yføjlbkcz d gfhrt. B nfr rfrjy vju eåt cfvjcnjzntkmyj øjlbnm, nj ghjiäkytpfvtxtyysq gj yfghfdktybç r vtcnyjve ctkt-ybç, b nen yf gjkt jy edbltk pvtç b kzueire,

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eñbnsø gkeujv. Kzueirf ñskf dpznf d gboe,pvtz åt dsñhjityf. Phtkbot ãnj nfr gjhf-pbkj Ñjløbcfnnde, xnj jy ghtbcgjkybkcz dtkb-rjq gtxfkb b joenbk ytjñsxfqyjt cjcnhflfybt.B, åtkfz etlbybnmcz lkz hfpvsiktybz yfl njkm-rj xnj edbltyysv, jy yfghfdbkcz r wdtneotqzñkjyt, cnjzditq d etlbyäyyjv vtcnt. Pltcm,cblz yf ptvkt, gjrhsnjq ceøbvb kbcnmzvb, jyghtlfkcz cdjbv vsckzv. Ntv dhtvtytv wfhm,jñtcgjrjtyysq tuj jncencndbtv, gjckfk ghb-ldjhysø yf tuj hjpscrb. Jlby bp ybø yfiäk tujgjl ntymç zñkjyb, gjuheåäyyjuj d ukeñjrjt hfp-vsiktybt.3

Lheujq hfp jy edbltk gføfhtq. Jyb ñskb uhzp-ys, ytxäcfys, ñjcs, b gj ntke bø rfnbkcz gjn.Jyb gjujyzkb ñsrjd åtktpysvb ghenmzvb. Gjcgbyfv b ñjrfv åbdjnysø cnhebkfcm rhjdm. Jybñskb bpütltys veøfvb b yfctrjvsvb b gjrhs-ns rhjdjnjxfobvb b uyjzobvbcz hfyfvb jnelfhjd åtktpysvb ghenfvb; jnzujoäyyst cdjbvzhvjv, jyb tldf gthtdjlbkb lsøfybt, yflhsdf-zcm d cnhfiysø ecbkbzø. Ytåyjt cthlwt Ñjløb-cfnnds ghtbcgjkybkjcm jcnhjuj cjcnhflfybz.

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≤Rjve ghbyflktåbnt ds?≥_ cghjcbk jy gf-øfhtq.

≤Vs cjñcndtyyjcnm wfhz≥,_ jndtxfkb jyb.≤Jn ctuj lyz ds ñjkmit yt hfñs, ds ñjkmit

yt ñeltnt ckeufvb. Blbnt relf øjnbnt b åbdbntd hfljcnb≥.

Jy nfråt jcdjñjlbk ñsrjd, crfpfd bv: ≤Jnctuj lyz gfcbntcm yf cdjñjlt b gtqnt cfveç xbc-neç djle, b gecnm ñkfujlfnysq dtnth c xtnshäøcnhfy cdtnf jdttn dfc≥.

Pfntv, edbltd ntybcnjt ñfvñerjdjt lthtdj, jyctk e tuj gjlyjåbz b ghtlfkcz hfpvsiktybç.

Ltdflfnnf, edblz uecz ktnzotuj yfl cdjtqujkjdjq, gecnbk cnhtke, b hfytyyfz gnbwf egfkfd cfl Ñjløbcfnnds. Ñjløbcfnndf gjlyzk tä b,dsyed cnhtke, gthtdzpfk hfye. Ltdflfnnf gjckfkpf gnbwtq, yj Ñjløbcfnndf jnrfpfkcz jnlfnm tägjckfywe, crfpfd, xnj gnbwf ghbyflktåbn ytnjve, rnj øjntk kbibnm tä åbpyb, yj njve, rnjcgfc tä. Nfr ghjbpjiäk gthdsq hfpkfl c Ltdf-lfnnjq.

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Rjulf wfhtdbxe bcgjkybkjcm itcnyflwfnm ktn,gj jñsxfç tuj cnhfys jy ljkåty ñsk bpñhfnmctñt cegheue gjckt njuj, rfr zdbncz gjñtlbntktvyf cjcnzpfybzø d djtyyjv bcreccndt b buhfø.Dsñjh wfhtdbxf gfk yf wfhtdye Zijløfhe bpnjuj åt hjlf Ifrmz. Jyf cnfkf vfnthmç Hføeks,rjnjhsq dgjcktlcndbb cltkfkcz extybrjv cdjtujjnwf b ljcnbu Fhøfncndf.

Yj kbxyjt cxfcnmt, rfr ñs yb ñskj jyj dtkb-rj, yt vjukj eljdktndjhbnm juytyyj ecnhtvkäy-ysq leø Ñjløbcfnnds. Cthlwt tuj ghjljkåfkjjnpdexfnm yf rfåljt xtkjdtxtcrjt ujht, b evtuj, cjpthwfz ytgjcnjzycndj b crjhjntxyjcnmdctuj ceotcndeçotuj, yt dtlfk gjrjz. Jy njvbk-cz d hjcrjiysø gjvtotybzø cdjtuj ldjhwf b,gjljñyj kmde, ghjypäyyjve zljyjcyjq cnhtkjç,d cnhflfybb djcrkbwfk: ≤Vbh gjkjy ytdtåtcndfb cnhflfybz, ytn ybrjuj, rnj ñs vju bcwtkbnmytleub ceotcndjdfybz!≥

Ãnj cjcnjzybt tuj leøf cbvdjkbxtcrb jgbcfyjd xtnshäø ghtlerfpfyysø dcnhtxfø, pfgtxfnktd-ibøcz d evt wfhtdbxf cjpyfybtv cnhflfybz bnktyyjcnb dctuj ceotuj. Gjckt ybø jy jcnfdbk

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cdjä wfhcndj d gjbcrfø jcdjñjåltybz vbhf jncnhflfybz.

Gj lhtdybv ntrcnfv, htitybt Ñells eqnbjn vbhf djpybrkj bp tuj dyenhtyytuj dktxtybz,yj gjplytqibt ntrcns ghbgbcsdfçn ãnj djpltq-cndbç ñjujd, rjnjhst gjñelbkb tuj r ãnjve b gj-ckfkb tve xtnshäø fyutkjd, ghbyzdibø jñhfpslhzøkjuj cnfhbrf, ñjkmyjuj, nhegf b fyføjhtnf.Nfr, d lhtdytq ñbjuhfabb d cnbøt, cktleçotvgjckt nhtnmtq dcnhtxb, bvttncz ghbvtxfybt, xnjnjkmrj Ñjløbcfnndf b tuj djpybwf dbltkb nheg,rjnjhsq gthtyjcbkb xthtp ljhjue.1 Cjukfcyj lhe-ujq cenht, wfhtdbxe ñskj njulf ldflwfnm ltdznmktn.4 Nfr ktutylf ukfcbn:

Jlyfåls wfhtdbx crfpfk cdjtve djpybwt Xfy-lfrt, xnj jy åtkftn ghjtøfnmcz gj gfhre. Yfgenb bv gjdcnhtxfkcz lhzøksq cnfhbr. Djpyb-wf jñüzcybk wfhtdbxe, xnó tcnm cnfhjcnm b rfrdct kçlb gjldthåtys tq. Ukeñjrj gjnhzcäyysqwfhtdbx dtktk gjdthyenm jñhfnyj b dthyekczljvjq.

Dcrjht gjckt ãnjq dcnhtxb jy cyjdf ghjtpåfkntv åt gfhrjv b yf ljhjut edbltk xtkjdtrf, dcä

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ntkj rjnjhjuj ñskj jñtpjñhfåtyj jndhfnbntkm-yjq ñjktpymç, b nzårj cnjyfdituj jn cnhflfybq.Djpybwf gjzcybk tve, xnó tcnm ñjktpym b xnj dctkçlb gjldthåtys njve åt. B cyjdf wfhtdbxghbrfpfk gjdthyenm jñhfnyj. Dct eljdjkmcndbzgjñktrkb lkz ytuj, b hfljcnb åbpyb cnfkb ytyf-dbcnys.

Lheujq hfp jy gjdcnhtxfk itcndbt c pfååäy-ysvb afrtkfvb, kçlb ytckb yjcbkrb b yf ybøytxnj, pfrhsnjt ñtksv gjrhjdjv; åtyobysc hfcgeotyysvb djkjcfvb c uhjvrbv gkfxtv cj-ghjdjålfkb bø _ ãnj ñsk nheg. Xfylfrf crfpfktve, xnj dct ljkåys ghbqnb r nfrjve cjcnjz-ybç. B wfhtdbx djcrkbryek: ≤J kçlb! Rfr gf-ueñyj dfit jñjkmotybt! Ytbpñtåyj dfit ntkjjñhfnbncz d ghfø, yj ds ghjljkåftnt åbnm ñtp-pfñjnyj, yt jñhfofz yb yf xnj dybvfybz!≥ Djp-ybwf, pfvtnbd, rfrjt dgtxfnktybt ghjbpdtkj ãnjphtkbot yf wfhtdbxf, gjdthyek rjytq gj yfghfd-ktybç r ujhjle.

Nen ghjbpjiäk yjdsq ckexfq, rjnjhsq rfr ñserfpfk wfhtdbxe hfphtitybt vexbdituj tuj dj-ghjcf. Rjulf jyb ghjtpåfkb vbvj ldjhwjd, ghb-yflktåfdibø ghtlcnfdbntkzv pyfnb bp hjlf

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Ifrmz, jlyf bp wfhtdty edbltkf wfhtdbxf c ñfk-rjyf cdjtuj ldjhwf b ghbdtncndjdfkf tuj cnbøfvb,d rjnjhsø ckjdj Ybñennf (Ybhdfyf, jcdjñjålt-ybt, cxfcnmt) gjdnjhzkjcm d rfåljq cnhjrt:

Cxfcnkbd jntw, gjhjlbdibq ntñz, Cxfcnkbdf vfnm, dphfcnbdifz ntñz, Cxfcnkbdf åtyf, rjnjhfz yfpsdftn veåtv

ãnjuj ghtrhfcyjuj djpkçñktyyjuj.Jyf cnfkf ghtdsit cnhflfybq.

Wfhtdbx, ecksifd ckjdj Ybñennf, cyzk c itblhfujwtyyjt jåthtkmt b gjckfk tuj wfhtdyt,ghjcz tä ghbyznm ãnj d yfuhfle pf nj yfcnfdkt-ybt, rjnjhjt jyf tve lfkf. Jy gjlevfk: ≤Cxfcn-kbds nt, rjnjhst yfikb jcdjñjåltybt. Cnht-vzcm r cgjrjqcndbç evf, z cnfye bcrfnm ñkfåty-cndj Ybhdfys≥.

D ne åt yjxm Zijløfht cybkcz cjy, xnj wfht-dbx gjrbyek tä; ghjcyedibcm, jyf hfccrfpfkftve cdjq cjy: ≤J vjq Djpkçñktyysq, relf nsgjqläim, gjpdjkm b vyt gjqnb pf njñjç≥.

B jy, yfvthtdfzcm jnghfdbnmcz nelf, ult ytñskj cnhflfybq (Ybhdfyf), jndtnbk: ≤Gecnmñeltn nfr, relf z gjqle, ns njåt vjåtim blnb≥.

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Gjckt djpdhfotybz Ñells, Zijløfhf dvtcntc tuj dnjhjç vfnthmç Ghflåfgfnb cnfkb tuj gth-dsvb extybwfvb.

Ñskf yjxm. Wfhtdbx yt vju yfqnb ecgjrjtybzyf cdjäv kjåt. Dcnfk b dsitk d cfl. Nfv jy ctkgjl ñjkmibv lthtdjv b ghtlfkcz hfpvsiktybzvyfl åbpymç b cvthnmç, yfl ñtlcndbtv hfpkjåt-ybz. Jy cjchtljnjxbk cdjq ev b jñhäk zcyjcnmvsiktybz, b gjkyjt cgjrjqcndbt cybpjikj yfytuj. Yføjlzcm d nfrjv cjcnjzybb, evcndtyysqdpjh tuj jnrhskcz, b jy edbltk gthtl cjñjq ds-cjrbq b dtkbxfdsq jñkbr Cnfhwf, bcgjkytyysqcgjrjqcndbz b ljcnjbycndf.

≤Jnrelf Ns b Rnj Ns?≥_ cghjcbk wfhtdbx.D jndtn Dbltybt ghjbpytckj: ≤Z _ Ihfvfyf.

Euytnäyysq vsckmç j cnfhjcnb, ñjktpyb b cvth-nb, z gjrbyek ljv vjq d gjbcrfø genb cgfctybz.Dct dtob ecnhtvkzçncz r hfpkjåtybç, kbimBcnbyf ghtñsdftn d dtxyjcnb. Dcä gjlktåbnbpvtytybç b ytn gjcnjzycndf, yj ckjdf Ñelljcnfçncz ytbpvtyysvb≥.

Cblløfhnøf cghjcbk: ≤Vjåyj kb jñhtcnb cgj-rjqcndbt d ãnjv vbht ujhz b cnhflfybz? Z gj-

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lfdkty gecnjnjç ptvysø eljdjkmcndbq, b dczrfzxedcndtyyjcnm vyt ytyfdbcnyf. Dcä euytnftnvtyz, b cfvj ceotcndjdfybt rfåtncz ytdsyj-cbvsv≥.

Ihfvfyf jndtxfk: ≤Ult tcnm pyjq, nfv tcnmb djpvjåyjcnm øjkjlf. Ceotcndf, gjldthåtyystcnhflfybzv, jñkflfçn b cgjcjñyjcnmç yfckfå-lfnmcz. Yfxfkj pkf erfpsdftn, xnj b ljñhj vjåtnñsnm hfpdbnj. Bñj ãnb dtob _ jnyjcbntkmys.Nfv, ult cnhflfybz dtkbrb, nfv b ñkfåtycndjñeltn dtkbrj, tckb njkmrj ns jnrhjtim ukfpf,xnjñs edbltnm. Rfr xtkjdtr, egfdibq yf rexejnñhjcjd, ljkåty yfqnb ñkbåfqibq ghel, gjrhs-nsq kjnjcfvb, nfr åt njxyj ljkåty ns bcrfnmdtkbrjt ñtccvthnyjt jpthj Ybhdfys, xnjñs jxbc-nbnm crdthye. Tckb jpthj ãnj yt cnfytn ghtlvt-njv bcrfybz, nj dbyf yt d jptht. Nfr åt, rjulfceotcndetn ñkfujckjdtyysq genm, dtleobq xtkj-dtrf, cdzpfyyjuj uhtøjv, r cgfctybç d Ybhdfyt,dbyf yt d nhjgt, yj d xtkjdtrt, tckb nhjgf ãnfjcnfäncz d cnjhjyt. B rjulf xtkjdtr, jnzujoäy-ysq ytleujv, yt djcgjkmpetncz gjvjomç dhfxf,rjnjhsq vjåtn bcwtkbnm tuj, dbyf yt dj dhfxt.Nfr åt njxyj, rjulf xtkjdtr, jñezyysq åtkfybtv

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pkjñysø gjcnegrjd, yt botn leøjdyjuj herjdjl-cndf Jpfhtybz, dbyf ñeltn yt d ãnjv jcdjñjålf-çotv jn uhtøjd herjdjlcndt≥.

Wfhtdbx dybvfk velhsv ckjdfv b crfpfk: ≤Zpyfç, xnj ljcnbuye wtkb, yj jntw ujdjhbn, xnjz toä çy b gekmc vjq ñmäncz ckbirjv gjkyj-rhjdyj, xnjñs dtcnb åbpym ihfvfys≥.

Dtkbxfdsq Cnfhtw jndtxfk: ≤Ns ljkåty pyfnm,xnj lkz gjbcrjd Bcnbys dhtvz dctulf ñkfujghb-znyj≥.

Nhtgtn hfljcnb ghjybpfk cthlwt Cblløfhnøb:≤Bvtyyj ntgthm dhtvz bcrfnm Bcnbye. Ntgthmdhtvz gjhdfnm dct cdzpb, rjnjhst vjuen djc-ghtgzncndjdfnm vyt ljcnbxm cjdthityyjuj jpf-htybz≥.

Ytñtcysq Dtcnybr dsckeifk c jljñhtybtv ht-itybt Cblløfhnøb: ≤Blb, Cblløfhnøf, b bcgjk-yb cdjä yfpyfxtybt. Bñj ns _ Ñjløbcfnndf, bp-ñhfyysq Ñellf; ntñt ceåltyj ghjcdtnbnm vbh.Ns _ Nfnøfufnf, Cjdthityysq, bñj ns ecnfyj-dbim Ghfdtlyjcnm b cnfytim Løfhvf-hflåtq,wfhäv Bcnbys. Ns _ Ñøfufdfy, ns _ Ñkfujckj-dtyysq, bñj ns ghbpdfy cnfnm Cgfcbntktv bBcregbntktv vbhf.

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Bcgjkyb cjdthitycndj Bcnbys. B tckb lfåtvjkybz jñheibncz yf ukfde ndjç, yt ecnegb ght-kmotybzv, edjlzobv kçltq c genb Bcnbys. Rfrcjkywt, dj dct dhtvtyf, cktletn cdjtve genb b ytbotn byjuj, nfr b ns yt gjrbytim nhjgsGhfdtlyjcnb, ns cnfytim Ñelljç.

Ñelm yfcnjqxbd d bcrfybzø ndjbø, b ns jñht-näim, xnj botim. Cktleq ndjtq wtkb ytjncnegyj,b ns gjñtlbim. Ñkfujckjdtybt dctø ñjujd, dctøboeobø cdtn ñeltn yfl njñjç, b ytñtcyfz vel-hjcnm yfghfdbn ndjb ifub. Ns ñeltim Ñelljç,ns ghjcdtnbim vbh b cgfcäim xtkjdtxtcndj jnubñtkb≥.

Nfr crfpfd, Dbltybt bcxtpkj, f leif Cblløfh-nøb ñskf bcgjkytyf djcnjhuf. Jy crfpfk ctñt: ≤Zghjñelbkcz lkz Bcnbys b z htifç dsgjkybnmvjä yfpyfxtybt. Z gjhde dct cdzpb, ghbdzpsdfç-obt vtyz r vbhe, b jcnfdkç ljv vjq, xnjñsyfqnb genm cgfctybz. Bcnbyyj, z cnfye Ñelljç≥.

Wfhtdbx dthyekcz dj ldjhtw, xnjñs d gjcktl-ybq hfp dpukzyenm yf ntø, rjuj kçñbk ghtdsitdctø ptvysø cjrhjdbo. Jy yfghfdbkcz d gjrjbvfnthb Hføeks b jnrhsk ldthm. Nfv ujhtkf kfvgfñkfujdjyyjuj vfckf. Yf kjåt, ecsgfyyjv åfcvb-

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yjv, cgfkf Zijløfhf, gjkjåbd here yf ujkjdecsyf. Cnjz yf gjhjut, Ñjløbcfnndf cvjnhtk yfybø, b cthlwt tuj hfphsdfkjcm jn njcrb. Ñjkmhfpkerb ghjypbkf tuj. Yj ybxnj yt vjukj gjrjkt-ñfnm tuj htitybz, b veåtcndtyysv cthlwtv gj-lfdbk jy cdjb xedcndf b jnjhdfkcz jn cfvjuj tveljhjujuj.

Tuj rjym Rfynøfrf ñsk jcälkfy, b, yfqlz dhfnfldjhwf ibhjrj jnrhsnsvb, jy yfghfdbk rjyzd nbibye yjxb. Dthysq djpybwf cjghjdjålfktuj. Nfr wfhtdbx Cblløfhnøf jnhärcz jn ptvysøyfckfåltybq, jnrfpfkcz jn cdjtuj wfhcndf, gj-hdfk dct cdzpb b dcnegbk yf genm ñtpljvbz.5, 6

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j cbø gjh xtnsht vtcnf d Bylbb dspsdfçn gfkjvybxtcndj gjxbnfntktq extybzÑells.

Vtcnj hjåltybz _ Rfgbkfdfcne; ujhjl ãnjn,rfr eåt ñskj crfpfyj, yføjlbkcz d CtdthyjqBylbb, d ghtlujhmzø Ubvfkftd, d dthøjdmzø htrbUfylfr, b ñsk hfpheity toä ghb åbpyb Ñells.Vtcnj jpfhtybz _ Ñjlø-Ufz, ult yføjlbkfcmxfcnj egjvbyftvfz hjof Ehedtkf, gjl ntymç rj-njhjq Ufenfvf jpfhäyyj jñütlbybk dct cdjb lj-cnbåtybz. Vtcnj gthdjq ghjgjdtlb _ Cfhyfnø(jrjkj Ñtyfhtcf), ult, gj dshfåtybç ghtlfybz,Ñellf gecnbk d øjl rjktcj Pfrjyf. Vtcnj ãnjlj cbø gjh øhfybn hfpdfkbys lhtdytqibø jñot-åbnbq. Vtcnj cvthnb _ Reibyfufhf (Ytgfk).

D pfgbcrfø rbnfqcrjuj gentitcndtyybrf AfCzyz (392–414), gjctnbdituj Bylbç, vs dcnht-xftv jgbcfybz hfpdfkby dkfltybq Rfgbkfdfcne,f nfråt b ghjxbø gjxbnftvsø vtcn.

L

Ytcvjnhz yf ãnb afrns, ytcvjnhz yf lhtdybtrjkjyys wfhz Fijrb, yføjlzncz kçñbntkb clt-kfnm bp Ñells vba b jnjhdfnm ãnj dscjrjt ext-ybt jn åbpyb. Ahfywep Ctyfh d jcjñjq rybutendthålfk, xnj Ñellf tcnm ≤cjkytxysq vba≥. Yjb nen yferf djccnfyjdbkf xtkjdtxtcreç kbxyjcnmExbntkz Ufenfvs Ñells. Ehyf c xfcnmç pjks brjcntq Ñells, yfqltyyfz d Gbghfdt d ytgfkm-crbø nthfzø b lfnbhjdfyyfz yflgbcmç, f nfråtbcnjhbxtcrfz ehyf c xfcnmç htkbrdbq Exbntkz,gjkjåtyyfz wfhäv Rfybirjq b yfqltyyfz jrjkjGtifdfhf, cdbltntkmcndeçn jghtltkäyyj j cvth-nb Gthdjexbntkz vbhjdjq jñobys, UfenfvsÑells.

Yt yeåyj levfnm, xnj åbpym Ufenfvs Ñellsghjntrfkf chtlb jñotuj ghbpyfybz b cgjrjq-cndbz. Yfjñjhjn, cjøhfybkbcm lfyyst, erfpsdf-çobt yf rktdtne b dctdjpvjåyst ghtgzncndbz,yf rjnjhsø Exbntkm, rfr bcnbyysq ñjhtw, njkm-rj erhtgkzkcz, ntv edtkbxbdfz pyfxtybt cdjtujgjldbuf. Vyjubt lfyyst ujdjhzn j njq dhfåltñ-yjcnb, rjnjheç jy dcnhtxfk chtlb fcrtnjd b ñhf-vbyjd, ytyfdbltdibø tuj. Gthdst _ pf gjhbwf-ybt bø bpedthcndf, dnjhst _ pf jnrfp ghbpyfnm

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bø ghfdf yf cjwbfkmyst ghtbveotcndf b yf pyf-ybt bcnbys gj ghfde hjåltybz.

Gthdsv jy ujdjhbk: ≤Tckb ñs vjåyj ñskj lj-cnbxm cjdthitycndf b jcdjñjåltybz jn ep, ghb-dzpsdfçobø xtkjdtrf r ptvkt, njkmrj jnrfpjvjn gbob b xtkjdtxtcrbø eckjdbq, nj kjiflm brjhjdf lfdyj ljcnbukb ñs tuj≥.

Dnjhsv _≤Gj ltkfv xtkjdtr cnfyjdbncz gf-hbtq, gj ltkfv cnfyjdbncz ñhfvbyjv. Jujym, pf-ååäyysq ñhfvbyjv, b jujym, pfååäyysq iel-hjq, jlbyfrjdj bvtçn gkfvz, zhrjcnm b cdtn...≥.≤R xtve ghbdtkf dfif jnltkäyyjcnm? Pf øktñjvds blänt yf jñobq ñfpfh b wtybnt vjytns bprjitkz ielhs. Dfif jnltkäyyjcnm ghjcnj yf-psdftncz uhfñtåjv. B cdzotyyst dtob dfibghjcnj jhelbz jñvfyf.

Bveotcndj ñjufnjuj ñhfvbyf yt tcnm kbgjyjitybt ñjåtcndtyyjuj pfrjyf? Ds cxbnftntçu cdtnjv, f ctdth _ nmvjç. Ñeltn dhtvz, rjulfghble jn gjkeyjxb, b dfi cdtn gjvthrytn. Lfåtgnbws ktnzn yf ctdth, xnjñs nfv ghbytcnb vbhegntywjd. Lfåt cthst uecb pyfçn wtyyjcnm bve-otcndf yf ptvkt. Yj ñhfvby gsnftncz yfñbnmpjkjnjv gjzc cdjq b yfñhfnm cjrhjdbof gjl

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gjhjujv ljvf. Ñhfvby, ns dtläim åfkreçåbpym b rjytw ndjq ñeltn åfkrbv. Ns gthdsqñeltim gjlktåfnm eybxnjåtybç. Tckb eqle yfctdth, nj jnnelf b dthyecm≥. (Cj ckjd ecnyjq nhf-lbwbb ñellbcnjd Bylbb.)

Bpdtcnys ckexfb, rjulf, gjckt ghjbpytctybzbv htxtq, juhjvyjt ñjkmibycndj ckeifntktq gj-rbyekj tuj, b Ñkfujckjdtyysq crfpfk: ≤Pthyj jn-ltkbkjcm jn vzrbys; jcnfdifzcz jñobyf, cbkm-yfz eñtåltybtv, exhtåltyf. Øjhjij, xnj ãnbujhltws elfkbkbcm≥.

Dcgjvybv ãgbpjl, rjulf tuj ñkbåfqibq ext-ybr b hjlcndtyybr Ltdflfnnf pflevfk cñhjcbnmjñkjvjr crfks yf ghjøjlbdituj Exbntkz b lfåtecgtk gjdhtlbnm tve gfktw.7

Dcgjvybv åtcnjreç celmñe, gjcnbuieç tujgktvz b hjlbye jn vcnbntkmyjuj wfhz. Ktutylshfccrfpsdfçn, xnj Ñellf, yføjlzcm c kçñbvsvextybrjv Fyfyljq lfktrj jn ujhjlf d vjvtynyfgfltybz yf tuj cnhfye, gjxedcndjdfk åtcnj-xfqieç ujkjdyeç ñjkm, käu yf ptvkç b yfrhsk-cz gkfojv, xnjñs crhsnm jn tlbycndtyyjujcdbltntkz crjhñm, jdkfltdieç tuj cnjbxtcrbvcthlwtv.

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Nfråt yt ñsk jy kbiäy b abpbxtcrbø cnhflf-ybq. Xfcnj egjvbyfçncz bcgsnsdftvst bv åt-cnjrbt ñjkb d cgbyt, b cfvfz cvthnm tuj zrjñsghjbpjikf jn ytljñhjrfxtcndtyyjq gbob. Dctãnb gjlhjñyjcnb ltkfçn tuj jñkbr, bcnbyyj,xtkjdtxtcrbv b ñkbprbv.

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Ckjdj Ñellf yt tcnm bvz, yj jpyfxftncjcnjzybt evf, ljcnbuituj dscitq njxrb hfp-dbnbz, d ñerdfkmyjv gthtdjlt _ gjpyfdibq, bkbnjn, rnj jñkflftn cjdthityysv pyfybtv _ vel-hjcnmç.

Cjukfcyj gfkbqcrbv cenhfv, Ñellf ybrjulf ytendthålfk cdjtuj dctpyfybz, rjnjhsv yfltkbkbtuj extybrb b gjcktljdfntkb. ≤Nt, rnj crfpfkbntñt, Dfxxf, xnj Exbntkm Ufenfvf pyftn dcä, dblbndcä, endthålftn cdjä jñkflfybt ñtpuhfybxyjqvjomç ghjdbltybz b pyfybz b ujdjhbn: ¥Øjåekb z bkb ytldbåbv, ñjlhcndeç bkb cgkç, dctulfb dj dcäv ghbceot vyt dctpyfybt¯, nt kçlb ytujdjhzn, xnj z crfpfk, _ jyb jñdbyzçn vtyz,djghtrb dczrjq bcnbyt≥.8

Cbks, rjnjhsvb jñkflftn Ñellf, yt xeltc-ys, bñj xelj tcnm yfheitybt pfrjyjd ghbhjls.Dscifz vjom Ñells dgjkyt cjukfcetncz c dtx-ysv gjhzlrjv dtotq. Tuj cdthøxtkjdtxtcrbt

cgjcjñyjcnb ≤xeltcys≥ gjcnjkmre, gjcrjkmre lt-zntkmyjcnm xtkjdtrf ljkåyf rfpfnmcz xeltcyjqybpibv ceotcndfv. Gjldbåybrfv, ñjhwfv bc-nbyyjuj pyfybz nfr åt tcntcndtyyj dszdkznmcdjb ytjñsxyst cgjcjñyjcnb, rfr gnbwt ktnfnmb hsñt gkfdfnm.

≤Ñellf,_ cjukfcyj jlyjve ntrcne,_ tcnm kbimcnfhibq bp kçltq, jnkbxfçobqcz jn ybø ytñjktt, ytåtkb gthdsq dskegbdibqcz wsgkäyjrjn lheubø wsgkzn jlyjq yfctlrb≥.9

Pyfybt gjlyzkj tuj d lheueç rfntujhbç ce-otcnd, bñj ghbywbg lbaathtywbfwbb pfrkçxäyd ukeñbyt cjpyfybz.

Jcjñtyyj gjlxährbdftncz xtkjdtxyjcnm Ufenf-vs Ñells d lhtdytqibø gbcfybzø, ult dcnhtxf-çncz dshfåtybz: ≤Ufenfvf Ñellf, ãnjn cjdthity-ytqibq bp ldeyjubø≥.

Gfkbqcrbt cenhs cjlthåfn vyjuj zhrbø jght-ltktybq dscjrbø rfxtcnd Ufenfvs _ Exbntkz,erfpfdituj genm. Ghbdtläv ytrjnjhst bp ybø:≤Jy yfxfkmybr rfhfdfyf, exhtlbntkm, exbntkm,ytchfdytyysq djcgbnfntkm kçltq≥.2 ≤Xtkjdtxt-cndj rfnbkjcm gjljñyj rjktce gjdjprb gj genb

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r ubñtkb, pfñkelbdittcz ñtp ghjdjlybrf b gj-rhjdbntkz. Jy erfpfk bv dthysq genm≥.10

≤Jy Dkflsrf rjktcf Ñkfujuj Pfrjyf. Jy KtdPfrjyf≥.

≤Jy ghtrhfcysq wtkbntkm _ cjcnhflfntkm-ysvb chtlcndfvb jy bpktxbdftn jgfcyj ñjkmysøkçltq≥.11

≤Gjxbnftvsq Ufenfvf _ gføfhm. Tuj gfiyz _ñtccvthnbt≥.12

≤Jy _cdtn vbhf. Gjljñyj gjlsvfçotve c pt-vkb, gjljñyj hfcrhsdfçotve xnj crhsnj, gj-ljñyj ytceotve d ntvyjnt cdtnbkmybr, xnjñsbvtçobt ukfpf vjukb dbltnm,_ nfr Ufenfvfjcdtnbk cdjä extybt cj dctø cnjhjy≥.

≤Jy_jcdjñjlbntkm. Jy jcdjñjålftn, bñj cfvñsk jcdjñjåläy≥. Tuj yhfdcndtyyst b leøjdystcjdthitycndf cdbltntkmcndeçn bcnbye tuj ext-ybz, b vjom tuj djpltqcndbz yf jrheåfçobøpfrkçxfkfcm d ghbvtht tuj kbxyjuj nhelf.

Lhtdybt gbcfybz dctulf gjlxährbdfçn åbp-ytyyjcnm tuj extybz. Ufenfvf yt jndjhfxbdfkczjn åbpyb, yj ghjybrfk dj dct ñelyb nhelzobø-cz. Bcrfk hfcgjkjåbnm bø r extybç, ghtljcnf-

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dkzk bv exfcnbt d cdjbø jñobyfø, ghbybvfk bøghbukfitybz b yt ñjzkcz gjctotybq rehnbpfyjrb hflåtq, ldeø wtynhjd cdtncrjq åbpyb d ujhj-lfø Bylbb. Cnfhfkcz yt jcrjhñkznm gjyfghfcyenhflbwbjyysø jñsxftd; vfkj njuj, jy bcrfk djp-vjåyjcnm lfnm bv cdjä extybt, yføjlz jgjhed jcjñj gjxbnftvjq nhflbwbb, yt gjcnegfzcmghb ãnjv jcyjdysvb ghbywbgfvb.

Yt ñskj jndktxäyyjcnb d tuj extybb, jy ybrj-ulf yt ghjnbdjcnfdkzk ceotcndeçotq htfkmyjcnbbltfk åbpyb vbcnbxtcrjq b nhfycwtyltynfkm-yjq. Jy gjlxährbdfk htfkmyjcnm ceotcndeçobødtotq b eckjdbq lkz lfyyjuj dhtvtyb. B nfrrfr tuj ltzntkmyjcnm b vsckm ghtbveotcndtyyjdhfofkbcm d rheue åbpytyysø eckjdbq, nj b cj-lthåfybt cdjbø htxtq b ghbnx jy xthgfk bpjñsltyyjq åbpyb, gjkmpezcm cfvsvb ghjcnsvbjñhfpfvb b chfdytybzvb.

Bcøjlz bp ghtlcnfdktybz gfhfkktkbpvf vtåleghbhjljq b xtkjdtxtcrjq åbpymç, bylbqcrbtvsckbntkb gjkfufçn, xnj zdktybz ghbhjls vjuenyfv vyjujt gjzcybnm d ghjzdktybzø yfitqåbpyb. Ñellf, ghbybvfz ãnjn vtnjl, cxfcnkbdj

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cjøhfybk lkz cdjtuj extybz jgsn cnfhjq nhf-lbwbb. ≤Z cltkfç ntñt chfdytybt, bñj vyjubthfpevyst kçlb gjyzkb gjchtlcndjv chfdyt-ybz≥_ nfrjdf ñskf jñsxyfz ajhvekf Ñells.B ãnjn ghjcnjq, åbpytyysq gjløjl cjjñofk tujextybç zhrjcnm b eñtlbntkmyjcnm.

Dkbzybt tuj yf kçltq ñskj ghjgjhwbjyfkmyjtuj dtht d ctñz, d cdjb cbks b d cdjç vbccbç.Dctulf døjlbk jy d gjkjåtybt rfåljuj extybrfb ckeifntkz, lfdfz bv cfvjt ytjñøjlbvjt bcjjñhfåfzcm c bø gjybvfybtv. Yt jnzujofkextybrjd b ckeifntktq, yt bvtdibø ytjñøjlb-vjq gjlujnjdrb r ecdjtybç dscituj pyfybz,ytgjcbkmysv lkz ybø evcndtyysv ghjwtccjv.Nfråt yt gjjohzk cnhtvbdibøcz r jndktxäy-yjve pyfybç b yt ghbvtyzdibø d åbpyb tujdscjrjãnbxtcrjt extybt. Rjulf jlby bp gjljñ-ysø djghjifntktq, gj bvtyb Vfkeyrmz, cghjcbkjlyfåls Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj j yfxfkt dctø dtotq _Ñkfujckjdtyysq øhfybk vjkxfybt, bñj jy cxb-nfk, xnj yfbukfdytqifz pflfxf ñskf d endth-åltybb htfkmyjcnb jrheåfçotuj yfc, nj tcnmdbltnm dtob, rfr jyb ceotcndeçn djrheu yfc, b

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cnfhfnmcz ghtålt ekexibnm bø, cgjcjñcndjdfnmbø ãdjkçwbb b yt nhfnbnm dhtvtyb yf byntk-ktrnefkmyst cgtrekzwbb.8

Ytcjvytyyj, pyfybt tuj ghtdsifkj lfdftvjtbv Extybt, yj jcnjhjåyjcnm, gjlcrfpsdftvfzdtkbrjç velhjcnmç, elthåbdfkf tuj jn dslfxbgjyznbq, rjnjhst yt vjukb ñsnm ecdjtys cjpyf-ybtv ckeifntktq b, gj ãnjq ghbxbyt, vjukbcnfnm hfpheibntkmysvb.

≤Jlyfåls Ñkfujckjdtyysq jcnfyjdbkcz d ñfv-ñerjdjq hjot d Rfeifvñb. Dpzd ghbujhiyçkbcnmtd, Ñkfujckjdtyysq cghjcbk extybrjd:

_ Rfr levftnt, extybrb vjb, xnj ñjkmit:ãnf kb ghbujhiyz kbcnmtd d vjtq hert bkb åtkbcnmz, jcnfdibtcz yf lthtdmzø ãnjq hjob?

_ Kbcnmz d hert Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj vfkjxbc-ktyys; ytchfdytyyj xbckj kbcnmtd dj dctq hjot.

_ Bcnbyyj nfr, b nj, xnj z gjpyfk b yt gjdt-lfk dfv, ujhfplj ñjkmit njuj, xnj z gthtlfk dfv.B gjxtve, j extybrb, yt gjdtlfk z ãnjuj dfv?Gjnjve, xnj yt ñskj ñs gjkmps dfv jn njuj, bñjjyj yt cgjcjñcndjdfkj ñs dscitq åbpyb. Jyjyt dtlän r hfpjxfhjdfybç d ãnjv ptvyjv vbht,

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r eybxnjåtybç dczrjq xedcndtyyjcnb, r ghtrhf-otybç åtkfybz, r vbhe, r dscitve pyfybç,r ghjñeåltybç, r Ybhdfyt. Gjnjve z b yt gtht-lfk ãnjuj dfv. Yj xnj åt gjdtlfk z dfv? Nj,xnj zdkztncz cnhflfybtv, bcnjxybrjv cnhflfybz,ghtrhfotybtv cnhflfybz, b erfpfk genm, dtle-obq r ghtrhfotybç cnhflfybz≥.13

B yfcnjkmrj extybt tuj ñskj bylbdblefkmyjd rfåljv jnltkmyjv ckexft b ghfrnbxyj, xnjecnfyjdbkfcm nhflbwbz nhäø rheujd extybz: lkzbpñhfyysø, lkz jñobyybrjd b lkz dctø.

Jcyjdsdfz cdjb jñobys, Ñellf cnhtvbkczcjplfnm yfbkexibt eckjdbz lkz ntø, rnj ndähljhtibk hfñjnfnm yfl hfcibhtybtv cdjtuj cjpyf-ybz lkz ljcnbåtybz dscituj pyfybz, b pfntvgjcskfnm bø d åbpym exbntkzvb åbpyb b ghj-djpdtcnybrfvb vbhjdjq jñobys.

Gjcnjzyysq rjynhjkm gjcnegrjd, ckjd bvsckb, rjnjhjuj jy nhtñjdfk jn cdjbø extybrjdb ñtp rjnjhjuj yt vjåtn ñsnm ecgtøf yf genbr cjdthitycndjdfybç, gjxnb ytljcnegty lkzyføjlzobøcz d jñsxysø eckjdbzø åbpyb, ultnsczxb dytiybø jñcnjzntkmcnd b vtkrbø jñz-

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pfntkmcnd gjcnjzyyj jndktrfçn cnhtvzotujczr wtkb. Yj åbpym chtlb kçltq, jñütlbyäyysøjlybv ecnhtvktybtv, jñobvb vsckzvb b ghb-dsxrfvb, ñskf dtkbrjq gjvjomç, bñj lfdfkfdjpvjåyjcnm ñtp gjnthb ãythubb hfpdbdfnmczd åtkftvjv yfghfdktybb.

Ñellf _ exbdibq, xnj dj dcäv vbht ceot-cndeçn kbim rjhhtkzns, dpfbvjjnyjitybz; pyf-dibq, xnj ybxnj yt ceotcndetn dyt cjnhelybxt-cndf; gjybvfdibq, xnj ãujbcnbxysq ujhltw ytvjåtn cnhjbnm ñeleott, bñj, d cbke rjcvbxtcrj-uj pfrjyf, jy jrfåtncz dyt gjnjrf åbpyb, ytce-otuj dcä ceott r cjdthitycndjdfybç,_ nth-gtkbdj pfrkflsdfk pähyf, exhtålfz cdjb zxtqrbjñobyyjuj yfxfkf, ghtldblz d lfkärjv ñeleotvjceotcndktybt dtkbrjq Vbhjdjq Jñobys.

Ldf ghfdbkf ñskb ytjñøjlbvs lkz gjcneg-ktybz d jñobye: gjkysq jnrfp jn kbxyjq cjñ-cndtyyjcnb b yhfdcndtyyfz xbcnjnf; jcnfkmystghfdbkf rfcfkbcm cnhjujq cfvjlbcwbgkbys bjñobyysø jñzpfyyjcntq. Rfålsq dcnegfdibqd jñobye ghjbpyjcbk ajhveke: ≤Ghbñtufç

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r Ñellt, ghbñtufç r extybç, ghbñtufç r jñ-obyt, rfr r hfpheibntkzv vjbø cnhføjd. Gth-dsq _ cdjbv extybtv, dnjhjt _ cdjtq ytght-kjåyjq bcnbyjq b nhtnmz _ cdjbv ghbvthjvghtrhfcyjuj pfrjyf, ghtgjlfyyjuj Ñelljç≥.

Cehjdj ghjdjlbkcz jnrfp jn cjñcndtyyjcnb.Ghbxäv jnrfp jn cjñcndtyyjcnb yeåyj ñskjdszdbnm yt cnjkmrj dytiyt, crjkmrj ghbyznm tujcjpyfybtv.

Jlyfåls extybr cghjcbk Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj:≤Rfr gjyznm bcgjkytybt pfgjdtlb jnrfpf jn cjñ-cndtyyjcnb? Jlby extybr gjrbyek dct dtob,yj Exbntkm ghjljkåfk eghtrfnm tuj d cjñcndty-yjcnb. Lheujq jcnfkcz d jrheåtybb dtotq, yjyt pfckeåbk eghärf≥.

≤Xedcndj cjñcndtyyjcnb bpvthztncz yt dtof-vb, yj vsckzvb. Vjåyj bvtnm dtob b yt ñsnmcjñcndtyybrjv≥.

Ñellf gjcnjzyyj cjdtnjdfk bvtnm djpvjåyjvtymit dtotq, xnjñs yt jnlfdfnm bv ckbirjvvyjuj dhtvtyb.

Dcz åbpym jñobys ñskf cnhjuj lbcwbgkbyb-hjdfyf, bñj jcyjdjq extybz Ñells ñskf åtktp-

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yfz cfvjlbcwbgkbyf lkz jñeplfybz ñtcgjhzljx-ysø xedcnd, vscktq b hfpdbnbz ytgjrjktñbvjqdjkb. B njkmrj rjulf extybr jdkfltdfk cdjbvbxedcndjdfybzvb, njkmrj njulf Exbntkm ghbjn-rhsdfk pfdtce b lfdfk pflfxe. Pfntv eåt extybrgjcntgtyyj ljgecrfkcz r ukeñbyfv pyfybz. Bpnfrbø lbcwbgkbybhjdfyysø b djcgbnfyysø yfcehjdjv jnrfpt jn dctuj kbxyjuj, cktljdfntkmyj,veåtcndtyysø b ñtccnhfiysø kçltq, øjntkUfenfvf Ñellf cjplfnm hfñjnybrjd jñotuj ñkfuf,ndjhwjd yfhjlyjuj cjpyfybz b ghjdjpdtcnybrjdVbhjdjq Jñobys.

Veåtcndj d extybb Ufenfvs ñskj gjkjåtyjd jcyjde dctø ljcnbåtybq. ≤Ytn bcnbyyjuj cj-cnhflfybz ñtp veåtcndf; ñtp veåtcndf ytkmpzljcnbxm cfvjlbcwbgkbys; nthgtybt tcnm veåt-cndj; ñtp veåtcndf ytkmpz ghjybryenm d ukeñmbcnbyyjuj pyfybz b jñhtcnb velhjcnm Fhøfnf≥.Ufenfvf nhtñjdfk jn cdjbø extybrjd gjkyjujeybxnjåtybz cnhføf. Pfgjdtlfyj ñtccnhfibtvsckb, ñtccnhfibt ltqcndbz. Cfvj ghjpdbotUfenfvs Ñells _≤Ktd≥ b tuj kbxyst ghbpsdsblnb xthtp dct ghtgzncndbz rfr yjcjhjub b

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ckjys gjrfpsdfçn, rfrfz ukeñbyf ñtccnhfibzñskf pfgjdtlfyf bv. B gjnjve extybt UfenfvsÑells vjåyj, ghtålt dctuj, yfbvtyjdfnm ext-ybtv ñtccnhfibz.

Djbys, djbys, nfr pjdäv vs ctñz,j extybrb, bñj vs chfåftvcz.

Vs chfåftvcz pf ñkfujhjlyeç ljñktcnm, pf dscjrbt cnhtvktybz, pf dscieç velhjcnm,

Gjnjve pjdäv vs ctñz djbyfvb.2

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Cjukfcyj nhflbwbb, jnrhsnbtv ≤Wtgbghbxbyyjcnb≥ (ldtyflwfnm yblfy) jpyfvtyjdf-kjcm ljcnbåtybt Ufenfvjç jpfhtybz. Ghjñktvf,vexbdifz tuj vyjubt ujls, yfikf hfphtitybt.Hfpvsikzz jn ghbxbys r ghbxbyt, Ufenfvfljiäk lj bcnjxybrf pkf.

12. Ceotcndjdfybt tcnm cnhflfybt, bñj d yävpfrkçxtys cnfhjcnm, cvthnm b nsczxf cnhflfybq.

11. Z cnhflfç, gjnjve xnj z hjåläy. 10. Z hjåläy, gjnjve xnj z ghbyflktåe vbhe

ñsnbz. 9. Z hjålfçcm, gjnjve xnj z gbnfç d ctñt

ceotcndjdfybt. 8. Z gbnfç bø, bñj z bvtç åtkfybz. 7. E vtyz tcnm åtkfybt, bñj z bvtç xedcndj-

dfybz. 6. Z xedcndeç, bñj z cjghbrfcfçcm c dyti-

ybv vbhjv.

5. Ãnj cjghbrjcyjdtybt ghjbpdjlbncz ltq-cndbtv vjbø itcnb xedcnd.

4. Vjb xedcndf ghjzdkzçncz, bñj, ñelexbbylbdblefkmyjcnmç, z ghjnbdjcnfdkç ctñz ñtp-kbxyjve.

3. Z bylbdblefkmyjcnm, bñj z bvtç cjpyfybt,ghjgbnfyyjt cjpyfybtv ãnjq kbxyjcnb.

2. Ãnj cjpyfybt cjplfkjcm dcktlcndbt vjbøghtåybø ceotcndjdfybq.

1. Ãnb ceotcndjdfybz jvhfxbkb vjä cjpyfybt,bñj z yt pyfk.

Ghbyznj ãne ldtyflwfnbxktyyeç ajhvekegthtxbckznm d jñhfnyjv gjhzlrt:

1 . Fdblmz (jvhfxäyyjcnm, ytdtåtcndj).2. Cfycrfhf (rfhvf).3. Dblåyzyf (cjpyfybt).4. Yfvf-hegf (ajhvf, xedcndtyyjt b ytxed-

cndtyyjt).5. Ifl-fznfyf (itcnm nhfycwtyltynfkmysø

jcyjd xedcnd).6. Cgfhif (cjghbrjcyjdtybt).7. Dtlfyf (xedcndjdfybt).8. Nhbiyf (åfålf, djåltktybt).

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9. Egflfyf (dktxtybt, ghbdzpfyyjcnb).10. Ñøfdf (ñsnbt).11. Låfnb (hjåltybt).12. Låfhf-vfhfyf (cnfhjcnm, cvthnm).

Bnfr, bcnjxybr b gthdjghbxbyf dctø ñtlcndbqxtkjdtxtcndf d jvhfxäyyjcnb, d ytdtåtcndt. Jn-cçlf zhrbt jghtltktybz b jceåltybz Ufenfvjçbvtyyj ytdtåtcndf. Jy endthålfk, xnj ytdtåt-cndj tcnm dtkbxfqitt ghtcnegktybt, bñj jyj zd-kztncz ghbxbyjç dctø xtkjdtxtcrbø cnhflfybq,pfcnfdkzz yfc wtybnm nj, xnj ytljcnjqyj ñsnm wt-ybvsv, cnhflfnm nfv, ult yt ljkåyj ñsnm cnhf-lfybz, b, ghbybvfz bkkçpbb pf htfkmyjcnm,ghjdjlbnm yfie åbpym d gjujyt pf ybxnjåysvbwtyyjcnzvb, ghtytñhtufz ntv, xnj d ltqcndbntkm-yjcnb zdkztncz yfbñjktt wtyysv,_ pyfybtvnfqys xtkjdtxtcrjuj ñsnbz b celmñs.

Cdtn, rjnjhsq vju hfcctznm ãne nmve b bpñf-dbnm jn cnhflfybz, ñsk zdkty Ufenfvjç Ñelljçrfr pyfybt Xtnshäø ñkfujhjlysø bcnby.

1. Cnhflfybz djgkjoäyyjuj ñsnbz, ghjbcnt-rfçobt bp gjcnjzyyj djpjñyjdkzçobøcz hjålt-ybq b cvthntq.

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2. Ghbxbyf ãnbø cnhflfybq d jvhfxäyyjcnb,d åfålt cfvjeljdktndjhtybz d ptvysø ghbcdjt-ybzø, dktreobø pf cjñjç ytghtrhfoftvjcnm gj-dnjhyjuj, ytcjdthityyjuj ñsnbz.

3. Ghtrhfotybt cnhflfybq pfrkçxftncz d lj-cnbåtybb cjcnjzybz ghjcdtnkäyyjuj dvtotybzb, ntv cfvsv, cjplfybb djpvjåyjcnb cjpyfntkm-yjuj ghbjcnfyjdktybz rheujd ñsnbz yf Ptvkt.

4. Genm r ghtrhfotybç ãnbø cnhflfybq cj-cnjbn d gjcntgtyyjv ecbktybb ãktvtynjd, yf-ghfdktyysø yf cjdthitycndjdfybt lkz eybxnj-åtybz ghbxby ñsnbz yf Ptvkt, b d ghbñkbåtybbr dtkbrjq Bcnbyt.

Genm r ãnjq bcnbyt hfpltkäy ñsk Ufenfvjq yfdjctvm cnegtytq:

1. Ghfdbkmyjt hfcgjpyfdfybt (xnj rfcftncz pf-rjyf ghbxbyyjcnb).

2. Ghfdbkmyjt vsiktybt.3. Ghfdbkmyfz htxm.4. Ghfdbkmyjt ltqcndbt.5. Ghfdbkmyfz åbpym.6. Ghfdbkmysq nhel.7. Ghfdbkmyfz ñlbntkmyjcnm b cfvjlbcwbgkbyf.8. Ghfdbkmyjt cjchtljnjxtybt.

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Xtkjdtr, ghjdjlzobq d åbpyb ãnb gjkjåt-ybz, jcdjñjålftncz jn cnhflfybq ptvyjuj ñsnbz,zdkzçobøcz cktlcndbtv ytdtåtcndf, åtkfybqb djåltktybq. Rjulf ãnj jcdjñjåltybt jceot-cndktyj, ljcnbuftncz Ybhdfyf.

Xnj tcnm Ybhdfyf? ≤Ybhdfyf tcnm rfxtcndjdvtotybz dctø ltqcndbq, yfcsotyyjcnm jñütv-ktvjcnb. Nhtgtnjv jpfhäyyjcnb ghbntrfçn bcnby-yst pyfybz. Cgjrjqcndbt tcnm kbim dytiybqghbpyfr, yt dshfåfçobq ceoyjcnb cjcnjzybz≥.D cjdhtvtyyjv gjybvfybb vs vjåtv jghtlt-kbnm Ybhdfye rfr cjcnjzybt cjdthitycndf dctøãktvtynjd b ãythubq d bylbdbleevt, ljcnbuibøghtltkf yfghzåtybz, gjkjåtyyjuj lkz lfyyjujrjcvbxtcrjuj wbrkf.

Ufenfvjq Ñelljq nfråt erfpfys ltcznm dtkb-rbø ghtgzncndbq, yfpdfyysø jrjdfvb:

1. Bkkçpbz kbxyjcnb.2. Cjvytybt.3. Cetdthbt.4. Ntktcyst cnhfcnb.5. Ytyfdbcnm.6. Ghbdzpfyyjcnm r ptvkt.7. Åtkfybt yfckfåltybz b ecgjrjtybz.

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8. Ujhljcnm.9. Cfvjljdjkmcndj.

10. Ytdtåtcndj.

Lkz ljcnbåtybz dscituj pyfybz ytjñøjlbvjgjhdfnm dct ãnb jrjds.

D ñellbpvt hfphfñjnfys lj vtkmxfqibø lt-nfktq gjlhfpltktybz xedcnd b gjñeåltybq ev-cndtyyjuj ghjwtccf, rfr ghtgzncndbq b cgjcjñjdhfpdbnbz lkz jñktuxtybz cfvjgjpyfybz, genävnhtybhjdrb evf b hfpvsiktybz yfl rfålsvghtlvtnjv dj dctø ltnfkzø. Cktlez ãnbv genävcfvjgjpyfybz, xtkjdtr, d rjytxyjv htpekmnfnt,ghbøjlbn r pyfybç bcnbyyjq ltqcndbntkmyjcnb,nj tcnm dblbn bcnbye, rfr jyf tcnm. Ãnj tcnmvtnjl, ghbvtyztvsq rfålsv velhsv exbntktvlkz hfpdbnbz evcndtyysø cgjcjñyjcntq extybrf.

Ghjgjdtlez Xtnsht ñkfujhjlyst bcnbys bñkfujhjlysq Genm, Ufenfvf, c jlyjq cnjhjys, gj-hbwfk abpbxtcrjt evthodktybt gkjnb fcrtnfvbb hfcgeotyyjcnm xedcnd, c lheujq _ erfpsdfkyf Genm djcmvb cnegtytq rfr yf genm ufhvjyb-

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pfwbb xedcnd b ljcnbåtybz itcnb cjdthitycndFhøfnf: cjcnhflfybz, yhfdcndtyyjcnb, nthgtybz,veåtcndf, cjchtljnjxtybz b velhjcnb.

Ñellf jcjñtyyj yfcnfbdfk yf dvtotybb ext-ybrfvb gjyznbz gfh ghjnbdjgjkjåtybq, bkbldeø rhfqyjcntq, bñj gjpyfybt ltqcndbntkmyj-cnb ljcnbuftncz kbim genäv cjgjcnfdktybz gfhghjnbdjgjkjåtybq. Tckb extybr yt vju jcbkbnmãnjuj, Ñellf yt ghbjñofk tuj r lfkmytqitvepyfybç, bñj ãnj ñskj ñs yt njkmrj ñtcgjktpyj,yj lfåt dhtlyj. Dvtotybt ãnjuj gjyznbz jñ-ktuxfkjcm ecdjtybtv ghbywbgf jnyjcbntkmyjcnb(vfqb).

Ñellf endthålfk jnyjcbntkmyjcnm dctuj ce-otuj, erfpsdfz yf dtxyst bpvtytybz d ghbhjlt,yf ytgjcnjzycndj dctuj d dtxyj cnhtvzotvczr cjdthitycndjdfybç gjnjrt ñsnbz ñtcghtltkm-yjuj. Yfcrjkmrj jy ñsk dthty ãnjve ghbywbgejnyjcbntkmyjcnb, vjåyj dbltnm bp cktleçotqghbnxb.

≤Ghtlcnfdmnt ctñt,_ crfpfk Ñkfujckjdtyysqjlyfåls cdjbv gjcktljdfntkzv,_ xtkjdtrf, jn-ghfdbditujcz d lfkmybq genm, b rjnjhsq ñsk

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jcnfyjdkty ibhjrbv hfpkbdjv djls. Ñkbåfq-ifz cnjhjyf ãnjuj gjnjrf ñskf gjkyf jgfcyj-cntq b euhjåfkf tve ubñtkmç, yj lfkmyzz ñskfghjxyf b cdjñjlyf jn jgfcyjcntq. Yt ñskj ybxtkyf, xnjñs gthttøfnm gjnjr, yb vjcnf, gtht-rbyenjuj yf ghjnbdjgjkjåysq ñthtu. B ghtlcnf-dmnt ctñt, xnj ãnjn xtkjdtr crfpfk ctñt: ¥Bcnby-yj, cnhtvbntkty b ibhjr ãnjn gjnjr, b ytn ybrf-rbø chtlcnd, xnjñs gthtñhfnmcz yf lheujq ñthtu(Ybhdfyf). Yj tckb z cjñthe ljcnfnjxyj nhjcnyb-rf, dtndtq b kbcnmtd b gjcnhjç bp ybø gkjn, nj,gjllthåbdftvsq nfrbv gkjnjv b hfñjnfz ecthl-yj herfvb b yjufvb, z gthtñthecm d ñtpjgfcyj-cnb yf ghjnbdjgjkjåysq ñthtu¯. Ntgthm ghtl-gjkjåbv, xnj ãnjn xtkjdtr gjcnegbk cjukfcyjcdjtve yfvthtybç b, gjcnhjbd gkjn, cgecnbk tujyf djle b, hfñjnfz yjufvb b herfvb, ñtpjgfcyjljñhfkcz lj ghjnbdjgjkjåyjuj ñthtuf.

B djn, gthtñhfdibcm b ljcnbuyed ghjnbdj-gjkjåyjuj ñthtuf, ghtlgjkjåbv, xnj xtkjdtrãnjn crfåtn ctñt: ¥Bcnbyyj, ñjkmieç gjkmpe cj-ckeåbk vyt ãnjn gkjn, bñj c tuj gjvjomç, hfñj-nfz herfvb b yjufvb, z ñtpjgfcyj gthtñhfkcz yf

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ãnjn ñthtu. Xnj tckb z dpdfkç gkjn ctñt yf ujkjdebkb gktxb b nfr ghjljkåe vjq genm?¯

Cltkfd nfr, ghfdbkmyj kb gjcnegbn xtkjdtr cjcdjbv gkjnjv? Rfr levftnt ds, extybrb vjb?

D xäv åt ñeltn ghfdbkmyjt jnyjitybt xtkj-dtrf r tuj gkjne?

Bcnbyyj, ãnjn xtkjdtr ljkåty crfpfnm ctñt:¥Gkjn ãnjn cjckeåbk vyt ñjkmieç gjkmpe,bñj, gjllthåbdftvsq bv b hfñjnfz yjufvb bherfvb, z ñtpjgfcyj ljcnbu lfkmytuj ñthtuf(Ybhdfys). Yj xnj tckb z jcnfdkç tuj yf ñthtueb ghjljkåe cdjq genm?¯_ Bcnbyyj, ãnjn xtkjdtrgjcnegbk ñs ghfdbkmyj gj jnyjitybç r cdjtvegkjne.

Njxyj nfr åt, j extybrb, ghtlkfufç b z dfvvjä Extybt, bvtyyj rfr chtlcndj r jcdjñjålt-ybç b ljcnbåtybç, yj yt rfr gjcnjzyyeç cjñ-cndtyyjcnm. Ecdjqnt ãne fyfkjubç Extybz c gkj-njv. Løfhvf (extybt) ljkåyf ñsnm jcnfdktyfdfvb, rjulf ds gthtñthäntcm yf ñthtu Ybhdfys≥.8

Pltcm vs dblbv, rfr vfkj pyfxtybz ghblfdf-kjcm Ñkfujckjdtyysv dctve d ãnjv vbht jnyjcb-ntkmyjcnb, bkkçpbb bkb vfqb. Bvtyyj dcä, lfåt

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extybt cfvjuj Ñells, hfccvfnhbdfkjcm rfr bvt-çott eckjdyeç, ghtøjlzoeç b jnyjcbntkmyeçwtyyjcnm. Nfråt d ãnjq ghbnxt gjlxährbdftncz,xnj dcä ljcnbuftncz kbim xtkjdtxtcrbvb herfvbb yjufvb. Bvtyyj, extybt ñeltn ltqcndtyysv,kbim tckb kbxyst ecbkbz b kbxysq nhel ñelengjkjåtys.

Jñobys Ñells lfdfkb ghbçn cfvsv hfpyj-jñhfpysv pfghjcfv b gjnjve cjcnfdkzkbcm bpcfvsø hfpkbxysø ãktvtynjd. D Vbkbylf-gfymøtvs dcnhtxftv cktleçobt cnhjrb: ≤Rfrbt ghbxb-ys pfcnfdkzçn gjcnegfnm d jñobye?≥_ cghjcbkjlyfåls Vbkbylf cdjtuj cjñtctlybrf, ñellbq-crjuj exbntkz Yfufctye. Yf ãnjn djghjc velhtwjndtnbk: ≤Jlyb cltkfkbcm jñobyybrfvb, xnjñsbpñtåfnm nbhfybb wfhz; lheubt cgfcfkbcm jn hfp-ñjqybrjd bkb åt ñskb jñhtvtytys ljkufvb,tcnm b nfrbt, rjnjhst ghjcnj øjntkb jñtcgtxbnmcdjä ceotcndjdfybt≥.14

Tckb ytrjnjhst kçlb, gjcnegfz d jñobye,bcrfkb cjwbfkmyjuj b vfnthbfkmyjuj ghtbveot-cndf, nj ujhfplj vyjujxbcktyytt ñskb bcnbyyst

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cjwbfkmyst htdjkçwbjyths, cntrfdibtcz gjlibhjrbq rhjd djpvjåyjcntq, rjnjhst lfdfkjbv extybt Ñells, chtlb vhfxyjq atjlfkmyjqltqcndbntkmyjcnb njuj dhtvtyb. D Cennf-ybgfntvjåyj yfqnb vyjuj cehjdsø jceåltybq cjwb-fkmyjve gjcnhjtybç b jñotcndtyyjq yhfdcndty-yjcnb njuj dhtvtyb.

Jñobyf ghbybvfkf dctø ñtp hfpkbxbz hfc,rfcn, gjkf; b cfvst hfpkbxyst cnhtvktybz bgjbcrb yjdsø gentq yføjlbkb d ytq eljdktndj-htybt.

Jñobys Ñells yt ñskb vjyfcnshzvb, bdcnegktybz d ybø yt ñskb gjcdzotybzvb, bñj,gj ckjdfv Exbntkz, kbim jcjpyfybt extybz lt-kfkj bp djitlituj ñellbcnf yjdjuj xtkjdtrf bjñobyybrf.

D jñobyt ghjdjlbkjcm gjkyjt hfdtycndj dctøxktyjd. Jlby jñobyybr jnkbxfkcz jn lheujujkbim chjrjv cdjtuj dcnegktybz. Ghb dsñjhtcnfhituj djphfcn yt ghbybvfkcz d cjjñhfåtybt.Cnfhibycndj yt bpvthzkjcm ctlbyjq. J njv,e rjuj dcä ljcnjbycndj pfrkçxfkjcm kbim d ght-rkjyyjv djphfcnt, ujdjhbkjcm, xnj jy ≤notnyj

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cnfh≥. Yj ≤njn, d rjv ujdjhbn cghfdtlkbdjcnm,rnj evttn dkfltnm cjñjç, rnj velh, njn tcnmcnfhibq≥.15

Ñellf yt ghbyeålfk åbnm d ntcyjv jñotåb-nbb. C cfvjuj yfxfkf chtlb extybrjd ñskb ghtl-gjxbnfdibt åbpym d etlbytybb. J nfrbø, ckbi-rjv etlbyzçobøcz, Ñellf ujdjhbk: ≤Jlbyjrfzåbpym d ktce gjktpyf lkz njuj, rnj cktletn tq,yj jyf vfkj cgjcjñcndetn ñkfue kçltq≥.

Ñellf yt øjntk ecnfyfdkbdfnm ckbirjv vyjujghfdbk, jy cnhtvbkcz bpñtåfnm gtlfynbxyjcnbb jlyjjñhfpbz ecnfdjd, bpñtåfnm cltkfnm jñz-pfntkmysvb vyjubt pfghtotybz. Dct ghfdbkfcnhtvbkbcm juhflbnm b jøhfybnm gjkyeç cfvj-cnjzntkmyjcnm extybrf. Jñobyybr jñzpfy ñskcjñkçlfnm ghjcnjne b ghbcnjqyjcnm, yj nfr rfrytn ghtbveotcndf d njv, xtv gbnfnmcz bkb djxnj jltnmcz, nj Ñellf ghtljcnfdbk extybrfv bp-dtcnyeç cdjñjle. Gjñeålftvst Ltdflfnnjç, yt-crjkmrj jñobyybrjd ghjcbkb Ñelle ecnfyjdbnmlkz extybrjd ñjktt cnhjueç lbcwbgkbye b d gb-nfybb pfghtnbnm egjnhtñktybt vzcf b hsñs.Ñellf jnrfpfk d ãnjq ghjcmñt, crfpfd, xnj rfå-lsq cdjñjlty ghbvtyznm ãnb vths yf ctñt,

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yj ytkmpz dvtyznm bø d jñzpfntkmcndj lkz dctø.Nf åt nthgbvjcnm d jltålt, bñj ytljgecnbvj,xnjñs cdjñjlf dshjlbkfcm d ghbdbktubç lkzytrjnjhsø. Nfr, eñtlzcm d velhjcnb gjxntyyjujCjys, b edblz tuj jrhjdfdktyyst yjub, Ñkfuj-ckjdtyysq crfpfk tve: ≤Cjyf, ns ñsk djcgbnfyd enjyxäyyjcnb, z ghbrfpsdfç ntñt yjcbnm cfy-lfkbb yf gjljidt≥. Cjyf ghjcbk, xnjñs ãnj hfp-htitybt hfcghjcnhfybkjcm yf dctø, b Ñkfujckj-dtyysq gjcgtibk bcgjkybnm ãnj åtkfybt.16

D ntrcnfø Dbyfb vs dblbv, rfr dct ghfdbkfjñobys, exhtåläyyjq Ñkfujckjdtyysv, dctulfñskb gjlcrfpfys åbpytyyjq ytjñøjlbvjcnmç.D Dbyft ghbdjlbncz nhjufntkmysq ãgbpjl, gj-ckeåbdibq jcyjdfybtv yjdjve ghfdbke lkz jñ-obys.

Jlby ñøbrie pfñjktk hfccnhjqcndjv rbitxyb-rf b, jñtccbktyysq, egfk b ktåfk yf ptvkt d cdjtquhzpb. Ckexbkjcm, xnj Ñkfujckjdtyysq d cjghj-djåltybb dscjrjxnbvjuj Fyfyls jñøjlbk rtkmbjñobyybrjd; pfqlz d rtkmç ñjkmyjuj ñøbrie bedblz tuj d nfrjv ñtcgjvjoyjv cjcnjzybb, jygjljiäk r ytve b cghjcbk:

_ Xnj c njñjç, ñøbrie, ns ñjkty?

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_ Lf, Dkflsrf._ Yj hfpdt ytn ybrjuj, rnj gjvju ñs ntñt? _ Ytn, Dkflsrf._ Gjxtve åt jcnfkmyst ñøbrie yt eøfåbdf-

çn pf njñjç?_ Gjnjve, Dkflsrf, xnj ctqxfc bv ytn ybrf-

rjq gjkmps jn vtyz.Yf ãnj Ñkfujckjdtyysq jñhfnbkcz r Fyfylt:

≤Blb, Fyfylf, b ghbytcb djls, vs evjtv ãnjujñøbrie≥.

≤Lf, Dkflsrf≥,_ jndtnbk Fyfylf b ghbyäcdjls. Njulf Ñkfujckjdtyysq yfxfk kbnm djle, fgjxbnftvsq Fyfylf evsk ñjkmyjuj. Gjckt xtujÑkfujckjdtyysq dpzk ñjkmyjuj gjl ujkjde, gj-xbnftvsq åt Fyfylf pf yjub, nfr gjlyzkb tuj bgjkjåbkb yf gjcntkm.

D cdzpb c ãnbv ckexftv Ñkfujckjdtyysq cj-pdfk jñobyybrjd b cghjcbk bø:

_ Ñøbrie, yføjlbncz kb d nfrjq-nj rtkmtñjkmyjq jñobyybr?

_ Lf, Dkflsrf._ Xtv åt ñjkty ãnjn ñøbrie?_ Jy ñjkty hfccnhjqcndjv rbitxybrf, Dkf-

lsrf.

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_ Hfpdt ytn ybrjuj, rnj ghbcvjnhtk ñs pfybv?

_ Ytn, Dkflsrf._ Yj gjxtve åt ybrnj bp ñøbrie yt gjvju

tve? Ñøbrie, ds yt bvttnt yb jnwjd, yb vf-nthtq, rjnjhst vjukb ñs eøfåbdfnm pf dfvb.Tckb ds, ñøbrie, yt ñeltnt eøfåbdfnm lheupf lheujv, nj rnj åt gjvjåtn dfv? Njn, rnjøjxtn ghbckeåbdfnm vyt, ljkåty ghbckeåbdfnmñjkmysv.

≤Rnj bvttn yfcnfdybrf, yfcnfdybr ljkåtyeøfåbdfnm pf ybv, gjrf jy yt dspljhjdttn, b nfråt njxyj, tckb jy bvttn exbntkz bkb cjextybrfd njq åt dbøfht, bkb åt extybrf, åbdeotujc ybv. Tckb åt jy yt bvttn yb jlyjuj bp gj-bvtyjdfyysø, nj dcz jñobyf ljkåyf eøfåbdfnmpf ybv. B rnj yt bcgjkybn cbt, njn ñeltn gj-dbyty d ghjcnegrt ghjnbd jñobys≥.16

Ytkçñjdm Exbntkz r ecnfyjdktybç vyjujxbc-ktyysø, ytgjldbåysø ghfdbk, d jcjñtyyjcnb åtpfghtotybq, b åtkfybt cjøhfybnm åbpytyyjcnmjñobys zhrj dshfåtys d tuj gjcktlytv yfcnfd-ktybb extybre Fyfylt: ≤Gjhexfç jñobyt dblj-bpvtyznm ghfdbkf vfkst b vfktqibt≥.4

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Yj vyjubt ckfñst leib cxfcnkbdtt, tckb bøjñzpfyyjcnb cnhjuj jghtltktys, jncçlf edtkbxt-ybt ghfdbk b pfghtotybq d gjplytqitv ñel-lbpvt. Vyjuj ktuxt gjlxbyznmcz ghfdbkfv, øjnzñs lfåt b cntcybntkmysv, ytåtkb ghjzdkznmkbxyeç cjpyfntkmyeç ãythubç, rjnjheç nhtñj-dfk Exbntkm jn cdjbø extybrjd. Jñobyf Ñellscnhtvbkfcm yt jñtpkbxbnm cdjbø xktyjd, yj lhe-åtcndtyyj cgfznm bø tlbysv ecnhtvktybtv yfjñott ñkfuj.

Jñobyf yt åtkfkf cukfåbdfnm bylbdblefkm-yst jcjñtyyjcnb, yfjñjhjn, Ñellf wtybk rfåleçbybwbfnbde, rfåljt bylbdblefkmyjt ghjzdktybt,bñj d extybb, rjnjhjt endthålfkj, xnj rfålsqzdkztncz cdjbv ndjhwjv b jcdjñjlbntktv b xnjytjñøjlbvs cjdthityyj kbxyst ecbkbz lkz lj-cnbåtybz ãnjq dscjrjq wtkb, bylbdblefkmyjtyfxfkj bvtkj dct lfyyst lkz hfpdbnbz. ≤Bpñt-ufqnt ccjh, endthålfzcm d cfvjv ctñt, yt bcrkç-xfz lheubø≥_ ñskj ghbyznj pf ghfdbkj d jñ-obyt.

B nfr vfkj ñjzkcz ñellbpv bylbdblefkmysøghjzdktybq, xnj xfcnj dljøyjdtyyst ckjdf jlyj-uj bp xktyjd jñobys ghbybvfkbcm b cnfyjdb-

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kbcm rfyjybxtcrbvb yfhfdyt c endthåltybzvbcfvjuj Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj.

Cehjdfz lbcwbgkbyf, gjcnjzyyfz ñlbntkm-yjcnm yfl vsckzvb, ckjdfvb b gjcnegrfvb ltkf-kb jñobye irjkjç, cnjkmrj åt djcgbnfntkmyjq,rfr b jñhfpjdfntkmyjq. Exbntkm, endthlbdibqpyfybt tlbycndtyyjq djpvjåyjcnmç jcdjñj-åltybz jn jrjd ptvkb, f ytdtåtcndj cfvsv nzå-rbv ghtcnegktybtv, pfgjdtlfk dctv blnb genävpyfybz.

Yfhzle c jceåltybtv ytdtåtcndf, vs dcnht-xftv cnjkm åt cehjdjt jceåltybt b ythflbdjcnb:

≤Ukegtw, ytdtålf _ yfbñjkmibt dhfub cfvbvctñt, bñj jyb cjdthifçn pkst gjcnegrb, ghb-yjczobt ujhmrbt gkjls≥.

≤Ukegtw vjåtn ñsnm cgenybrjv velhjuj d nt-xtybt dctq cdjtq åbpyb, b dcä åt jy jcnfytnczd ytdtltybb Bcnbys, gjljñyj njve rfr kjårfyt pyftn drecf gjøkäñrb≥.

≤Lkbyyf yjxm lkz cnjhjåf, lkbyty genm ecnf-kjve. Lkbyyj dhfotybt rjktcf åbpytq b cvthntqlkz ukegwjd, yt pyfçobø Bcnbys≥.15

Jcjñtyyj xfcnj erfpsdfk jy kçlzv ctvtqysvexbnm ltntq cdjbø dctv yferfv b bcreccndfv

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b ntv cgjcjñcndjdfnm hjcne b hfcibhtybç bøcjpyfybz. Nfråt gjcnjzyyj erfpsdfk jy yfyfceoyeç ytjñøjlbvjcnm gentitcndbq. Jy dbltkd ãnjv bcnbyyeç ghjcdtnbntkmyeç wtkm, bñjgentitcndbz, jnhsdfz xtkjdtrf jn jñsxysøeckjdbq, hfpdbdfçn d yäv gjldbåyjcnm, yføjl-xbdjcnm b ghbcgjcjñkztvjcnm _ rfxtcndf, ytjñ-øjlbvst lkz gjlujnjdrb ghjwtccf hfcibhtybzcjpyfybz.

Extybt Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj yfcnfbdfkj yf ljcnj-dthyjcnb, yj ytn d yäv ljuv, rjnjhst ghtlkfuf-kbcm ñs yf dthe, bñj Exbntkm, endthålfz dj dcävpyfybt, yt dbltk gjkmps d cktgjq dtht lkz hfpdb-nbz cjpyfybz. ≤Gjãnjve z exbk dfc,_ ujdjhbkÑellf,_ yt dthbnm njkmrj gjnjve, xnj ds cks-ifkb, yj njkmrj njulf, rjulf ãnj ghjdthtyj bghbyznj dfibv cjpyfybtv≥.

D ñtctlt c jlybv vjkjlsv ñhfvbyjv Ñkfuj-ckjdtyysq erfpfk, rfrbv jñhfpjv ljcnjqysqextybr ljøjlbn lj jdkfltybz bcnbyjq. ≤Rjulf,gjckt phtkjuj jñceåltybz, extybr ghbpyfk, xnjlfyysq xtkjdtr cjdthityyj cdjñjlty jn djp-vjåyjcnb pfñkeåltybq, jy dthbn ãnjve xtkjdt-re. Ghbñkbåfzcm r ytve c ljdthbtv, jy cnfyj-

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dbncz tuj extybrjv. Cnfd tuj extybrjv, jy jn-rhsdftn eøj. Jnrhsd eøj, jy cksibn extybt.Ecksifd extybt, jy elthåbdftn tuj d evt. Jyjñceålftn cvsck bcnby, bv elthåfyysø. Jy hfp-vsikztn yfl ybvb. Jncçlf hjålftncz tuj htib-vjcnm. Xnj jy htibk, nj jy b ghtlghbyzk. Jyjwtybdftn pyfxtybt ghtlghbyznjuj. Jwtybd, jyghbkfuftn dct ecbkbz. Ghbkjåtyysvb ecbkbzvbjy ghbñkbåftncz r bcnbyt. Ghjybrfz d ukeñmtä, jy dblbn. Yj dcä ãnj kbim ghbpyfybt bcnbys,yj yt jdkfltybt tç. Xnjñs dgjkyt jdkfltnm tç,yeåyj ghbvtyznm, hfcnbnm b ytecnfyyj gjdnj-hznm ãnjn gcbøjkjubxtcrbq ghjwtcc≥.8

Bp ãnjq ñtctls zcyj, yfcrjkmrj extybr ñskcdjñjlty jñceålfnm ghtgjlfyyjt tve extybt, bxnj kbim cfvjcnjzntkmysvb ecbkbzvb ljcnbuf-tncz gjpyfybt b jdkfltybt bcnbyjq.

Extybt Ñells, rfr extybt bcnbys, gjrhsdfkjdct ñsdibt lj ytuj dtkbrbt extybz, b gjnjve,gjlxährbdfz bø bcnbyyjcnm, jyj bpujyzkj jnhb-wfybt. Bpujyzz jnhbwfybt, extybt ybrjuj yt gj-hfñjofkj. Jcjpyfybt dtkbrjuj ghbywbgf jñob-ys jnrhsdfkj dct genb.

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D jñobyfø Ñells ljgecrfkcz jnrfp, yj kbxyjjcjpyfyysq; yj jnhbwfybt ghbhfdybdfkjcm r yt-dtåtcnde. E jñobys Ñells vjåyj ñskj jn-rfpfnmcz jn vtkrbø cjjñhfåtybq, yj jnhbwfybthfdyzkjcm dsøjle bp jñobys. Ñskj ghbyznjybrjulf yt gjvbyfnm dsñsdituj _ jñobyf ljk-åyf ñskf åbnm ñeleobv. R njve åt xfcnjdsñsdibq djpdhfofkcz, njulf djpdhfotybt ytcjghjdjålfkjcm ybrfrbvb djghjcfvb, rhjvtjlyjuj: ≤Yt jnhbwftim?≥

D yfxfkt extybz lbcwbgkbyf rfcfkfcm ukfd-ysv jñhfpjv jxbotybz cthlwf b evf jn ghtl-hfccelrjd b lehysø cdjqcnd. Gj vtht ecgti-yjcnb extybt gthtyjcbkjcm yf hfcibhtybtcjpyfybz.

Nhelyj gjlyznmcz xtkjdtre, tckb jy yt ghj-iäk cehjdsq genm jxbotybz. ≤Tckb vfnthbz pf-uhzpytyf, nj crjkmrj ñs rhfcbkmobr yb gjuhe-åfk tä d cbyçç, åäkneç, rhfcyeç bkb kbkjdeçrhfcre, wdtn tä ñeltn ytrhfcbdsv b ytxbcnsv _gjxtve? Dcktlcndbt pfuhzpyäyyjcnb vfnthbb.Tckb cthlwt ytxbcnj, yeåyj jåblfnm nfrjq åtuhecnysq htpekmnfn≥.

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≤Z ujdjhç_ytljcnfnjxyj yjcbnm gkfo, xnjñsñsnm gjldbåybrjv. Ytljcnfnjxyj ñsnm ujksv,gjrhsnsv uhzpmç, jñhspufyysv djljç, cbltnmgjl lthtdjv, åbnm d jlbyjxtcndt, cnjznm d jlyjvgjkjåtybb, vjhbnm ctñz ujkjljv, gjdnjhznmvfynhs b pfgktnfnm djkjcs≥.8

≤Xtkjdtr yt ybobq gjnjve njkmrj, xnj jy gb-nftncz gjlfzybtv≥.15

≤Xtkjdtr yt fcrtn gjnjve njkmrj, xnj jyåbdän d ktce≥.10

≤Ytljcnjby åäknjuj jltzybz, rnj yjcbn tuj,ñelexb ytxbcn b ytbcrhtyty d gjcnegrfø, yt-dtåtcndty b yt gjñtlbdibv cfvjuj ctñz≥.15

≤Bp nhäø dbljd ltqcndbq,_ ujdjhbk Ñellf,_yfbñjktt ueñbntkmyjt yt ckjdj, yt ntktcysq gj-cnegjr, yj vsckm≥.8 C vjvtynf djpybryjdtybzhtitybz pkf, xtkjdtr eåt dbyjdty, _ dszdktyjkb jyj bkb ytn.

≤Ukfdysq ãktvtyn dj dcäv tcnm vsckm. Ght-dsit dctuj _ vsckm. Dcä cjdthiftncz vsckmç.Tckb xtkjdtr ujdjhbn bkb ltqcndetn cj pkjñyjçvsckmç, cnhflfybt cjgencndetn tve, rfr rjktcjcktletn pf rjgsnjv åbdjnyjuj, rjnjhjt nfobngjdjpre≥.

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≤Tckb xtkjdtr ujdjhbn bkb ltqcndetn c ñkfujçvsckmç, cxfcnmt cktletn pf ybv, rfr ybrjulf ytgjrblfçofz tuj ntym≥.

≤Dhfu yfyjcbn pkj dhfue, ytyfdblzobq ytyf-dblzotve, yj øeåt dctuj pkj, yfytcäyyjt kjåyjyfghfdktyysv evjv≥.15

Nfråt b ñlbntkmyjcnm yfl cdjbvb vsckzvbjcjñtyyj yfcnjqxbdj erfpsdfkfcm Exbntktv, bñjtckb extybr, ckbirjv edthtyysq d ljcnbuyensøbv htpekmnfnfø, jckfñbn cdjç ñlbntkmyjcnm, jyljhjuj pfgkfnbn pf vfktqitt egeotybt. Ãnjncjdtn ghtgjlfy ghbnxtq: ≤Xtkjdtr ñsk hfyty jn-hfdktyyjq cnhtkjq. Ktrfhm, dsyed cnhtke, ghtl-gbcfk hfytyjve dybvfntkmyj cktlbnm pf hfyjq.Yj ñjkmyjq djjñhfpbk, xnj tve ñjktt ytxtujjgfcfnmcz. Kbiäyyfz eøjlf, hfyf djcgfkbkfcm bghbxbybkf cvthnm bkb nzårbt cnhflfybz≥.8

≤Ñlbntkmyjcnm tcnm genm r ñtccvthnbç. Ythf-lbdjcnm _ genm r cvthnb. Nt, rnj ñlbntkmys,yt evbhfçn. Nt, rnj ythflbds, egjljñkzçnczvähndsv≥.

≤Njn, rnj ytgjcnjzyty d vsckzø, rnj yt dtlftnbcnbyyjuj pfrjyf, rnj ifnjr d ljdthbb, njn ytgjpyftn gjkyjne velhjcnb≥.

64

≤Rfr kexybr dsghzvkztn cdjç cnhtke, nfrvelhsq xtkjdtr dsghfdkztn cdjq bpvtyxbdsq bifnrbq ev, rjnjhsq nhelyj jøhfybnm, rjnjhsvnhelyj herjdjlbnm≥.

≤Rfr ljålm ghjntrftn d ljv xthtp gkjøj rhs-neç rhsie, nfr b djåltktybt ghjybrftn d gkjøjjñeplfyysq ev≥.

≤Ñjkmibt b vfkst jrjds e ñøbrie, kçñzot-uj ñlbntkmyjcnm b cnhfifotujcz ythflbdjcnb,_cjååtys. Jy ldbåtncz gjljñyj juyç≥.15

Erfpsdfz, rfr ñtpevyj, c njxrb phtybz gjktp-yjcnb, ecnegfnm ybprbv yfrkjyyjcnzv, Ñellfujdjhbk: ≤Xedcndj, hflb rjnjhjuj ds eybpbkbctñz, crjhj ñeltn lkz dfc kbim djcgjvbyfybtv,gjljñyj eljdjkmcndbç, bcgsnfyyjve dj cyt.Yj nj, xnj jcnfytncz gjcnjzyysv åbdsv erj-hjv, ãnj gjcnegjr, cjltzyysq hflb ãnjuj elj-djkmcndbz≥.

≤Xbcnfz yhfdcndtyyjcnm rfr yflensq rjåf-ysq vtijr, gjdhtlb tä jlyfåls _ gjubñytn.Gjljñyj njve, tckb jlyfåls eljdktndjhbnm gj-hjxyst yfrkjyyjcnb, eåt ybxnj yt jcnfyjdbncnhtvktybt cnhfcntq, b xtkjdtr, ghtljcnfdkty-ysq cfvjve ctñt, ñtpdjpdhfnyj gjubñytn≥.

65

≤Jhjifntkb jndjlzn djle, relf øjnzn; kex-ybrb dsghfdkzçn cnhtke; gkjnybrb cubñfçn lt-htdj gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybç; velhst uyen ctñzcfvbø≥.15

D gbcfybzø yt dcnhtxftv ybrfrjuj hfpkbxbzvtåle xktyfvb jñobys: jñotcndtyyst ltzntkb,ctvtqyst, ñtpñhfxyst, b veåxbys b åtyob-ys _ dct jlbyfrjdj vjuen djcghbyznm ghtgj-lfdftveç bv bcnbye.

Ghbäv d jñobye yt cjghjdjålfkcz ybrfrbvbjñtnfvb. Ghbøjlzobq kbim ghbyjcbk ujnjd-yjcnm ckeåbnm extybç. Rjulf åt ãnf ujnjdyjcnmbcxtpfkf, ybxnj yt cdzpsdfkj tuj jcnfdfnmcz d jñ-obyt. Dsøjl bp jñobys ñsk nfr åt ghjcn, rfrb ghbäv. Vyjujxbcktyys ghbvths kçltq, jcnf-dkzdibø jñobye b djpdhfofdibøcz gjplytt.

Ytkmpz ñskj bcrkçxfnm xktyf jñobys njkm-rj gjnjve, xnj rnj-nj yt ñsk cjukfcty c ybvd jwtyrt tuj gjcnegrf. Bpuyfnm tuj jpyfxfkjlfnm cdjñjle gjnjre zhsø ckjd b hfpütlbytybçd jñobyt. ≤Jñobyybr yt ñeltn ljyjcbnm nj, xnjjy cksifk yf hfpütlbytybt lheubø, yj ñeltncñkbåfnm bø, ghjbpyjcz kbim ckjdf cjukfcbz≥.17

66

≤Ybrjulf ytyfdbcnm yt eybxnjåfkfcm ytyf-dbcnmç, kbim ljñhjnf ghtrhfofkf tä, nfrjd dtx-ysq pfrjy≥.

≤Jy jcrjhñbk vtyz, jy jnzujnbk vtyz, jy pkj-egjnhtñbk cdjtç cbkjç, jy jñjrhfk vtyz; d ntø,rnj gbnftn gjljñyst vsckb, uytd ybrjulf ytñeltn enbity≥.

≤Tckb xtkjdtr jñceålftn ytljcnfnrb ñkbå-ybø b dctulf crkjyty r jñblfv, tuj cjñcndty-yst cnhfcnb ñelen hfcnb, b jy lfkär jn eybxnj-åtybz cnhfcntq≥.15

≤Tcnm nfrbt, rjnjhst yt pyfçn j ytjñøjlb-vjcnb cfvjjñeplfybz; tckb jyb cdfhkbds, vsvjåtv bpdbybnm bø gjdtltybt. Yj nt, rnj pyftn,ljkåys yfexbnmcz åbnm d cjukfcbb≥.

≤Tckb xtkjdtr yfqlän velhjuj lheuf, dtleot-uj ghfdtlyeç åbpym, gjcnjzyyjuj gj ghbhjltcdjtq, jy vjåtn åbnm ghb yäv cxfcnkbdsq b pf-ñjnkbdsq, ghtjljktdfz dct jgfcyjcnb. Yj c ukeg-wfvb yt vjåtn ñsnm lheåñs≥.

≤Kexit xtkjdtre ñsnm jlyjve, xtv åbnm c kç-lmvb, ghtbcgjkytyysvb cfvjcnb, notckfdbz,eghzvcndf b ghtlfyysvb cgjhfv≥.18

67

Herjdjlcndezcm wtktcjjñhfpyjcnmç dj dcäv,Ñellf yt cnhtvbkcz r cbcntvfnbpfwbb extybz, jyøjntk, xnjñs rfåljt gjkjåtybt tuj extybz ltq-cndjdfkj rfr vjåyj cbkmytt yf djkç extybrf.Bvtz wtkmç kbim hjcn b hfpdbnbt cjpyfybz, jyd jcnfkmyjv ghtljcnfdkzk cdjñjle vsckb b ltq-cndbz. Ñellf yfpyfxfk rfåljve bylbdblefkmyeçlbcwbgkbye.

≤Rfr Ñellf bpñbhfk extybrjd yf gjldbu?Chtlb pfyznbq, rjulf enjvktybt eåt jdkfltdfkjextybrfvb, Ñellf ghtlkfufk cfvsq ytjåblfyysqdjghjc b ålfk crjhtqituj jndtnf.

Bkb, gjcnfdbd cfvsq ghjcnjq ghtlvtn, ghtl-kfufk jgbcfnm tuj yt ñjktt xtv nhtvz ckjdfvbbkb yt vtytt xtv cjnytç cnhfybw.

Bkb, gjcnfdbd extybrf gthtl pfgthnjç ldthmç,cghfibdfk: ¥Xtv jnrhjtim tä?¯

Bkb gjcskfk vepsrfynjd gjl jryj b pfcnfd-kzk gtnm ubvys, cjdthityyj ghjnbdjgjkjåysøcjlthåfybq.

Bkb, pfvtnbd ljrexkbdeç veøe, ghtlkfufk ext-ybre gjdnjhbnm ckjdf, ytjåblfyyj crfpfyyst.

Bkb, ghjøjlz gthtl extybrjv, cghfibdfk:¥Crjkmrj hfp ghjiäk?¯

68

Bkb, pfvtnbd ñjzpym gthtl åbdjnysvb bkbgthtl zdktybzvb ghbhjls, cnfdbk eckjdbtv gj-ñjhjnm tä.

Nfr vjoysq Ktd pfrfkzk rkbyjr leøf≥.≤Nfråt yt cktletn pfñsnm kçñbveç buhe Ñells

c extybrfvb d vbyene jnlsøf, rjulf Exbntkmñhjcfk d ghjcnhfycndj jlyj ckjdj, gj rjnjhjveextybrb cnhjbkb wtkeç vsckm. Ytn ñjktt vel-hjuj bcgsnfybz cjcnjzybz cjpyfybz≥. (Pfgbcfyjcj ckjd ecnyjq nhflbwbb bylbqcrjuj ñellbpvf.)

Ñellf, bcnbyysv pyfybtv, ndählsv jcjpyfyb-tv bpvtyztvjcnb dctuj ceotcndeçotuj, pfrfkzkcdjbø extybrjd; djjheåfz bø veåtcndjv, nthgt-ybtv b cjcnhflfybtv, ujnjdbk bcnbyysø ñjhwjdjñotuj ñkfuf.

D lhtdytqibø gbcfybzø jcjñtyyj vyjujxbc-ktyys ghbvths gjkyjuj ghtphtybz r njve, xnjltkftn åbpym käurjq b eckjdyj ghbznyjq.

≤Jnrfp jn dctuj kbxyjuj hjålftn xedcndj bc-nbyyjq cdjñjls, jn cdjñjls hjålftncz hfljcnm,jn hfljcnb _ eljdktndjhtybt, jn eljdktndjht-ybz _ xedcndj gjrjz b cxfcnmz≥.

Ñellf yfiäk genm r cthlwfv kçltq yt genävxeltc, yj ghfrnbxtcrbv extybtv ekexitybz

69

åbpyb rfåljuj lyz b kbxysv ghbvthjv dtkb-rjuj cjnhelybxtcndf.

B nfr dtkbrf ñskf tuj nthgbvjcnm b åtkfybtntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c kçlmvb, xnj jy ybrj-ulf yt ujdjhbk ghjnbd jñhzljd bø bkb dthjdf-ybq. ≤Gjxbnfq cdjç dthe b yt øekb dthe lhe-ubø≥_ jlyf bp frcbjv ñellbpvf. Dj dctø ckexfzøjy yt jñhfofk dybvfybz yf dytiybt ajhvs bcnhtvbkcz lfnm kbim ñjktt ibhjrjt gjybvfybtbø dyenhtyytuj cvsckf, jñüzcyzz dcä c yjdjqnjxrb phtybz.

≤Jlyfåls Ñkfujckjdtyysq, yf genb r ñfvñe-rjdjq hjot, dñkbpb Hflåfuhbøb, ult jy ghtñs-dfk njulf c extybrfvb, gjdcnhtxfk jlyjuj ljvj-øjpzbyf gj bvtyb Ihbufkf, rjnjhsq, d vjrhjqjltålt, c hfcgeotyysvb djkjcfvb b cj ckjåty-ysvb herfvb, rkfyzkcz yf dct xtnsht cnjhjyscdtnf, f nfråt gj yfghfdktybç r ptybne b r yf-lbhe. Ñkfujckjdtyysq, pyfz, xnj jy bcgjkyzkjñhzl, gj nhflbwbjyyjve htkbubjpyjve cetdt-hbç ljkåtycndeçobq jndhfnbnm ytcxfcnmz jntuj ljvf, cghjcbk Ihbufke: ¥Gjxtve cjdthif-tim ns ãnjn cnhfyysq jñhzl?¯

70

Ihbufkf jndtnbk: ¥Ns cxbnftim cnhfyysv,xnj z jøhfyzç vjq ljv jn dkbzybz pksø leøjd?Z pyfç, xnj Ns, j Ufenfvf Ifrmzveyb, rjuj kçlbyfpsdfçn Nfnøfufnjq, Ñkfujckjdtyysv Ñelljç,cxbnftim, xnj dspsdfybz ñtcgjktpys b yt jñkf-lfçn ybrfrjç cgfcbntkmyjç cbkjç. Yj dscke-ifq vtyz b epyfq, xnj, cjdthifz ãnjn jñhzl, zgjxbnfç, edfåfç b bcgjkyzç pfdtn vjtuj jnwf¯.

Njulf Nfnøfufnf crfpfk: ¥Ns gjcnegftim øj-hjij, xnj gjxbnftim b edfåftim pfdtn ndjtujjnwf; b ndjq ljku _ jøhfyznm ndjq ljv, ndjçåtye, ndjbø ltntq b ltntq ndjbø ltntq jn gfueñ-ysø dkbzybq pkjñysø leøjd. Z yt dbåe ybxt-uj gkjøjuj d cjdthitybb jñhzlf, pfdtofyyjujndjbv jnwjv. Yj z dbåe, xnj ns yt gjybvftimjñhzlf. Gjpdjkm Nfnøfufnt, rjnjhsq ctqxfc ujdj-hbn c njñjç rfr leøjdysq jntw b rnj kçñbn ntñzyt vtymit, xtv kçñbkb ntñz ndjb hjlbntkb,gjpdjkm tve jñüzcybnm ntñt cvsck ãnbø itcnbyfghfdktybq.

Xnjñs jøhfybnm ndjq ljv, ãnbø jñhzljd ytlj-cnfnjxyj. Ns ljkåty jøhfybnm tuj ljñhsvb gj-cnegrfvb gj jnyjitybç r jrheåfçobv kçlzv.

71

Jñhfnbcm r ndjbv hjlbntkzv yf djcnjr, r ndjbvExbntkzv yf çu, r ndjtq åtyt b ltnzv yf pfgflb r ndjbv lhepmzv yf ctdth, b njxyj ecnfyjdbptybn ndjbø ñkfujxtcnbdsø gjxbnfybq b yflbhjnyjitybq r ndjbv ckeufv.

Nfrjuj ñkfujxtcnbz øjxtn ndjq jntw jn ntñz.Gecnm cjdthitybt jñhzlf yfgjvybn ntñt j ndjbøjñzpfyyjcnzø¯.

B Ihbufkf gjcvjnhtk yf Ñkfujckjdtyyjujc dtkbrbv gjxbnfybtv, rfr yf cdjtuj jnwf, b crf-pfk: ¥Bcnbyyj, Ufenfvf, Ns Ñellf, Ñkfujckjdty-ysq b Cdznjq Exbntkm. Z ybrjulf yt gjybvfk,xnj z ltkfk, yj ntgthm z pyfç. Ns vyt jnrhsk bc-nbye, rjnjhfz ñskf cjrhsnf, rfr njn, rnj ghb-yjcbn kfvgfle d ntvyjne. Ghbñtufç r Ntñt, Ñkf-ujckjdtyyjve Exbntkç, ljcnbuitve jpfhtybz,ghbñtufç r Bcnbyt, lfçotq ghjcdtnktybt, ghb-ñtufç r eñtåboe ñhfnmtd¯≥.18

C cfvjuj yfxfkf cdjtq yfcnfdybxtcrjq ltzntkm-yjcnb jy eñtlbkcz, yfcrjkmrj crfpfyyjt r vtcneb rj dhtvtyb ckjdj eñtlbntkmytq dczrbø xeltclkz gcbøbxtcrjuj djpltqcndbz yf xtkjdtrf bjñyjdktybz tuj. Jy cnhjuj pfdtofk cdjbv ext-ybrfv yt jñyfheåbdfnm ghbjñhtnäyysø bvbcgjcjñyjcntq ≤xeltcysø≥ cbk gthtl ntvb, rnj

72

yt pyfrjv c ghbywbgfvb, pfkjåtyysvb d ybø.Gjvbvj njuj, gjljñyst dszdktybz dhtlys lkzcfvjuj jñkflfntkz, dplähubdfz tuj yfl jrheåfç-obvb b gjhjålfz d yäv ujhljcnm.

Ghbyznsq extybr yt ljkåty ñsk gjødfkznmczcdthøxtkjdtxtcrbv cjdthitycndjv. Extybr, rjnj-hsq c lehysv yfvthtybtv b njkrftvsq rjhsc-njkçñbtv gjødfkzkcz cdthøxtkjdtxtcrbv cjdth-itycndjv, ñelm nj ytñtcyst dbltybz bkb xeltcf,yt vju jcnfdfnmcz d xbckt extybrjd Ifrmzveyb.≤Z pfghtofç dfv, j ñøbrie, gjkmpjdfnmcz rfrb-vb ñs nj yb ñskj xfhfvb b dspsdfybzvb, jybñtcgjktpys, bñj rfhvf eghfdkztn dctv. Njn, rnjcnhtvbncz cjdthifnm xeltcf, njn yt gjyzk ext-ybt Nfnøfufns≥.18

Ckjdj b vjom eñtåltybz ñskb tlbycndty-ysv jheåbtv, ghbvtyztvsv Exbntktv lkz djp-ltqcndbz yf jrheåfçobø. Ybrjulf b ybult ytdcnhtxftv vs uytdf bkb lfåt djpveotybz,yj kbim cehjdjt endthåltybt bcnbys. ≤Ñkf-ujckjdtyysq cjdthityty d dtåkbdjcnb cdjtqhtxb≥,_ erfpsdftn extybr Ifhbgenhf.14

≤Gjljñyj njve, rfr ptvkz ñtp jndhfotybz beljdjkmcndbz nthgtkbdj gthtyjcbn dct dtob,xbcnst b ytxbcnst, ñhjcftvst yf ytä, gjljñyj

73

Ñellf, yt ñelexb pfnhjyen, gthtyjcbn gjxän bghtphtybt kçltq... Gjljñyj djlt, jxbofçotqb jcdtåfçotq ñtp hfpkbxbz dctø kçltq, ñelen kbjyb cghfdtlkbds bkb pks, Ñellf jnlfän cdjäcjcnhflfybt dhfufv b lhepmzv≥.6

Vyjujxbcktyys gjctotybz b ñtctls Ñellscj cdjbvb ckeifntkzvb j njv, xnj bø ytgjchtl-cndtyyj rfcftncz, b dctcnjhjyybt jñceåltybz bøjñzpfyyjcntq gj jnyjitybç r ctvmt b jñot-cndtyyjcnb. Tuj jnkbxbt jn lheubø exbntktq bdtkbxfqifz pfckeuf d njv, xnj jy, hfccvfnhbdfzljku xtkjdtrf c njxrb phtybz åbpytyyjq gjktp-yjcnb, cnfhfkcz ghbkjåbnm enjyxäyyst b djpds-ityyst xedcndf r ghfrnbxtcrjq åbpyb.

Ãnf ghfrnbxtcrfz cnjhjyf extybz ghtrhfcyjdshfåtyf d jndtnt Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj, lfyyjv bvFyfnøfgbylbrt, xtkjdtre ytcvtnyjuj ñjufncndf,ghjpdfyyjve ≤gjrhjdbntktv cbhjn b lheujv ñtl-ysø≥, rjnjhsq ghbiäk r ytve pf cjdtnjv.

Ecksifd, xnj Ñellf jcnfyjdbkcz d ñfvñerjdjqhjot dñkbpb Hflåfuhbøb, Fyfnøfgbylbrf ytvtl-ktyyj, d ne åt yjxm, jnghfdbkcz r ytve. Ñkfuj-ckjdtyysq njnxfc åt ghjphtk xbcnjne cthlwfFyfnøfgbylbrb b ghbdtncndjdfk tuj ñkfujcnys-vb ckjdfvb.

74

Fyfnøfgbylbrf crfpfk: ≤Z dbåe, xnj Ns _Ñellf, Ñkfujckjdtyysq, b øjxe jnrhsnm Ntñt vjäcthlwt. Dsckeifd vtyz, gjcjdtneq, rfr vyt gj-cnegbnm. Vjz åbpym gjkyf nheljd, b z ghbjñhäkñjkmijt ñjufncndj, z jrheåäy pfñjnfvb. Ntv ytvtytt, z kçñkç cdjä ltkj b ghbktåe tve cj dctvecthlbtv vjbv. Vyjuj kçltq hfñjnfçn d vjävltkt, b ñkfujcjcnjzybt bø pfdbcbn jn ecgtøf vjbøghtlghbznbq.

Yj z ecksifk, rfr Ndjb extybrb djcødfkzçnñkfåtycndj b hfljcnm åbpyb jnitkmybrf b jce-ålfçn cetne vbhcreç. ¥Ñkfujckjdtyysq,_ ujdj-hzn jyb,_ jnrfpfkcz jn cdjtuj wfhcndf b cdjtujljcnjzybz b yfiäk genm ghfdtlysq, b ntv gjlfkghbvth dctve vbhe, rfr ljcnbxm Ybhdfys¯.

Cthlwt vjä åfåltn gjcnegfnm cghfdtlkbdj bcnfnm ñkfujckjdtybtv lkz vjbø ñkbåybø. Gjnjvez øjxe cghjcbnm Ntñz, ljkåty kb z jnrfpfnmczjn vjtuj ñjufncndf b vjbø ltk b, gjljñyj Ntñt,bpñhfnm ñtpljvbt, xnjñs ljcnbxm ñkfåtycndfghfdtlyjq åbpyb?≥

B Ñellf jndtxfk: ≤Ñkfåtycndj ghfdtlyjq åbp-yb ljcnbuftncz rfålsv, rnj cktletn ñkfujhjl-yjve Genb djcmvb cnegtytq. Njn, rnj ghbdzpfyr ñjufncnde, gecnm kexit jcnfdbn tuj, ytåtkb

75

gjpdjkbn jnhfdbnm bv cdjä cthlwt; yj njn, rnjyt ghbdzpfy r ytve b rnj, jñkflfz bv, ghfdtlyjegjnhtñkztn tuj, ñeltn ñkfujckjdtybtv cdjbvñkbåybv.

Z ujdjhç ntñt, cjøhfyb cdjä gjkjåtybt d åbp-yb b toä ecthlytt ghbkjåb cdjä evtybt r ltkfvndjbv. Yt åbpym, b yt ñjufncndj, b yt dkfcnmltkfçn bp xtkjdtrf hfñf, yj kbim tuj ghbdzpfy-yjcnm r åbpyb, ñjufncnde b dkfcnb.

Ñøbrie, eøjlzobq bp vbhf, xnjñs dtcnb åbpymñtppfñjnyeç b ñtpltzntkmyeç, ybxtuj yt lj-cnbuftn. Bñj åbpym d ktyjcnb tcnm jndhfotybt,b ytvjom cbks ljkåyf ñsnm ghtpbhftvf. ExtybtNfnøfufns yt nhtñetn, xnjñs xtkjdtr ytghtvtyyjbpñhfk ñtpljvbt bkb åt jnhärcz jn vbhf, rj-ytxyj, tckb njkmrj jy yt xedcndetn r ãnjve ghb-pdfybz. Yj Løfhvf Nfnøfufns nhtñetn, xnjñs rf-ålsq xtkjdtr jcdjñjlbkcz jn bkkçpbb cfvjcnb,jxbcnbk cdjä cjpyfybt, b jnrfpfkcz jn åfålsr yfckfåltybzv, b däk ghfdtlyeç åbpym.

B xnj ñs xtkjdtr yb ltkfk _ ñeltn kb jyhtvtcktyybrjv, regwjv bkb djbyjv, bkb elf-kbncz bp vbhf b gjcdznbn ctñz vjkbndtyyjvecjpthwfybç,_ gecnm jy dkjåbn dcä cdjä cthlwt

76

b ghbktåfybt d cdjç hfñjne, gecnm jy ñeltnecthlysv b ltzntkmysv. B tckb jy ñeltn rfrkjnjc, rjnjhsq hfcnän d djlt b, ntv yt vtytt,jcnfäncz ytnhjyensv tç, tckb jy ñeltn ñbnmczd åbpyb, yt gbnfz pfdbcnb b ytyfdbcnb, tckb jyñeltn dtcnb åbpym yt lkz eckfåltybz cfvjcnb,yj kbim lkz bcnbys, njulf hfljcnm, vbh b ñkfuj-lfnm, ytcjvytyyj, ghtñelen d cjpyfybb tuj≥.18

Cnjkm åt åbpytyys b ghfrnbxys ghtrhfcystjndtns Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj yf djghjcs djbyf gjbvtyb Cbyøf.

≤D nj dhtvz vyjubt dblyst ujhjåfyt cjikbcmd pfkt cjñhfybq b dczxtcrb djcødfkzkb Ñelle,Løfhve b Jñobye. Chtlb ybø ñsk b Cbyøf,ukfdyjrjvfyleçobq, gjcktljdfntkm ctrns ybh-uhfynøf. B Cbyøf gjlevfk: ¥Djbcnbye, ljkåyjñsnm Ñkfujckjdtyysq _ Ñellf, Cdznjq. Gjqle bdcnhtxecm c ybv¯.

B Cbyøf, utythfk, yfghfdbkcz nelf, ult yføj-lbkcz ukfdf ybhuhfynøjd Låyznfgenhf, b, jñhf-nbdibcm r ytve, crfpfk: ¥Dkflsrf, z øjxe gjct-nbnm ihfvfye Ufenfve¯.

Låyznfgenhf jndtnbk: ¥J Cbyøf, ns dtlm dt-hbim d nj, xnj dczrjt ltqcndbt bvttn gjcktl-

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cndbz, jndtxfçobt yhfdcndtyysv ljcnjbycndfvãnjuj ltqcndbz. Pfxtv åt ntñt gjctofnm ihf-vfye Ufenfve, rjnjhsq jnhbwftn gjcktlcndbzltqcndbq? Ihfvfyf Ufenfvf, j Cbyøf, jnhbwftngjcktlcndbz ltqcndbq; jy exbn ljrnhbyt ytltz-ybz; b d ãnjv extybb jy yfcnfdkztn cdjbø gj-cktljdfntktq¯.

Njulf åtkfybt gjctnbnm Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj, djp-ybritt e Cbyøb, utythfkf, cnbøkj.

Ecksifd dyjdm djcødfktybz Ñellt, Løfhvtb Jñobyt, Cbyøf jñhfnbkcz r ukfdt ybhuhfy-nøjd dj dnjhjq hfp; b jgznm Låyznfgenhf jn-ujdjhbk tuj.

Rjulf utythfk d nhtnbq hfp ecksifk, rfr dbl-yst ujhjåfyt ghtdjpyjczn ljcnjbycndf Ñells,Løfhvs b Jñobys, jy gjlevfk: ≤Djbcnbye, ljk-åyj ñsnm ihfvfyf Ufenfvf _ Cdznjq Ñellf. Xnjvyt ybhuhfynøb b bø cjukfcbt bkb ytcjukfcbt?Gjqle, yt bcghfibdfz bø hfphtitybz, b dcnht-xecm c ybv, Ñkfujckjdtyysv, Cdznsv Ñelljq¯.

B Cbyøf, utythfk, jñhfnbkcz r Ñkfujckjdtyyj-ve cj ckjdfvb: ¥Z cksifk, Dkflsrf, xnj ihf-vfyf Ufenfvf jnhbwftn gjcktlcndbz ltqcndbq,exbn ljrnhbyt ytltzybz b ujdjhbn, xnj ltqcndbz

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åbdsø ceotcnd yt gjkexfçn cdjtuj djplfzybz,bñj jy exbn eybxnjåtybç b ghtphtyyjcnb dctujceotuj; b d ãnjq ljrnhbyt jy yfcnfdkztn cdjbø gj-cktljdfntktq. Exbim kb ns eybxnjåtybç leibb gjcntgtyyjve cåbufybç xtkjdtxtcrjuj ceot-cndf? Ghjie, crfåb vyt, Dkflsrf: nt, rnj endth-ålfçn ãnj, ujdjhzn kb jyb bcnbye bkb åtcdbltntkmcndeçn kjåyj ghjnbd Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj,dslfdfz gjlltkmyjt extybt pf ndjä?¯

B Ñkfujckjdtyysq jndtxfk: ¥D ytrjnjhjvcvsckt, Cbyøf, nt, rnj ujdjhzn ãnj, endthålfçnbcnbye jñj vyt; c lheujq cnjhjys, Cbyøf, b nt,rnj ujdjhzn ghjnbdyjt, nfråt endthålfçn jñjvyt bcnbye. Dsckeifq, b z gjzcyç ntñt.

Z exe, Cbyøf, ytcjdthitybç nfrbø ltqcndbq,rjnjhst ytghfdtlys, d gjcnegrfø, d ckjdfø kbñjd vsckzø; z exe ytghjzdktybç dctø ntø cjcnjz-ybq leib, rjnjhst ytcen pkj b lehys. Jlyfrj zexe, Cbyøf, cjdthitybç nfrbø ltqcndbq, rjnj-hst ghfdtlys, d gjcnegrfø, d ckjdfø b d vsckzø;z exe ghjzdktybç dctø ntø cjcnjzybq leib,rjnjhst ñkfub b yt ytcen pkf.

Z exe, Cbyøf, xnj dct cjcnjzybz leib, rjnj-hst ytcen pkj b lehys, b ytghfdtlyst ltqcndbz

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d gjcnegrfø, d ckjdfø bkb d vsckzø _ ljkåysñsnm gjcntgtyyj cjååtys. Njn, rnj jcdjñj-lbkcz, Cbyøf, jn dctø cjcnjzybq leib, rjnjhstytcen pkj b lehys, njn, rnj eybxnjåbk bø gj-ljñyj gfkmvt, dshdfyyjq c rjhytv, nfr xnj jybyt vjuen djpybryenm dyjdm,_ nfrjq xtkjdtr pf-dthibk bcrjhtytybt cdjtuj z.

Z ghjdjpukfifç, Cbyøf, eybxnjåtybt cfvj-cnb, djåltktybz, ytljñhjåtkfntkmcndf, pfñkeå-ltybz. Jlyfrj z yt ghjdjpukfifç eybxnjåtybtdjplthåfyyjcnb, kçñdb, vbkjcthlbz b bcnbys.

Z cxbnfç, Cbyøf, ytghfdtlyst ltqcndbz ght-phtyysvb, cjdthifçncz kb jyb d gjcnegrfø,d ckjdfø bkb d vsckzø; jlyfrj z cxbnfç ljñhj-ltntkm b ghfdtlyjcnm ljcnjqysvb gjødfks¯.

B Cbyøf crfpfk: ¥Toä jlyj cjvytybt jcnf-kjcm e vtyz yfcxän extybz Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj. Ytcjukfcbncz kb Ñkfujckjdtyysq hfcctznm tuj,xnjñs z gjyzk Løfhve nfr, rfr exbn tq Ñkfuj-ckjdtyysq?¯

Nfnøfufnf jndtxfk cjukfcbtv, b Cbyøf ghjljk-åfk: ¥Z cjklfn, j Ñkfujckjdtyysq, b wfhm gjcnf-dbk vtyz cktlbnm pf cjñkçltybtv tuj pfrjyjd bdtcnb djqys. Ljgecrftn kb Nfnøfufnf, rjnjhsq

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exbn ñtpuhfybxyjq ljñhjnt b cjcnhflfybç rjdctv cnhfåleobv, yfrfpfybt ghtcnegybrjd? Btoä, ghjdjpukfiftn kb Nfnøfufnf ytghfdbkmysvblnb yf djqye lkz pfobns cdjtuj ljvf, åtys,ltntq b cdjtq cjñcndtyyjcnb? Exbn kb Nfnøfuf-nf ljrnhbyt gjkyjuj cfvjjnrfpf: ljkåty kb zljpdjkznm pkjltç ltkfnm dcä, xnj tve dplevftn-cz, b gjrjhyj ecnegfnm dczrjve, rnj euhjåftncbkjq dpznm ghbyflktåfott vyt? Endthålftn kbNfnøfufnf, xnj dczrfz ñjhmñf, drkçxfz b djqys,dtleobtcz pf ghfdjt ltkj, ljkåyf ñsnm pfght-otyf?¯

Ñellf jndtxfk: ¥Rnj pfckeåbdftn yfrfpfybz,ljkåty ñsnm yfrfpfy, b ntø, rnj ljcnjby gj-johtybz, cktletn gjjohznm. D nj åt dhtvzNfnøfufnf exbn yt ghbxbyznm dhtlf ybrfrbvåbdsv ceotcndfv, yj ñsnm bcgjkytyysv kçñdbb ljñhjns. Ãnb pfgjdtlb yt ghjnbdjhtxfn lheulheue, bñj njn, rnj ljkåty ñsnm yfrfpfy pfcjdthiäyyst bv åt ghtcnegktybz, gjcnhflftnyt bp-pf ytljñhjåtkfntkmcndf celmb, yj dcktl-cndbt cdjtuj pkjltzybz. Cjñcndtyyst gjcnegrbyfdktrkb yf ytuj nj, xnj yfkfuftn ckeåbntkm pf-rjyf. Celmz, dsyjcz ghbujdjh, gecnm yt gbnftn

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ytyfdbcnb d cdjtq leit, xnjñs lfåt eñbqwf, jn-ghfdkztvsq yf rfpym, cxbnfk, xnj ãnj _ gkjl tujcjñcndtyyjuj gjcnegrf. Rfr njkmrj jy gjqvän,xnj yfrfpfybt jxbcnbn tuj leie, jy yt cnfytnñjktt ctnjdfnm yf celmñe, yj djphfletncz tq¯.

B Ñkfujckjdtyysq ghjljkåfk: ¥Nfnøfufnf exbn,xnj kçñfz djqyf, d rjnjhjq xtkjdtr cnhtvbnczeñbnm cdjtuj ñhfnf, ghbcrjhñyf; yj jy yt exbn,xnj njn, rnj blän yf djqye pf ghfdjt ltkj, bcxth-gfd dct chtlcndf r cjøhfytybç vbhf, pfckeåb-dftn gjhbwfybz. Gjhbwftv ljkåty ñsnm njn, rnjdspdfk djqye.

Nfnøfufnf exbn gjkyjve jnrfpe jn ctñz, yjjy yt exbn jnrfpe jn xtuj-kbñj d gjkmpe cbk,ghtlcnfdkzçobø pkj,_ ñelm nj kçlb, ñjub bkbcnbøbb. Ñjhmñf ytbpñtåyf, bñj dcz åbpym tcnmñjhmñf. Yj njn, rnj dtlän ñjhmñe, ljkåty ckt-lbnm, xnjñs yt chfåfnmcz pf kbxyst bynthtcsghjnbd bcnbys b cghfdtlkbdjcnb.

Chfåfçobqcz pf kbxyst bynthtcs, lfñscnfnm dtkbrbv, vjueotcndtyysv, ñjufnsv bkbpyfvtybnsv, yt gjkexbn djplfzybz; yj njn, rnjñjhtncz pf cghfdtlkbdjcnm b bcnbye, jñhtnän dt-kbrjt djplfzybt, bñj lfåt tuj gjhfåtybt ñeltngjñtljq.

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Z_ ytgjløjlzobq cjcel lkz dvtotybz crjkm-ybñelm pyfxbntkmyjuj ecgtøf; z vfkj b øhegrj,b tuj cjlthåbvjt dcrjht hfpjqläncz dj ñkfuj, fdjpvjåyj, b yf gfueñe lheubv.

Bcnbyf åt ljcnfnjxyj dtkbrf, xnjñs dvtcnbnmcbkmyst åtkfybz b cnhtvktybz dctø z; b rjulfãnb z kjgyen, rfr vskmysq gepshm, cjlthåbvjtbø ñeltn cjøhfytyj, b d bcnbyt ñelen åbnm jybåbpymç dtxyjq.

Bleobq d ñjq, j Cbyøf, lfåt b pf ghf-djt ltkj, ljkåty ñsnm ujnjd r njve, xnj gf-län jn herb dhfuf, bñj nfrjd eltk djbyf; btckb hjr yfcnbuytn tuj, tve yt yf xnj hjg-nfnm.

Yj jlthåbdfçobq gjñtls ljkåty gjvybnmj ytghjxyjcnb dctuj ptvyjuj. Tuj ecgtø vjåtnñsnm dtkbr, yj crjkm ñs ñjkmibv jy yb ñsk,rjktcj celmñs vjåtn jgznm gjdthyenmcz b ybp-dthuyenm gjñtlbntkz dj ghfø.

Tckb åt jy clthåbn ctñz b, eufcbd dczreçytyfdbcnm d cdjäv cthlwt, gjlsvtn gjdthåty-yjuj ghjnbdybrf b crfåtn tve: ¥Ljdjkmyj, lfdfqpfrkçxbv vbh b cnfytv ñhfnmzvb¯, jy jlthåbngjñtle, rjnjhfz yt tcnm ghtøjlzobq ecgtø, bñjgkjls tä ghtñelen djdtrb.

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Dtkbr utythfk, edtyxfyysq ecgtøfvb, j Cbyøf,yj toä ñjkmibq gjñtlbntkm njn, rnj gjñtlbkctñz.

Extybt jñ jñeplfybb ctñz, j Cbyøf, lfäncz ytlkz eybxnjåtybz xtkjdtxtcrjq leib, yj hflbcjøhfytybz tä. Njn, rnj gjñtlbk ctñz, ñjktt cgj-cjñty ghtecgtdfnm b jlthåbdfnm d åbpyb gjñt-ls, ytåtkb hfñ cfvjuj ctñz.

Njn, xtq ev cdjñjlty jn bkkçpbb cfvjcnb, ds-cnjbn b yt gflän d chfåtybb åbpyb.

Ecnhtvkäyyjuj r ghfdtlyjcnb b cghfdtlkbdj-cnb yt vjåtn gjcnbxm ytelfxf; jy ñeltn ecgtityd cdjbø yfxbyfybzø, b ecgtø tuj ñeltn ghjxty.

Njn, rnj dphfcnbk d cdjäv cthlwt kçñjdm r bc-nbyt, ñeltn åbnm b yt evhän, bñj jy bcgbk yf-gbnjr ñtccvthnbz.

Gjnjve chfåfqcz veåtcndtyyj, j utythfk, bñjhbcm pf cdjb eñtåltybz cj dctç htibvjcnmç;yj ñelm cjklfnjv bcnbys _ b Nfnøfufnf ñkf-ujckjdbn ntñz¯.

Rjulf Ñkfujckjdtyysq ghjbpyäc ãnj, Cbyøf,utythfk, djcrkbryek: ¥Ljcnjckfdysq Dkflsrf,ljcnjckfdysq Dkflsrf! Ns hfcrhsk bcnbye. Ght-rhfcyj extybt Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj. Ns ltqcndbntkm-

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yj Ñellf, Nfnøfufnf, Cdznjq. Ns _ exbntkm xtkj-dtxtcndf. Ns erfpsdftim yfv genm r cgfctybç,bñj ãnj ltqcndbntkmyj bcnbyyjt jcdjñjåltybt.Njn, rnj cktletn pf Njñjq, yt vjåtn yt jñhtcnbcdtn, rjnjhsq jpfhbn tuj genm. Jy jñhtnän cxf-cnmt b vbh. Ghbñtufç, j Dkflsrf, r Ñkfujckjdty-yjve, r tuj extybç b r tuj ñhfncnde. Lf ghbvtnvtyz Ñkfujckjdtyysq jnysyt b gjrf lkbncz vjzåbpym gjcktljdfntktv, ghbyzdibv ghbñtåbotd yäv¯.

B Ñkfujckjdtyysq crfpfk: ¥Jñlevfq ghtålt,Cbyøf, cdjb ltqcndbz. Xtkjdtre, pfybvfçotvenfrjt gjkjåtybt, rfr ns, yt gjljñftn ltkfnm xnj-kbñj ñtp ljkåyjuj jñlevsdfybz¯.

Dthf Cbyøb d Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj toä djphjckf.Jy jndtxfk: ¥Tckb ñs lheubv exbntkzv, Dkflsrf,elfkjcm jñhfnbnm vtyz d cdjtuj gjcktljdfntkz, njjyb hfcnheñbkb ñs jñ ãnjv gj dctve ujhjle Dfq-ifkb, rhbxf: ¥Cbyøf, utythfk, cnfk yfibv gj-cktljdfntktv!¯ Dj dnjhjq hfp, Dkflsrf, z ghb-ñtufç r Ñkfujckjdtyyjve, r Løfhvt b r Jñobyt;lf ghbvtn vtyz Ñkfujckjdtyysq jnysyt b gjrflkbncz vjz åbpym gjcktljdfntktv, ghbyzdibvghbñtåbot d yäv¯.

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B crfpfk Ñkfujckjdtyysq: ¥Ljkujt dhtvz,Cbyøf, d ljvt ndjäv ltkfkbcm gjlyjitybz xkt-yfv ctrns ybhuhfynøjd. Gjnjve cktletn ntñtgjxbnfnm ghfdbkmysv b dghtlm gjlfdfnm bvgboe, rjulf jyb pfqlen d ndjq ljv pf gjlfz-ybtv¯.

B cthlwt Cbyøb ghtbcgjkybkjcm hfljcnmç. Jycrfpfk: ¥Vtyz edthzkb, Dkflsrf, xnj ihfvfyfUfenfvf ujdjhbn: ¥Njkmrj vyt, b ybrjve byjve,ljkåys gjlyjcbnmcz lfhs. Njkmrj vjb extybrb,b ybxmb lheubt, ljkåys gjkexfnm gjlyjitybz¯.F Ñkfujckjdtyysq ghbpsdftn vtyz r gjlfzyb-zv b lkz ybhuhfynøjd. Øjhjij, Dkflsrf, dctvecdjä dhtvz. D nhtnbq hfp, Dkflsrf, z ghbñtufçr Ñkfujckjdtyyjve, r tuj Løfhvt b r tuj ñhfn-cnde¯≥.18

Nfr dctulf b dj dcäv Ñellf herjdjlbkcz dtkb-rjç wtktcjjñhfpyjcnmç. ≤Rfrjt ghtbveotcndjvjukj ñs lfnm dfv ytñj? Ds ljkåys ñsnm gjñt-lbntkzvb pltcm, d ãnjv vbht, d njv cjcnjzybb,rfr ds ctqxfc≥.14

Jlyfåls ñjkmijq cgjhobr cnfhfkcz gjcnf-dbnm Ñelle d negbr, pflfdfz tve ldecvscktyystdjghjcs. Ñellf gthtcnfk pfybvfnmcz bv b crfpfk,

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jñhfofzcm r njkgt, jrheåfditq tuj: ≤Ãnjn xtkj-dtr yt øjxtn njuj, xnj jy dblbn. Njuj, xnj ytdblbn, botn jy. Levfç, jy ljkuj ñeltn notnyjbcrfnm. Jy yt eljdktndjhztncz ntv, xnj dblbndjrheu ctñz, b tuj åtkfybz ñtpuhfybxys. Ñkfujjnrfpfdibvcz jn åtkfybq≥.

Extybt Ñells endthålfkjcm rfr ghfdbkjåbpyb, bñj ghjybryjdtybt d åbpym rfåljuj lyzdscjrjuj b wtktcjjñhfpyjuj extybz jnvtnbkjyjdeç ãhe d åbpyb xtkjdtxtcndf. Ghtåybt pf-ghtns b jnhbwfybz ñskb pfvtytys extybtv gj-kjåbntkmysv b ghfrnbxtcrbv, ñkfujlfhz ãnjveyhfdcndtyyjcnm cbkmyj gjlyzkfcm.

Pfgjdtlfyj ñskj elthåbdfnmcz jn dctuj jn-hbwfntkmyjuj b dctç ãythubtq cgjcjñcndjdfnmgjkjåbntkmyjve b ghtrhfcyjve.

Cfvjeñbqcndj ñskj jcjñtyyj cbkmyj pfghtot-yj Ñelljç, nfr åt rfr b jnyznbt dczrjq åbpyb.≤Dcä lhjåbn gthtl yfrfpfybtv, dcä cnhfibnczcvthnb. Celz j lheubø gj ctñt, yt eñbdfq cfv byt ñelm ghbxbyjq eñbqcndf≥.15

≤Ñøbrie djplthåbdftncz jn dczrjuj jnyznbzåbpyb. Jy bpñtuftn jnyznbz åbpyb dczrjq

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ndfhb. Jnrkflsdfz d cnjhjye leñbyre b vtx, jyrhjnjr b vbkjcthlty, ljñh b gjkjy cjcnhflfybzrj dctve åbdeotve≥.17

Pfghtofkjcm egjnhtñktybt cgbhnysø yfgbn-rjd b cgfbdfybt lheubø, bñj jgmzytybt dtlänr gfltybç, ghtcnegktybç, cevfcitcndbç b yt-dtåtcnde, rjnjhjt zdkztncz ukfdyjq ghbxbyjqyjdjuj nzårjuj ceotcndjdfybz. Nfråt erfpsdf-kfcm ytjñøjlbvjcnm cjdthityyjq xbcnjns lkzljcnbåtybz gjkyjuj leøjdyjuj hfpdbnbz. Yjbvtnm jlye åtye b dthyjcnm tq hfccvfnhbdfkjcmrfr jlby bp dbljd wtkjvelhbz. Gjkbufvbz ñskfcehjdj gjhbwftvf Ufenfvjç Ñelljç, rfr gjhjå-ltybt ytdtåtcndf.

Extybt j cdzotyysø epfø ñhfrf ghtrhfcyjbpkjåtyj Ñkfujckjdtyysv d ghbnxt ≤Cdfltñysqghfplybr d Låfvñeyflt≥.

≤Dtkbxfqitt cxfcnmt, rfrjt njkmrj vjåtnghtlcnfdbnm cvthnysq,_ ãnj ñhfxyst eps, cdz-peçobt ldf kçñzobø cthlwf. Yj tcnm toä ñjkm-itt cxfcnmt: ãnj jñüznbt bcnbys. Cvthnm hfp-kexbn veåf c åtyjq, yj cvthnm ybrjulf ytgjhfpbn njuj, rnj ghtlfk ctñz bcnbyt.

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Gjnjve cjtlbybnt cdjç celmñe c bcnbyjq båbdbnt c ytq d cdznjv ñhfrt. Veå, kçñzobqcdjç åtye b vtxnfçobq, xnjñs cjçp bø lkbkczdtxyj, ljkåty ñsnm dthty tq, rfr cfvf bcnbyf;b jyf ñeltn edthtyf d yäv, ñeltn xnbnm tuj bgjvjufnm tve. B åtyf, kçñzofz cdjtuj veåfb vtxnfçofz, xnjñs cjçp bø lkbkcz dtxyj, ljk-åyf ñsnm dthyf tve, rfr cfvf bcnbyf; b jy ñeltnljdthznm tq, jy ñeltn gjxbnfnm tä, jy ñeltn dctvjñtcgtxbdfnm tä. Djbcnbye ujdjhç dfv, ñhfrbø ñeltn cfvf cdznjcnm b ñkfåtycndj, b ltnb bøñelen gjljñys cdjbv hjlbntkzv b cnfyen cdb-ltntkzvb bø cxfcnmz.

Gecnm ybrnj yt ñeltn jlbyjr, gecnm rfålsqcjtlbybncz d cdznjq kçñdb c bcnbyjq. B rjulfVfhf, hfpheibntkm, ghblän jnltkbnm dblbvstajhvs dfituj ceotcndf, ds ghjljkåbnt åbnmd bcnbyt b ghbjñobntcm åbpyb dtxyjq, bñjbcnbyf ñtccvthnyf≥.18

Extybt Ñells cltkfkj lkz hfcrhtgjotybz bcxfcnmz åtyobys ñjkmit, ytåtkb dct lheubtextybz Bylbb. Åtyobyf, ujdjhbk Ufenfvf,vjåtn ljcnbxm dscitq cntgtyb pyfybz, rjnj-hjt jnrhsnj veåxbyt, nj tcnm cnfnm Fhøfnjv.7

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≤Jcdjñjåltybt, rjnjhjt dyt ajhv, yt vjåtn pf-dbctnm jn gjkf, ghbyflktåfotuj vbhe ajhv≥.Åtyobys xfcnj buhfkb ñjkmieç hjkm d jñob-yfø, b vyjubt bp ybø ñskb pfvtxfntkmys cdjbvpyfybtv b ecnhtvktybtv.

Ghbdjlbv jndtn extybws Cjvs yf djghjc:≤Eckjdbt, rjnjhjt nhelyj ljcnbåbvj velhtwf-vb,_ rfrbv jñhfpjv vjåtn ljcnbxm tuj åtyob-yf c tä juhfybxtyysv evjv?≥ _ ≤Rjulf cthlwtcjdthityyj ecgjrjtyj, rjulf cjpyfybt hfcrhs-dftncz b rjulf dblbim bcnbye. Yj tckb rnj gjle-vftn: z åtyobyf, bkb z veåxbyf, bkb z nj, bkbz lheujt,_ gecnm Vfhf pfybvftncz bv≥.13

≤Dhfnf ñtccvthnbz jnrhsns dctv ceotcndfv.E rjuj tcnm eib, gecnm ghbøjlbn, ckeiftn Ext-ybt _ b dthbn≥.8, 16

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Ñellf erfpsdfk yf ytktgjcnm ghtlhfccel-rf, ghbgbcsdfçotuj ckjdfv djphfcnfçoeç fdnj-hbntnyjcnm dcktlcndbt gjdnjhtybz bø hfcneobvxbckjv exäysø. Bcnbyysq exäysq njn, rnj jcj-pyfk cjdthitycndj gjpyfybz, f yt njn, rnj ñjh-vjxtn ajhveks, eåt vyjujrhfnyj jnñhjityystlj ytuj.

≤Z ujdjhç vjbv extybrfv: ¥Djn Ybhdfyf, djngenm r ytq¯. Yfcnfdktyyst vyjç, bp ybø ytñjkm-ijt xbckj ljcnbuftn, lheubt ytn. Xnj vjue z?Ñkfujckjdtyysq tcnm kbim erfpfntkm genb≥.8

Yb jlby xtkjdtr yt vjåtn cgfcnb cdjtuj ñkbp-rjuj. ≤Pkj, cjltzyyjt xtkjdtrjv, gznyftn kbimtuj cfvjuj. Pkj, bpñtuyenjt bv, yt rjcyekjcmkbim tuj. Xbcn b yt xbcn rfålsq kbim lkz ctñz.Xtkjdtr yt vjåtn jxbcnbnm lheujuj≥.15

Dspljhjdktybt djpvjåyj kbim gjchtlcndjvdyenhtyytuj ghjwtccf hfñjns yfl cjñjç. GjnjveÑellf yt ghbpyfdfk ybrfrjq ltqcndtyyjq cbks

pf ajhvekfvb, rjnjhst ckjdtcyj gthtlfçncz bpgjrjktybz d gjrjktybt, ≤gjljñyj rjhpbyt, gtht-øjlzotq bp her d herb≥.8

Ñellf, jnhbwfz ceotcndjdfybt kbxyjuj Ñjuf,endthålfz djpvjåyjcnm jcdjñjåltybz kbim cj-dthityyj kbxysvb ecbkbzvb b egjhysv nheljvyfl cfvbv cjñjç, jlybv ãnbv eåt jnhbwfk dcz-rjt dytiytt gjrkjytybt. C cfvjuj yfxfkf jy jn-hbwfk dct hbnefks b lheubt dytiybt ltqcndbz,rjnjhst njkmrj cgjcjñcndeçn ecbktybç leøjdyjqcktgjns b wtgkzybç pf ñtpåbpytyyst ajhvs.D tuj extybb ybult ytn b yfvärf yf kbxyjt gj-rkjytybt. Jy ujdjhbk: ≤Extybt cgfcftn yt gjnj-ve, xnj Ñellf tuj lfän, yj gjnjve, xnj jyj tcnmjcdjñjåltybt. Extybr, cktleçobq pf vyjç, lth-åfcm pf rjytw vjtq jltåls, lfkär jn vtyz b z jnytuj. Gjxtve? Gjnjve, xnj ãnjn extybr yt dblbnvtyz. Lheujq åbdän pf cjnyb dähcn jn vtyz b,ntv yt vtytt, ñkbpjr vyt b z tve. Gjxtve? Gj-njve, xnj ãnjn extybr gjybvftn extybt; gjybvfzextybt, jy gjybvftn vtyz≥.19

≤_ Tckb ds gjyzkb b ephtkb bcnbye, rfr jyftcnm, crfåtnt kb ds: ¥Vs jñzpfys edfåtybtv

92

93

yfitve Exbntkç, b bp edfåtybz r ytve, rfr uj-djhbk Exbntkm, nfr ujdjhbv b vs¯?

_ Ytn, Ñkfujckjdtyysq._ Nj, xnj ds endthålftnt, yt tcnm kb ãnj nj,

xnj ds ephtkb b jcjpyfkb cfvb?_ Lf, Ñkfujckjdtyysq≥.8

Ghtldblz ñeleott, Ñellf ujdjhbk: ≤Extybtgjljñyj gkfvtyb afrtkf, pfåbufçotve ñtcxbc-ktyyst juyb; juyb ãnb vjuen cgjcjñcndjdfnmdfhrt gbob bkb hfcctbdfnm nmve, yj gkfvz gth-djuj afrtkf jcnfäncz ytbpvtyyj cbzçobv≥.20

Ñelexb dhfujv dczrjuj hbnefkbpvf, Ñellf jn-hbwfk jxbcnbntkmyeç vjom jñkbdfybq. ≤Xtkjdtryt ñeltn yhfdcndtyyj xbcn jnnjuj, xnj jy ljkujjxbofkcz d djlt. Xbcnsq xtkjdtr, ñhfvby _ njn,d rjv jñbnftn bcnbyf b ljñhjltntkm≥.21 ≤Ufznfrjq åt ñfcctqy djls, rfr dct jcnfkmyst ñfc-ctqys≥.8

≤Dct dfib ghfdbkf,_ ujdjhbk Ñellf bpedt-hfv,_ ybprb b cvtiys. Byjq bp dfc øjlbn yfujq,ghbrhsdfz ctñz njkmrj herfvb; byjq yt cnfytngbnm bp redibyf bkb tcnm c ñkçlf, yt czltnpf cnjkjv vtåle ldevz cjñtctlybrfvb, vtåleldevz yjåfvb bkb ldevz ñkçlfvb; byjq yt

czltn pf jñobq cnjk b yt ghbvtn gjlfzybz d njvljvt, ult tcnm ñthtvtyyfz åtyobyf, ult pfvtnbnvyjuj veø bkb dcnhtnbn cjñfre...

Byjq gbnftncz jlybvb jdjofvb, jndfhjv hbcf,rjhjdmbv bkb jktymbv gjvänjv, lhtdtcysvbrjhyzvb, dtndzvb, kbcnmzvb, ktcysvb gkjlfvbbkb pähyfvb. Byjq yjcbn gkfnmt, yfrbyed tujnjkmrj yf gktxb, bkb ghbrhsdftn ctñz vøjv, lht-dtcyjç rjhjç, hfcntybzvb bkb jktymtq rjåtq;hfcgecrftn cdjb djkjcs bkb yfltdftn yf ybøgjdzpre bp rjycrjuj djkjcf. Byjq yjcbn jltålegtxfkb; gjcnjzyyj lthåbn herb ddthø; yt cflbn-cz yf crfvmb b wbyjdrb, bkb gjcnjzyyj cblbnd gjkjåtybb åbdjnysø.

Byjq ktåbn yf rjkçxbø hfcntybzø bkb yfrjhjdmtv gjvänt...

Yt cnfye gthtxbckznm lheubø gjljñysøchtlcnd, rjnjhsvb ds vexftnt b bpyehztntctñz...

Xtuj jåblftnt ds, ljñhjdjkmyst nheåtybrb,pf cdjb nzårbt nhels? Jåblftnt gjlfzybq b gj-xbnfybz jn vbhzy, b rjulf ljcnbuftnt ãnjq wtkb,rhtgrj ghbcnhfoftntcm r eljñcndfv dhtvtyyjqåbpyb, yt øjnbnt hfccnfnmcz c ybvb, lf b yt

94

pyftnt b chtlcnd r njve. Tldf ds pfdblbnt bplfkbgjctnbntktq, rfr njnxfc cflbntcm b gjrfpsdftntdbl, ñelnj dfc pfcnfkb d ukeñjrjv hfpvsiktybb,yj hfccnfdibcm c ybvb, cyjdf ltkftnt, xnj øjnb-nt, ghjuekbdftntcm bkb gjrjbntcm yf cdjñjlt...

Rjulf dfv gjlyjczn uheñeç gboe, ds, lfåtb yt jndtlsdfz, jnlfänt tä, f dczrjt drecyjtreifymt jcnfdkztnt e ctñz. Ghtlfdfzcm gjhjrfvb cnhfcnzv, ds, jlyfrj åt, yfltdftnt kbxbyecrhjvyjcnb. Ytn, yt nfrjdj bcnbyyjt gjldbå-ybxtcndj!

Nheåtybxtcndj njkmrj njulf gjktpyj, rjulfgjl ybv yt rhjçncz cdjtrjhscnyst yfvthtybz≥.

Fcrtnbpv yt bvttn ybrfrjq wtyyjcnb lkzjcdjñjåltybz evf jn ep ptvkb. Ujhfplj nhelyttyfqnb nthgtkbdjuj xtkjdtrf, ytåtkb gbnfçotuj-cz djpleøjv b rjhtymzvb, jltdfçotujcz rjhjçb kbcnmzvb. ≤Rjulf xtkjdtr jckfñkty ujkjljv båfåljq, rjulf jy ckbirjv enjvkäy, xnjñs dkf-ltnm cdjbvb xedcndfvb b ghtlcnfdktybzvb,vjåtn kb jy ljcnbxm wtkb, rjnjhfz jdkfltdftnczkbim zcysv hfpevjv hfcibhtyyjuj cjpyfybz?≥1

≤Lkz njuj xnjñs cnheys d¶ys bplfdfkb ufhvj-ybxtcrbq pder, yt cktletn bø ckbirjv yfnzubdfnm

95

bkb jckfñkznm. Gjljñyj ãnjve, rfåljt ecbkbt,tckb jyj xhtpvthyj, rjyxftncz ñtcgkjlyjq pf-nhfnjq cbk; tckb ytljcnfnjxyj, jyj jñhfoftnczd gfccbdyjcnm≥.2

≤Eghfåyzqntcm d cjbpvthbvjcnb, cjñkçlfqntnjxyeç vthe d yfghzåtybb b ecnfyfdkbdfqnthfdyjdtcbt dfibø cgjcjñyjcntq≥.

≤Lbcwbgkbybhjdfyysq xtkjdtr cdjñjlty; ñe-lexb cdjñjlty, jy hfljcnty, jy gjrjty b cxfc-nkbd≥.

Bvtyyj, Ñellf cnhtvbkcz r njve, xnjñs åbpymjñobys ñskf hfljcnyf. Rjulf jy ajhvekbhjdfkyfcnfdktybz cdjtve csye, nj yfhzle c kçñjdmç,cjcnhflfybtv b nthgtybtv jy yfrfpsdfk tveøhfybnm hfljcnm.8

96

97

Dñellbpvt xtkjdtr cgjcjñty r ljñhjlt-ntkb, kbim tckb jy tä jcjpyfk. Ytkmpz jn-xfbdfnmcz d xtkjdtrt, ndjhzotv pkj, tckb jypyftn, xnj ltkftn. Jy dblbn jibñjxyj, yj, gjrhfqytq vtht, jy dblbn. Gjkexbd ytrjnjhjt pyf-ybt, jy vjåtn jnrfpfnmcz jn cdjbø ghtåybøgjcnegrjd. Yj xnj vjåyj jåblfnm jn xtkjdtrf,gjhfåäyyjuj cktgjnjç hfpevf?

≤Bp ldeø kçltq, cjdthibdibø ne åt jibñre,yfbñjktt gkjø njn, rnj yt jcjpyfk tä. Bp ldeøytdbyjdysø kexit njn, rnj cjpyfän, xnj jy ytdb-yjdty. Bñj ytkmpz jåblfnm jn xtkjdtrf, yt cj-pyfçotuj ctñz dbyjdysv, xnjñs jy dszdbkãythubç lkz ghtrhfotybz cdjtuj pfñkeåltybz≥.8

Xnjñs dsktxbnm ctñz, yeåyj pyfnm cdjç ñj-ktpym, yj pyfybt yt lfän pljhjdmz; ytjñøjlbvjteckjdbt lkz ãnjuj _ dszdktybt yfitq djkb.

Exbntkm hfccvfnhbdfk dct ceotcndeçobt ghj-zdktybz rfr rjhhtkzns enjyxäyytqibø ãythubq.

Jcjñtyyj wtybk jy ghjzdktybt ãythubb b cfvj-ltzntkmyjcnb d cdjbø extybrfø. Jy ybrjulf ytexbk gjlfdkznm cnhfcnb, rfr nfrjdst, yj kbimdbljbpvtyznm b djpdsifnm bø rfxtcndf; bñjd jcyjdt rfåljq cnhfcnb pfkjåtyf bcrhf ãythubb,ñtp rjnjhjq ytdjpvjåyj ybrfrjt ghjldbåtybt.

Ãythubz–djkz ltkftn extybrf yfcnjhjåtyysv,gjkysv ytghtkjåyjuj ecnhtvktybz. Ãnb rfxt-cndf djjheåfçn tuj nthgtybtv, ãythubtq, gj-cnjzycndjv cfvjjñkflfybz _ nhb ytjñøjlbvsøeckjdbz, xnjñs hfplfdbnm gjkxbof Vfhs (jnhb-wfntkmyfz cbkf)_≤gjljñyj ckjye, cjrheifçot-ve ñfvñerjdeç øbåbye≥.13 Nthgtybt hjålftnczbp cjcnhflfybz b pyfybz.

Jnyjcbntkmyj ytvbkjcthlbz erfpsdftncz, xnjxeåbt jibñrb kturj pfvtxfçncz, yj cdjz jibñ-rf nhelyj ekjdbvf. ≤Xtkjdtr ghjctbdftn ghjcne-gjr cjctlf, rfr pthyj jn vzrbys, yj cdjq ghzxtn,rfr gken gkjøeç buhfkmyeç rjcnm jn buhjrf≥.15

Ybult yt dblbv ytghjnbdktybz pke, dtplt ltq-cndtyyjt jñkbxtybt b ghtrhfotybt pkf. Ytkmpzgjrjhznmcz cnhflfybç, yeåyj ñsnm lthpyjdty-ysv d ecjdthitycndjdfybb ljñhf b yt ljdjkm-cndjdfnmcz vfksvb ljcnbåtybzvb. ≤Rfr ghtrhfc-

98

ysq wdtnjr ñtp pfgføf, nfr rhfcbdst ckjdf njuj,rnj yt gjcnegftn cjjndtncndtyyj,_ñtcgkjlys≥.15

≤Z erfpfk vjbv extybrfv genm, rjnjhsv jybljkåys blnb, xnjñs ghjzdbnm xtnsht cjdth-ityysø ecbkbz. Ghtgzncndez djpybryjdtybçgfueñysø, lehysø dtotq, tckb jyb toä yt ds-zdktys; ghtgzncndez bø hfpdbnbç, tckb jybeåt dszdktys; cgjcjñcndez dszdktybç gjktp-ysø dtotq, toä yt ghjzdktyysø, b ecbkbdfz nt,rjnjhst eåt ghjzdbkbcm,_ extybr gjhjålftndjkç, ecnhtvktybt, hfpdbdftn veåtcndj, eghfå-yztn cthlwt b ñjhtncz≥.2

Ybrjulf yt yfpjdäv Ñelle rhjnrbv, yfjñjhjn,jy Djlbntkm yteysdfçobq, Ñjhtw pf jñobye bvfnthbç, Uthjq nhelf b tlbycndf.

Ñellf erfpsdfk yf ytjñøjlbvjcnm cjbpvthbvj-cnb b wtktcjjñhfpyjcnb, jy ujdjhbk: ≤Yt yeåyjñsnm yb vtymit, yb ñjkmit≥. Gjcktljdfntkb tujbp ãnjq ajhveks cjbpvthbvjcnb cltkfkb crex-yeç pjkjneç cthtlbye, njulf rfr Exbntkm bvtkd dble ufhvjybç. Nfråt Ñellf pfdtofk bvtnmdjpvjåyj vtymit dtotq, xnjñs yt jnlfdfnm bvckbirjv vyjuj dhtvtyb,_ b ãnjn cjdtn gjckt-ljdfntkb jñhfnbkb d gtlfyncndj. Ñellf gjhbwfk

99

bpedthjd b cjdtnjdfk jñhfofnmcz c ntkjv gj yt-jñøjlbvjcnb eckjdbq. Nfv, ult ntkj ljkåyj ñskjñsnm jñktuxtyj ghb gthtldbåtybzø, nfv Exbntkmerfpsdfk øeljñe. Nfv åt, ult pfhfåäyyjcnm fnvj-caths nhtñjdfkf pfobne, nfv Exbntkm nhtñjdfkgbnfybt. D extybb Ñells vs yføjlbv yt njkmrjvfnthbfkbcnbxtcreç abkjcjabç, yj b ghfrnbxt-crjt ekexitybt åbpyb rfåljuj lyz.

Exbntkm erfpsdfk yf ytjñøjlbvjcnm ufhvjybbcbk xtkjdtrf lkz dszdktybz dscitq vths pyf-ybz, rhfcjns b yf yfexyeç, yfceoyeç yeåyjcnmrjcvbxtcrbø cñthtåtybq yf jñott ñkfuj.

≤Jy ñeltn cjñkçlfnm cjbpvthbvjcnm d vbkj-cthlbb, b, yføjlxbdsq d chtlcndfø, jy cjtlbybnvelhjcnm c cjcnhflfybtv≥.

≤Vbkjcthlysq xtkjdtr yfiäk genm r cgfct-ybç. Jy njn, rnj gjcflbk hjcnjr b ntv cfvsvjñtcgtxbk ntym, wdtns b gkjls yf ñeleobt ktnf.Bvtyyj nfrjdj cktlcndbt vbkjcthlbz, nfrjdfhfljcnm njuj, rnj gjvjuftn ntv, rnj yeålftnczd gjvjob. Bvtyyj nfrjdf dtkbrfz Ybhdfyf≥.

≤Ñtccvthnbt vjåtn ñsnm ljcnbuyenj kbim gj-cnjzyysvb ljñhsvb ltkfvb; b cjdthitycndjljcnbuftncz kbim xthtp cjcnhflfybt b vbkjcth-lbt≥.5

100

Cjcnhflfybt b wtktcjjñhfpyjcnm zhrj dshf-åtys d cktleçotv dscrfpsdfybb:

≤Ñkfujckjdtyysq ghjbpyjcbn kb ckjdj, tckbjyj kjåyj, ueñbntkmyj b ytghbznyj? _ Ytn.

Tckb jyj bcnbyyj, ueñbntkmyj b ytghbzn-yj? _ Njåt ytn.

Tckb jyj bcnbyyj, gjktpyj b ytghbznyj? _Lf, rjulf jy yføjlbn ãnj yeåysv.

Tckb kjåyj, ueñbntkmyj b ghbznyj? _ Ytn.Tckb bcnbyyj, gjktpyj b ghbznyj? _ Lf,

rjulf jy yføjlbn dhtvz gjløjlzobv.Gjxtve ltqcndetn jy nfr? _ Bñj jy cjcnhf-

lftn dctv ceotcndfv≥.8

Vyjuj erfpfybq j zdktybb cjcnhflfybz bvt-tncz d cenhfø; gthtxbckznm bø yt yeåyj, bñjd ybåtghbdtläyyjv ghjzdktybb pfrkçxtyf dcznjyrjcnm b nhjufntkmyjcnm jnyjitybz Ñellsr ñkbåytve.

≤Xeylf, repytw, ecksifd, xnj Ñkfujckjdtyysqghbiäk d Gfde b jcnfyjdbkcz d hjot, yfghfdbk-cz r ytve b, jrfpfd gjxbnfybt, ghjcbk Ñkfujckj-dtyyjuj yfpfdnhf gjctnbnm tuj nhfgtpe. Gjkexbdcjukfcbt, Xeylf elfkbkcz b r cktleçotve enheghbujnjdbk dctdjpvjåyst zcndf, f nfråt ñjkm-ijq recjr cjxyjq cdbybys. Ñkfujckjdtyysq

101

d cjghjdjåltybb extybrjd ghbñsk d ljv repyt-wf. Jgecnbdibcm yf ghbujnjdktyyjt cbltymt, jyjñhfnbkcz r repytwe Xeylt:

¥Xeylf, cdbybye, ghbgfcäyyeç njñjq, ghbytcbvyt, extybrfv åt lfq lheubt ghbujnjdktyystnjñjq zcndf¯.

¥Lf, ujcgjlby¯,_ jndtnbk repytw b gjcnegbknfr, rfr ñskj erfpfyj.

Njulf crfpfk Ñkfujckjdtyysq: ¥Xeylf, xnjjcnfkjcm e ntñz jn cdbybys, pfrjgfq d ptvkç,bñj z yt pyfç ceotcndf, rhjvt Nfnøfufns, rnjvju ñs ecdjbnm tä¯.

¥Lf, ujcgjlby¯,_ jndtnbk Xeylf b pfhskd ptvkç jcnfnrb cdbybys.

Drecbd gboe d ljvt repytwf Xeyls, Ñkfuj-ckjdtyysq pfñjktk nzårjq åtkeljxyjq ñjktpymçb, bcgsnsdfz cbkmytqibt ñjkb, crfpfk extybreFyfylt: ¥Dcnfym, Fyfylf, vs gjqläv d Reibyf-ufhe¯. Gj ljhjut Ñkfujckjdtyysq xfcnj jcnfyfd-kbdfkcz, bcgsnsdfz åtcnjxfqibt ñjkb, åfåleb njvktybt. Nfr ljikb jyb lj htrb Rfreinf;pltcm, cjdthibd jvjdtybt, Ñkfujckjdtyysq jcnf-yjdbkcz yf jgeirt ktcf, käu yf hfpjcnkfyyst

102

jltåls b jñhfnbkcz r Fyfylt: ≤Fyfylf, djpvj-åyj, xnj rnj-ybñelm jujhxbn cthlwt repytwfXeyls cktleçobvb htxfvb: ¥Xeylf, ñjkmifz yt-ghbznyjcnm ntñt, b ljkåty ns xedcndjdfnm ctñzjxtym ytcxfcnysv, xnj Nfnøfufnf gjrbyek ghtøj-lzott gjckt njuj, rfr jy ghbyzk nhfgtpe d ljvtndjäv¯.

Fyfylf, jnujyb nzårbt vsckb Xeyls ckjdf-vb: ¥Lheu, ns ljkåty hfljdfnmcz, bñj d ãnjvcxfcnmt ndjä, xnj nfr ckexbkjcm. Bp ecn cfvjujNfnøfufns cksifk b dyzk z, xnj ldf lfhf gbobyføjlzn ctñt jlbyfrjdeç jwtyre b djplfzybt.Djbcnbye, gjkexfçn jyb ñókmieç yfuhfle b ñkf-ujckjdtybt, ytåtkb lheubt. Rfrbt ldf? Njn, gjcktrjnjhjuj Nfnøfufnf ljcnbuftn dscjxfqituj, gjk-yjuj jpfhtybz, b njn, gjckt rjnjhjuj jy dcnegftnd jcdjñjåltybt Ybhdfys¯. Nfrbvb htxfvb ljk-åty ns, Fyfylf, hfcctznm nzårbt vsckb repytwfXeyls≥.4

Xtv ukeñåt dybrftv vs d Extybt Ñkfujckj-dtyyjuj, ntv zhxt dszdkztncz tuj ñtcghtltkmyjtcjcnhflfybt b kçñjdm, rjnjhsvb ghtbcgjkytysdct tuj vsckb b ltqcndbz.

103

≤Gjljñyj vfnthb, jøhfyzçotq cdjä tlby-cndtyyjt lbnz cdjtç åbpymç, djcgbnsdfqntd ctñt nfreç ñtcghtltkmyeç kçñjdm rj dctvceotcndfv≥.12

Tuj dctdvtofçott xedcndj cjcnhflfybz rjdctve åbdeotve ghjcnbhfkjcm lfåt yf hfcnb-ntkmyjt wfhcndj. Jy bpñtufk eybxnjåfnm ctvtyfb hfcntybz.

D Fyuennfhf-ybrft Ñkfujckjdtyysq ujdjhbn:≤Njn bp vjbø extybrjd, rjnjhsq øjnz ñs yfvuyjdtybt gjlevftn j kçñdb, jcdjñjlbntkmybwtevf, hfpvsikztn yt yfghfcyj b cktletn extybçb lbcwbgkbyt Exbntkz. Yj yfcrjkmrj åt ñjkmitnt, rnj pfyzns ecjdthitycndjdfybtv cfvjqvsckb j kçñdb!≥2

D Bnbdennfrt crfpfyj: ≤Dct cgjcjñs, dtle-obt r ljcnbåtybç djplfzybz d ãnjq åbpyb, ytcnjzn b jlyjq itcnyflwfnjq ljkb kçñdb, jcdj-ñjålfçotq ev. Kçñjdm, jcdjñjålfçofz ev,dvtoftn bø d ctñt, cbzz, ñkbcnfz b bpkexfz.

Gjljñyj njve, rfr cbzybt dctø pdäpl yt vjåtnchfdybnmcz c jlyjq itcnyflwfnjq ljktq zhrjcnbkeys, yj rfr cdtn keys gjukjoftn d ctñt cbzybtbø, ñkbcnfz, cdthrfz b bpkexfz, nfr b dct cgjcj-ñs r ljcnbåtybç djplfzybz d ãnjq åbpyb yt

104

cnjzn b jlyjq itcnyflwfnjq ljkb kçñdb, jcdj-ñjålfçotq ev.

Kçñjdm, jcdjñjlbntkmybwf evf, dvtoftn d ctñtdcä, cbzz, cdthrfz b bpkexfz.

Gjljñyj njve, rfr d gjcktlybq vtczw ljålkb-djuj jctyytuj dhtvtyb cjkywt, gjlsvfzcm d zc-yjv b ñtpjñkfxyjv ytñt, hfcctbdftn nmve yf dcävghjcnhfycndt, cbzz, ñkbcnfz b bpkexfz, b gjljñ-yj njve, rfr pdtplf enhf, gjckt yjxb yf pfht,cbztn, ñkbcnftn b bpkexftn, njxyj nfr åt dctcgjcjñs r ljcnbåtybç djplfzybz d ãnjq åbpybyt cnjzn b jlyjq itcnyflwfnjq ljkb kçñdb,jcdjñjålfçotq ev. Kçñjdm, jcdjñjlbntkmybwfevf, dvtoftn bø d ctñt, cbzz, ñkbcnfz b bpke-xfz≥.19

Kçñjdm Ñells, rfr ytbpvthbvsq gjnjr, ytvjukf ñsnm bcxthgfyf ybrfrjq ytyfdbcnmç bkbdhfåltñyjcnmç. Yfghjnbd, dhfåltñyst dsgflstoä gjkytt dszdkzkb tä. Gjnjve jy pfdtofkcdjbv extybrfv: ≤Xnj ñs yb ujdjhbkb kçlbj dfc, ñelm nj cghfdtlkbdj bkb ytcghfdtlkbdj,exnbdj bkb ytexnbdj, evyj bkb ukegj, c ljñhj-njç bkb cj pkjñjç, vjb extybrb, ds ljkåysghbexfnm ctñz r ãnjve. Dfi ev ljkåty jcnfdfnm-cz xbcnsv, ytpfgznyfyysv. Nfråt b pkjt ckjdj

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yt ljkåyj bcøjlbnm bp dfibø ecn. Ljñhsvb bcjcnhflfntkmysvb ljkåys ds ghtñsdfnm, cthl-wtv kçñzobvb b yt nfbnm d ctñt ytyfdbcnb.Jrheåbnt nfrjuj xtkjdtrf ytghtrhfofçobvczgjnjrjv kçñdtjñbkmyjq vsckb. B, ghjljkåfz jnytuj, yfgjkybnt dtcm vbh gjcnjzyysvb vsckzvbkçñdtjñbkmyjq ljñhjns, vsckzvb ibhjrbvb,hfcneobvb b ytbpvthbvsvb, rfr vbh, cdjñjl-ysvb jn ytyfdbcnb, cdjñjlysvb jn pkjñs. Nfr,extybrb, ljkåys ds djcgbnsdfnm ctñz≥.8

Pltcm vs dblbv, xnj kçñjdm, rjnjheç extyb-rb Ñkfujckjdtyyjuj ljkåys ñskb djcgbnsdfnmd ctñt, ñskf rfr ñtcghtltkmysq gjnjr ljñhjns,bpkbdftvsq yf dct xtnsht cnjhjys cdtnf, dybp,ddthø, dj dct vtcnf yf dcäv ghjcnhfycndt Dct-ktyyjq.

Cjukfcyj extybç, rjulf ãnb ñkfubt djkys cj-cnhflfybz bkb hfljcnb, gjckfyyst d ghjcnhfy-cndj, ljcnbufçn ev, gjlfdktyysq ujhtv b yt-cxfcnmtv, jy dytpfgyj joeoftn d ctñt ghbkbdxedcndf vbhf b cgjrjqcndbz.

Vsckm tcnm ãythubz b, rfr nfrjdfz, ltqcndetnd gjkyjv cjjndtncndbb c tä yfghzåtybtv b bv-gekmcjv, lfyysv tq.

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Kçñjdm, rfr jyf ñskf ghtgjlfyf Ñkfujckjdty-ysv, ñelexb jcdjñjåltybtv evf, ktåfkf d jcyj-dfybb dctuj ltqcndbntkmyj dtkbrjuj.

≤Ghtdsit dctuj _ kçñzott cthlwt≥.5

Toä jlyj ghtlfybt bp åbpyb Ñells.≤Ñkfujckjdtyysq cbltk yfl cnhezvb ukeñjrjuj

jpthf. D ukeñbyt vjåyj ñskj hfccvjnhtnm wtksqvbh hsñ b djljhjcktq. Ñkfujckjdtyysq pfvtnbk,rfr ãnjn vbhjr cøjlty c wfhcrbvb ldjhfvb. Tckbnelf jgecnbncz xtkjdtr, jy cnegyäq cjrheibndct ghbphfxyst xthnjub, yj cfv pfljøyäncz. Bpnfrbø ukeñby yt gjlsvftncz leø xtkjdtrf.

¥Dghjxtv,_ eksñyekcz Exbntkm,_ yf dcä tcnmchtlcndj. Vjåyj ghjñbnm crfke b dsgecnbnmjpthj. Ekbnrb ljkåys ñelen bkb pfcjøyenm, bkbyfqnb lheujt ceotcndjdfybt, yj xtkjdtr eåt ytgjubñytn¯≥.

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Dñellbqcrbø gbcfybzø xfcnj egjvbyfçn-cz itcnm exbntktq-abkjcjajd d rfxtcndt gjcnj-zyysø ghjnbdybrjd Ñells. Ãnj ñskb abkjcjas,jcgfhbdfdibt e Ñells ntjhtnbxtcrbt yfxfkf tujextybz. Ldf gjkjåtybz d extybb Ufenfvs Ñellsjcjñtyyj gjldthufkbcm yfgflrfv _ tuj extybtj ghbxbyfø b jnhbwfybt cfvjcnjzntkmyjq b yt-bpvtyyjq leib d xtkjdtrt b dj Dctktyyjq.Bvtyyj nt ldf gjkjåtybz, rjnjhst jcjñtyyjñkbprb cjdhtvtyyjve yfv vsiktybç.

Endthålfz htfkmyjcnm, jrheåfçoeç yfc bdblbveç dctvb kçlmvb, Exbntkm erfpsdfk yfceotcndjdfybt njyxfqitq htfkmyjcnb, ljcneg-yjq kbim dscitve pyfybç. Pyfybt ãnjq htfkm-yjcnb b jñkflfybt ãnbv dscibv pyfybtv ytlj-cnegyj yfibv jñsxysv uheñsv jhufyfv xedcnd.

≤Tckb ñs njkmrj nj, xnj djcghbybvftncz yf-ibvb xedcndfvb, ceotcndjdfkj rfr tlbycndty-yfz htfkmyjcnm, nj ytdtåls gj ghfde hjåltybz

jñkflfkb ñs jcyjdyjq Bcnbyjq. R xtve ñskb ñsnjulf dct gjbcrb r gjpyfybç ceoyjcnb dtotq?≥

D yfitv vjpue tcnm wtynhs, jnrhsnbt rj-njhsø lfän djpvjåyjcnm jñkflfybz gjljñysvytghtkjåysv pyfybtv. D ãnjv endthåltybbvs toä hfp dblbv, yfcrjkmrj Exbntkm iäkxbcnj yfexysv genäv, cjdgflfz d ãnjv erfpfybbc endthåltybzvb cjdhtvtyysø exäysø j njv,xnj d yfitv jhufybpvt bvtçncz vyjubt wtynhs,aeyrwbb rjnjhsø toä ytbpdtcnys, yj, gj pyf-xbntkmyjcnb pfybvftvjuj bvb vtcnf, vjåyjghtlgjkfufnm j ytjñsxyjv pyfxtybb bø.

Nfråt bltz kbxyjuj ñjuf, cgfcfçotuj xtkjdt-xtcndj, zdkzkfcm lkz ñellbcnjd ytghbtvktvjq,ytcjdvtcnbvjq c pfrjyjv rfhvs b c gjybvfyb-tv ytjñøjlbvjcnb cjdthityyj kbxysø ecbkbqlkz cdjtuj jcdjñjåltybz.

≤Tckb ceotcndetn Ñju, rfreç yfltåle vjåtimns gbnfnm evbkjcnbdbnm tuj ubvyfvb b gjrkj-yfvb? Gjcnegrb, cjdthiäyyst njñjç, cenm gj-cnegrb ãnjuj dscituj ceotcndf. Tckb Ñju ltkftnb dcä nj, xnj øelj, rfreç pfckeue dblbim d yävlkz ndjtuj gjxbnfybz? Tckb, ytyfdblz pkj, jyyt cgjcjñty dszdkznm pkj, nj ytktgj ujdjhbnm,

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110

xnj dcä ceott tcnm ndjhtybt Ñjuf. Vjom Ñjufljkåyf ñsnm jcyjdfyf yf pfrjyt bkb åt ñsnmgjlxbytyf lheujq ghbxbyt. D gthdjv ckexft jyfzdkztncz cktlcndbtv pfrjyf, dj dnjhjv vs ljkå-ys yfpdfnm tä hfñcndjv, f yt dkflsxtcndjv≥.

≤Rnj cjndjhbk yfib åbpyb? Hfpdt ãnj Bidf-hf, kbxysq ndjhtw? Tckb ñs Bidfhf ñsk ndjh-wjv, nj dct åbdeobt ceotcndf ljkåys ñskb ñsvjkxf gjlxbybnmcz vjob cjndjhbdituj bø. Jybñskb ñs rfr cjcels, cltkfyyst herjç ujhitx-ybrf. Tckb ñs ãnj ñskj nfr, nj rfrbv jñhfpjvzdbkfcm ñs djpvjåyjcnm ghbvtyznm ljñhjltntkm?Tckb ñs vbh ñsk cjndjhäy Bidfhjq, nj d yäv ytljkåyj ñskj ñs ceotcndjdfnm yb ujhz, yb ñtl-cndbq, yb uhtøf, bñj rfr xbcnst, nfr b ytxbcnstltzybz ljkåys bcøjlbnm jn Ytuj. Tckb åt ytn,nj ljkåyf ceotcndjdfnm lheufz ghbxbyf rhjvtYtuj, b njulf Jy yt ñeltn Cfvjceobv. Bnfr, dsdblbnt, xnj vsckm jñ Bidfht jghjrbyenf.

Rhjvt njuj, endthålfçn, xnj Fñcjkçn cjndj-hbk yfc. Yj fñcjkçnyjt yt vjåtn ñsnm ghbxb-yjq. Dcä djrheu yfc ghjbcøjlbn jn ghbxbys, rfrlthtdj ghjbcøjlbn jn ctvtyb; yj rfr vjåtnFñcjkçn ñsnm gjljñyjq ghbxbyjq dctuj ceotuj?

Tckb jy yfgjkyztn cjñjq dcä ceotcndeçott, nj,rjytxyj åt, jy yt cjplfän tuj.

Endthålfçn, jgznm-nfrb, xnj z _cjplfntkm.Yj tckb cjplfntkm _ z, nj gjxtve dcä yt cjplfyjghbznysv? Ghbxbys cnhflfybq b hfljcnb ceot-cndeçn htfkmyj, b jyb jñütrnbdys. Rfr vjukjñs z cjplfnm bø?

C lheujq cnjhjys, tckb ghbyznm, xnj cjplfnt-kz ytn, xnj yfif celmñf nfrjdf, rfrfz jyf tcnm, bxnj ghbxbyyjcnb yt ceotcndetn,_ r xtve njulfñskj ñs cnhjbnm åbpytyyst gkfys b cjukfcjds-dfnm chtlcndf c wtkmç?

Bnfr, vs endthålftv, xnj dcä ceott bvttncdjç ghbxbye. Jlyfrj yb Bidfhf, yb Fñcjkçn,yb z, yb ñtcghbxbyyfz ckexfqyjcnm yt zdkzçn-cz cjplfntktv, yj yfib cjñcndtyyst ltqcndbzghjbpdjlzn cktlcndbz _ rfr ljñhj, nfr b pkj≥.18

≤Dtcm vbh gjlxbyäy pfrjye ghbxbyyjcnb bghbxbyfv, evcndtyysv b ytevcndtyysv... pjkj-nj, bp rjnjhjuj cltkfyf xfif, jcnfäncz pjkjnjvdj dctø jnyjitybzø. Yt ñeltv gjuheåfnmcz d ge-cnst cgtrekzwbb j ñtcgjktpysø njyrjcnzø; jn-rfåtvcz jn cdjtuj z b jn ãujbpvf b, gjcrjkmredcä cdzpfyj ghbxbyyjcnmç, ñeltv jceotcndkznm

111

ljñhj, xnjñs ñkfuj ghjbcntrfkj jn yfibø ltq-cndbq≥.5

Tckb dtxyj bpvtyzçottcz ceotcndjdfybt xt-kjdtrf bcrkçxftn ubgjntpe gjcnjzyyjq, ytbpvty-yjq ceoyjcnb, nj b Dctktyyfz, ãnjn rjvgktrcrjvgktrcjd, jñüzcyztncz dctwtkj ñtp ytjñøjlb-vjcnb bkb lfåt djpvjåyjcnb ddjlbnm d ytäceotcndj ytbpvtyztvjt b dtxyjt.

Ldt ljrnhbys, jcjñtyyj jceålfdibtcz Ñel-ljç:

1) endthåltybt dtxyjq ytbpvtyyjq leib,2) eybxnjåtybt leib gjckt cvthnb.Jñt ãnb ljrnhbys jghjdthufkbcm pfrjyjv

ghbxbyyjuj pfhjåltybz, ecnfyfdkbdfçotuj, xnjdct løfhvs, d jlyj b nj åt dhtvz, zdkzçncz ghb-xbyfvb b gjcktlcndbzvb.

Ñellf jnhbwfk ceotcndjdfybt ytbpvtyyjqleib d xtkjdtrt b dj dcäv, bñj d xtkjdtrtb dj dctq Dctktyyjq jy dbltk kbim ytgjcnj-zycndj b ghtøjlzott. Ntpbc _ ñtcghthsdyjcnmgjnjrf atyjvtyjd b ajhvekf _ ghbxbyyjcnm pf-hjåltybz bcrkçxfçn ceotcndjdfybt dtxyjq, yt-bpvtyyjq leib, rfr bylbdblefkmyjq, nfr bvbhjdjq.

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Gjyznbt, cdzpfyyjt cj ckjdfvb ytbpvtyyfzleif, cjdthityyj ytghbtvktvj lkz ñellbcnf,bñj ghtlcnfdktybt, xnj xtkjdtr vjåtn ñsnm ceo-yjcnmç, jnltkäyyjq jn dctø lheubø ceoyjcntq bñsnbz dctq Dctktyyjq, yt vjåtn ñsnm ljrfpfyjyb kjubrjq, yb gjllthåfyj yferjq.

≤D ãnjv vbht ybrnj yt ytpfdbcbv. Dcä, xnjceotcndetn, pfdbcbn jn ghbxby b eckjdbq≥.

≤Dczrfz dtom yføjlbncz d pfdbcbvjcnb jnlheujq, b dtom, jn rjnjhjq jyf pfdbcbn, d cdjçjxthtlm, yt ytpfdbcbvf≥.11

Ñellf gjcnjzyyj exbk, xnj cfvjcnjzntkmyjuj zytn, xnj ytn b jñjcjñktyyjuj jn ytuj vbhf. Ytncfvjcnjzntkmysø ghtlvtnjd, ytn jñjcjñktyyjqåbpyb _ dcä kbim ythfphsdyst rjhhtkzns. DczDctktyyfz ceotcndetn kbim dpfbvjltqcndbtvcdjbø ãythubq.

Hfp ytn jnltkmyjuj z, nj vs yt vjåtv crf-pfnm _ vjä nj bkb lheujt, b ãnbv cfvsv eybx-njåftncz pfxfnjr gjyznbz cjñcndtyyjcnb.

Tckb gjyznbt ytbpvtyyjq b cfvjcnjzntkmyjqxtkjdtxtcrjq leib ljkåyj ñsnm jnñhjityj, xnjåt ãnj nfrjt d xtkjdtrt, xnj lfän tve dgtxfn-ktybt jñkflfybz gjcnjzyyjq kbxyjcnmç? Jndtn

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ñeltn _ nhbiyf, bkb yteljdktndjhäyyjt åtkf-ybt ñsnbz. Ceotcndj, gjhjlbditt ghbxbys, pfrjnjhst jyj ljkåyj jndtxfnm, jñkflfz djåltkt-ybtv, gjkexbn yjdjt hjåltybt d cjjndtncndbbcj cdjtq rfhvjç.

Hjålftncz yjdjt cjtlbytybt crfylø _ ãktvty-njd jlyjuj b njuj åt rjvgktrcf ãktvtynjd bkbløfhv, ghjzdkzçobøcz d lfyyjt dhtvz rfr jlyfkbxyjcnm, b, gjckt jghtltkäyyjuj ghjvtåenrfdhtvtyb, cyjdf d dblt lheujq, nhtnmtq, xtndähnjqb n. l. d ñtcrjytxyjcnm.

Ghjbcøjlbn yt nhfycvbuhfwbz, f ñtcrjytx-yjt ghtjñhfåtybt rjvgktrcf løfhv, bkb ãktvty-njd,_ byfxt ujdjhz, gthtuheggbhjdrf ãktvtynjd-ceñcnhfnjd, døjlzobø d xtkjdtxtcreç kbxyjcnm.

Yf rfxtcndj yjdjuj cjtlbytybz crfylø _ãktvtynjd yjdjq kbxyjcnb jrfpsdftn ñjkmijtdkbzybt gjcktlytt ghtlcvthnyjt ecnhtvktybtghtlsleotq kbxyjcnb, rjnjhjt lfän yfghfdkt-ybt jcdjñjålfçotvecz gjnjre.

Xtkjdtr hfccvfnhbdftncz d ñellbpvt rfr bylb-dblefkmyjcnm, ckjåtyyfz vyjujxbcktyysvb ce-otcndjdfybzvb, yj kbim xfcnbxyj ghjzdktyyfzd rfåljv yjdjv gjzdktybb yf ptvyjv gkfyt.

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Bylbdblefkmyjt ceotcndjdfybt, cjcnjzott bpwtkjq cthbb åbpytq, rjnjhst yfxbyfçncz, ghj-ljkåfçncz b jrfyxbdfçncz, xnjñs cyjdf yfxfnm,b nfr ytcrjyxftvj, chfdybdftncz c rjktcjv bkbujljv c ldtyflwfnmç vtczwfvb, ytbpvtyyj gj-dnjhzçobvbcz. Cfvfz wtgm ldtyflwfnb yblfycnfyjdbncz eåt yt wtgmç, yj rjktcjv åbpybc ldtyflwfnmç cgbwfvb. Rjktcj åbpyb, rjktcjPfrjyf, hfp geotyj d øjl, ybrjulf yt jcnfyf-dkbdftncz. ≤Rjktcj ñkfujuj Pfrjyf d ytbpvtyyjvdhfotybb ytecnfyyj lhjñbn, ytwtyyst jnñhjcsjnltkzz jn pjkjnjuj pthyf. Herf rfhvs yfghfd-kztn rjktcj, tuj jñjhjns jnvtxfçn ñbtybt täcthlwf≥.

Dct ãnb cvtys ajhv bkb ñsnbz dtlen r jlyjqwtkb _ ljcnbåtybç Ybhdfys, nj tcnm gjkyjujhfpdbnbz dctø djpvjåyjcntq, pfkjåtyysø d xt-kjdtxtcrjv jhufybpvt.

Yj ñellbpv exbn gjpyfdfnm b ndjhbnm ñkfujytpfdbcbvj jn ãnjq wtkb, bñj, d ghjnbdyjv cke-xft, ãnj ñskj ñs ytdtåtcndjv cfvjcnb, fñcjkçn-ysv ãujbpvjv, b gjljñysq cgtrekznjh pfhfyttjceåläy yf hfpjxfhjdfybt. Rfr crfpfyj: ≤Ybhdf-yf tcnm cbyjybv ñtcrjhscnbz, gjkysq jnrfp jn

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dctuj kbxyjuj dj bvz bcnbys. Ytdtåtcndtyysqxtkjdtr vtxnftn b cnhtvbncz r Ybhdfyt, yt bvtzyb vfktqituj ghtlcnfdktybz jñ bcnbyyjq täceoyjcnb. Ndjhbnm ljñhj c wtkmç gjkextybzhtpekmnfnjd bkb åt dtcnb lbcwbgkbybhjdfyyeçåbpym lkz ljcnbåtybz jcdjñjåltybz _ yt tcnmñkfujhjlysq Genm, pfdtofyysq Ufenfvjç Ñel-ljç. Ñtp vsckb j rfrbø-kbñj djpyfuhfåltybzøb ljcnbåtybzø ljkåyf ñsnm ghjqltyf åbpym, bnfrfz åbpym tcnm yfbdtkbxfqifz≥.

Cjcnjzybt Ybhdfys vjåtn ñsnm ljcnbuyenjxtkjdtrjv d tuj ptvyjq åbpyb.

Extybt Ñells yt ltkftn hfpkbxbz vtåleabpbxtcrbv b gcbøbxtcrbv vbhjv. Htfkmyjcnm,ghbgbcsdftvfz ltqcndbzv vsckb,_ njuj åtgjhzlrf, xnj b htfkmyjcnm ghtlvtnjd, gjpyfdft-vsø yfibvb xedcndfvb. Ñkfujckjdtyysq crfpfk:≤Bcnbyyj ujdjhç ntñt, ndjq hfpev _ evcndty-ysq, yj b nj, xnj djcghbybvftncz c gjvjomçxedcnd, njåt evcndtyyj. Ytn ybxtuj d ãnjv vbhtbkb dyt tuj, xnj yt tcnm ev bkb yt vjukj ñscnfnm bv. Dcä ceott jleøjndjhtyj, b lfåt cfvfptvkz, gj rjnjhjq vs cnegftv, vjåtn ghtjñhf-pbnmcz d csyjd bcnbys≥.18

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Extybt hfccvfnhbdftn dct ceotcndeçobt at-yjvtys rfr tlbycndtyyeç htfkmyjcnm. Abpbxt-crb b gcbøbxtcrb ãnb atyjvtys cenm løfhvs,ghtlvtns yfituj gjpyfdfybz. D yfc b dyt yfcvs cjghbrfcftvcz kbim c løfhvfvb, bñj d yfc bdyt yfc ceotcndeçn kbim løfhvs.

Ckjdj løfhvf _ jlyj bp yfbñjktt pyfxbntkm-ysø b yfbñjktt nhelyjgthtdjlbvsø d ñellbq-crjq nthvbyjkjubb. Løfhvf tcnm vyjujjñhfpysqafrnjh, afrnjh cjpyfybz, c ghbceotq tve jcj-ñtyyjcnmç jghtltkäyyjuj dszdktybz. Yfibjhufys ljcnfdkzçn yfv xedcndjdfybz, rjnjhstjñhfofçncz d løfhvs ltqcndbtv gjpyfdfybz.Bltb, ghtlcnfdktybz b dct byntkktrnefkmystghjwtccs _ ghtålt dctuj, løfhvs. Lkz yfitujcjpyfybz løfhvs nj åt, xnj wdtn, ajhvf b pderlkz phtybz b ckeøf. Løfhvs ceotcndeçn lkz yfccdjbv djpltqcndbtv. ≤Cbybq wdtn ceotcndetn gj-crjkmre vs gjkexftv joeotybt cbytuj≥. Cfvjextybt Ñells ghbyznj yfpsdfnm Løfhvf, bñjløfhvf nfråt jñjpyfxftn pfrjy, ljku.

Ceñütrnbdyst bkb åt jñütrnbdyst atyj-vtys ñtcghthsdyj bpvtyzçncz. Jyb htfkmys,yj htfkmyjcnm bø vjvtynfkmyf, bñj dcä, xnj ce-otcndetn, tcnm kbim dtxyjt hfpdbnbt _ løfhvs

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gjzdkzçncz jlby vjvtyn, xnjñ bpvtybnmcz d ckt-leçotv. Ãnf ljrnhbyf dtxyjuj gjnjrf dctødtotq ñskf yfcnjkmrj jcyjdyjq øfhfrnthbcnb-rjq extybz, xnj jyj gjkexbkj lfåt yfbvtyjdf-ybt ≤Ntjhbz vjvtynfkmyjuj hfpheitybz≥.

Løfhvs (nhfycwtyltynfkmyst yjcbntkb jght-ltkäyyjuj rfxtcndf) djdktxtys d gjnjr dtxyjujbpvtytybz. Cjxtnfybz bø jghtltkzçn jcjñty-yjcnb ghtlvtnjd b bylbdbleevjd. Ytbpvtyyjkbim nj, xnj yføjlbncz dyt cjxtnfybq.

Lhtdytt extybt pyfkj kbim jlyj gjyznbt, rj-njhjt yt ñskj cjcnfdysv, eckjdysv b ñskj dtx-ysv (d ghtlcnfdktybb jghtltkäyyjuj wbrkf, yjyt d Ñtcghtltkmyjcnb),_ ãnj Ybhdfyf. Rfålfzløfhvf zdkztncz ghbxbyjq, bñj rfålfz løfhvftcnm ãythubz. Tckb ãnf ãythubz ghbceof cj-pyfntkmyjve ceotcnde, jyf dszdkztncz ldjzrj:dytiyt jyf ghjzdkztncz rfr ytgjchtlcndtyyfzghbxbyf atyjvtyjd, dyenhtyyj jyf bpvtyztngjhjlbdituj tä b pfrkçxftn d ctñt gjcktlcndbz,jñyfheåbdfçobtcz d ñjktt bkb vtytt lfkärjvñeleotv.

Tckb dpznm xtkjdtrf, vs yfqläv, xnj tujabpbxtcrjt b gcbøbxtcrjt cnhjtybt tcnm kbim

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cjxtnfybt gznb uhegg fuhtufnjd _ crfylø, rj-njhst gjlhfpltkzçncz yf abpbxtcrbt rfxtcndf,ajhve _ hegf; xedcndjdfybz _ dtlfyf; ghtl-cnfdktybz _ cfylåyz; ecnhtvktybz bkb cbks _cfycrfhf; cjpyfybt _ dblåyzyf. Dct gznm jlbyf-rjdj ytecnjqxbds b ldjqcndtyys. Cfycrfhf cenmyfrkjyyjcnb b ndjhxtcrbt cbks, jñüzcyzçobtyfcnjzobt løfhvs ghtlsleobvb løfhvfvb brjnjhst d yfcnjzobø løfhvfø gjlujnjdkzçnløfhvs ñeleotuj.

≤Cfycrfhf _ yfrjgktybz, jcnfdktyyst ghji-ksvb xedcndjdfybzvb b cjjñofçobt fhjvfnñeleobv xedcndjdfybzv≥. Bp ãnjuj jghtltktybzcfycrfhf-crfylø zcyj, xnj ãnf uheggf ãktvtynjdzdkztncz rfr ñs dgbnsdfçotq d ctñz dct jcj-ñtyyjcnb ghjxbø crfylø. Cfycrfhf-crfyløb (ntkjghbxbyyjcnb) _ ceotcndjdfybt ãnjq uheggscrfylø jñeckjdktyj ytjñøjlbvjcnmç ghjzdktybz;rjulf ãnf ytjñøjlbvjcnm bcxtpftn, jyb ghtndjhz-çncz d xbcnsq cdtn. Crfyløf dblåyzyf b jnxfc-nb cfylåyz lfçn jrhfcre bkb øfhfrnth ghjxbvcjxtnfybzv b gjnjve zdkzçncz ghbxbyjq, jghtlt-kzçotq gjcktleçott ceotcndjdfybt, d cvscktecnhtvktybq, yfrkjyyjcntq.

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≤Hegf gjljñyf ñkçle; dtlfyf gjljñyf gbotyf ñkçlt; cfylåyz gjljñyf gjlkbdrt; cfycrfhfgjljñyf gjdfhe, f dblåyzyf gjljñyf tljre≥.Ñkfujckjdtyysq crfpfk: ≤Bvtyyj d ghjwtcct ãdj-kçwbb djpybrfçn cfycrfhs. Yt ceotcndetn ybjlyjq cfycrfhs, gjzdbditqcz byfxt xtv genävgjcntgtyyjuj cnfyjdktybz. Ndjb cfycrfhs _cktlcndbz ndjbø gjcnegrjd d ghtåybø ceotcndj-dfybzø. Cjxtnfybt ndjbø cfycrfh tcnm ndjä z.Relf ñs yb ñskb jyb ghbdktxtys, nelf gthtvt-oftncz b ndjä z. D cdjbø cfycrfhfø ns ghjljk-åbim cdjç åbpym, b d ñeleobø ceotcndjdfybzøgjåyäim ehjåfq njuj, xnj gjctzk ntgthm bghtålt≥.18

Yb jlby ãktvtyn bp jlyjuj ceotcndjdfybzyt gthtøjlbn d lheujt, yj yb jlby yt ljcnb-uftn yjdjuj ceotcndjdfybz, yt bvtz ghbxbysd ghtlsleotv ñsnbb. Rjulf cnfhjt cjpyfybtgthtcnfän ceotcndjdfnm _ ãnj cvthnm. Rjulf cj-pyfybt djpdhfoftncz r ceotcndjdfybç, gjkexf-tncz yjdjt hjåltybt. Yeåyj gjybvfnm, xnj ytbp cnfhjuj cjpyfybz djpybrftn yfcnjzott cjpyf-ybt, yj xnj jyj cdjbv yfcnjzobv dbljv jñzpfyjghbxbyfv, pfkjåtyysv d ghtlsleotv ñsnbb.

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Jn jlyjq åbpyb r lheujq ytn gthtlfxb, yjrfr ñs jncdtn, cjkblfhyjcnm.

≤Xtkjdtr gjctzdibq _ yt njn cfvsq, rjnj-hsq åyän, yj jy b yt lheujq≥.

Cjlthåfybt cjpyfybz cjcnjbn bp løfhv. Løfh-vs _ ãnj vsckb. Vsckb ãnb nfr åt htfkmys,rfr b xtnsht ãktvtynf bkb jhufys xedcnd, bñjc vjvtynf, rfr dtom ghjlevfyf, jyf eåt ceot-cndetn. Xtkjdtr tcnm rjvgktrc cjxtnfybq, b d rfå-lsq vjvtyn tuj ghbhjlf jghtltkztncz xbckjvb øfhfrnthjv xfcnbw, rjnjhst tuj cjcnfdkzçn.Rfåljt bpvtytybt d tuj cjxtnfybzø ltkftnbp ytuj yjdjt ceotcndj. Yj ãnj bpvtytybt ytbcrkçxftn gjcktljdfntkmyjcnb, bñj ldbåtybtcrfylø yt cjdthiftncz ckexfqyj b dyt pfrjyf.Djdktxäyyst d dtxysq ghbkbd b jnkbd fuhtuf-ns bpvtyzçncz d jlyjv yfghfdktybb ñjktt,ytåtkb d lheujv, bñj eckjdbz rfåljuj yjdjujcjxtnfybz jghtltkzçncz ghbxbyjq, b ghbxbyjqãnjq zdkztncz rfxtcndj ghtlitcndjdfditq ghb-xbys. Rfåljt gjcktleçott cjxtnfybt gjåbyf-tn gkjl ghtlsleobø cjxtnfybq b pfrkflsdftnctvz, rjnjhjt jgkjljndjhbncz d ñeleotv cjxt-nfybb.

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Xtkjdtr tcnm rjvgktrc cjxtnfybq, b, d nj åtdhtvz, jy _pdtyj. Jy _rjvgktrc, bñj d rfålsqvjvtyn jy cjlthåbn ñjkmijt xbckj crfylø; jyghtlcnfdkztn bp ctñz pdtyj, bñj vtåle ldevzgjcktleçobvb cjcnjzybzvb tcnm jlyjdhtvtyyjhfpkbxbt b cjkblfhyjcnm. ≤Tckb yt ñskj ñs hfp-ybws, vjkjrj yt bpvtybkjcm ñs d ghjcnjrdfie.B tckb ñs yt ñskj cjkblfhyjcnb, yt ñskj ñs yt-jñøjlbvjcnb d vjkjrt, xnjñ bvtnm ghjcnjrdfie≥.Nfr crfyløb crkflsdfçn yfie rfhve bkb, jñhfn-yj, rfhvf ckfuftncz bp crfylø.

Gjzcybv toä ghbvthjv. Abpbjkjubxtcrb xtkj-dtxtcrbq jhufybpv cjdthityyj bpvtyztncz rfå-lst ctvm ktn, b njulf rfr xtkjdtr F d cjhjr ktncjdthityyj njåltcndtyty c djctvyflwfnbktnybvçyjitq F, dcä åt, ñkfujlfhz gjcnjzyyjve hfp-heitybç b djccnfyjdktybç tuj ntkf b bpvtyt-ybzv d evt b øfhfrntht, jy lheujt ceotcndj.Xtkjdtr d cnfhjcnb zdkztncz njxysv cktlcndbtvvscktq b gjcnegrjd rfåljq ghtlsleotq cnflbbcdjtq åbpyb. Gjljñysv jñhfpjv yjdjt xtkjdt-xtcrjt ceotcndj, ñelexb ghtlsleotq bylbdb-lefkmyjcnmç, yj d bpvtyäyyjq ajhvt, d yjdjvcjtlbytybb crfylø-ãktvtynjd, cghfdtlkbdj gj-

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åbyftn cktlcndbz cdjbø vscktq b gjcnegrjdd ghtlsleobø ceotcndjdfybzø.

Cjpyfybt b tuj dtxyj bpvtyzçottcz cjlth-åfybt tlbys. ≤Ytn gjcnjzyyjuj z, rjnjhjt jcnf-dfkjcm ñs ytbpvtyysv≥. ≤Yeåyj, xnjñ ãvñhbjyevth, lkz njuj xnjñs hjlbkcz htñäyjr; yeåyfcvthnm htñäyrf, xnjñs hjlbkcz vfkmxbr, b cvthnmvfkmxbrf dszdkztn çyjie≥.10

Yf Djcnjrt ghbyznj ãdjkçwbç xtkjdtxtcrjujceotcndf chfdybdfnm c jåthtkmtv _ rfålfz ñecfrjnjhjuj tcnm jlyj bp abpbxtcrbø ghjzdktybq.Yj, vjåtn ñsnm, ñkbåt ghtlcnfdbnm ctñt ãne ãdj-kçwbç rfr ckjåyeç yfcnjqre, d rjnjheç c rfå-lsv yjdsv ghjzdktybtv yf ptvyjv gkfyt ghb-ñfdkztncz yjdsq byuhtlbtyn, rjnjhsq, rjytxyj,bpvtyztn dtcm cjcnfd.

Rfåljt yjdjt ghjzdktybt juhfybxbdftncz ab-pbxtcrbvb ãktvtynfvb _ hegf-crfyløf.

Ãythubz, cnhtvzofzcz cjplfnm yjdjt ceotcndjb yfghfdkztvfz rfhvjq, yfpsdftncz nhbiyf _cnbvek, åfålf ñsnbz.

B ãnjn cnbvek ghb ghjybryjdtybb d Extybtdcnfän gthtl yfvb rfr dtkbxfqibq rjcvbxtcrbq

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ghbywbg, rfr dtkbxfqitt b ghtrhfcytqitt rjc-vbxtcrjt nfbycndj.

B Ufenfvf Ñellf, ytecnfyyj erfpsdfdibqyf dtxyj vxfobqcz gjnjr yfibø åbpytq, ãnbvcfvsv endthålfk rjcvbxyjcnm b, cktljdfntkm-yj, ñtcghtltkmyjcnm ãnjuj cnbvekf, gjlfdktybtvrjnjhjuj d ctñt pfyzns vyjubt pkjnjkrjdfntkbExtybz. Yj juytyysq leø Exbntkz vju kbimeybxnjåfnm vfkst gjyznbz, hfcibhzz bø d ñtc-ghtltkmyjcnm.

B Ybhdfyf tcnm nt Dhfnf, rjnjhst ddjlzn yfcd hbnv dscituj, juytyyjuj, ndjhzotuj b dtxyjhfcibhzçotujcz gjnjrf ñtcrjytxyjuj ceotcndj-dfybz.

Extybt Ñells _ ãnj jlby ytenjvbvsq juyty-ysq ghbpsd r jcjpyfybç tlbycndf b rhfcjnsdtkbrjuj ndjhxtcndf Ñsnbz Ñtcghtltkmyjuj!

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Xnj tcnm rfhvf? Djpltqcndbt gjcktlcndbzcjdthiäyyjuj xtkjdtrjv dszdktybz _ ltkjv,ckjdjv b vsckmç. Dyenhtyytt djpltqcndbt, rfreåt erfpfyj hfytt, ghjzdkztncz kbim d cjpyf-ntkmysø ceotcndfø. Jncçlf rjkjccfkmyfz jndtn-cndtyyjcnm xtkjdtrf gthtl dctv ceobv, b ght-ålt dctuj _ gthtl cfvbv cjñjç.

≤Nj, xnj z yfpsdfç rfhvjq, tcnm kbim vsckm,bñj, gjhfpvsckbd, xtkjdtr ltqcndetn ntkjv, ckj-djv b hfpevjv≥.22 Rfhvf cjplfäncz vsiktybtv.≤Ytn ybrfrjq pfckeub njve, rnj lfän pjkjnj,levfz, xnj lfän rfvtym≥. Bvtyyj vsiktybtghblfän xtkjdtre vjhfkmyeç wtyyjcnm, bpvtyzt-veç gjcnegrfvb d ne bkb byeç cnjhjye.

Ljñhjt ltqcndbt dszdktyj b pfdthityj. Bøjnz tuj eåt ytn, ntv yt vtytt gjcktlcndbt ceot-cndetn. D vjvtyn ltqcndbz ghjbcøjlbn jghtlt-käyyjt cjxtnfybt løfhv d gjnjrt ãnjuj xtkjdtrf.D ãnjv pfrkçxftncz yteybxnjåftvjcnm gjcnegrf.

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Nfrbv jñhfpjv, r gjyznbç xbcnj vtøfybxtcrjveghbxbys b cktlcndbz ñellbpv ghbñfdkztn toäjndtncndtyyjcnm. Jlyf bp nfrbø rjvñbyfwbqfuhtufnjd, rjnjheç vs yfpsdftv bylbdbleevjv,eybåtyf bkb djpdsityf ltqcndbzvb lheujq,ghtlitcndjdfditq rjvñbyfwbb, c rjnjhjq jyfcjkblfhyf. ≤Z yt exe ybxtve lheujve, rfr njkmrjrfhvt≥.3

Nf yfcnjqxbdjcnm, rjnjheç ghjzdbk Ñellf,xnjñs dyeibnm cdjbv extybrfv cjpyfybt vj-hfkmyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb, dsntrfçotq bp pfrjyfrfhvs, ljrfpsdftn, xnj d ãnjv pfrkçxfkcz afr-njh gthdbxyjq Bcnbys, cfvjljdktçotq b fñcj-kçnyjq,_ Bcnbys, rjnjhfz ljkåyf herjdjlbnmdctvb gjcnegrfvb xtkjdtrf. ≤Cjvytdfnmcz d vj-hfkmyjq vjob gjcnegrf_pyfxbn pfrhsdfnm ukfpfyf jxtdblyjcnm≥.

Dct ceotcndf bvtçn cdjç rfhve. ≤Jyb yf-cktlybrb gjcnegrjd b csyjdmz gjcnegrjd. Jybd gjkyjq pfdbcbvjcnb jn gjcnegrjd. Gjcneg-rb ecnfyfdkbdfçn vtåle ceotcndfvb hfpkbxbzd cjcnjzybzø, ybpvtyysø b ghtdjcøjlysø≥.

≤Djbcnbye, bp njuj, xnj ñskj, cjplfäncz nj,xnj tcnm. Xtkjdtr hjålftncz cjukfcyj njve, xnj jycjplfk. Dct ceotcndf bvtçn yfcktlbtv rfhve≥.8

≤Cjjndtncndbt vtåle gkjljv b ctvtytv ytnjkmrj njxyj, yj ltqcndbt, rfr dczrjt ljñhjtctvz, djphfcnftn cnjrhfnyj≥.

Nfr rfålsq xtkjdtr, ltqcndbtv ñtpjibñjx-yjq rfhvs, gjkexftn d njxyjq vtht dcä ljkåyjt,bv pfckeåtyyjt, yt ñjktt b yt vtytt. Yb jlyjñkfujt kbñj pkjt ltqcndbt, rfr ñs gecnzxyj jyjyb ñskj, rfr ñs nfqyj yb cjltzyyjt, yt vbyetnnjxyj ehfdyjdtityysø dtcjd rfhvs. Rfhvf tcnmghbxbyyjcnm, ltqcndeçofz d vjhfkmyjv nfr åt,rfr d abpbxtcrjv b lheubø gkfyfø. Ñellbcnsujdjhzn: ≤Ytn xeltc d ltkfø xtkjdtxtcrbø _ xnjxtkjdtr gjctzk, nj jy b gjåyän≥.

≤Yt ceotcndetn vtcnf yf ptvkt, bkb yf ytñt,bkb gjl djljç, nfråt ytn nfrjuj d ytlhfø ujh,ult ñs pkjt ltqcndbt yt ghbytckj cnhflfybz gj-hjlbditve tuj≥.

≤Tckb rnj jcrjhñbn ytgjdbyyjuj xtkjdtrf,nj pkj jñhfnysv elfhjv yfcnbuytn ñtpevwf, gj-ljñyj käurjve cjhe, ñhjityyjve ghjnbd dtnhf≥.

≤Pkj cjltzyyjt yt cdjhfxbdftncz njnxfc åt,rfr vjkjrj. Jyj cktletn pf ñtpevwtv, rfr nktç-ofz bcrhf, rjnjhfz, yfrjytw, hfpujhftncz d åue-xtt gkfvz≥.15

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Jlby ñtpevtw, ecksifd, xnj Ñellf cjñkçlfkghbywbg dtkbrjq kçñdb _ gkfnbnm ljñhjv pfpkj, ghbiäk r ytve b yfxfk gjyjcbnm tuj. Ñellføhfybk vjkxfybt, åfktz tuj ñtpevbt.

Rjulf åt ñtpevtw rjyxbk cdjb gjyjitybz,Ñellf cghjcbk tuj: ≤Csy vjq, tckb xtkjdtr jnrf-psdftncz ghbyznm lfh, rjve jy ghbyflktåbn?≥ Bnjn jndtxfk: ≤D nfrjv ckexft, jy ñeltn ghbyflkt-åfnm xtkjdtre, ghtlkjåbditve tuj≥.

≤Csy vjq, ns gjyjcbk vtyz ctqxfc, yj z jn-rfpsdfçcm ghbyznm ndjb jcrjhñktybz b ghjientñz jcnfdbnm bø ghb ctñt. Yt ñeltn kb ãnj bc-njxybrjv ujhz lkz ntñz? Rfr ãøj ghbyflktåbnpdere b rfr ntym ghtlvtne, nfr åt ytghtkjåyjñtlcndbt yfcnbuytn cjltzdituj pkj.

Pkjq xtkjdtr, eghtrfçobq ljñhjltntkmyjuj,gjljñty xtkjdtre, rjnjhsq cvjnhbn ddthø bgkçän d ytñj; gktdjr yt jcrdthybn ytñj, yj,gflfz jñhfnyj, pfgznyftn tuj cfvjuj.

Rktdtnybr gjljñty ñhjcfçotve cjh yf lheuj-uj, rjulf dtnth ghjnbdysq. Cjh kbim djpdhfof-tncz yf njuj, rnj ñhjcbk tuj. Ljñhjltntkmyjvextkjdtre yt vjåtn ñsnm yfytctyj eothñf, b nj

ytcxfcnmt, rjnjhjt rktdtnybr åtkftn yfytcnb,jñjhfxbdftncz yf ytuj cfvjuj≥.20

Rfr jñott ghfdbkj, kçlb djpdhfofçncz yfptvkç lj ntø gjh, gjrf cjpyfybt bø yt gththfc-nän ptvyjuj ehjdyz. Ñellf erfpsdfk, xnj ceot-cndeçn wtkst cbcntvs vbhjd hfpkbxysø rfxtcnd,dscibø b ybpibø, b xnj jñbnfntkb bø, d cdjävhfpdbnbb, dgjkyt cjjndtncndeçn vbhfv, bvbyfctkztvsv. Vbh, d rjnjhjv lfyysq xtkjdtrljkåty ghjzdbnmcz, nfr åt rfr b rfxtcndj cfvjujgthtdjgkjotybz, htiftncz ghtjñkflfybtv d yävgjkjåbntkmysø bkb jnhbwfntkmysø rfxtcnd,byfxt ujdjhz, yfexysv zpsrjv,_ hjåltybt ãnjñeltn rjynhjkbhjdfyj tuj bcnbyysv nzujntybtv,bkb cdjtç rfhvjç _ crfåen ñellbcns.

Gjljñyj ghjcnegre, hfcrfzybt tcnm ltqcndbt.B ãnj ltqcndbt bvttn gjcktlcndbz, rjnjhstvjuen ehfdyjdtcbnm gjcktlcndbz ghjcnegrf.Ñellf ujdjhbk: ≤Tckb cjltzdibq pkj xtkjdtrjcjpyftn cdjç jibñre, hfcrftncz b ñeltn ltkfnmljñhj, cbkf yfrfpfybz bcnjobncz gjcntgtyyj,gjljñyj ñjktpyb, gjcntgtyyj nthzçotq cdjä

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ueñbntkmyjt djpltqcndbt gj vtht bcgfhbysñjkmyjuj≥.

Rfhvf tcnm vsckm, gjnjve rfxtcndj vsikt-ybz vjåtn bpvtybnm b lfåt cjdthityyj jcdjñj-lbnm xtkjdtrf jn djpltqcndbz rfhvs. Tckb ñsgjcnegrb dctulf yfuhjvjålfkbcm jlby yf lheujq,xtkjdtr ñsk ñs pfrkçxäy d cdjç rfhve rfr d pf-rkznsq rheu. Yj, exf, xnj ceotcndetn cjcnjzybtcjpyfybz, rjnjhjt vjåtn eybxnjåbnm djpltq-cndbt cjltzyysø gjcnegrjd, Ñellf erfpfk djp-vjåyjcnm ghtrhfotybz cnhflfybq vbhf. Djkz bãythubz _ dkfcnbntkb rfhvs. Bp dctuj crfpfyyj-uj zcyj, xnj pfrjy rfhvs b pfrjy gthtdjgkjot-ybz ytltkbvs, bñj jlby zdkztncz kjubxtcrbvcktlcndbtv lheujuj.

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Ytrjnjhsvb pfgflysvb exäysvb ghb-yznj ñskj hfccvfnhbdfnm ñellbpv rfr extybtjnxfzybz b ñtpltqcndbz, xnj cjdthityyj yt jn-dtxftn tuj jcyjdyjve øfhfrnthe.

Ñellf, rfr bcnbyysq djålm jñotuj ñkfuf, ñtc-cnhfiyj hfcrhsk xtkjdtxtcnde bcnbyyst jgfc-yjcnb ceotcndjdfybz, b d nj åt dhtvz erfpfkgenm, rfr bpñtåfnm bø: genm ãnjn _ pyfybt. Rnjåt yfpjdän xtkjdtrf, jcnfyjdbdituj dfc yf rhfçghjgfcnb, gtccbvbcnjv?

≤Ceotcndf åbden d ljvt, jñüznjv gkfvtytv,b, ntv yt vtytt, jyb yt bcgsnsdfçn yb ñjzpyb,yb eåfcf. Jyb yt pyfçn; jyb ñtcgtxys; jyb ytgeufçncz; jyb yt cnfhfçncz cgfcnbcm; jyb hfp-dktrfçncz b cyeçn d hfpyst cnjhjys d ãnjvnhjqcndtyyjv vbht, gjljñyjv ljve, jødfxtyyj-ve gkfvtytv≥.23

≤Ukegws levfçn, xnj cnhflfybz pfrkçxfçn-cz kbim d ñjktpytyyjv joeotybb. Djbcnbye,

xedcndf bø bpdhfotys. Jyb egjljñkzçncz ñjkm-yjve, ghtlcnfdkzçotve ctñt, xnj cføfh ujhtr.Geibyrf ithcnb, jgecrfzcm yf here, ytjczpftvf,yj ghjybrfz d ukfp, jyf ghbxbyztn cbkmyeçñjkm. Kfljym _ ãnj ytdtåtcndtyysq xtkjdtr,ukfp _ ãnj velhtw. Kbim velhsq ukeñjrj gj-nhzcäy phtkbotv cnhflfybz vbhf≥.24

Tckb rnj gjckt ãnbø pfzdktybq yfpdfk ñsÑelle gtccbvbcnjv, nj egjljñbkcz ñs ntv ytdt-åtcndtyysv kçlzv, rjnjhst eñbdfçn dhfxtq,ghbtpåfçobø ltkfnm bv wtktñyst ghbdbdrb.B nt åt kçlb, crkjyyst ghbgbcfnm extybç yjnejnxfzybz, ghbdjlzn endthåltybt Ñkfujckjdtyyj-uj: ≤Z hfpheibntkm cnfhjcnb b cvthnb. Z kexibqbp dhfxtq. Z dkfltç yfbdscibv chtlcndjv≥25.

≤Gtqnt, nhelzobtcz, gtqnt ktrfhcndj bcnbysb, ghbybvfz tuj, åbdbnt. Bcgbd tuj, ds gjñtlb-nt cnfhjcnm b cvthnm≥.14

Ghbdjlbv fdnjhbntnyjt vytybt ukfdyjuj yf-cnjzntkz vjyfcnshtq Rfvfrehs Cjãy Czre: ≤Ñel-lbpv tcnm yfbñjktt hfwbjyfkmyjt b byntkktrne-fkmyjt extybt vbhf≥.26

Extybt Ñells, ghjybryenjt gj cdjtve gj-cnhjtybç endthåltybtv cfvjljdktçotq xtkj-

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dtxtcrjq ceoyjcnb, d rjcvbxtcrjv hfpvføtecnhtvktybz r lfkmysv vbhfv, gjkyj bcnbyyjujdtkbxbz b rhfcjns.

Tcntcndtyyj vjåtn zdbnmcz djghjc _ rfr åtExbntkm gjvybk j rhfcjnt d tä ptvysø ghjzd-ktybzø? D Vføfgfhbybññfyf-cennt erfpsdftncz,xnj lfåt gthtl jnøjljv vsckb Exbntkz ñskbecnhtvktys r ghtrhfcyjve, dcgjvbyfz rhfcjnskexibø vtcn, bv ghjqltyysø: ≤Ghtrhfcyf Hf-låfuhbøf, dthibyf Rjhieyf, crfkf Hfpñjqybrf;ghtrhfcys hjob b ujhs≥. ≤Dfqifkb _ rfrjtãnj ghtrhfcyjt vtcnj!≥4

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Dct lhtdybt abkjcjacrbt extybz endthå-lfkb pfrjy rfhvs b pfrjy rjytxyjuj jcdjñjålt-ybz. Yj wtyyjcnm extybz Ñells d njv, xnj, ytyfheifz d jcyjdt dct ãnb yfexyj-abkjcjacrbtgjkjåtybz, jyj jñhfnbkjcm r ptvkt, r ptvyjvenhele, erfpsdfz, xnj kbim genäv htfkmyjuj, yf-ghzåäyytqituj nhelf b cfvjhfpdbnbz vjåyjljcnbxm bcnbyyjuj ghjuhtccf, b ntv cfvsv ecnf-yjdbkj ãdjkçwbjyyjcnm xtkjdtxtcndf, rfr jhuf-ybxtcrjq xfcnb Rjcvjcf.

Ckjdj gjnjr, nfr xfcnj egjnhtñkztvjt Ñelljçd ghbkjåtybb r Rjcvjce b r xtkjdtxtcrjve ce-otcndjdfybç, tcnm yt xnj byjt, rfr yfit gjyz-nbt, dshfåtyyjt ckjdjv ãdjkçwbz.

≤Rjynfrn rjcvbxtcrjuj ghtjñhfpjdfybz c gcb-øbxtcrjq ãythubtq hjålftn cjcnjzybt cxfcnkb-djuj gjnjrf≥_ nfr ujdjhbk Ñellf.

Yfcrjkmrj ghtåybt extybz vjukb ñsnm øfhfr-nthbpjdfys jnhsdfçobvb jn ptvkb, yfcnjkmrj

Ñellf zdbkcz bcnbyysv gføfhtv ptvkb, endth-ålfz jcyjde cjpyfntkmyjuj b htfkmyjuj nhelf.B ajhvekf, xnj dcä ljcnbuftncz kbim kbxysvbecbkbzvb, kbim xtkjdtxtcrbvb ptvysvb herfvbb yjufvb, rhfcyjç ybnmç ghjøjlbn xthtp dcäextybt. B d ãnjv pfrkçxftncz ytgjdnjhztvfzjcjñtyyjcnm wtyyjcnb extybz b nhelf UfenfvsÑells.

Ytn ñjktt ghtrhfcyjuj djppdfybz r vbhe,xtv ãnj gjcnjzyyj gjdnjhzçottcz endthåltybt:≤Ñhfnmz, z yt ghtlkfufç dfv ybrfrbø ljuv, b zyt nhtñeç jn dfc dthbnm d nj, dj xnj dtheçnvyjubt lheubt. Njkmrj r cfvjcnjzntkmyjve ghj-cdtnktybç ghbpsdfç z dfc _ gjkmpeqntcm cjñ-cndtyysv evjv, hfpdbdfqnt tuj, yt gjpdjkzqnttve negtnm. Z pfrkbyfç dfc, yt egjljñkzqntcmøboysv pdthzv bkb ukegsv jdwfv. Z vjkç dfc,ñelmnt plhfdjvsckzobvb kçlmvb, kçlmvb, nhe-lzobvbcz ytecnfyyj lkz jñhtntybz bcnbyyjujpyfybz, rjnjhjt ghtdjpvjåtn cnhflfybt≥.

Yfc yt pfybvfçn gjplytqibt yfuhjvjå-ltybz jrjkj ñellbpvf, njkmrj jcyjds, pfdtofy-yst cfvbv Exbntktv, yeåys lkz ñeleotuj. Bd ãnbø jcyjdfø vjåyj dbltnm extybt, yt njkmrj

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ghjkjåtyyjt åtktpyjq djktq, yj b pfgtxfnkäy-yjt cnegtyzvb øjåltybq ljkubø.

Vjåyj bpevkznmcz, rfrbvb ljdjlfvb gjdthø-yjcnyst bccktljdfntkb gjrfpfkb extybt Ñellsrfr jnxfzybt. Dtlm ãnj _ kjåm! Gtcym dtkbxbznhelf, gtcym gjñtls xtkjdtxtcndf, gtcym cehjdjqhfljcnb!

Extybt Ñells vjåyj yfpdfnm jgsnjv nhelj-djq jñobys.

Yt njkmrj gjybvfybt ñellbcnjd, yj b dctcghfdtlkbdst evs ljkåys jwtybnm rfvtym nhelfÑells.

C cfvjuj yfxfkf ltkfkjcm hfpkbxbt vtålecvsckjv b ñerdjç. Exbntkm ujdjhbk: ≤Pyfybtyt tcnm ñerdf, yj leø≥.

≤Ckjdj Ñells jnkbxyj jn ñerds. Exbntkm cjjñ-oftn bcnbye extybre, yj jñkflfnm tç jy vjåtnkbim gjckt ukeñjrjuj, kbxyjuj tä jcjpyfybz≥.

Gj ckjdfv exäysø ñellbcnjd, lfyyst, yf rj-njhsø jcyjdfyj extybt, jndtxfçn dctv nhtñj-dfybzv hfpevf, yj cvtibdfnm rjnjhsq c juhf-ybxtyysv hfccelrjv ytdtåtcndtyyjuj xtkjdtrfñskj ñs rhfqyt ytktgj.

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Lj yfituj dhtvtyb cjøhfybkjcm ljcnfnjxyjñellbqcrbø ghtlfybq, ñjktt bkb vtytt ljcnjdth-ysø, xnjñs, gj rhfqytq vtht ghbñkbpbntkmyj,pyfnm øfhfrnth htxtq Exbntkz. Bp ãnbø ghtlf-ybq vs pyftv, xnj Exbntkm ybrjulf yt rjktñfkczd jndtnfø yf ghtlkfuftvst tve djghjcs. D lhtd-ybø cñjhybrfø ckjd Ñells, ghtålt dctuj, pfvtxf-tncz ytjñsxfqyfz rhfnrjcnm b xänrjcnm dshfåt-ybq. Cenhs tcnm yt xnj byjt, rfr fajhbpvs bkbrhfnrbt bphtxtybz Ñells, pfrkçxfdibt d ctñtabkjcjacrbt b yhfdcndtyyst gjkjåtybz ext-ybz. Fajhbpvs Ñells cjøhfybkb cdjç rhfnrjcnmd ñellbqcrbø ghtlfybzø, yj eåt c ghbcjtlbyt-ybtv gjzcytybq.

Zhrjcnm extybz Ñells nfråt pfrkçxfkfcmd cbkt tuj ghjcnsø dshfåtybq. Ybrjulf jy ytghbvtyzk cnbøjd. Bvtyyj, gjljñyj kmde hsrfkjy j xbcnjnt åbpyb. Ybrjulf yt ghjgjdtljdfk,yj kbim hfpüzcyzk ghb ckexft, gjkmpezcm ghbn-xfvb lkz eukeñktybz lfyyjuj cjdtnf. D Cfhyfnøtdcnfk yf ktåfditt rjktcj, b chfdytybt ñskjåbpytyyj.

Ñellf pfgjdtlfk cdjbv extybrfv dctulf bpkf-ufnm extybt yf yfhjlyjv, hfpujdjhyjv zpsrt

b cehjdj jceålfk dczreç gjgsnre rjlbabrfwbbextybz yf bcreccndtyyjv kbnthfnehyjv zpsrt.

D ñellbqcrbø nhflbwbzø bvtçncz lfyyst jøjåltybb Exbntkz pf ghtltks cjdhtvtyyjq tveBylbb, d Nbñtn, Øjnfy b Fknfq.

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Nhflbwbz ñellbpvf bvtnm ghb cdjbøjñobyfø jñibhyst irjks c abkjcjacrbvb,vtlbwbycrbvb, vfntvfnbxtcrbvb, fcnhjyjvbxt-crbvb b ghjxbvb rehcfvb zdkztncz ghzvsvcktlcndbtv pfdtnjd Exbntkz, erfpfdituj, xnj ≤yt-dtåtcndj tcnm gznyj, ñjktt lheubø gznyfçottxtkjdtrf≥.

Irjks ñellbqcrbt, nfr åt rfr b njxysqcjcnfd bø rybujøhfybkbo, gjcnjhjyybv vfkjbpdtcnys, yj rfåljt yjdjt cdtltybt ckeåbnr hfcibhtybç pfgflysø gjyznbq j dyenhtyytvcnhjtybb ñellbpvf. Ñtp zpsrf, ñtp pyfybq, ñtpljdthbz ybrnj yt ghjybrytn d ãnb ndthlsyb,rjnjhsv nfr ñkbprf Cfyuøf _ jñobyf.

Yt pfñeltv, xnj ckjdj kfvf jpyfxftn exbntkm,f yt vjyfø, rfr gj ytpyfybç xfcnj ghbyznj cxb-nfnm. Bplhtdkt exäyst kfvs gthtgbcsdfçn b gt-xfnfçn c htpysø ljcjr rybub b zdkzçncz jxtym

bcrecysvb øeljåybrfvb, ghb gjkyjq fyjybv-yjcnb fdnjhcndf. Edfåtybt r rybufv b rybuj-øhfybkbofv zdkztncz nhflbwbjyysv d Nbñtnt.Chtlb exäysø kfv ceotcndetn jñsxfq ghjbuhfd-ituj d exäyjv cgjht pfgbhfnm d ñbñkbjntre.

Djpdhfotybt r lhtdytq Dbyft _ rjltrceyhfdcndtyysø b jñobyysø gjcnfyjdktybq ñel-lbpvf, cnjbn dctulf, f jcjñtyyj ntgthm, ñkbåfq-itq pflfxtq jñobyysø cjñhfybq.

Bpdtcnysq exäysq d cdjtq ktrwbb, ghjxbnfy-yjq bv yf dscnfdrt ñellbqcrbø ghtlvtnjd d Gt-nhjuhflt, ujdjhbk: ≤Yt vjåtv yt crfpfnm d pf-rkçxtybt, xnj jcyjdyst cnjhjys ñellbqcrjujabkjcjacrjuj extybz, ñelexb ghfdbkmyj gjyznsb gthtkjåtys yf yfi abkjcjacrbq zpsr, jñyfhe-åbdfçn pfvtxfntkmyeç ñkbpjcnm rfr hfp r cfvsvgjcktlybv, cfvsv yjdtqibv ljcnbåtybzv d jñ-kfcnb yfituj yfexyjuj vbhjcjpthwfybz. ≤Vbhj-plfybt ñtp Ñjuf≥, ≤gcbøjkjubz ñtp leib≥ (dthyttñskj ñs crfpfnm _ gcbøjkjubz dtxyj bpvtyzç-otqcz leib), ≤dtxyjcnm ãktvtynjd vfnthbb bleøf≥, xnj zdkztncz kbim jcjñsv dshfåtybtvpfrjyf ghbxbyyjcnb; yfcktlcndtyyjcnm, åbpyty-

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ysq ghjwtcc dvtcnj ñsnbz dtotq; d jñkfcnb ghf-rnbrb_jnhbwfybt ghfdf xfcnyjq cjñcndtyyjcnb,jnhbwfybt yfwbjyfkmyjq juhfybxtyyjcnb, dctjñ-ott ñhfncndj dctø kçltq... ; yfrjytw, jñofz dctvyfv ytjñøjlbvfz, ytbpñtåyfz dthf d nj, xnj vsldbåtvcz b ljkåys ldbufnmcz r cjdthitycndj-dfybç ytpfdbcbvj jn Ñjuf, leib b cdjñjlsdjkb,_ djn jcyjdyst xthns rfr ñellbqcrjuj,nfr b yfituj cjdhtvtyyjuj, yjdtqituj vbhj-cjpthwfybz≥. Bvtyyj, extybt Ñells jghjdthuftnceotcndeçott pfñkeåltybt, xnj ãdjkçwbz yt-psñktvf b pfrjy tä ltqcndetn ñtpjnyjcbntkmyj.Vs pyftv, xnj dcä åbdän b ltqcndetn bylbdb-lefkmyj, pyfxbn, ljkåyf ñsnm jcjñfz rjjhlbyf-wbz b lbcwbgkbyf, xnjñs cjpdexbt yt yfheif-kjcm. Crfpfnm, xnj xtkjdtr ljkåty hfpdbdfnmczytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, xnj cfv jy zdkztncz xfcnmçjñotuj gkfyf ãdjkçwbb,_ pyfxbkj ñs jndtcnbxtkjdtre hjkm kbim vzxf celmñs.

R cjåfktybç, vs ljkåys erfpfnm, xnj gjckt-lybt ckjdf edfåftvjuj ktrnjhf _≤vs ldbåtvczb ljkåys ldbufnmcz r cjdthitycndjdfybç ytpf-dbcbvj jn... cdjñjls djkb≥ _ yføjlzncz d ghzvjv

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ghjnbdjhtxbb r jcyjdyjve ghbywbge extybzÑells, gj rjnjhjve lkz ljcnbåtybz ecjdthity-cndjdfybz b dscituj cjpyfntkmyjuj ceotcndjdf-ybz nhtñeçncz cjdthityyj kbxyst, cjpyfntkm-yst ecbkbz b gjcnjzyysq nhel yfl cjñjç, xnjdjpvjåyj kbim ghb cdjñjlyjq djkt.

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Cjgjcnfdbv ñellbpv b cjdhtvtyyeçyfere. Ñhjcftncz d ukfpf, xnj bvtyyj ñellbcnsyfbñjktt crkjyys rj dctv ãdjkçwbjyysv lj-cnbåtybzv. Rjytxyj, ãnj rfxtcndj ñskj dkjåtyjbø jcyjdysv extybtv. Pyfrjvzcm c jcyjdfvb,dblbv, yfcrjkmrj endthåltybz Exbntkz gjlndth-ålfçncz ljcnbåtybzvb cjdhtvtyyjq yfv yferb.Xnj Ãqyintqy ljcnbu genäv jgsnf, nj ntø åthtpekmnfnjd ljcnbukb lhtdybt ñellbcns xbcnjevjphbntkmysv genäv.

Toä hfp gjdnjhztv, xnj ñellbpv ytkmpz hfc-cvfnhbdfnm rfr htkbubjpyjt jnrhjdtybt, bñjUfenfvf Ñellf endthålfk cdjä extybt rfr gjpyf-ybt dtxysø bcnby, rjnjhst nfr åt njxyj endth-ålfkbcm tuj ghtlitcndtyybrfvb.

Ufenfvf exbk, xnj dcä ceotcndeçott ghj-bpjikj bp Frfib, bkb gthdbxyjq ceñcnfywbb,d gjdbyjdtybt ghbceotve tq pfrjye dtxyjuj

ldbåtybz, b gjckt bpdtcnyjuj gthbjlf ceotcndj-dfybz dyjdm hfpkfuftncz.

≤Ybxnj yt vjåtn ghjbpjqnb bp ybxtuj≥. Ñel-lbcns yt dthzn d xeltcf, cktljdfntkmyj jyb jn-hbwfçn cjplfybt b yt vjuen ghtlcnfdbnm ctñtcjplfybt xtuj-nj bp ybxtuj.

≤Ybxnj jhufybxtcrjt yt dtxyj. Dcä ceottyføjlbncz d cjcnjzybb gjcnjzyyjuj ldbåtybz,ghtnthgtdfz bpvtytybz b gjllthåbdfz ñtcght-hsdyjcnm cjukfcyj pfrjye ãdjkçwbb≥.

≤Vbh ceotcndetn ghbxbyjq. Dcä ceotcndetnghbxbyjq. Dct ceotcndf cdzpfys ghbxbyjq≥.8

Ujdjhz j gjcnjzyyjq bpvtyztvjcnb dblbvjujyfibvb uheñsvb jhufyfvb vbhf b tuj hfpkj-åtybb, ñellbpv erfpsdftn, xnj ãnb hfpkjåtybzdhtvtyys _ gthbjlbxys; bñj gj ghbywbgeãdjkçwbb, yfghfdkztvjve pfrjyjv rfhvs bylb-dblefkmyjq b rjkktrnbdyjq, vbh bcxtpfçobqd cdjç jxthtlm dszdbn yjdsq vbh cj dctv tujcjlthåfybtv, gjljñyj njve rfr yfif Dctktyyfzñskf ghjzdktyf bp gthdbxyjq ceñcnfywbb _vfnthbb.

Jnhbwfz xeltcf, Exbntkm erfpsdfk yf crhs-nst cbks d xtkjdtxtcrjq ghbhjlt, rjnjhst, ghb

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hfpdbnbb bø, vjuen ghjbpdjlbnm nfr yfpsdftvstxeltcf.

Cbcntvf hfpdbnbz ãnbø cbk bpkjåtyf d ñel-lbqcrbø rybufø b bpdtcnyf gjl yfpdfybtv yferbBlløb-dbløf, ghbxäv erfpsdftncz yf ldf dblfghjzdktybq ãnbø cbk b yf ldf cgjcjñf ljcnbåt-ybz bø. Jlby, ybpibq dbl, ljcnbuftncz genävhfpysø fcrtnbxtcrbø b lheubø abpbxtcrbø eghf-åytybq. Lheujq, ñjktt dscjrbq b bcxthgsdfç-obq dct djpvjåyst zdktybz, ljcnbuftncz cbkjçdyenhtyytuj hfpdbnbz.

Gthdsq dbl hfpdbnbz cbk ytghjxty b vjåtnñsnm enthzy, njulf rfr dyenhtyytt hfpdbnbt yb-rjulf yt vjåtn ñsnm enhfxtyj. Jdkfltybt bvljcnbuftncz, cktlez erfpfyyjve Ñelljç ñkfuj-hjlyjve Genb.

Dct ãnb crhsnst cbks hfpdbdfçncz d xtkjdtrtgjcntgtyyj, b jñsxyj cfvb cjñjç, gj vtht ght-jljktybz xtkjdtrjv ybpibø ghjzdktybq cdjtqghbhjls d wtkjv hzlt ghtåybø åbpytq.

Lkz hfpdbnbz cbk dscjrjq cntgtyb ytjñøjlb-vs xtnsht eckjdbz:

1) djkz,2) tä ghbvtytybt,

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3) evcndtyyjt hfpdbnbt,4) hfcgjpyfdfybt vtåle bcnbyjq b pfñkeålt-

ybtv.Xtkjdtr, jñkflfçobq ãnbvb cbkfvb bkb pyf-

ybtv, evyjåfz cbks ghbhjls, vjåtn ghjbpdtc-nb cfvst ytjñsryjdtyyst xeltcf, nj tcnm, lhe-ubvb ckjdfvb, ghjbpdtcnb kçñjq yfexysq jgsn.Ñellf yt gjjohzk gjljñysø dszdktybq cbk,dtleobø kbim r cveotybç evjd, ytpyfrjvsøc ghbceobvb ãnbv dszdktybzv ghbywbgfvb,b cjplfçobø nzåreç fnvjcathe yfcbkmcndtyyjgjnhtdjåtyysø cnbøbq.

D Vføfgfhbybññfyf-cennt ujdjhbncz j yt-jñsryjdtyyjv cdtnt, bcøjlbditv bp ntkf Ñells,rjnjhsq ñsk pfvtxty tuj ñkbåfqibv extybrjvFyfyljq. Exbntkm erfpfk, xnj ghb ldeø jñcnjz-ntkmcndfø gjljñyjt abpbxtcrjt bpkextybt vjåtnñsnm dblbvj abpbxtcrbv ukfpjv:

1) dj dhtvz dtkbrjuj ghjcdtnktybz xtkjdtrf,cnfdituj Ñelljç;

2) d yjxm, rjulf gjljñysq xtkjdtr _ Ñellf _jrjyxfntkmyj eøjlbn.4

Bpexfz ñellbqcrbt bcnjxybrb, vjåyj yfqnbvyjuj wtyytqibø erfpfybq jñ ãnjv xbcnj abpb-

xtcrjv zdktybb bpkextybz. Erfpsdftncz cdtnz-ofzcz, njyxfqifz vfnthbz, jrheåfçofz xtkj-dtrf b zdkzçofzcz ñkbåfqibv dyenhtyybvafrnjhjv xtkjdtxtcrbø gjcnbåtybq. ≤Vfnthbzãnf ytjñsxfqyj njyrf, gjljñyf cbzybç fkvfpf,ytdtcjvf, ytcåbuftvf b bcxtpftn ñtp jcnfnrfgjckt cvthnb. B ntv yt vtytt jyf fnjvbxyf≥.

Bpkextybt ãnj ctqxfc bpdtcnyj tdhjgtqwfvgjl yfpdfybtv fehf. Bpkextybt ãnj cjdthityyjtcntcndtyyj, b ñskj ljrfpfyj yfexyj, xnj ytnjkmrj dct xtkjdtxtcrbt b åbdjnyst jhufybpvs,yj lthtdmz, hfcntybz b lfåt rfvyb jñkflfçn bv.

Gthdsv bp exäysø, erfpfdibv yf ãne jcjñty-yjcnm, ñsk ñfhjy Htqøtyñfø; jy ljrfpfk, xnjãnj bpkextybt cjdthityyj tcntcndtyyj. Jgsnsãnb gjlhjñyj bpkjåtys d tuj ≤Bccktljdfybzø1844–45 u.≥.

Nfråt l-h Ñfhflçr d Gfhbåt cybvfk ajnjuhf-abb c ãnjuj bpkextybz, f ctqxfc d Kjyljyt, Fvt-hbrt b Ñthkbyt jnltks ghb yfexysø bycnbnenføgjcdzofçncz bpextybç xtkjdtxtcrbø bpkext-ybq _ feh. Ñskj ljrfpfyj, xnj bpkextybt ãnjñsdftn hfpyjjñhfpysø jnntyrjd, hfcghjcnhfyz-tncz d jñüävt b ecbkbdftncz d yfghzåtybb cdtnf

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cjjndtncndtyyj leøjdyjve b byntkktrnefkmyjvehfpdbnbç xtkjdtrf. Jnvtxtys nfrbt zdktybz,rfr dytpfgyst dcgsirb wdtnysø kextq, dsøj-lbdibø bp jgktxbq, yj ghjbcøjåltybt gjljñ-ysø dcgsitr yt yfikj toä jñüzcytybz d yfert.Jñhfotyj dybvfybt yf evtymitybt cbks cdtnfbpkextybz ghb ñjktpytyyjv cjcnjzybb jhuf-ybpvf.

D cdjtq rybut ≤Vfuybnyfz fehf rjcvbxtcrj-uj xtkjdtrf≥ Vfh-Ufkbnne (u-åf Htqvfy) gbitn:≤Ghjatccjh Çhmtdbx bp Vjcrds erfpsdftn yfπ-kexb xtkjdtxtcrjq fehs rfr yf ytlfdyj jnrhs-nst b dtcmvf vjoyst ytdblbvst bpkextybz.

Gjckt ltcznbktnytuj ltnfkmytqituj jgsnfghja. Çhmtdbx ghtlcnfdbk htpekmnfns cdjbø bc-cktljdfybq Vtåleyfhjlyjve gcbøjkjubxtcrjverjyuhtcce d Rjgtyufutyt.

Hfpybwf vtåle xtkjdtxtcrbvb ãvfyfwbzvb bbpkextybzvb hflbz b htynutyjdcrbvb kexfvb pf-rkçxftncz d njv, xnj ãvfyfwbb xtkjdtrf ujhfpljnjymit b vjuen ghjybrfnm xthtp gkjnyst cntys,njulf rfr kexb htynutyjdcrbt b hflbz yføjlznczd pfdbcbvjcnb jn jghtltkäyyjq gkjnyjcnb ntk,xthtp rjnjhst jyb ghjybrfçn. Nfr, ãvfyfwbb

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ãnb ghtjñhfåfçn ufpjdst cnheb, jñsxyj yt zd-kzçobtcz ghjdjlybrfvb, d pfvtxfntkmyst ghj-djlybrb vfuybnyjq cbks. Yj bø lfkmyzz ghjdj-lbvjcnm zdkztncz ukfdysv jcyjdysv cdjqcndjvπ-kextq. Dyt dczrjq pfdbcbvjcnb jn hfccnjzybzb gkjnyjcnb, ãnb ufpjdst cnheb ghbjñhtnfçnrfxtcndj ghjdjlbvjcnb gjl djpltqcndbtv xtkj-dtxtcrbø ãvfyfwbq. Bø lfkmyzz ghjdjlbvjcnmb ghjybrfçofz cbkf jñeckjdktys rjcvbxtcrbvrjynfrnjv xtkjdtxtcrbø ãvfyfwbq, b gjnjve lj-gecrftncz, xnj jyb jñkflfçn ñjktt vjoysv djp-ltqcndbtv, ytåtkb dct lheubt kexb.

Rhjvt lfkmytq ghjdjlbvjcnb b vjob ghj-ybryjdtybz π-kexb, ghjøjlz xthtp gkjnyst ght-gzncndbz, vjuen ghjbpdjlbnm b vtøfybxtcrbtltqcndbz. Nfr, ghjybrfz xthtp njkcnst vtnfk-kbxtcrbt gkfcnbyrb, π-kexb ghjbpdjlzn vjktre-kzhyst jnkjåtybz, rfr njkmrj kexb yfghfdktyscjpyfntkmyj-rjywtynhbhjdfyysv cgjcjñjv. Djdhtvz jghtltkäyysø jgsnjd jyb dspsdfçn ght-kjvktybt cdtnjdsø djky. Nfråt jyb vjuen ñsnmajnjuhfabhetvs. π-kexb fehs ktåfn d jcyjdf-ybb ktdbnfwbb b ntktrbytnbxtcrbø atyjvtyjd.Nhel ghja. Çhmtdbxf jpfukfdkty ¥π-kexb rfr

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ghjdjlybrb ñbjabpbxtcrjq ãythubb¯ b cjlthåbngznmltczn ajnjuhfabq tuj jgsnjd≥.

Nfråt d 1920 ujle dsikf rybuf ≤î◊ÀºÕ É÷ÀŒ-’œ≈¬”¬≥ (fehf) Dfkmnthf Rbkmythf. Rbkmythe elf-kjcm ghb gjvjob jghtltkäyyjuj øbvbxtcrjujcjcnfdf, yfrkflsdftvjuj yf cntrkj, xthtp rjnj-hjt jy cvjnhbn, ekjdbnm jxthnfybz fehs yfñkç-lftvjuj ceñütrnf.

Cjdhtvtyyfz ntjhbz ubgyjnbxtcrjuj dyeit-ybz vjåtn ñsnm yfqltyf d cktleçotv ghtlfybbj Xekkfgfynøfrt d gfkbqcrbø Rjvvtynfhbzø yfLøfvvfgfle.

≤Xekkfgfynøfrf ñsk extybrjv, jdkfltdibvytrjnjhsvb cbkfvb. D njn åt cfvsq ltym Ñellfgjckfk pf ybv. Rjulf gjckfyysq ljcnbu jñobys,jy edbltk nhbcnf extybrjd, cbltdibø d jlyjquheggt, b rfålsq bp ybø ñsk njxysv djcghjbp-dtltybtv lheujuj. Yf tuj djghjc: ¥Ult Xekkf-gfynøfrf?¯_ dct nhbcnf rfr jlby jndtnbkb: ¥ZXekkfgfynøfrf¯. Gjckfyysq d gjkyjv cveotybbdthyekcz r Exbntkç, yj Ñellf dtktk tve ytvtl-ktyyj dthyenmcz b, tckb gjljñyjt gjdnjhbncz,cødfnbnm pf here gthdeç abuehe, rjnjhfz yfpj-däncz Xekkfgfynøfrjq, b ghbdtcnb r ytve≥.27 Exb-

150

ntkm pyfk, xnj extybr pføjxtn ghjzdbnm cdjçghbjñhtnäyyeç cbke, dyeibd cjpyfybç gjckfy-yjuj bkkçpjhyjt bpjñhfåtybt cfvjuj ctñz. Cbkfãnf yfpsdftncz vfyjvfqz-blløb, b, xnjñs ghj-zdbnm tä, Xekkfgfynøfrf ljkåty ñsk zcyj, jn-xänkbdj ghtlcnfdbnm d evt cdjä bpjñhfåtybt,f pfntv dyeibnm tuj d åtkftvjv rjkbxtcndt cj-pyfybç gjckfyyjuj.

Nfrbv åt jñhfpjv cjdhtvtyyst yfexyst lfy-yst gjllthåbdfçn ntjhbç rfhvs, bpkjåtyyeçd ñellbpvt. Cjdhtvtyyfz yferf exbn, xnj rfåljtgjrjktybt kçltq zdkzçncz yfcktlybrfvb jnkb-xbntkmysø jcjñtyyjcntq ghtlsleobø gjrjkt-ybq, b yt njkmrj d vfcct, yj d rfåljv bylbdb-lefkmyjv ckexft.

Gcbøjkjubz yføjlbn ctñt gjkyjt jcyjdfybtd njv bcrkçxbntkmyj ceueñjv dybvfybb, rjnjhjtÑellf eltkzk vsckbntkmysv ghjwtccfv, jxbot-ybç b hfcibhtybç cjpyfybz extybrjd, endthå-lfz vsckm gthdtycndeçobv afrnjhjv ãdjkçwbbdctuj ceotuj. Gcbøjkjubxtcrbt ghjwtccs d ñel-lbpvt ntcyj cdzpfys c abpbjkjubtq.

Ñellbpv yt ghjdjlbn jghtltkäyyjq xthnsvtåle gcbøbxtcrbvb ghjwtccfvb b vfnthbtq.

151

Gcbøbxtcrbt ghjwtccs hfccvfnhbdfçncz rfr ghj-zdktybz njyxfqibø cdjqcnd vfnthbb.

D Lbfkjufø Ñells (xfcnm 2) dcnhtxftncz erfpf-ybt yf ceotcndjdfybt evcndtyyjuj ntkf, yfhzlec abpbxtcrbv, zdkzçotujcz njxysv djcghjbp-dtltybtv gjcktlytuj. B ãnj njyrjt ntkj vjåtnñsnm dsltktyj gj åtkfybç b vjåtn ghjzdkznmltzntkmyjcnm yf lfkmybø hfccnjzybzø.

≤Cjchtljnjxbd nfrbv jñhfpjv cdjq ev b ñele-xb dgjkyt jxbotyysv, cjdthityyj cdjñjlysvjn crdthys, b ujnjdsv r ltqcndbç, ndählsv,ytdjpvenbvsv, ñøbrie yfghfdkztn tuj r ds-psdfybç cdjtuj evcndtyyjuj ntkf. Jy dspsdftnbp abpbxtcrjuj ntkf lheujt, njyrjt ntkj, bvtç-ott ajhve, cjcnjzott bp vsckbntkmyjuj dtot-cndf, bvtçott dct xktys b xfcnb b dct jhufys,cjjndtncndeçobt ntke abpbxtcrjve. Ãnj dslt-ktybt yfgjvbyftn rfr tckb ñs xtkjdtr dsnz-ubdfk nhjcnybr bp tuj jñjkjxrb. Jy pyftn, xnjãnj nhjcnybr, f ãnj tuj jñjkjxrf, b xnj nhjcn-ybr jlyf dtom, jñjkjxrf åt lheufz. Bvtyyjbp jñjkjxrb ljñsdftncz nhjcnybr; njxyj nfr åtb ñøbrie dsltkztn bp cdjtuj ntkf lheujt ntkj,bvtçott ajhve b cjcnjzott bp dtotcndf

152

vsckb, bvtçott dct xktys b xfcnb b dct jh-ufys≥.17

Endthålfz yteybxnjåftvjcnm ãythubb, Ñellfhfccvfnhbdfk dcä ceott rfr fuhtufns njyxfqibøãythubq.

Lkz cjdhtvtyyjuj yfv abpbrf ldbåeotqcbkjç zdkztncz vfnthbz, bñj djcghbznbt vfnt-hbb xtkjdtrjv tcnm jndtn tuj xedcnd yf dbñhf-wbç ãythubb.

Xnj tcnm løfhvf, rfr yt ãythubz b dbñhfwbz?Løfhvs, gj ñellbqcrjve extybç, ceotcndeçn

lkz yfc d cbke bø djpltqcndbq; dct yfib djc-ghbznbz cenm, ghtålt dctuj, løfhvs.

Gjnjve, gthtdjlz ãne ajhveke yf cjdhtvty-ysq zpsr, vs vjåtv crfpfnm, xnj dct yfibjoeotybz zdkzçncz bcrkçxbntkmyj ltqcndbz-vb ãythubb, b ãythubz tcnm tlbyfz htfkmyfzceoyjcnm. Bvtyyj, cjdhtvtyyjt ãythutnbxtcrjtvbhjdjpphtybt ghbñkbåftn yfc r extybç Ufenf-vs Ñells.

Njxyj nfr åt endthåltybz Ñkfujckjdtyyj-uj j ltqcndbb vsckb yf hfccnjzybb ghtldfhz-çn yfib bpscrfybz d jñkfcnb ntktgfnbb b gtht-lfxb vsckb yf hfccnjzybb b ñtcghjdjkjxyjuj

153

ntktuhfaf. Hfp vsckm tcnm ãythubz, nj, rfr nfrj-dfz, jyf gjlxbytyf njve åt pfrjye d cdjäv ltq-cndbb, rfr b dczrfz byfz ãythubz. Vs pyftv, xnjdjkys Uthwf hfcghjcnhfyzçncz yf nsczxb vbkmñtp dczrbø ghjdjljd b vjuen ñsnm ekjdktyskçñsv cjukfcyj yfcnhjtyysv ghbävybrjv. Gj-xtve åt njulf xtkjdtr yt vjåtn gjckfnm vsckm_ãythubç, rjnjhfz dspjdtn njåltcndtyyst dbñhf-wbb d xtkjdtrt, djcghbbvxbdjv r ybv?

Bnfr, Ñellf zdkztncz yfibv ghtlitcndtyyb-rjv dj vyjubø jñkfcnzø pyfybz.

Ñellf nfråt erfpfk yf hfpkbxbt vtåle jxt-dblyjcnmç b ltqcndbntkmyjcnmç. Tuj chfdytybtjxtdblyjcnb c vbhfåjv bkb bkkçpbtq (vfqz)ujlbncz lkz kçñjq cjdhtvtyyjq ñtctls.

Tckb ãnf dtkbrfz velhjcnm ñeltn bpexfnmczytghtleñtåläyysvb evfvb d ghfdbkmyjv jcdt-otybb, jyf jñjufnbn ljcnjzybt b cjpyfybt xtkj-dtxtcndf vyjubvb ñtcwtyysvb åtvxeåbyfvb.

Abkjcjabç ñellbpvf vjåyj yfpdfnm fyfkbpjvjnltkmysø ãktvtynjd, dcnegfçobø d cjxtnfybtghb jñhfpjdfybb jghtltkäyyjuj bylbdblefkmyj-uj gjnjrf. Bylbdblefkmysq gjnjr ckfuftncz bgbnftncz ñtcxbcktyysvb ghjzdktybzvb xtkjdt-

154

rf yf ptvkt, d lheubø gkfyfø b lheubø vbhfø.Dgbnsdfz dct jcjñtyyjcnb rfåljuj ghjzdktybz,gjnjr ãnjn hfcnän djpvjåyjcnzvb, dbljbpvtyz-tncz, jcnfdfzcm dtxyj cfvjljdktçobv. Bcnbyyfzbylbdblefkmyjcnm, bcnbyyjt ñtccvthnbt pfrkç-xftncz d jcjpyfybb cdjtuj bcnbyyjuj Z, ckjåty-yjuj ñtcxbcktyysvb cjxtnfybzvb xtkjdtxtcrbøghjzdktybq.

≤Dct pfñjns j kbxyjcnb notnys; xedcndj kbx-yjcnb tcnm vbhfå, dct ytcxfcnmz, gjcnbufçobttä, ghtqlen. Jyb bcxtpyen, rfr rjivfh, rjulfcgzobq ghjcyäncz≥.18

Xtkjdtr d ñellbpvt yt ytcxfcnysq gbuvtq,rfrbv jy zdkztncz d ghtlcnfdktybb pfgflyjujvsiktybz, yj dkflsrf vbhjd. Ñelexb xfcnmçb jnjñhfåtybtv Rjcvjcf, jy, gjljñyj tve, ñtp-uhfybxty d cdjbø djpvjåyjcnzø.

Lfyyst j vbhjplfybb, j ceotcndjdfybb ñtcxb-cktyysø vbhjdsø cbcntv, d dtxyjv ãdjkçwbjy-yjv ldbåtybb ghjzdkzçobøcz b hfcgflfçobø-cz, endthåltybz jñ jñbnftvjcnb vyjujxbcktyysøvbhjd b j gjkyjv cjjndtncndbb jhufybpvjd,yfctkzçobø ãnb vbhs, cj cdjqcndfvb b cnhjt-ybtv bø gkfytns, cjdgflfçn c ntvb yfexysvb

155

ghjñktvfvb, rjnjhst ctqxfc nhtdjåfn evs bc-nbyysø exäysø.

Bnfr, cjdhtvtyyfz yferf, cjdgflfz c endthå-ltybzvb jcyjdyjuj ñellbpvf, gjlndthålftn dcçhtfkmyeç ceoyjcnm ãnjuj dgthdst pfgtxfnkäyyj-uj extybz j htfkmyjcnb åbpytndjhxtcndf dtkb-rjq vfnthbb.

Djplflbv ljkåyjt gjxbnfybt ãnjve dtkbrjveEve, rjnjhsq vjoysv leøjv ghjybr d cfvstjcyjds Ñsnbz, hfphtibk ghjñktvs åbpyb berfpfk yf wtkm ãdjkçwbb rfr cjpyfntkmyjt cj-nhelybxtcndj c Rjcvjcjv b jñotybt c lfkmybvbvbhfvb.

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Yb jlyj extybt yt ghtlecvfnhbdfkjhfpdbnbt ñeleotuj c nfrjq zcyjcnmç, rfr ñel-lbpv. Yfhzle c gjxbnfybtv Ñells, d ñellbpvthfpdbnj gjxbnfybt Ñjløbcfnnd _ ñeleobø Ñell.Gj ghtlfybç, Ufenfvf, gthtl ljcnbåtybtv cj-cnjzybz Ñells, d ghjljkåtybt vyjubø dtrjdñsk Ñjløbcfnndjq. Ckjdj Ñjløbcfnndf cjcnjbnbp ldeø gjyznbq: Ñjløb _jpfhtybt bkb ghjñeå-ltybt, b cfnndf _ceoyjcnm. Rnj åt ãnb Ñjløb-cfnnds? Extybrb Ñell, ljñhjdjkmyj jnrfpfd-ibtcz jn kbxyjuj jcdjñjåltybz b, gj ghbvtheExbntkz, dcnegbdibt yf ljkubq, nzujcnysq,nthybcnsq genm gjvjob xtkjdtxtcnde. Gjljñ-yst Ñjløbcfnnds ghjzdkzçncz yf Ptvkt chtlbcfvsø hfpkbxysø åbpytyysø eckjdbq. Abpb-xtcrb ybxtv yt jnkbxfzcm jn jcnfkmyjuj xtkj-dtxtcndf, jyb cjdthityyj jnkbxys gj cdjtqgcbøjkjubb, ytbpvtyyj zdkzzcm yjcbntkzvbghbywbgf jñotuj ñkfuf.

Ñellf, ecnhtvkzz dct djpvjåyjcnb r endthålt-ybç ãdjkçwbb, pfgjdtlfk cdjbv extybrfv gjxb-nfnm Ñell ñeleobø ñjktt, ytåtkb Ñell ghjikjuj.≤Nfr åt rfr gjxbnfçn vjkjljq vtczw ñjkmit,ytåtkb gjkyeç keye, nfr åt rnj bvttn dthed vtyz, ljkåty gjxbnfnm Ñjløbcfnnd ñjktt, yt-åtkb Ñell≥.28

Gjljñyjuj ltqcndtyyjuj ghbvthf cfvjjnht-xtybz bcnjhbz ybult yfv yt erfpfkf. Gj ckjdfvghtlfybz, Ñkfujckjdtyysq endthlbk cdjbv ght-tvybrjv Ñjløbcfnnde Vfqnhtç.

≤B crfpfk Ñkfujckjdtyysq Fyfylt: ¥Z yt gth-dsq Ñellf, rjnjhsq ghbiäk yf Ptvkç, nfråtyt ñele z gjcktlybv. D ljkåyjt dhtvz lheujqÑellf djccnfytn d vbht, Cjrhjdtyysq, dscitujjpfhtybz, jlfhäyysq velhjcnmç, cxfcnkbdsq,dvtofçobq dcç Dctktyyeç, ytchfdytyysqDjålm yfhjljd, Gjdtkbntkm Lãd b cvthnysø. Jyjnrhjtn dfv nt åt dtxyst bcnbys, rjnjhst zghtgjlfk dfv. Jy ecnfyjdbn cdjq Pfrjy, ght-ckfdysq d tuj yfxfkfø, ghtckfdysq d tuj fgj-atjpt b ghtckfdysq e wtkb d leøt b ckjdt. Jydjpdtcnbn ghfdtlyeç åbpym, cjdthityyeç b xb-cneç, rfreç ghjgjdtleç ctqxfc b z. Tuj extybrb

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159

ñelen bcxbckznmcz vyjubvb nsczxfvb, njulf rfrvjb kbim d cjnyzø¯.

B cghjcbk Fyfylf: ¥Rfr epyftv vs Tuj?¯Ñkfujckjdtyysq crfpfk: ¥Bvz Tuj ñeltn Vfq-

nhtz¯≥.18

Uhzleobq Ñellf, Vfqnhtz, rfr erfpsdftn tujbvz,_ Ñellf Cjcnhflfybz b Kçñdb. Ãnjn åtÑjløbcfnndf, d cbke ghbceobø tve rfxtcnd, xfcnjbvtyetncz Flåbnf _ Ytgjñtlbvsq.

Bynthtcyj jnvtnbnm, xnj gjxbnfybt vyjubøÑjløbcfnnd yfikj hfpdbnbt njkmrj d irjkt vf-øfzys; ntv yt vtytt, gjxbnfybt jlyjuj Ñjløb-cfnnds, Vfqnhtb, rfr ghttvybrf, bpñhfyyjujcfvbv Ñelljç, ghbyznj b d øbyfzyt. Nfrbvjñhfpjv, jlby njkmrj Ñjløbcfnndf Vfqnhtz jødf-nsdftn dcä ghjcnhfycndj, zdkzzcm dshfpbntktvdctø xfzybq ñellbpvf.

Rfrbvb åt rfxtcndfvb ljkåys jñkflfnm Ñj-løbcfnnds? D extybb Ufenfvs Ñells b d extybbÑjløbcfnnds Vfqnhtb, gj ghtlfybç lfyyjv bvFcfyut d xtndähnjv dtrt (Vføfzyf-Cenhfkfyrf-hf), ghtålt dctuj ñskj jnvtxtyj vfrcbvfkmyjthfpdbnbt ãythubb, veåtcndf, nthgtybz, gjcnjzy-cndf ecnhtvktybz b ñtccnhfibz. Ãythubz tcnm

160

jcyjdf dctuj, bñj d ytq jlyjq pfkjåtys dctdjpvjåyjcnb.

≤Ñells dtxyj d ltqcndbb; bv ytdtljvf ytldb-åyjcnm; gjljñyj dtxyjve ldbåtybç d ghjcnhfy-cndt, ltqcndbz Csyjd Gjñtlbntktq ghjzdkzçnczd vbhfø≥.

≤Cbkmysq, jndfåysq, ndählsq d cdjtq gjcne-gb, yt jnrfpsdfçobqcz jn ñhtvtyb ghbyznbzgjldbuf Jñotuj Ñkfuf≥.

≤Nhb hfljcnb Ñjløbcfnnd _ cxfcnmt lfzybz,cxfcnmt gjvjob b cxfcnmt dtxyjuj gjpyfdfybz.Nthgtybt dctulf, dj dcäv b dtplt. Csys Ñell,Csys Gjñtlbntktq, Ñjløbcfnnds d cdjäv ltq-cndtyyjv cjcnhflfybb_Vfnthb dctve ceotve≥.29

Gj dctve ñellbqcrjve rhfç, yf ghbljhjåysøcrfkfø, erfpsdfçn genm bpjñhfåtybz Vfqnhtb.Jn lhtdytqibø dhtväy b ljysyt ãnj bpjñhf-åtybt cjpblftncz ñellbcnfvb, pyfçobvb ghb-ñkbåtybt yjdjuj dtrf. Gjxntyyst kfvs, d cj-ghjdjåltybb extybrjd, øeljåybrjd b dfzntktq,d yfib lyb gentitcndeçn gj ñellbqcrbv ptv-kzv, cjpblfz yjdst bpjñhfåtybz cbvdjkf xfzybqcdtnkjuj ñeleotuj.

Extybt Ñells ljkåyj ñsnm ghjdthtyj b lfyjyf ibhjrjt gjkmpjdfybt. D yfit dhtvz cnhfy-yj levfnm jñ jñobyt b yt pyfnm gjkjåtybq gth-djuj yfexyjuj jñobyybrf. Herf Ñells yt pyfkfgjrjz, ckfufz jgsn vbhjdjq kfñjhfnjhbb. Jlyjnj, xnj Ñellf pfgjdtlfk vbhjdeç jñobye rfrãdjkçwbç xtkjdtxtcndf, jlyj ãnj cjjñoftn tujextybç juytyyeç eñtlbntkmyjcnm.

D gjcnhjtybb Ñells vjåyj ldbufnmcz gj ñtc-xbcktyysv ãnfåfv, b ldthb dtplt ñelen jnrhsnsghbpsdjv jñobys. Njxyjt pyfybt Ñells gjpdj-kbkj tve jghtltkbnm njxyjt cjcnjzybt tuj cjdht-vtyybrjd b njkmrj d lfkärjv ñeleotv edbltnmJñobye Vbhf.

Edfåtybt r Ñellt ñskj nfrjdj, xnj ybrnj ytjckjåybk jñkbr Exbntkz jltzybtv ñjåtcndty-yjcnb. Ñellf pfgtxfnktkcz Xtkjdtrjv, Exbntktvendthålfçobv. D ãnjv kmdbyjv, juytyyjv endth-åltybb jy ljiäk lj ghtldbltybz Vfqnhtb _cbvdjkf dtrf gjpyfybz dtkbxbz vfnthbb bendthåltybz dtkbrjq Vbhjdjq Jñobys!

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Bcrfpfk Ñkfujckjdtyysq: ≤Yeåyj hfp-kbxfnm gjybvfçobø b cjukfifçobøcz. Gjyzd-ibq Extybt yt pfvtlkbn ghbvtybnm tuj d åbpyb.Cjukfcbdibqcz ñeltn rbdfnm ujkjdjq b ghtdjp-yjcbnm Extybt, rfr pfvtxfntkmyeç velhjcnm, yjyt ghbvtybn ãne velhjcnm d åbpyb.

Cjukfcbdibøcz vyjuj, yj jyb, rfr ceøjqktc, ñtcgkjlys b ñtp ntyb, njkmrj nktybt jåb-lftn bø.

Gjyzdibø vfkj, yj jyb, rfr ueñrf, dgbns-dfçn lhfujwtyyjt pyfybt b ujnjds lhfujwtyyjqdkfujq jvsnm crdthys vbhf.

Gjyzdibq yt vjåtn yt ghbvtybnm Extybt,bñj, gjybvfz wtktcjjñhfpyjcnm, jy gjkexftn tujrfr bcøjl åbpyb.

Yt nthzqnt vyjuj dhtvtyb yf cjukfcbdibø-cz, gecnm cgthdf gjrfåen ghbvtytybt gthdjujpjdf≥.

Nfr ghbgbcsdfçn Ñkfujckjdtyyjve wtktcj-jñhfpyjt jnyjitybt r ghbøjlzobv. (Cj ckjdecnyjq nhflbwbb ñellbcnjd.)

Pyfxbn, jxbotybt Extybz ñeltn yt njkmrjd ghbyznbb jcyjd, yj b dj ddtltybb bø d åbpym.Jndktxäyyjt gjybvfybt Extybz Ñkfujckjdtyyjujytdjpvjåyj.

Yfcrjkmrj jyj ghjybrftn d åbpym_vs dblbv,rfr wtkst cnhfys jngflfkb jn Extybz, rjulfjyj, dvtcnj åbpytyysø ghbvtytybq, jñhfof-kjcm d jndktxäyyst nhfrnfns.

Nfrfz ltqcndbntkmyjcnm ghbujlyf lkz yfñkç-ltybz, rfr cjdthiftncz evbhfybt Extybz.

D nj åt dhtvz vjåyj dbltnm, rfreç gjñtlecjdthiftn Extybt d lheubø cnhfyfø, ult vsckznj ghbkjåtybb jcyjd r åbpyb.

Ne åt pflfxe htifçn gjcktljdfntkb øbyfzys,cnfyjdzcm nthgbvtt.

Ñellf, rfr bcnjxybr, b Vfqnhtz, rfr jñofzyfltålf, jñütlbyzn cehjdsø gjcktljdfntktq çå-yjuj extybz c vyjujjñhfpbtv Ctdthf.

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Jrjyxfntkmyj dscnegbn yfbñjktt ceotcndty-yjt lkz ñkbåfqituj ñeleotuj. Dvtcnj hfcwdtxt-ybq rjvvtynfhbtd, Extybt cyjdf ñeltn ghbdtlt-yj d rhfcjne wtyyjcnb rhfnrjq eñtlbntkmyjcnb.Yjdjt dhtvz dtrf Vfqnhtb yeålftncz d eñt-lbntkmyjcnb. Dcz åbpym ljkåyf ñsnm jxbotyfgkfvtytv gjldbuf!

Dtkbrbq Ñellf, pfdtofz Vfqnhtç, lfk genmdctuj ceotcndjdfybz. R ãnbv velhsv b zcysvPfdtnfv pjdän zdktybt yjdjq ãdjkçwbb.

Nhtñjdfybt jxbotybz Extybz yt ckexfqyj,chjrb ñkbpzncz. Bpjñhfåtybt Vfqnhtb ujnjdjgjlyznmcz.

Dct Ñells ghjikjuj cjxtnfkb velhjcnm jgsnfb gthtlfkb tä Ñkfujckjdtyyjve Gjñtlbntkç!

Kfvf djpukfiftn: ≤Lf ñeltn åbpym ndthlf,rfr flfvfyn; gjñtljyjcyf, rfr pyfvz Exbntkz;cbkmyf, rfr jhäk; b lf lkbncz dtxyj!≥

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1 Fidfuøjif. Ñelløfxfhbnf (Åbpytjgbcfybt Ñells).2 Fyuennfhf-ybrfz.3 Vføfdfcne.4 Vføfgfhbybññfyf-cennf (Lbuøf-ybrfz Ø∂ï).5 Aj cj cby wpfym wpby (rbnfqcrbq gthtdjl Ñelløfxf-

hbns Fidfuøjib).6 Låfnfrb. Yblfyfrfnøf (Ddtltybt).7 Dbyfz. Xekkfdfuuf.8 Vflålåøbvf-ybrfz.9 Dbyfz. Cennf-dbñøfyuf.10 Ibrif-cfvexxfz (cjcn. Ifynblãdf).11 Ifynblãdf. Ñjløbxfhmzdfnfhf.12 Cennf-ybgfnf.13 Cfvüçnnf-ybrfz.14 Vbkbylf-gfymøf.15 Løfvvfgflf.16 Dbyfz. Vføfdfuuf.17 Lbuøf-ybrfz.18 Rãhjc G. Tdfyutkbt Ñells.

BCNJXYBRB

166

19 Bnbdennfrf.20 Cenhf bp 42 cnfntq.21 Elfyf.22 Rfnøfdfnnøe.23 Cflløfhvfgeylfhbrf.24 Vflømzvfrfdhbnnb.25 Kfkbnfdbcnfhf.26 Cjãy Czre. Ghjgjdtlb ñellbqcrjuj yfcnjzntkz.27 Rjvvtynfhbb yf Løfvvfgfle.28 Xfylhfrbhnb. Vflømzvfrfdfnfhf.29 Fcfyuf. Vføfzyf-Cenhfkfyrfhf.

GJCKTCKJDBTr 4-ve bplfybç

Rybuf Jcyjds ñellbpvf dgthdst dsikf d cdtn yf hec-

crjv zpsrt dtcyjq 1927 ujlf. Ghjbpjikj ãnj dcrjht gj

ghbñsnbb bp Hjccbb d Vjyujkbç Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrjq

ãrcgtlbwbb Y. R. Hthbøf 1925–1928 uu. Bvz fdnjhf yt erf-

pfyj; yf jñkjårt cnjbn 1926 u., yf pflytq cnjhjyt yflgbcm

gj-vjyujkmcrb: ≤Ekfy-ñfnjhcrjt bplfntkmcndj, jnltktybt

vjyujkmcrjuj zpsrf≥. Ytñjkmifz ñhjiçhf, rjnjheç Tktyf

Bdfyjdyf Hthbø (1879–1955) gjlujnjdbkf d ñerdfkmyjv

cvsckt ≤yf rjyt b d ifnht≥ dj dhtvz ãrcgtlbwbb, jn-

rhsdfkfcm ghtlbckjdbtv, c ghtldfhzçobvb ckjdfvb:

≤Ghtlbckjdbt lfyj dscjrbv kbwjv ñellbqcrjuj vbhf≥.

Ñhjiçhf ñskf jñhfotyf ghtålt dctuj r xbnfntkzv

d Hjccbb njuj dhtvtyb, ult yfñkçlfkfcm juhjvyfz nzuf

r pyfybzv, f jngtxfnfnm tä nfv jrfpfkjcm ghfrnbxtcrb

ytdjpvjåyj.

≤Rjyxftncz gtxfnfybt rybu Jcyjds ñellbpvf b Jñott

ñkfuj [Jñobyf]. Nhelyj lfnm rybut cjjndtncndeçobq jñkbr

d vfktymrjq nbgjuhfabb. Ghtåybq kfvf, ntgthm kbnjuhfa,

c kçñjdmç gthtgbcsdftn lkz rybub ¥Ñelle Gjñtålfç-

otuj¯, c juytyysv vtxjv. Jgznm gjckfytw ghfdbntkmcndf.

Ghjczn hfphtitybt gthtdtcnb yf vjyujkmcrbq Jcyjds

ñellbpvf≥,_ pfgbcsdftn Ybrjkfq Rjycnfynbyjdbx Hthbø

d fghtkt 1927 ujlf d lytdybr, bp rjnjhjuj ckjåbkfcm pfntv

167

tuj rybuf Fknfq_Ubvfkfb. Ghjcmñe ghfdbntkmcndf Vjy-

ujkbb gthtlfk Wsñty Åfvwfhfyj (1880–1942), dslfçobqcz

ñehznj-vjyujkmcrbq exäysq b lheu Y. R. Hthbøf.

D 1930 u. d Ymç-Qjhrt dsikj ljgjkytyyjt bplfybt

Jcyjd ñellbpvf yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt, gjl bvtytv Yfnfkbb

Hjrjnjdjq (gctdljybv T. B. Hthbø).

≤Tckb ãnj yt jnzujnbn, nj, rjytxyj, øjntkjcm ñs dbltnm

Jcyjds ñellbpvf bplfyysvb yf heccrjv zpsrt, yj yt

d ñjkmijv rjkbxtcndt... Nfråt vyt øjntkjcm ñs gjvtcnbnm

d ãnjq rybårt eåt gjckfyyjt dfv Bpjñhfåtybt Ñells,

yføjlzottcz d veptt Cfhyfnøf dñkbpb Ñtyfhtcf, dvtcnj

Bpjñhfåtybz c vtxjv, rjnjhjt gjvtotyj d fyukbqcrjv

bplfybb≥,_ gbitn T.B. Hthbø 29. 10. 1938 u. d Hbue Hbøfhle

Helpbnbce b Ufhfkmle Kerbye. Ghbckfyysq bp Bylbb

vfyecrhbgn ñsk gthtgtxfnfy yf vfibyrt xktyfvb Kfn-

dbqcrjuj jñotcndf bvtyb Hthbøf, b ãnjn kbnjuhfabhj-

dfyysq ntrcn dsitk d dblt rybub (2-t heccrjt bplfybt).

D ytq ytn ybrfrbø egjvbyfybq j gthdjv bplfybb, d ds-

øjlysø lfyysø erfpfy njkmrj ujl _ 1940. Ytcrjkmrj

vtczwtd cgecnz Jñotcndj ñskj ghbyelbntkmyj hfcgeotyj,

b djghjc j heccrbø bplfybzø jngfk yf ljkubt ujls.

≤Ãnj dhtvz ñskf pfyznf, ljñfdkzkf ceotcndtyyst

cnhfybws r Jcyjdfv ñellbpvf, rjnjhst ñelen bplfdfnmcz

pltcm, d Bylbb, d õº≈º ÖŒ¿≈∆ ≠Œæ∆¬÷¤ 1. Dct jxtym kçñzn

168

1 Jñotcndj Vføf-Ñjløb, jcyjdfyj d 1881 u. d Rfkmrennt c wtkmç hfc-ghjcnhfytybz ñellbpvf._ U.N.

ãne rybue≥,_ cjjñoftn T.B. Hthbø ymç-qjhrcrbv cjnhel-

ybrfv 13. 9. 1948 u. F ytpfljkuj gthtl ntv ltkbncz cdjtq

ñjkmç: ≤...Vjyføb [pltcm] rhfqyt yeålfçncz d rybufø gj

ñellbpve b nfr ñtlys!≥ (30. 7. 1948)2. B d cktleçotv

gbcmvt: ≤Pltcm ãnf rybuf jxtym yeåyf. Yjdjt bplfybt yt

cvjåtn gjzdbnmcz nfr crjhj, bñj djghjc ñevfub cnj¶n

jcnhj. Z eåt pfrjyxbkf dct ljñfdktybz b jnjckfkf bø≥

(27. 9. 1948). Cyjdf b cyjdf yfgjvbyfz, xnj ljcnjgjxnty-

ysq Løfvvfkjrf bp jñotcndf Vføf-Ñjløb c ytnthgtybtv

jåblftn jñtofyyst cnj ãrptvgkzhjd ghtåytuj fyukbq-

crjuj bplfybz, jyf ghbñfdkztn (22. 10. 1948): ≤Ctqxfc pfvt-

xftncz gjdsitybt bynthtcf r ñellbpve, f rybu ghbpsd-

ysø lkz gjløjlzobø _ ytn≥. Ljgjkytybz d fdnjhcrbq

ntrcn jñsryjdtyyj ltkfkbcm dyfxfkt gj-heccrb; ljñfd-

ktyyjt åt bp fyukbqcrbø bcnjxybrjd yf heccrbq yt gtht-

djlbkjcm. D yfxfkt 1949 ujlf lbhtrnjh Bycnbnenf ubvfkfq-

crbø bccktljdfybq ≤Ehecdfnb≥ Çhbq Ybrjkftdbx Hthbø,

rjnjhjve ltdznm ktn cgecnz ghtlcnjzkj djphjlbnm b djp-

ukfdbnm dct ñelljkjubxtcrbt bccktljdfybz d Cjdtncrjv

Cjçpt, ghbcskftn ljcnjgjxntyyjve Løfvvfkjrt ãcrbps

nbnekmyjuj kbcnf lkz ghtlcnjzotuj bplfybz Jcyjd ñel-

lbpvf d Rfkmrennt. Njulf åt T.B. Hthbø gbitn d Çåyeç

Fvthbre: ≤Lf, ñellbpv ytcjvytyyj djphjlbncz. ... Yeåyj

jcnjhjåyj dsgecrfnm nhels gj ñellbpve, xnjñs yt gjyb-

pbnm ecnfyjdktyysq ctqxfc dscjrbq ehjdtym gjybvfybz

169

2 Gjlkbyybr gbcmvf yf fyukbqcrjv, gthtdjl yfi.

ãnjuj dtkbrjuj Extybz nhelfvb ghja. Kfrivb Yfhfcce

Ceoyjcnm Ñellbpvf; Ujnfvf Ñellf, ghja. C. Hfløfrhbiyfy;

[J.]Hjptyñthu, Abkjcjabz Ñellbpvf3...≥ (12. 1. 1949). Dcrjht,

gjckt gthttplf bp-gjl Ñjvñtz d Rfkbvgjyu, jyf cjjñoftn

d Ymç-Qjhr: ≤Yt crhsdfqnt bvtyb fdnjhf ãnjq rybub,

ntgthm ãnj yb r xtve. D yjdjv bplfybb jyf gjzdbncz

c vjbv bvtytv. Z ñskf nhjyenf, rjulf utythfkmysq ct-

rhtnfhm Ñellbqcrjuj Jñotcndf õº≈ºΩŒ¿≈∆ gjctnbk vtyz

d Rfkmrennt c ldevz ñbrie-exäysvb b crfpfk vyt, xnj

íŒ◊Õ¿º÷∆ŒÕ’ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’À [Jcyjds ñellbpvf]_ kexifz rybuf

gj ñellbpve, kexit, xtv rybuf ghja. ö. ûº”º’’Œ◊, bñj

d ytq zcytt bpkjåtyf nhelyfz ljrnhbyf gthtdjgkjotybz.

Bnfr, vjåyj cvtkj htrjvtyljdfnm tä dctv bynthtceç-

obvcz ñellbpvjv≥ (9. 3. 1949). Jlyfrj ckjåyjcnb c rybuj-

bplfybtv ghbdtkb r njve, xnj d bçkt 1950 u. T.B. Hthbø

ghjcbn cgtiyj jnghfdbnm bp Fvthbrb lkz Vføf-Ñjløb

jcnfdieçcz xfcnm ghtåytuj fyukbqcrjuj nbhfåf Jcyjd

(celz gj dctve, ytcrjkmrj cjnty ãrptvgkzhjd). Nfrbv

jñhfpjv djghjc hfphtibkcz ñtp gtxfnfybz d Bylbb;

yfvtxtyyst åt ljñfdktybz edbltkb cdtn vyjuj gjpåt,

dj dnjhjv fyukbqcrjv bplfybb (Ymç-Qjhr, 1971).

170

3 öº»’≈À∆ ûº”º’◊, •. Æ≈¬ ë’’¬Õæ¬ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’À. ÖŒÀΩº¤, 1948 (3-t bpl.,bcgh. b ljg.; 1-t bpl., c ghtlbck. Fyfufhbrb Løfhvfgfks,_ õº¿”º’, 1907);ªº¿≈º»”∆’≈ÕºÕ ≠. ìº◊÷ºÀº ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. ÖŒÀΩº¤, 1945; 1946; 1949 (1-z geñk.:Ö”∆÷∆’≈ É溿¬À¤, •”Œæ¬¬¿∆Õƒ’, 1938. ö., 1939. Æ. 24. â. 143–190); Hjpty-ñthu J. _ cv. yfcn. ghbkjåtybt, c. 184. _ U.N.

Vtytt xtv pf ujl lj cdjtuj eøjlf T.B. Hthbø jñhfof-

tncz d Ymç-Qjhr: ≤... Ñjkmifz ghjcmñf ljcnfnm lkz vtyz

rybue ¥Æ≈¬ 쌒œ¬… Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º¯ Ω¤ •º◊… ⺔◊’ [Tdfyutkbt

Ñells Gfekz Rãhjcf4]. Bplfybt xbrfucrjt. ... Ãnj ghtrhfc-

yfz rybåtxrf, cñjhybr ktutyl j Ñellt, b z gjkmpjdfkfcm

tç lkz ¥Jcyjd Ñellbpvf¯. B ctqxfc jyf vyt jxtym yeåyf,

bñj hfcibhzç heccrjt bplfybt b øjxe ljñfdbnm yeåyst

vyt ktutyls. ... Tckb djpvjåyj, ghbikbnt rybåtxre

Rfhecf gjcrjhtt...≥ (2. 11. 1954) _ b cgecnz ldf vtczwf ñkf-

ujlfhbn pf ghbckfyyeç rybåre.

Cjdhtvtyyjt heccrjt bplfybt Eueycf jgbhftncz yf geñ-

kbrfwbç d cñjhybrfø ≤Cdtn Juyz≥ (Hbuf. §5. 1990. C. 39–

59; §6. 1994. C. 15–35), f nfråt ljgjkybntkmyst fhøbdyst

vfnthbfks T.B. Hthbø. D jcyjdt ktåbn hbåcrjt bplfybt

1940 u.; ljñfdktybz bp 2-uj fyukbqcrjuj bplfybz (1971)

lfys d fdnjhcrjq heccrjq htlfrwbb (rjulf jyf bvttncz5);

fyukbqcrbt wbnfns ghb gthtdjlt yf heccrbq ljgjkybntkm-

yj cdthtys c bcnjxybrfvb. Pfvtxtyyst gjuhtiyjcnb ds-

ghfdktys c exänjv dctø dsityfpdfyysø bplfybq, gbctv

T.B. Hthbø b lheubø vfnthbfkjd bp tä fhøbdf.6

171

4 Cv. yfcn. ghbkjåtybt, c. 180–181.

6 Gthdsq ifu d ãnjv yfghfdktybb ñsk cltkfy d cthtlbyt 80-ø uu., rjulfñsk gjlujnjdkty vfibyjgbcysq vfrtn, jngtxfnfyysq nbgjuhfacrbv

5 Ddble jncencndbz nfrjdjq, dslthårb bp rybub G. Rãhjcf (yf c. 77–86,88–89, 116, c ddjlysvb ahfpfvb; yf c. 110–111, rhjvt gthdjuj fñp.) bgjkysq fñpfw yf c. 135 gthtdtltys c fyukbqcrjuj yfvb. Lkz yfcnjzotujbplfybz ãnb gthtdjls gthtcvjnhtys pfyjdj.

Rfr bpdtcnyj, lhtdytqibt ñellbqcrbt ntrcns, lj-

itlibt lj yfc, yfgbcfys xfcnmç yf gfkb b xfcnmç yf

cfycrhbnt. Nfr xnj d rybut gj ñellbpve, b jcjñtyyj ghb

yfkbxbb vyjubø dslthåtr bp Rfyjyf (rfr d lfyyjv

ckexft), ytdjpvjåyj eqnb jn ghjñktvs dsñjhf vtåle

gfkbqcrjq b cfycrhbncrjq ktrcbrjq. Tckb ñs cnhjuj

cktljdfnm zpsre gthdjbcnjxybrf, nj vyjubt yfbvtyjdfybz

gjzdkzkbcm ñs d ntrcnt nj d cfycrhbncrjv, nj d gfkbqcrjv

dfhbfynt, b d rybut lkz ntø, rnj njkmrj toä gjløjlbn

r extybç Ñells, nfrjt ≤ldjtybt≥ vfkjpyfrjvsø ckjd tldf

kb jghfdlfyyj. T.B. Hthbø ytbpvtyyj eltkzkf ñjkmijt

dybvfybt njve, xnjñs yfgbcfybt hfpyjzpsxysø yfpdfybq

b nthvbyjd d tä nhelfø jndtxfkj yfbñjktt fdnjhbntnysv

cjdhtvtyysv yfexysv geñkbrfwbzv. Cktlez nfrjve gjl-

øjle, ctujlyz, cgecnz ñjktt gjkedtrf gjckt 2-uj heccrjuj

bplfybz, d wbnfnfø b d ntrcnt jn fdnjhf ñskf gjdctvtcn-

yj jcnfdktyf cfycrhbncrfz ktrcbrf, rfr ghtjñkflfçofz b

d bplfybb 1940 u., b d yfexysø nhelfø gj ñellbpve. Kbim

172

cgjcjñjv d evtymityyjv dblt d ajhvt ytñjkmibø rybåtxtr (160 c.),rjnjhst bvtkb øjåltybt chtlb juhfybxtyyjuj rheuf kbw. Jn bplfybz1940 u. ãnjn ntrcn jnkbxfçn gthtdjls bp ljgjkytyyjuj fyukbqcrjuj bplf-ybz (xnj jujdjhtyj d ghbvtxfybb), cgbcjr bcnjxybrjd b erfpfntkm nfråtgj jñhfpwe rybub 1971 u., bkkçcnhfwbb (bp rybu 1927 b 1930 uu.). Nbnekm-ysq kbcn, øjnz b ntrcnefkmyj gjdnjhzz hbåcrjt bplfybt, ntv yt vtyttjnkbxfkcz uhfabxtcrb b bvtk pyfr ≤Vfqnhtz Cfyuøf≥.

Byjulf ãnjn dfhbfyn (yt bvtçobq cfvjcnjzntkmyjuj pyfxtybz)djcghjbpdjlzn rfr bplfybt 1940 u. (Yjdjcbñ., 1990; 2001) bkb gthtbyfxb-dfçn gj-cdjtve (Genzvb Leøf. V., 1999. C. 19–126).

ytcrjkmrj gfkbqcrbø yfbvtyjdfybq cjøhfytys d fdnjh-

crjv ntrcnt rfr ñjktt egjnhtñbntkmyst; gfhfkktkmyst

ajhvs (cfycrhbn _ gfkb) jnhfåtys d erfpfntkt.

Gjvtoäyyfz d ghbkjåtybb bpñhfyyfz ñbñkbjuhfabz

jlyjdhtvtyyj ckeåbn b erfpfntktv wbnfn bp cjjndtncnde-

çobø bcnjxybrjd.

R Jcyjdfv ñellbpvf T.B. Hthbø djpdhfofkfcm ytjlyj-

rhfnyj yf ghjnzåtybb nhblwfnb ktn, ljgjkyzz cdjq nhel

b enjxyzz jnltkmyst ajhvekbhjdrb. D yfcnjzotv bplfybb

rybuf ghtlcnfdktyf d yfbñjktt gjkyjv, bnjujdjv dblt _

n. t. gj cjcnjzybç yf cthtlbye 50-ø uu. Ddble nfrjq lfnb-

hjdrb, jgeoty kbim jlby ahfuvtyn (ybåt jy dsltkty

rehcbdjv) bplfybz 1940 u., bp pfrkçxbntkmyjq xfcnb

rybub:

≤...Vs dblbv, rfr wtkst cnhfys jngflfkb jn Extybz,

rjulf jyj, dvtcnj åbpytyysø ghbvtytybq, jñhfofkjcm

d jndktxäyyst nhfrnfns. Ntgthm gjhfpbntkmysq ghbvth

nfrjuj bpdhfotybz b jngfltybz zdkztn Nbñtn. Lfåt

extybt ñjy ecbkbkjcm, rfr htfrwbz ghjnbd ehjlkbdjuj

bpdhfotybz ñellbpvf.

Nfib-kfvf ghbpyfk ytdjpvjåysv jcnfnmcz chtlb

ghtlfntktq Extybz. Gj tuj ghbvthe jnjikb bp Nbñtnf

vyjubt kexibt kfvs. Ñtp ãnbø jñhfpjdfyysø kfv Nbñtn

gjuhzp d ghtcnegyjv ytdtåtcndt.

Nfrfz ltqcndbntkmyjcnm ghbujlyf lkz yfñkçltybz, rfr

cjdthiftncz evbhfybt Extybz≥.

173

D fyukbqcrbø bplfybzø rybub bp ãnjq gjexbntkmyjq

jwtyrb cjcnjzybz Nbñtnf rjywf 20-ø– 30-ø uu. ØØ dtrf

bpüzns dct htprbt ãgbntns. F r 50-v uu. d Nbñtnt ñskb

yjdst Lfkfq-kfvf (h. 1935) b Nfib-kfvf (h. 1938); rbnfq-

crbt djqcrf jrregbhjdfkb cnhfye, åtcnjrj gjlfdkzz vf-

ktqibt ghjzdktybz ytljdjkmcndf. Nfr xnj, tckb ñs njulf

vjukf blnb htxm j heccrjv bplfybb, ahfuvtyn ãnjn, jxt-

dblyj, ñsk ñs jgeoty rfr jnyjczobqcz r dhtvtyfv eåt

vbyedibv.

Ytdjpvjåyj yt jñhfnbnm dybvfybt yf nj, xnj d ãnjq

chfdybntkmyj ytñjkmijq hfñjnt, flhtcjdfyyjq ghtålt

dctuj ntv, rnj toä njkmrj pyfrjvbncz c extybtv Ñells,

nfr bkb byfxt jnhfåtys nhels yfbñjktt fdnjhbntnysø

bccktljdfntktq ñellbpvf 2-q gjkjdbys ∏ï∏ _ 1-q nhtnb

∏∏dd. Ikjrb ñellbqcrjuj Rfyjyf jhufybxyj cjxtnfçncz

pltcm c gjkjåtybzvb bp hfñjn dslfçobøcz cjdhtvty-

ysø ghtlcnfdbntktq ñellbpvf cnhfy Djcnjrf (Fyfufhbrf

Løfhvfgfkf, Cjãy Czre) b ghbpyfyysø gjgekzhbpfnjhjd

ñellbqcrjuj extybz (G. Rãhjc, Ymzyfnbkjrf, Cbkfxfhf);

rhegytqibø ñelljkjujd Pfgflf (U. Uhbvv, V. Vçkkth,

U. Jkmltyñthu, H.Gbitkm, N. Hbc-Lãdblc, E. Hjrøbkk, Ã. Ct-

yfh, Ã.Njvfc) b exäysø Hjccbb (D. Dfcbkmtd, B.Vbyftd,

J. Hjptyñthu, A.Othñfncrjq); jcyjdfntktq Ntjcjacrjuj

jñotcndf (T. Ñkfdfncrfz, U. Jkrjnn); lhtdytqitq ecnyjq

nhflbwbb, pfgtxfnkäyyjq d Extybb Åbdjq Ãnbrb; dslth-

årfvb bp tcntcndtyyj-yfexysø bccktljdfybq (R. Htqøty-

ñfø, D. Rbkmyth, C.Çhmtdbx).

174

Ghbxäv yb ãnjn gthtxtym bväy, yb ghbdtläyyst

ccskrb yf bø nhels, rfr b yf ñellbqcrbt rfyjybxtcrbt

ntrcns (cv. ñbñkbjuhfabç)_ nj, xnj yfv elfkjcm ghjckt-

lbnm,_ ytkmpz cxbnfnm bcxthgsdfçobvb. Cdtltybz ãnb

gj ñjkmitq xfcnb, rfr b yfcnjzott bvz fdnjhf-cjcnfdb-

ntkz, d ghbåbpytyysø bplfybzø rybub ñskb jgeotys _

jxtdblyj, rfr bvtçobt dnjhjcntgtyyjt pyfxtybt d bp-

kjåtybb Jcyjd Extybz. Jlyfrj jyb gjpdjkzçn kexit

gjyznm, yfcrjkmrj cthmäpyj gjløjlbkf Tktyf Bdfyjdyf

Hthbø r ãnjq hfñjnt, jwtybnm jñüäv b ibhjne jødfnf

bcgjkmpjdfyysø tç bcnjxybrjd.

Htlfrwbz ñkfujlfhyf F. D. Gfhbñre b F. F.Nthtynmtde

pf gjktpyst cjdtns b hzl cdtltybq ñbñkbjuhfabxtcrjuj

øfhfrnthf.

© Nehfyjd U., 2003, c bpvtytybzvb

175

ÑBÑKBJUHFABZ

GTHTDJLS ÑELLBQCRBØ BCNJXYBRJD

YF TDHJGTQCRBT ZPSRB

Yfhzle c bplfybzvb, bcgjkmpjdfyysvb d yfcnjzotq rybut, dsñj-hjxyj ghbdjlzncz b lheubt, d njv xbckt ñjktt gjplybt jcyjdystgthtdjls, f nfråt gthtdjls yf heccrbq zpsr. D rjcsø crjñrfø erf-pfys lfns gthtbplfybq (gj ghtbveotcnde gjcktlybø).D gthtxyt cnhfybw, yf rjnjhsø ghjwbnbhjdfy lfyysq bcnjxybr, d crjñrfø erfpfy hfpltk bcnjxybrf bkb cnhfybwf gthdjuj bp gtht-xbcktyysø gthtdjljd.

Cjrhfotybz: ≠ÖÖ _ ≠ºæ”¬¿ ÖŒŒ»’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷’; ≠Öë _ ≠ºæ”¬¿ ÖŒŒ»’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ 뺒÷.

Fyuennfhf-ybrfz _ Æ≈¬ ÖŒŒ» Œ√ ÷≈¬ 씺¿◊º… ≠º¤∆Õƒ’ (ÉÕƒ◊÷÷º”º-û∆»º-¤º). Æ”. í. ö.∑ŒŒ¿Ÿº”¿, ë. õ. ¬. ∂. 1–5. ö. , 1932–1936/1979/. _ 13–15 (ïïï. 38), 33, 42, 95–96 (∂ï. 55), 99 (ï∂. 13),104 (ï. 20)

Ñjløbxfhmzdfnfhf (Ifynblãdf)_ ≠ºÕ÷∆¿¬ÿº. ÖŒ¿≈∆溔¤º-ÿº÷º-”º.Æ”. ö. ¿¬ …º ∂º……¬ •Œ◊’’∆Õ. •º”∆’, 1907; Æ≈¬ •º÷≈ Œ√ ö∆ƒ≈÷. Æ”.ö. ê. Öº”Õ¬÷÷. ö. , 1909 /1947/; ëÕ÷¬”∆Õƒ ÷≈¬ •º÷≈ Œ√ ëÕ…∆ƒ≈÷À¬Õ÷.Æ”. õ. õº÷∆æ’. ûπ, 1970; ≠≈ºÕ÷∆¿¬ÿº. É ì◊∆¿¬ ÷Œ ÷≈¬ ÖŒ¿≈∆’º÷÷ÿºÛ’∑º¤ Œ√ ö∆√¬. Æ”. ≠. Öº÷æ≈¬…Œ”, ≠≈¬”œº Æ◊…»◊. ê≈º”ºÀ’º…º, 1979._34 (∂ïï. 24), 113 (∂ï. 31)

Ñelløfxfhbnf (Fidfuøjif)_ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ õº≈º-¤º-Õº Ƭ⁄÷’. Æ≈¬Ö◊¿¿≈º»º”∆÷º Œ√ É’ÿºƒ≈Œ’≈º. Æ”. ë. Ö. ⌟¬……. †⁄√. , 1894 /1985/(≠Öë ∏öï∏, 1); Fcdfujif. Åbpym Ñells. Gth. R. Ñfkmvjynf.V., 1913 /V., 1990/; Æ≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈ºæº”∆÷º Œ” Éæ÷’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. Æ”. ë. î. òŒ≈Õ’÷ŒÕ. öº≈Œ”¬, 1936 /1984/. _ 13 (∂. 84), 19 (ïïï. 54),95 (Øïï. 103–104)

176

Dbyfz. Vføfdfuuf _ ∂∆Õº¤º Ƭ⁄÷’. Æ”. Æ.∑. ª≈¤’ êºÿ∆¿’, î. †…¿¬Õ-Ω¬”ƒ. ö. , 1881–1882 /1982/ (≠Öë ∏ïïï, ∏∂ïï); Æ≈¬ ÖŒŒ» Œ√ ÷≈¬ê∆’æ∆œ…∆Õ¬. Æ”. ï. Ö.լ”. ∂. 4. ö., 1951 /1982/ (≠ÖÖ ∏ï∂)._55 (∂. 1. 14, 29–30), 55–57 (∂ïïï. 26. 1–4), 90 (ï. 5. 7)

Dbyfz. Cennf-dbñøfyuf _ Æ≈¬ ÖŒŒ» Œ√ ÷≈¬ ê∆’æ∆œ…∆Õ¬. Æ”. ï. Ö.-Õ¬”. ∂. 1–3. ö., 1938–1942 /1982–1983/ (≠ÖÖ ∏, ∏ï, ∏ïïï)._33 (ï. 1. 4)

Dbyfz. Xekkfdfuuf _ ∂∆Õº¤º Ƭ⁄÷’. ∂. 2–3. Æ”. Æ.∑. ª≈¤’ êºÿ∆¿’,î.†…¿¬ÕΩ¬”ƒ. ö. , 1882–1885 /1982/ (≠Öë ∏∂ïï, ∏∏); Æ≈¬ ÖŒŒ» Œ√÷≈¬ ê∆’æ∆œ…∆Õ¬. Æ”. ï. Ö.լ”. ∂. 5. ö., 1952 /1988/ (≠ÖÖ ∏∏)._30 (∂ïï. 3), 89 (∏. 1. 3)

Låfnfrb _ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ Ö∆”÷≈ ≠÷Œ”∆¬’, Œ” òº-÷º»º ƺ…¬’. Æ”. Æ.∑. ª≈¤’êºÿ∆¿’. ∂. 1. ö. , 1880 (”¬ÿ∆’¬¿ Ω¤ â. É. í. ª≈¤’ êºÿ∆¿’ _ ö.,1925)._ 22–26 (C. 5–6), 73–74 (C. 22, 24)

Lbuøf-ybrfz _ ê∆º…Œƒ◊¬’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. Æ”. Æ.∑. & â. É. í. ª≈¤’êºÿ∆¿’. ∂. 1–3. ö. , 1899–1921 /1977/ (≠ÖÖ ïï–ï∂)._ 66 (ïï. 44),87–88 (ïï. 43), 152–153 (ïï. 85), 159 (∏∏∂ï. 25). Cv. nfråt Vføf-gfhbybññfyf-cennf.

Løfvvfgflf _ ê≈ºÀÀºœº¿º. Æ”. í. õº⁄ õ˛……¬”. ö. , 1881 /1988/(≠Öë ∏, 1); Genm r Bcnbyt (ê≈ºÀÀºœº¿º). Gth. c fyuk.Y. Uthfcbvjdf. V., 1898; Løfvvfgflf. Gth. D. Y.Njgjhjdf.Jnd. htl. Ç.Y. Hthbø. V., 1960 /Hbuf, 1991; Cfvfhf, 1998/._53–54 (260–261), 59 (66, 64, 60), 63 (266, 9), 63–64 (1, 2, 42),64–65 (21, 38, 33, 13, 31), 66 (80), 67 (5, 3, 253), 87 (129),91 (165), 98 (252), 98–99 (51), 127 (127, 125, 71)

Bnbdennfrf _ ≠º¤∆Õƒ’ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º, Æ≈¬ ï÷∆-∂◊÷÷º»º. Æ”. Æ.î.õŒŒ”¬.ûπ, 1908; õ∆ÕŒ” ÉÕ÷Œ…Œƒ∆¬’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ •º…∆ âºÕŒÕ. ∂. 2. ï÷∆ÿ◊÷÷º»º: É’ ï÷ ∑º’ ≠º∆¿. Æ”. í. ö.∑ŒŒ¿Ÿº”¿. ö. , 1935 /1987/ (≠ÖÖ ∂ïïï)._92 (ïïï. ÿ. ∆∆∆), 104–105 (ï. ∆∆∆. ÿ∆∆)

177

Rfnøfdfnnøe _ •Œ∆Õ÷’ Œ√ âŒÕ÷”Œÿ¬”’¤ Œ” ≠◊Ω«¬æ÷’ Œ√ ê∆’æŒ◊”-’¬. Æ”. ≠. ∫. É◊Õƒ, â. É. í. ª≈¤’ êºÿ∆¿’. ö. , 1915 /1979/._125 (∂ïïï. 9. 36)

Rjvvtynfhbb yf Løfvvfgfle _ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ ö¬ƒ¬Õ¿’. Æ”. √”ŒÀ ÷≈¬Œ”∆ƒ∆Õº… •º…∆ ÷¬⁄÷ Œ√ ÷≈¬ ê≈ºÀÀºœº¿º âŒÀÀ¬Õ÷º”¤. ∂. 1–3. Æ”.ë.∑. Ö◊”…∆ÕƒºÀ¬. âºÀΩ”∆¿ƒ¬, 1921 /1979/._ 150 (N. 2. C. 304–305)

Kfkbnfdbcnfhf _ ö¬ öº…∆÷ºÿ∆’÷º”º. Æ”. •≈. ë¿. íŒ◊æº◊⁄. •º”∆’, 1848;Æ≈¬ öº…∆÷º ∂∆’÷º”º. Æ”. ª. õ∆÷”º. Ö∆Ω…∆Œ÷≈¬æº ïÕ¿∆æº, Õ¬Ÿ ’¬”. ∂. 90(1-z geñk._ òÉ≠Ö, 1881–1886); öº…∆÷º ∂∆’÷º”º. Æ”. 쬔À. Ω¤≠. ö¬√ÀºÕÕ. Ö¬”…. , 1874; Æ≈¬ ∂Œ∆æ¬ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º. Æ”. ì. Öº¤’. ∂. 1–2.Ö¬”»¬…¬¤, 1983._ 132

Vflålåøbvf-ybrfz _ í◊”÷≈¬” ê∆º…Œƒ◊¬’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. Æ”.ª. â≈º…À¬”’. ∂. 1–2. ö., 1926–1927 (≠ÖÖ ∂–∂ï); Æ≈¬ ⌅…¬æ÷∆ŒÕ Œ√÷≈¬ õ∆¿¿…¬-ö¬Õƒ÷≈ ≠º¤∆Õƒ’. Æ”. ï. Ö. լ”. ö. , 1954–1959/1975–1987/._ 32 (71), 36–37 (63), 49–51 (22), 60–61 (95), 62–63 (7, 40), 63 (56), 64 (105), 90 (26), 91 (107), 92 (95), 92–93 (38), 93 (7), 96 (62), 97 (5), 101 (58), 105–106 (21), 126 (135,57), 144 (98)

Vflømzvfrfdfnfhf (Xfylhfrbhnb)_ õº¿≈¤ºÀº»º-ÿº÷º-”º. Æ”. ö. ¿¬…º ∂º……¬ •Œ◊’’∆Õ // ö¬ õ◊’ÂŒÕ. 1907. ∂. 8. •. 249–317; 1910. ∂. 11.•. 271–358; 1911. ∂. 12. •. 235–328; î◊Õ÷∆Õƒ÷ŒÕ â.∑., ∑ºÕƒæ≈¬Õ쬒≈¬. Æ≈¬ ëÀœ÷∆Õ¬’’ Œ√ ëÀœ÷∆Õ¬’’: ÉÕ ïÕ÷”Œ¿◊æ÷∆ŒÕ ÷Œ 뺔…¤ïÕ¿∆ºÕ õº¿≈¤ºÀ∆»º. ±. Œ√ º∆∆ •”¬’’, 1989._ 158 (ï)

Vføfdfcne_ õº≈ºÿº’÷◊. Æ”. ò. ò. òŒÕ¬’. ∂. 1–3. ö. , 1949–1956 /1976–1987/ (≠ÖÖ ∏∂ïï–∏ï∏)._ 15–16 (N. 2. C. 42), 126 (N. 1. C. 246)

Vføfgfhbybññfyf-cennf _ ê∆º…Œƒ◊¬’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. ∂. 2. ö. , 1910/1977/ (≠ÖÖ ïïï); Ñellbqcrbt Cenns. Gth. c fyuk. Y.B. Uthfcb-vjdf. V., 1900; Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ ≠◊÷÷º’. Æ”. Æ.∑. ª≈¤’ êºÿ∆¿’. †⁄√. , 1881

178

/1980/ (≠Öë ∏ï)._ 19 (∂. 27), 57 (∂ï. 3), 101–103 (ï∂. 14–20,42–3), 133 (ïïï. 43, 45), 146 (ï∂. 37)

Vføfzyf-Cenhfkfyrfhf (Fcfyuf)_ É’ºÕƒº. õº≈º-¤º-Õº-≠◊-÷”º--…ºÀ. »º-”º. ∂. 2. Æ”. ≠. öÂÿ∆. •º”∆’, 1911; É’ºÕƒº. õº≈º-¤º-Õº-’◊-÷”º-…ºÀ»º-”º. Æ”. ≠.∂. ö∆Àº¤¬. ꬅ≈∆, 1992._ 159–160

Vbkbylf-gfymøf _ Æ≈¬ ß◊¬’÷∆ŒÕ’ Œ√ ô∆Õƒ õ∆…∆Õ¿º. Æ”. Æ.∑. ª≈¤’êºÿ∆¿’. ∂. 1–2. †⁄√. , 1890–1894 /1988/ (≠Öë ∏∏∏∂–∏∏∏∂ï);õ∆…∆Õ¿ºÛ’ ß◊¬’÷∆ŒÕ’. Æ”. ï. Ö.լ”. ∂. 1–2. ö. , 1963–1964 (≠ÖÖ∏∏ïï–∏∏ïïï); Djghjcs Vbkbyls. Gth. F. D. Gfhbñrf. V.,1989._ 52 (ïï. 1), 73 (ï∂. 3. 22), 86 (∂ïï. 4. 32), 132 (∂) (D heccrjvgthtdjlt rybub ï∂–∂ïï bvtçn yjvth yf tlbybwe vtymit.)

Cflløfhvfgeylfhbrf _ ≠º¿¿≈º”Àº-•◊Õ¿º”∆»º Œ” Æ≈¬ öŒ÷◊’ Œ√ Æ”◊¬öºŸ. Æ”. î. ô¬”Õ. †⁄√. , 1884 /1980/ (≠Öë ∏∏ï); Æ≈¬ Æ≈”¬¬√Œ…¿öŒ÷◊’ ≠◊÷”º. ÆŒ»¤Œ, 1975 /1987/._ 131 (ïïï. 38)

Cfvüçnnf-ybrfz _ Æ≈¬ ÖŒŒ» Œ√ ô∆Õ¿”¬¿ ≠º¤∆Õƒ’. Æ”. â. É. í. ª≈¤’êºÿ∆¿’, í. ö.∑ŒŒ¿Ÿº”¿. ∂. 1–5. ö. , 1917–1930 /1979/._ 37–38 (ö∂ï. 31), 90 (∂. 2), 98 (∂ï. 2. 4)

Cenhf bp 42 cnfntq _ Ö¬º… ≠. É âº÷¬Õº Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ ≠æ”∆œ÷◊”¬’√”ŒÀ ÷≈¬ â≈∆Õ¬’¬. ö. , 1871. •. 190–203; ö¬ ≠¸÷”º ¬Õ 42 º”÷∆æ…¬’. Æ”. î.-ö. í¬¬”. •º”∆’, 1878. ≠Œ¤¬Õ ≠≈º»◊. ≠¬”ÀŒÕ’ Œ√ º Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ÉΩΩŒ÷. â≈∆溃Œ, 1906 /1971/. •. 3–21; ì¬Õ¬”º… ëøœ…ºÕº÷∆ŒÕ Œ√ ÷≈¬Ö◊¿¿≈º ≠œ¬º»’: ≠◊÷”º ∆Õ íŒ”÷¤-ÆŸŒ ≠¬æ÷∆ŒÕ’. Æ”. î’˛ºÕ î◊º.≠ºÕ 픺Õæ∆’æŒ, 1977._ 93 (9), 128–129 (7–8)

Cennf-ybgfnf _ ≠◊÷÷º-û∆œº÷º. Æ”. ∂. íº◊’Ω˙……. †⁄√. , 1881 /1988/(≠Öë ∏, 2); Cennf-Ybgfnf. Gth. c fyuk. Y. B. Uthfcbvjdf. V.,1899._ 34 (79), 104 (148–149; Vtnnf-cennf 7–8)

Elfyf _ Æ≈¬ ±¿ºÕº, Œ” Æ≈¬ ≠Œ…¬ÀÕ ±÷÷¬”ºÕ欒 Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. Æ”.ê.õ. ≠÷”ŒÕƒ. ö. , 1902; õ∆ÕŒ” ÉÕ÷≈Œ…Œƒ∆¬’ Œ√ ÷≈¬ •º…∆ âºÕŒÕ. ∂. 2.

179

±¿º-Õº: ∂¬”’¬’ Œ√ ±œ…∆√÷. Æ”. í. ö.∑ŒŒ¿Ÿº”¿. ö., 1935 /1987/ (≠ÖÖ∂ïïï)._ 93 (ï. ∆ø)

Aj cj cby wpfym wpby _ íŒ-≠≈Œ-î∆Õƒ-Æ’ºÕ-ô∆Õƒ. É ö∆√¬ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º.Æ”. ≠. Ö¬º…. †⁄√. , 1883 /1984/ (≠Öë ∏ï∏)._ 22–26 (342–349), 100 (1514–1515, 1510–1512), 107 (1632), 111–112 (1483, 1485)

Ibrif-cfvexxfz _ ≠∆»’≈º--≠ºÀ◊æ溤º. Æ”. â. Ö¬Õ¿º……&∑. î.ê. ªŒ◊-’¬. ö., 1922 /1981/._ 33–34 (C. 286), 63 (C. 191), 123 (C. 315)

YTRJNJHST LHEUBT BCNJXYBRB

Ñfhflçr Bggjkbn _ Öº”º¿◊æ î∆œœŒ…¤÷¬ (1850–1902), ahfywepcrbqdhfx-ytdhjgfnjkju, fdnjh ytcrjkmrbø vjyjuhfabq. Cv. j yäv:Htñec. V., 1911. § 37. C. 3; 1912. § 37. C. 5._ 147

Rbkmyth Dfkmnth (Rbkyth Ejknth Låjy)_ ô∆…Õ¬” ∑. ò. Æ≈¬î◊ÀºÕ É÷ÀŒ’œ≈¬”¬ (Æ≈¬ É◊”º). ö. , 1920 (2-t bpl., gthtcvjnh.b hfcibhtyyjt; 1-t bpl._ ö., ûπ, [1911]) /ûπ, 1965; ≠¬æº◊æ◊’(û. ò.), 1980/. Cv. j yäv: Htñec. V., 1911. § 28. C. 5; § 36.C. 7–9; 1912. § 7. C. 5–6; 1913. §19. C. 3–4; 1915. § 27. C. 4–5._150

Rãhjc Gfekm (Gjk)_ ⺔◊’ •. Æ≈¬ 쌒œ¬… Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º. â≈∆溃Œ,1894 (9-t bpl._ö., 1904) /õº¿”º’, 1987; 1991/._ 22–26 (∂ï–∂ïï), 67 (∏∏∏∂ïï. 12–13, 15), 70–72 (ö), 73 (∏öïï. 13–14),75–77 (∏∏∂. 12–20), 77–86 (öï), 88–89 (ö∏∏∏ï. 7–10), 110–111 (∏∏∂. 5–11), 116 (öïï. 7), 120 (öïïï. 5), 155 (∏∂ï. 25), 158–159 (∏â∂ï. 13–15).

Nfrjt rjkbxtcndj dslthåtr bp ãnjq rybub yt ckexfqyj.Dsitlifz dcrjht gjckt Dctvbhyjuj Rjyuhtccf htkbubq (Xb-rfuj, 1893), jyf bvtkf ytjñsxfqysq ecgtø. G. Rãhjc (1852–

180

1919) gjcnfhfkcz cjñhfnm d jlyjv njvt dcä kexitt bptdhjgtqcrbø gthtdjljd ñellbqcrbø gbcfybq. Cnhtvzcm ≤ghtl-cnfdbnm ñellbpv cjdhtvtyysv, d tuj yfbñjktt ñkfujhjlyjvdblt≥, jy dyjcbk d gthtdjls ytrjnjhst bpvtytybz; gj ãnjqghbxbyt ñelljkjub yt djcghbybvfkb tuj rybue rfr yfexyeç.D nj åt dhtvz yf Djcnjrt tä jwtybdfkb jxtym dscjrj. Bp-dtcnyj, xnj Fyfufhbrf Løfhvfgfkf (1864–1933), htajhvfnjhñellbpvf nøthfdfls b jcyjdfntkm jñotcndf Vføf-Ñjløb,cnhjbk ytrjnjhst cdjb ktrwbb wtkbrjv yf vfnthbfkt ãnjujghjbpdtltybz. ≤Gjkfufç, xnj chtlb tdhjgtqcrbø exäysø dstlbycndtyysq, rnj gthtlfän extybt yflktåfobv jñhfpjv≥,_yfgbcfk jy fdnjhe. Lheujq ñellbqcrbq kblth Cjãy Czre, yf-cnjzntkm vjyfcnshtq Ãyufrelpb b Rãynälpb d Rfvfreht,cjjñofk G. Rãhjce d yjzñht njuj åt 1894 u., xnj rybuf gtht-dtltyf yf zgjycrbq zpsr tuj extybrjv Lfqcãwe N. Celperb b xnj gj ytq bpexfçn jcyjds ñellbpvf d Njrbqcrjv bvgt-hfnjhcrjv eybdthcbntnt. Cfv L.N. Celperb (1870–1966),ghjhfñjnfdibq pfntv e Rãhjcf d tuj bplfntkmcndt ≤†œ¬ÕâŒ◊”÷≥ d Kf Cfkkt (CIF) jlbyyflwfnm ktn, d rjywt 50-ø ujljddcgjvbyfk: ≤Lj geñkbrfwbb Tdfyutkbz Ñells nhfrnjdrb ñel-lbpvf (yf Pfgflt._ U.N.) ñskb kbñj ckbirjv yferjjñhfpys,kbñj ckbirjv gjgekzhys. L-h Rãhjc cjxtnfk leø yferb babkjcjabb, f tuj ñkfujåtkfntkmyjt jnyjitybt dshfåfkjcjñjq ytxnj ñjkmitt, xtv ghjcnjq bynthtc. Nfrbv jñhfpjv,jy cevtk yt jñhfnbnmcz d afyfnbxyjuj gjcktljdfntkz b ghtl-cnfdbk ñellbpv ñtcghbcnhfcnyj b ghfdbkmyj≥.

Yt egjvbyftvfz d yfexyjq kbnthfneht, ãnf rybuf, ghb dcävtä pyfxtybb, d Hjccbb ghfrnbxtcrb ytbpdtcnyf, rfr b cfv täfdnjh. D CIF yt nfr lfdyj dsikf yjdfz vjyjuhfabz j tujåbpyb b ndjhxtcndt: î¬Õ¿¬”’ŒÕ î. âº÷º…¤’÷ √Œ” âŒÕ÷”Œÿ¬”’¤.•º◊… ⺔◊’ Œ√ †œ¬Õ âŒ◊”÷. âº”ΩŒÕ¿º…¬ ºÕ¿ ë¿Ÿº”¿’ÿ∆……¬:≠Œ◊÷≈¬”Õ ï……∆ÕŒ∆’ ±Õ∆ÿ¬”’∆÷¤ •”¬’’, 1993.

181

Vfh-Ufkbnne _ õº”-캅∆÷÷◊, ÿŒÕ [ª¬∆ÀºÕÕ òŒ≈ºÕÕº •.]. õºƒÕ¬-÷∆’æ≈¬ É◊”º ¿¬’ »Œ’À∆’æ≈¬Õ õ¬Õ’æ≈¬Õ. Æ”∆¬”, 1922._ 148–150

Htqøtyñfø Rfhk _ ª¬∆æ≈¬ÕΩºæ≈ ô., Öº”ŒÕ ÿŒÕ. ª¬’¬º”æ≈¬’ ŒÕõºƒÕ¬÷∆’À, ë…¬æ÷”∆æ∆÷¤, ÷, ö∆ƒ≈÷, ¬÷æ. ... ∆Õ ÷≈¬∆” ª¬…º÷∆ŒÕ’ ÷Œ÷≈¬ ∂∆÷º… 팔æ¬. Æ”. Œ√ ÷≈¬ Œ”∆ƒ∆Õº… 쬔ÀºÕ ŸŒ”» Œ√ 1845 Ω¤ ê”. ∑.씬”Œ”¤. ö., 1850._ 147

Ctyfh Ã._ ≠¬Õº”÷ ë. ë’’º∆ ’◊” …º …¬ƒ¬Õ¿¬ ¿◊ ÖŒ◊¿¿≈º. •., 1882._28

Cjãy Czre _ ≠Œ¤¬Õ ≠≈º»◊. ≠¬”ÀŒÕ’ Œ√ º Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ ÉΩΩŒ÷. â≈∆溃Œ,1906 /ûπ, 1971/._ 132 (C. 28)

Af Czym _ Æ≈¬ Æ”ºÿ¬…’ Œ√ íº-≈’∆¬Õ (319–414 É. ê.) Œ” ª¬æŒ”¿ Œ√ ÷≈¬Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷∆æ ô∆Õƒ¿ŒÀ’. âºÀΩ”∆¿ƒ¬, 1923. (Hec. gth.: Af Czym.Pfgbcrb j ñellbqcrbø cnhfyfø // Bcnjhbz b rekmnehf Lhtd-ytq Bylbb: Ntrcns. V., 1990. C. 300–352.)_ 27

Othñfncrjq A. B. Abkjcjacrjt extybt ñellbpvf. Gu., 1919 (gt-htbpl. d æñ.: Åbpym Ñells, bylbqcrjuj Exbntkz Åbpyb.Cfvfhf, 1998). _ 140–141 (C. 48)

Çhmtdbx C. F._ πŒ◊”∆Âÿ∆÷æ≈ ≠¬”ƒ¬. ö¬’ ªº¤ŒÕ’ π _ âŒÕ¿◊æ÷∆Ω∆…∆÷Âë…¬æ÷”∆“◊¬ ¬÷ ëÕ¬”ƒ∆¬ Ω∆Œ-œ≈¤’∆“◊¬ (ªÂ’◊ÀÂ) // âŒÀœ÷¬ ”¬Õ¿◊Œ√√∆æ∆¬… ¿◊ •”¬À∆¬” âŒÕƒ”Ê’ ïÕ÷¬”Õº÷∆ŒÕº… ¿¬’ ª¬æ≈¬”æ≈¬’•’¤æ≈∆“◊¬’ ‚ ⌜¬Õ≈ºƒ◊¬, 26 ÉŒ˝÷–2 ≠¬œ÷¬ÀΩ”¬ 1921. ⌜¬Õ-≈ºƒ◊¬, 1922. C. 334–335. Cv. j yäv: Cdtn Juyz. § 7 (ujnj-dbncz r gtxfnb)._ 148–150

* * *ÉÕºƒº-”∆»º ê≈º”Àºœº…º. ∑≈º÷ ¿∆¿ ÷≈¬ öŒ”¿ Ö◊¿¿≈º ÷¬ºæ≈? ⺅æ◊÷÷º,

1909.

Ö…ºÿº÷’»¤ î.•. ≠≈º»¤º õ◊Õ∆Û’ •…ºæ¬ ∆Õ î∆’÷Œ”¤ // Æ≈¬ Æ≈¬Œ’Œœ≈∆’÷.õº¿”º’. 1883. Yjzñhm. N. 5. §1 (49). â. 39–42; Æ≈¬ õ¤’÷¬”¤ Œ√Ö◊¿¿≈º. ≤ª¬∆Õ溔պ÷∆ŒÕ’≥ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º // Æ≈¬ ≠¬æ”¬÷ êŒæ÷”∆Õ¬. N. 3.

182

ö., 1921 (1-t bpl._ ö.–â≈∆溃Œ–Ö¬Õº”¬’, 1897). C. 382, 391 (gtht-gtx.: Ö…ºÿº÷’»¤ î.•. ⌅…¬æ÷¬¿ ∑”∆÷∆Õƒ’: D 15 n. ∑≈¬º÷ŒÕ–õº¿”º’–ö., 1950–1991. N. 5. 1950 /1984/. C. 246–255; N. 14. 1985.C. 395–396, 405).

ì”∆ÀÀ 쬌”ƒ¬. Æ≈¬ êŒæ÷”∆Õ¬ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º. Ö¬”…∆Õ, 1958 (2-t fyuk.bpl.; 1-¬ fyuk. bpl., gth. c ytv._ öœ‹., 1926; 1-t ytv. bpl._õ˛Õæ≈¬Õ, 1915). â. 26, 45–46, 49, 190, 194, 348–349, 354, 361.

Æ≈¬ õº≈º÷Àº ö¬÷÷¬”’ ÷Œ É.•. ≠∆ÕÕ¬÷÷ √”ŒÀ ÷≈¬ õº≈º÷Àº’ õ.&ô. î.ö.–ûπ, 1926 (2-t bpl., bcgh.; 1-t bpl._ 1923) /•º’º¿¬Õº, âÉ,1992/. â. 112.

õ˛……¬” õ. É î∆’÷Œ”¤ Œ√ ÉÕæ∆¬Õ÷ ≠ºÕ’»”∆÷ ö∆÷¬”º÷◊”¬. ö., 1859 (2-tbpl.). â. 266.

û¤ºÕº÷∆…Œ»º. í◊Õ¿ºÀ¬Õ÷º…’ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈∆’À. ⌅ŒÀΩŒ, 1949. â. 30–32,43.

û¤ºÕº÷∆…Œ»º õº≈º÷≈¬”º. ≠◊÷÷º-œ∆÷º»º. Æ≈¬ ∑Œ”¿ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º.⌅ŒÀΩŒ, 1927 /ôºÕ¿∆, ⬤…ŒÕ, 1981/ (1-t fyuk. bpl. , gth. cytv._ ªºÕƒŒŒÕ, 1907; hec. gth.: Ymzyfnbkjrf Ñøbrrøe. CkjdjÑells. CGñ., 1907). â. 16, 20–21, 27, 37–39, 42, 49.

†…æŒ÷÷ î. ≠. É Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ âº÷¬æ≈∆’À. ö. , [1887] (40-t bpl., bcgh. bhfcibh._ É¿¤º”, 1904; 1-t bpl._ ⌅ŒÀΩŒ, 1881; hec. gth.:Jkmrjnn U. C. Ñellbqcrbq rfntøbpbc. CGñ., 1902). â. 25–26, 33,46, 51, 55, 57–58, 61, 63–64.

†…¿¬ÕΩ¬”ƒ î. Ö◊¿¿≈º, ’¬∆Õ ö¬Ω¬Õ, ’¬∆Õ¬ ö¬≈”¬, ’¬∆Õ¬ ì¬À¬∆Õ¿¬.Ö¬”…∆Õ, 1881 (5-t bpl._ 1906; fyuk. gth.: ö. , 1882)._ Hec. gth.:Jkmltyñthu U. Ñellf, tuj åbpym, extybt b jñobyf. V., 1898 (5 bplfybq c 1890 gj 1905). C. 140, 170, 191–192, 271, 278,299–300, 317–318, 338.

•∆’æ≈¬… ª. ö¬Ω¬Õ ◊Õ¿ ö¬≈”¬ ¿¬’ Ö◊¿¿≈º. öœ‹. , 1906 (2-t bpl._1910)._ Hec. gth.: Gbitkm H. Ñellf, tuj åbpym b extybt. V.,1911 /htghbyn: V., 1991/. C. 21–28, 42, 108, 114.

183

ª≈¤’ êºÿ∆¿’ Æ.∑. Ö◊¿¿≈∆’À. ï÷’ î∆’÷Œ”¤ ºÕ¿ ö∆÷¬”º÷◊”¬. ûπ–ö. , 1909(1-t bpl._ ûπ–ö., 1896; hec. gth. gjl htl. C. A.Jkmltyñehuf:Hbc Lãdblc N. D. Ñellbpv. CGñ., 1899). â. 145, 149, 176.

ªŒæ»≈∆…… ∑.∑. Æ≈¬ ö∆√¬ Œ√ ÷≈¬ Ö◊¿¿≈º ºÕ¿ ÷≈¬ 뺔…¤ î∆’÷Œ”¤ Œ√ ≈∆’†”¿¬”, ¿¬”∆ÿ¬¿ √”ŒÀ Æ∆Ω¬÷ºÕ ∑Œ”»’. ö. , 1907 (1-t bpl._ 1872;2-t bpl._ 1884). â. 19-24, 130.

≠È-…º-æº-”º Ö≈∆»»≈◊. ôºÀÀº. ö. , 1929. â. 9, 10.Æ≈ŒÀº’ ë. ò. Æ≈¬ ö∆√¬ Œ√ Ö◊¿¿≈º º’ ö¬ƒ¬Õ¿ ºÕ¿ î∆’÷Œ”¤. ö.–ûπ, 1927.

â. 20, 27, 38, 43, 45, 47, 51-54, 108.Dfcbkmtd D. G. Ñellbpv. Tuj ljuvfns, bcnjhbz b kbnthfnehf. X. ï.

Jñott jñjphtybt. CGñ., 1857. C. 87, 110, 128.Rhbgnjuhfvvs Djcnjrf. H.: Eueyc, 1999 (1-t bpl._ Ctyn-Bkth Å.

Rhbgnjuhfvvs Djcnjrf. Gfhbå, 1929). C. 17–21, 32, 35–36.Vbyftd B. Ñellbpv. Bccktljdfybz b vfnthbfks. N. 1. Dsg. 1.

CGñ., 1887. C. 225.Hjptyñthu J.J. Ddtltybt d bpextybt ñellbpvf gj zgjycrbv b

rbnfqcrbv bcnjxybrfv. X. 2. Ghjñktvs ñellbqcrjq abkj-cjabb. Gu., 1918 (gthtbpl. d æñ.: Hjptyñthu J. J. Nhels gjñellbpve. V., 1991). C. 60, 229.

184

185

Fñcjkçn 110–1Fdfnfh(f) 10fdblmz (cr.; g._ fdblålåf)

44Flåbnf (cr., g.) 159Frfif (cr.; g._ Frfcf) 143Fknfq 138Fvthbrf 147Fyfylf (cr., g.) 30, 55–7,

102–3, 146, 158–9Fyfnøfgbylbrf (cr. nfråt

Fyfnøfgbylflf; g.) 74–5fyutks 19 cv. nfråt ñjub,

LãdsFhøfn (cr.; g._ Fhføfn) 18,

41, 49, 89Fcfyuf 159Fcbnf, Hbib (cr.; g._Rfkf-

Lãdfkf, Bcb) 11fehf 147–9, 150Fidfuøjif 13Fijrf 28

Ñfhflçr B. 147; 180Ñtyfhtc (Dfhfyfcb) (cr.;

g._ Ñfhfyfcb) 14, 27Ñthkby 147Ñbhvf (cjdh. Vmzyvf) 7Ñju 5, 109–10, 140–1; kbxysq

8, 92, 109; ñjub 19, 25, 82Ñjlø-Ufz 27ñjløb (cr., g.) 157Ñjløbcfnndf (cr.; g._Ñjløb-

cfnnf) 11, 15–9, 24, 26,157–60

Ñellf (cr., g.), yt tcnm bvz32

ñøfdf (cr., g.) 45Ñøfufdfy (cr.), Ñøfufdfn (g.)

7, 24ñøbrie (cr.; g._ ñøbrrøe)

55–7, 65, 73, 76, 87, 152

Dfqifkb (cr.; g._ Dtcfkb)7, 85, 133

ERFPFNTKMbväy, utjuhfabxtcrbø yfpdfybq b nthvbyjd

Ckjdf Ñkfujckjdtyysq, Ñellf, Ufenfvf d erfpfntkt yt jnhfåtys.

Cjrhfotybz: g._ gfkb; cr._ cfycrhbn; nbñ._ nbñtncrbq.

Dfxxf (g.) 32dtlfyf (cr., g.) 44, 119–20Dtls 12dblåyzyf (cr., d Bylbb

ghjbpyjcbncz dbuyzyf;g._ dbymyzyf) 44, 119–20

Dbyfz (cr., g.) 140

Ufylfr, h. 27Ufz 93Ubvfkfb 10, 27

Ltdflfnnf bkb Lãdflfnnf(cr., g.) 17, 30, 54

Låfvñeyflf (cr., g.) 88låfhf-vfhfyf (cr., g.) 45låfnb (cr., g.) 45Låbyf (cr., g.) 7Låyznfgenhf (cr.; g._ Yf-

nfgennf) 77–8lerfyu (nbñ. Û¿◊-»≈ºÕƒ) 8Løfhvf (cr.; g._ Løfvvf)

51, 76–8, 80, 85–6, 117løfhvf 112, 114, 117–9, 121, 125,

153; tcnm ãythubz 118, 153Løfhvf-hflå(f) (cr.;

g._Løfvvfhflåf) 24

Lãdf (cr., g.) 11, 158blløb (g.; cr._ cblløb):

–dbløf 145, vfyjvfqz(ÀºÕº’ + Àº-¤º-) 1 151

Bridfre (cr.; g._ Jrrfrf)10

Bylbz 7, 27, 30, 35, 89, 138;Ctdthyfz 7, 10, 27

Byljrbnfq (cjdh. Dmtnyfv,Rfvgexbz, Kfjc) 7

Bidfhf (cr.; g._ Bccfhf)110–1

Rfreinf (cr.; g._ Rfren-nøf), h. 102

Rfvfrehf (Zgjybz) 132Rfybirf 28Rfyjy (ñellbqcrbq) 13, 59;

176–80Rfynøfrf, rjym 26Rfgbkf (cr., g.) 13Rfgbkfdfcne (cr.; g._Rfgb-

kfdfnnøe) 9–11, 13, 27rfhvf (cr.; g._ rfvvf) 44,

114, 122–3, 125–7, 129–30, 151;pfrjy 73, 109, 115, 126, 130,134, 144; bpvtytybt 130

186

1 Cv., yfghbvth: û¤„Õº÷∆…Œ»º. Ö◊¿¿≈∆’÷ ê∆æ÷∆ŒÕº”¤. õºÕ◊º… Œ√ Ö◊¿-¿≈∆’÷ Ƭ”À’ ºÕ¿ êŒæ÷”∆Õ¬’. ⌅ŒÀΩŒ, 1950. â. 94.

187

Rfeifvñb (cr.; g._ Rjcf-vñb) 37

Rbkmyth D. (Rbkyth E.) 150;180

Rbnfq 7Rjgtyufuty 148Rjhieyf, dthibyf

(cr._Uhbløhfrenf) 133Reibyfufhf (cr.; g._ Recb-

yfhf) 27, 102

Ktd_Cbyøf (cr.) 7, 34, 41,69, 137

Kjyljy 147Kevñbyb, hjof 11

Vfqnhtz (cr.; g._ Vtnntz)158–61, 163–4

Vfqz, vfnm Ñells 10–1vfqz (cr., g.), bkkçpbz,

jñjkmotybt 20, 45, 47, 49,51, 76, 84, 154

Vfkeyrmz(gennf) (g.) 36vfyjvfqz-blløb cv. blløbVfhf (cr., g.) 89–90, 98Vfh-Ufkbnne cv. Htqvfyvføfzyf 7, 159Vtåleyfhjlysq rjyuhtcc

gcbøbxtcrbø bccktljdf-

ybq (1-q; Rjgtyufuty,1921) 148

Vbkbylf (g.), Vtyfylh 52Vjyujkbz 7Vjcrdf 148

Yfufctyf (cr., g.) 52yfvf-hegf (cr., g.) 44Ytgfk, ytgfkmcrbt nthfb 8,

28yblfys (cr., g.), ldtyfl-

wfnm 43–5, 115ybhuhfynøf (cr.; g._ ybu-

ufynøf) 77, 86Ybhdfyf (cr.; g._Ybññfyf)

21, 23, 38, 50–1, 75, 91, 100,103, 115–6, 118, 124;xnó tcnm 47; ljcnbåtybt,genm d 76–7, 90–1, 116

Gfdf (cr., g.) 101Gfhbå 147Gfnyf (cjdh.; cr._ Gfnf-

kbgenhf; g._ Gfnfkbgen-nf) 7

Gtifdfh 28Gbghfdf 28Ghflåfgfnb (cr.; g._ Gf-

låfgfnb) 12, 22

188

Hflåfuhbøf (cr.; g._ Hf-låfuføf) 7, 70, 74, 133

Hfpñjqybrf, crfkf 133Hføekf (cr., g.), csy Ñells

18, 25–6, 96Htqvfy Q.G. (gctdl._ Vfh-

Ufkbnne) 148; 182Htqøtyñfø R., ajy 147; 182Hjccbz 7hegf (cr., g.) 119–20, 123

cfycrfhf (cr.; g._ cfyrøfhf)44, 119–20

Cfyuøf (cr., g.) 139cfylåyz (cr., d Bylbb ghj-

bpyjcbncz cfyuyz; g._ cf-ymyz) 119–20

cfyrømz, abkjcjabz 13Cfhyfnø 27, 137cfnndf (cr.; g._ cfnnf) 157Cfnnøf (g.; cr._ Ifcnfh) 7Ctyfh Ã. 28; 182Cbfv (cjdh. Nfbkfyl) 7Cblløfhnøf (cr.; g._ Cbl-

løfnnøf) 10, 13, 22, 24–5Cbyøf (cr.; g._ Cbøf), ut-

ythfk 77–80, 83–6crfyløf (cr.; g._ røfyløf)

119, 121–3

Cjvf (cr., g.), extybwfÑells 90

Cjyf Rjkbdbcf 55Cjãy Czre 132; 181–2cgfhif (cr.; g._ gøfccf) 44cenhf (cr.; g._ cennf) 19,

32–3, 101, 137

Nfnøfufnf (cr., g.) 7, 24, 71,73, 76, 80–2, 84–5, 102–3

Nbñtn 7, 138, 140; 173–4nhbiyf (cr.; g._ nfyøf) 44,

114, 123

egflfyf (cr., g.) 45Ehedtkf (g.; cr._Ehedbk-

df) 27

Af Czym 27; 182

øbyfzyf 7, 159, 163Øjnfy 138

Wtqkjy (cjdh. Ihb-Kfyrf) 7

weukfrfyu (nbñ. ÷’◊ƒ-…ºƒ-»≈ºÕƒ) 8

189

Xfrhfdfhnby (cr.; g._ Xfr-rfdfnnb) 12

Xfylfrf (cr., g.) 19–20, 26Xekkfgfynøfrf (g.), Gfynøf-

rf Vfksq 150–1Xeylf (cr., g.) 101–3

ifl-fznfyf (cr.; g._ cfk-fznfyf) 44

Ifrmz (cr.; g._ Cfrmz) 7,9–10, 18, 20–1

Ifrmzveyb (cr.; g._ Cf-rmzveyb) 7, 71, 73

Ifhbgenhf (cr.; g._ Cfhb-gennf) 73

ihfvfyf (cr.; g._ cfvfyf):Dbltybt 22–5; Ufenfvf(cr.; g._Ujnfvf) 77–8, 86

Ihbufkf (cr.; g._ Cbufkf)70–2

Ielløjlfyf (cr.; g._ Cel-løjlfyf) 10–2

Ãqyintqy F. 143

Çhmtdbx C.F. 148–9; 182

Zgjybz 7Zijløfhf (cr.; g._Zcjløf-

hf) 18, 21–2, 26

190

JUKFDKTYBT

JCYJDS ÑELLBPVF 5

Ghbkjåtyb t

Gjcktckjdbt 167

Ñbñkbjuhfabz

Gthtdjls ñellbqcrbø bcnjxybrjd 176

Ytrjnjhst lheubt bcnjxybrb 180

Erfpfntkm 185

Jn htlfrwbb

Dljøyjdtyyjt ddtltybt d jcyjds Extybz Ufenfvs Ñells.

Rybuf, yfl rjnjhjq Tktyf Bdfyjdyf Hthbø (1879–1955) hfñj-

nfkf d Bylbb xtndthnm dtrf, jnkbxftncz ibhjnjq jødfnf

bcnjxybrjd, ghjcnsv ckjujv, cbkjq b rhfcjnjq bpkjåtybz.

D ãnjq chfdybntkmyj ytñjkmijq hfñjnt, flhtcjdfyyjq

ghtålt dctuj ntv, rnj toä njkmrj pyfrjvbncz c Extybtv

Ñells, nfr bkb byfxt jnhfåtys nhels yfbñjktt fdnjhb-

ntnysø bccktljdfntktq ñellbpvf 2-q gjkjdbys ∏ï∏ _ 1-q

nhtnb ∏∏ dd. Ikjrb ñellbqcrjuj Rfyjyf jhufybxyj cjxt-

nfçncz pltcm c gjkjåtybzvb bp hfñjn dslfçobøcz cj-

dhtvtyysø ghtlcnfdbntktq ñellbpvf cnhfy Djcnjrf _ b

ghbpyfyysø gjgekzhbpfnjhjd ñellbqcrjuj extybz; rheg-

ytqibø ñelljkjujd Pfgflf b exäysø Hjccbb; cdtltyb-

zvb lhtdytqitq ecnyjq nhflbwbb _ b dslthårfvb bp

tcntcndtyyj-yfexysø bccktljdfybq.

Yfcnjzott, yfbñjktt gjkyjt bplfybt drkçxftn d ctñz

ljñfdktybz bp gjcvthnyjuj fyukbqcrjuj bplfybz (1971);

bcgjkmpjdfys dct ljcnegyst vfnthbfks bp fhøbdf

T.B. Hthbø.

D ghbkjåtybb ghbdjlzncz rhfnrbt cdtltybz jñ bcnjhbb

cjplfybz rybub, kbnthfnehysø b yfexysø bcnjxybrfø,

bvttncz erfpfntkm.

191