TheAthensID Issue 4 2008

151
TheAthensID Τεύχος 4, Ιούλιος-Σεπτέμβριος 2008 Aθήνα 2008

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TheAthensID Issue 4 2008

Transcript of TheAthensID Issue 4 2008

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    D.Townsend15 What is Poverty? A historical perspective16

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    Halving Global Poverty19 T.Besley R.Burgess

    17 [19] 18 [15] 19 [3]

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    Millennium Development Goal

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    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [478]

  • [: ]

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    21 :

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    1. Atkinson A. B., On the measurement of poverty, Econometrica,

    Volume 55, No 4 , July 1987 pp 749-764.

    2. Bertrand M., Mullainathan S., Shafir E., A behavioral-economics

    view of poverty, American Economic Review, Volume 94, No 2, pp

    419-423, 2004.

    3. Besley T., Burgess R., Halving Global Poverty, Journal of

    Economic Perspectives, Volume 17, Number 3, summer 2003, p. 3-22.

    4. Bourguinion Fr., From income to endowments: the difficult task of

    expanding the income poverty paradigm,

    Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University Press, 2006.

    5. Chambers Robert, What is poverty? Who asks? Who answers?,

    Poverty in Focus, International Poverty Centre, United Nations

    Development Program, 2006.

    6. EEC, Final report from the Commission to the Council on the first

    program of pilot schemes and studies to combat poverty, Brussels,

    1981.

    7. EEC, On specific Community Actions to combat poverty (Council

    Decision of 19 December 1984) 85/8/EEC, Official Journal of the EEC,

    2/24.

    8. Foster James, E., Absolute versus relative poverty, The American

    Economic Review, Volume 88, N.2, Papers and proccedings of the

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [479]

  • [: ]

    [ ]

    hundred and tenth annual meeting of the American Economic

    Association, May 1998 pp 335-341.

    9. Foster James, Greer Joel Thorbecke Erik, A class of decomposable

    poverty measures, Econometrica, Volume 52, No 3 , May 1984 pp

    761-766.

    10. Gordon, D., The consept and measurement of poverty,

    Poverty and social exclusion in Britain, The Polity

    Press, 2006.

    11. Grusky D.B, Kanbur R. The conceptual foundations of poverty and

    inequality measurement, Poverty and

    Inequality, Stanford University Press, 2006.

    12. Kakwani Nanak, New global poverty counts, Asian Development

    Review, Volume 24, No 2, pp 17-36, 2007.

    13. Kaplinsky Raphael, Globalization, poverty and inequality, The Polity

    Press, 2005.

    14. Nussbaum, Martha C., Poverty and human functioning: capabilities as

    fundamental entitlements, Poverty and

    Inequality, Stanford University Press, 2006.

    15. Pogge T.W. Reddy S.G, How not to count the poor,

    : www.socialanalysis.org, 2002.

    16. Ravallion Martin Lipton Michael, Poverty and Policy, Policy

    Research Working Paper, The World Bank, 1993`.

    17. Ravallion Martin, Growth, inequality and poverty: looking beyond

    averages, Policy Research Working Paper, The World Bank, 2001.

    18. Ravallion Martin, Pro-poor growth: a Primer, Policy Research Working

    Paper, The World Bank, 2004.

    19. Sala-i-Martin Xavier, The world distribution of income: falling poverty

    and convergence period, (available as draft, October 2005).

    20. Sen, Amartya Conceptualizing and measuring poverty,

    Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University Press,

    2006.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [480]

  • [: ]

    [ ]

    21. Townsend Peter, What is poverty? An historical perspective, Poverty

    in Focus, International Poverty Centre, United Nations Development

    Program, 2006.

    22. UN (United Nations), The Copenhagen declaration and program of

    action, World Summit for Social Development,6-12 March 1995, New

    York, 1995.

    23. UNU/WIDER, (edited by: Giovanni A. Cornia), Inequality, Growth and

    poverty in an era of liberalization and globaliazation, Oxford University

    Press,2004.

    24. Wilson, William J., Social theory and the concept of underclass,

    Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University Press,

    2006.

    25. World Bank, World Development indicators 1990, Oxford University

    Press , 1990.

    26. , , , 2006.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [481]

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    1 Rana Foroohar, The Biggest Crisis of All, Newsweek May 19, 2008, p. 25. , 2 , 1 , 50 cents . 1 1 1,5 1 2 , The new face of Hunger, The Economist, April 17th 2008, http://www.economist.com/world/international/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=11049284 2 Joachim von Braun, The World Food Situation, International Food Policy Research Institute, December 2007, p. 1, http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpr/pr18.pdf

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [483]

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    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [484]

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    Atlas conomique mondial 2007, pp. II-V.)

    5 Anthony Faiola, The new Economics of Hunger, Washington Post, April 27, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR200804260204, Mahabub Hossain, A Balancing Act, Rice Today April-June 2007, http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/37.pdf .

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    8 Joachim von Braun, The World Food Situation, International Food Policy Research Institute, .., pp. 7-10. 9 Mark W. Rosegrant, Biofuels and Grain Prices: Impacts and Policy Responses, International Food Policy Research Institure, May 7 2008, http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/testimony/rosegrant20080507.pdf 10 Martin Wolf, Food crisis is a chance to reform global agriculture, Financial Times, April 29, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2e5b2f36-1608-11dd-880a-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=a95563 lan Beattie, As food costs rise, farmers cling to their subsidies, Financial Times, May 13, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/53e2f408-2109-11dd-a0e6-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=a95563 11 Ribeirao Preto, Biofuels in Brazil. Lean, green and not mean, The Economist, June 26th 2008, http://www.economist.com/world/la/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=11632886

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    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [492]

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    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [542]

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    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [544]

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    13 Paul Gootenberg, .., p. 81.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    )14.

    T 1989 Bush- -

    Iniciativa Andina, 200

    ,

    15.

    2000

    1.374 Plan Colombia.

    ,

    65% .

    ,

    FARC

    . Andrs Pastrana,

    1998 , (

    , ) ,

    Clinton

    :

    ,

    , ..

    Pastrana -

    ,

    ,

    14 Scott Rosenberg, Panama and Noriega: Our SOB, http://emoryprof.googlepages.com/Scotts.pdf 15 Rivera Vlez, .. p. 15.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [546]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    . ,

    Clinton

    (

    ),

    (fumigation)

    .

    2004 Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)

    National Drug Strategy

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    -

    : The Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication

    Act (1991 2002)

    , ,

    .

    ( ..

    Plan Colombia,

    )

    ,

    16.

    16 Michael Shifter, Breakdown in the Andes, Foreign Affairs September- October 2004, pp. 126-138, Julia E. Sweig, What Kind of War for Colombia?, Foreign Affairs September-October 2002, pp. 122-141, Hernando Calvo Ospina, Aux frontiers du plan Colombie, Le

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    .

    , .

    -

    -

    . ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    (maras/pandillas)

    - , ,

    - .

    ,

    1980,

    , Los Angeles

    1990 ( 1992)

    Los Angeles 1992,

    . ,

    2000-2004 20.000

    , slums

    L.A., ,

    Monde Diplomatique. Manire de voir (90), Dcembre 2006-Janvier 2007, pp. 69-71, Antonio Mazzeo, Plan Colombia, www.uwa.it/dossier/plan.plan.htm

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [548]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    .

    .

    .

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    , 17.

    maras

    ,

    ,

    ,

    18.

    .

    .

    narco-

    gurilla .

    1936

    (La Violenci) 1948-

    195319.

    17 Ana Arana, How the Street Gangs took Central America, Foreign Affairs May-June 2005, pp. 98-110, Jorge Chabat, Mexico: the Security Challenge, www.justiceinmexico.org/events/pdf/Mexico_Security_Challenge_Jorge_Chabat.pdf 18 Thomas C. Bruneau, The Maras and National Security in Central America, Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 5, May 2005, www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2005/May/bruneauMay05.pdf 19 200.000 300.000 , Jorge Eliecer Gaitn 1948 .

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [549]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    , .

    20.

    H Medelln, Antioquia,

    .

    1960

    .

    Pablo Escobar, Ochoa, Carlos

    Lehder Rodrguez Gacha.

    (pasas)

    ,

    cartel ,

    ,

    ,

    Pablo Escobar, , 2 1993

    cartel, Cali,

    Pastrana,

    Ernesto Samper (1994-1998)

    !21

    H ( 1997

    7-30

    350 ) ,

    20 Iban de Rementeria, La Guerra de las Drogas y los cultivos illicitos, http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/rjave/paneles/remen/pdf 21 Alain Labrousse, .., pp.47-49.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [550]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    : cartels

    ,

    ,

    ,

    22.

    ,

    -

    ,

    23.

    Frente Nacional (1958-1972),

    La Violencia,

    ,

    -. ,

    cartels, Medellin

    Cali,

    ,

    (limpiezas socials) 24.

    cartels FARC (

    ) cartel:

    22 Monica Serrano, Drogas ilcitas, conflicto y perdicin: ?se puede romper la cadena?, Flacso Mxico 2006, http://www.flacso.edu.mx/colaboratorio/uploads/doccolaboradores/DrogasIlicitas.pdf 23 Rosinaldo Silva de Sousa: Narcotrfico y economa ilcita: las redes del crimen organizado en Ro de Janeiro, www.ejournal.unam.mx/rms/2004-1/RMS04105.pdf 24 Francisco E. Thoumi, Drogas Ilegales, Economia y Sociedad en los Andes, pp. 200 , http://www.urosario.edu.co/fase1/economia/CEODP/docs/thoumi_drogas_ilegales_economia.pdf

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [551]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    Pablo Escobar 450-500

    slum Medellin, Barrio Pablo

    Escobar

    , , ,

    25.

    cartel

    ,

    ,

    raison d tre cartel

    .

    cartel Cali

    Ernesto Samper ,

    1996

    ( descertificacin), ,

    , ..

    1997,

    cartel Cali

    26.

    27, traquetos,

    ,

    (precursors)

    , ,

    25 Jochen Hippler, .., s.5. 26 Francisco E. Thoumi, .., p. 203. 27 Literature Review on upper level drug trafficking, Home Office Online Report 22/05, by Nicholas Dorn and Leslie King, p. 17. http:// www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr2205.pdf

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [552]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    ,

    28.

    K ; ;

    . business

    ,

    .

    -

    1970 1982-

    cartels

    FARC29.

    1960

    48,

    1968,

    .

    FARC, ELN,

    ERP, Movimiento 19 de Abril

    Quintin Lame

    cartels,

    (sicarios),

    ,

    1983 1985 1/12

    30. Rodrigo

    Lara Bonilla 1984, La Rochela 1989

    28 Literature Review on upper level drug trafficking, .., p. 18. 29 Literature Review on upper level drug trafficking, .., p. 25. 30 1980 Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha Barbula del Ejrcito Magdalena Medio, , Francisco E. Thoumi, .., p. 206.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    - ,

    , 1989-

    1991, Barco

    . 1994. Cesar

    Gaviria 356 ,

    Convivir. ,

    Servicios Comunitarios UC (Autodefensas Unidas de

    Colombia),

    31.

    50.000 ,

    10.000 2 3

    .

    20 1964 Manuel Marulanda, Tirofijo,

    Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias Colombianas (FARC),

    18.000 ,

    Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional (ELN)

    12.000 , -

    AUC 1990,

    -

    ..-, ,

    , , ...

    31 Winifred Tate, Paramilitaries in Colombia, pp.166-168, http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive/8.1/Essays/Tate.pdf, Dirk Kruijt/ Kees Koonings, Colombia: a paradoxical state, Fride/Comment, January 2008, http://www.fride.org/download/COM_Colombia_Paradoxical_State_Eng_ene08.pdf

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    ( FARC) 32.

    ,

    , -

    .

    .

    FARC

    , ..

    , (

    ) ( Meta

    Guaviare), FARC

    ,

    -.

    , 1980,

    , FARC,

    , .

    .

    1980, ,

    .

    . 1983 1989,

    (

    ),

    . cartels

    1990,

    32 Monica Serrano, .., p.8, Jos Natanson, Une guerre qui dure depuis 1964, Dans la Jungle des FARC, Courrier International No 898, 17-23 Janvier 2008, p.26.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [555]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    Huallaga

    (

    ), ,

    1999, 66%

    . ,

    33.

    FARC, 1980 80%

    .

    7 10%

    , gramaje, ,

    ,

    .

    , 1982, 6 FARC,

    ,

    . FARC,

    ,

    ,

    34.

    33 Literature Review on upper level drug trafficking, Home Office Online Report 22/05, by Nicholas Dorn and Leslie King, .., p. 33 Iban de Rementeria, .. 34 FARC , , , , Alain Labrousse, .., p. 97. 6 Alain Labrousse, Colombie: le role de la drogue dans l extension territoriale des FARC-EP (1978-2002), rodote Nr 112 Gopolitique des Drogues, pp. 33-35 Monica Serrano, .., p. 9.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    FARC,

    ,

    .

    1990.

    Las Delicias 30 1996,

    60 (

    2000), Patascoy 21

    1997, 28 (

    ),

    Mit 1 3 1998,

    61 ,

    FARC,

    35.

    Pastrana

    55.000 - -

    Cagun, , ,

    de facto FARC, ,

    Pastrana

    .

    FARC ,

    (chichipatos),

    ,

    36.

    35 Une gurilla en perte de vitesse, Dans la Jungle des FARC, Courrier International No 898, 17-23 Janvier 2008, p. 29. 36 Alain Labrousse, Colombie: le role de la drogue dans l extension territoriale des FARC-EP (1978-2002), .., pp. 35-39.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    FARC

    ,

    ,

    Uribe ,

    (

    ) Justicia y Paz

    M-19, 1990,

    FARC ,

    : FARC

    , ,

    , .

    ,

    , .

    , ,

    . ,

    , 37.

    ,

    ,

    (

    )

    -

    ,

    . ,

    , 1970

    , .

    -

    37 Jos Natanson, .., p. 27.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [558]

  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    .

    (- ).

    ,

    ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

    , .

    50.000 ,

    0,25 1,5

    .

    1960

    Belaude Terry (1963-1968)

    , 1968 ,

    ,

    ( Huallaga purmac)38.

    1980

    Sendero

    Luminoso, - Tupac

    Amaru (MRTA)

    .

    38 Alain Labrousse, Gopolitique des drogues, .., p.14.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    Sendero Luminoso (

    )

    ,

    :

    (

    ), ,

    Huallaga 1991

    3.000 7.000

    ( 600 ),

    ,

    39.

    -

    DECAS

    (Defensa Civil Antisubversiva) rondas campesinas

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    40.

    o 1990 Fujimori

    . Fujimori -

    39 Mark S. Steinitz, The Terrorism and Drug Connection in Latin Americas Andean Region, Policy Papers on the Americas, Volume XIII, Study 5, July 2002, http://www.revistainterforum.com/english/pdf_en/pp_steinitz.pdf 40 Mark S. Steinitz, .. Annah Durand Guevara, El movimiento cocalero y su (in)existencia en el Per. Itinerario de desencuentros en el ro Apurmac, Bulletin de lInstitut Franais d tudes Andines 2005, 34(1) pp. 110 http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/34(1)/103.pdf

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    Sendero

    Luminoso. ,

    , ,

    Montesinos (

    Fujimori Montesinos, ,

    )41

    Confederacin Nacional de Productores Agropecuarios de

    las Cuencas Cocaleras del Per,

    ( DEVIDA).

    ,

    - cartels Medellin

    Cali,

    ,

    cartels

    42.

    . Yungas

    Aymara Inca43,

    ,

    41 Carolina Navarette- Fras y Francisco E. Thoumi, Drogas ilegales y derechos humanos de campesinos y comunidades indgenas, .., pp. 24-25. 42 Carolina Navarette- Fras y Francisco E. Thoumi, .., p. 23. 43 H Chapare Cochabamba.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    Potos. 1952

    - ,

    , 1008

    12.000 44.

    H , ,

    1952,

    ,

    1970

    , ,

    1964.

    .

    , ,

    .

    1974 ( )

    (campesinos).

    ( Tiwanaku 1974),

    aymara

    .

    kataristas (

    44 Caroline S. Conzelman, Yungas Coca Growers seek industrialization of Coca but split on its legalization, http://ain-bolivia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=28

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    La Paz 1781 Julin Apaza

    Tupac Katari)

    , ,

    Felipe Quispe

    - ,

    1994.

    - :

    , ,

    45.

    46,

    , cocaleros,

    ,

    ,

    Evo Morales, o

    Chapare.

    cocaleros

    , de facto

    . Hugo

    Banzer (1971-1978)

    Santa Cruz ,

    ,

    . 1971

    1978 4.000 45 George Gray Molina, Ethnic Politics in Bolivia: Harmony of Inequalities, 1900-2000, January 17 2005, http://hdr.undp.org/docs/events/global_forum/2005/papers/George_Gray_Molina.pdf 46 quechuas aymara (La Paz, Oruro), , A.L.Spedding, The Cocalero Movement and Drug Policy in Bolivia, Drugs and Conflict No 10, April 2004: Cocalero Movements in Peru and Bolivia. Coca or Death?, http://www.tni.org/detail_pub.phtml?&know_id=87&menu=11d

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    10.000. - Garca Meza (1980-1981)

    , 1990 50.000

    47. Banzer

    1997 ,

    Dignity (Plan Dignidad),

    .

    .

    ,

    cocaleros-Evo Morales--

    ,

    , . ,

    ,

    cocaleros :

    Yungas

    ,

    Chapare,

    48.

    Evo

    Morales

    .

    .

    .

    47 Alain Labrousse, Gopolitique des drogues, .., p. 17. 48 A.L.Spedding, ..

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    .

    : .

    .

    ,

    - ,

    ,

    , P2

    Moon,

    49

    Stroessner (1954-1989)

    ,

    .

    ,

    ;

    H

    - -

    , 90%

    ( 2006). .

    ,

    . transit 1980 1990

    49 Alain Labrousse, Des narco- tats aux tats trafiquants, Les risques gopolitiques de la drogue. Dossier Diplomatie, Nr 33 (Juillet- Aot 2008), p. 36.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    50.

    (

    ) ,

    , (top- down)

    ,

    (Parti Rvolutionnaire

    Institutionnel-PRI),

    , cartels.

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    (

    )

    51.

    A .

    .

    ,

    (

    Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango Sinaloa). To

    ,

    . San

    Diego 1950 Tijuana,

    50 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, .., pp. 76, 128. 51 Alain Labrousse, Gopolitique des drogues, .., p. 53 Luis Astorga, Drug Trafficking in Mexico: A First General Assessment, Discussion Paper No. 36, p. 5, http://www.unesco.org/most/astorga.htm

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    (

    Richard Nixon

    Operation Intercept 1969,

    )52.

    1946 Miguel Alemn (1946-1952)

    , Direccin

    Federal de Seguridad- DFS).

    .

    Procuradura General de

    la Repblica-PGR,

    , DFS

    ( ).

    de facto

    (Operacin Cndor)53, 10.000

    Sinaloa, Chihuahua Durango ( 1975

    1978), DFS

    Sinaloa Guadalajara,

    54.

    . Rafael Caro Quintero 1980 -

    . ,

    , 1984.

    1985

    52 Luis Astorga, Gopolitique des drogues au Mexique. L hgmonie des Sinaloans sur le traffic de drogues illicites, rodote Nr 112 Gopolitique des Drogues, p. 55. 53 Jos Hernndez Toledo, 1968 Tlatelolco, Luis Astorga, Drug Trafficking in Mexico, .., p.9. 54 Luis Astorga, Gopolitique des drogues au Mexique. L hgmonie des Sinaloans sur le traffic de drogues illicites pp. 58-59.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    (DEA)

    Enrique Camarena Alfredo Zavala.

    DFS PGR

    Rafael Caro Quintero.

    cartels

    . Camarena

    De la Madrid (1982-1988),

    DFS

    55.

    ,

    .

    2000 cartels Jurez (

    ) Golfo (

    Sinaloa)

    ,

    1990 1996

    10 20 ,

    56.

    Tamaulipas

    (

    55 Luis Astorga, .., p. 57 Kristin Seffer, Drogenhandel und Drogenanbau in Mexico: Genese der Kartellstrukturen und aktuelle Situation, http://www.quetzal-leipzig.de/lateinamerika/mexiko/drogenhandel-und-drogenanbau-in-mexiko-genese-der-kartellstrukuren-und-akuelle-s.. 56 Jean-Franois Boyer, Rsultats mitigs de la lutte antidrogue, Le Monde Diplomatique, Juin 2006, http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/imprimer/13529/8ae7502e95

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    cartel Sinaloa

    ): 40

    Grupos Aeromviles de Fuerzas Especiales-GAFES,

    -

    Los Zetas, cartel57.

    ,

    .

    . 1980

    Guillermo Gonzlez Calderoni,

    Tamaulipas,

    . ,

    Flix Gallardo, ,

    Pablo Acosta 1987.

    cartel Sinaloa

    (, ..),

    - cartel-

    1993

    Calderoni ,

    DEA,

    Carlos Salinas de Gortari

    (1988-1994)58.

    . 1993 parking

    Guadalajara Juan Jess Posadas Ocampo.

    Arellano , El Chapo Guzmn,

    Arellano,

    .

    57 Luis Astorga, .., p. 62 Jean-Franois Boyer, .. 58 Luis Astorga, .., p. 59.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    1993 1994 Arellano

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    , .

    (

    ) 59.

    . 1970

    Miguel Angel Flix Gallardo.

    Sinaloa Culiacn,

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    Somex 1979,

    Mario Beteta, PRI,

    ,

    Pemex ,

    1982, , ,

    1976 Tijuana.

    , 60.

    59 Luis Astorga, .., p. 61. 60 Luis Astorga, Drug Trafficking in Mexico, .., p. 13.

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  • [ ;]

    [ ]

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [571]

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    [ ]

    :

    .

    , , .

    ; , , .

    FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE, , 358

    , ,

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    .

    .

    ,

    . , ,

    (postmodernism) (postmodernity).

    , ,

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    . ,

    .

    , (

    ) . ,

    , ,

    . , ,

    ( ,

    ,

    ) (,

    )

    .

    1

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    1 . DAVID LYON, Postmodernity, University Of Minnesota Press, 1999, 9-10 23-24

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    .

    .

    . ,

    , ,

    (

    ). , ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

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    ( ) .

    .

    (), ,

    , ,

    () .

    . ,

    ,

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    ,

    .2

    , , .

    ,

    (,

    , ).3

    .

    , ,

    ,

    , Friedrich Nietzsche, o Karl Marx o Martin Heidegger.

    ,

    .

    ,

    :

    , .4

    ,

    . ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    2 . , , ( ), , 1993 3 . MICHAEL LWY ROBERT SAYRE, : , . , , 1992 4 : Marx , Nietzsche, , , Heidegger (Andenken) . , Gianni Vattimo, . . GIANNI VATTIMO, The End of Modernity: Nihilism and Hermeneutics in Post-Modern Culture, tans. Jon R. Snyder, Polity Press, 1988

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    Sigmund Freud, Max

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    , Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer Herbert

    Marcuse.

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    .5 :

    , Weber

    ,

    Simmel

    , Durkheim

    ,

    , .

    , ,

    :

    , ,

    , , .

    1960 ,6 ,

    1970 . 5 . , , . KAREL KOSK, , . . , . , . , . , , 2003 6 1950, Wright Mills , , . . C. WRIGHT MILLS, The Sociological Imagination, Oxford University Press, 1959

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    .

    (The Language of Post-Modern Architecture)

    1977 ,

    , Charles Jencks. Jencks,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    , -

    .

    Jencks (double coding),

    ,

    .

    7 , ,

    (The Postmodern Condition)

    Jean-Franois Lyotard, 1979

    .

    ,

    Lyotard. ,

    (grand narratives master

    narratives) - (metanarratives),

    , , .

    ,

    . , , ,

    , ,

    ,

    .8

    7 . CHARLES JENCKS, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, Rizzoli, 19917 8 . JEAN FRANOIS LYOTARD, , . , , 19932

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    .

    ,

    .

    : , ..

    ,

    .

    . -

    ( ,

    , , ,

    , ...).

    ( : -)

    ( -) (

    .. ).

    , ,

    , Lyotard.

    . ,

    ,

    , , -.9

    :

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    9 , 26

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    , .

    (little mini narratives),

    , ,

    , ,

    . ,

    , , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    Lyotard

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    .

    1967 ( ,

    ) Jacques Derrida

    ,

    , ,

    (deconstruction),

    , ,

    .

    - (structuralism) Derrida

    .

    1950 1970,

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    . , ,

    ,

    .

    (poststructuralists)

    ,

    , ,

    .

    (deconstruction)

    (difference/diffrance), Derrida

    ,

    , ,

    .

    , Derrida,

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze Michel

    Foucault.

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    .10 1960, ,

    ,

    .

    , , 1968,

    . , ,

    ,

    -

    . , , Barthes,

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    ,

    , .

    Deleuze, ,

    ,

    Felix Guattari.

    11

    , ,

    (,

    )

    ,

    .

    (desiring-machine),

    (body without organs) Deleuze

    Antonin Artaud12 (rhizome). Deleuze

    ,

    10 1957, 1954-1956 , (popular culture). . ROLAND BARTHES, , . - , , 1973 11 . GILLES DELEUZE and FELIX GUATTARI, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia [1972], tans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen Lane Athlone Press, 1984, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia [1980], trans. Brian Massumi University of Minnesota Press, 1987 12 . , , 2004, 331-334

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  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    ,

    , .

    Deleuze, Michel

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    .-

    13

    , , Michel Foucault,

    , : ,

    ,

    management.

    , ,

    (,

    , )

    .14 ,

    Foucault

    ,

    ,

    .15

    13 Foucault [20] Deleuze . MICHEL FOUCAULT, "Theatrum Philosophicum", Critique 282, 885 14 . MICHEL FOUCAULT, , . , , 1987, , . , , .. , . , , 1999, , .1-3, , 1978-1993, : , . , , 1993, : , . - , , , . , , 2004 15 . JACQUES DERRIDA, Cogito and the History of Madness, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass, Chicago University Press, 1978, 31-63. Foucault Jrgen Habermas, , . , , Baudrillard Foucault . . JEAN BAUDRILLARD, Forget Foucault, Semiotext(e), 1988.

    TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [582]

  • [ : ]

    [ ]

    Foucault

    .

    , Jean Baudrillard. ,

    , .16

    ,

    (simulacrum) (simulation),

    (implosion) (seduction),

    ,

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    .17 ,

    , (cyberspace)

    media,

    Baudrillard

    , Marshall McLuhan.18 ,

    ,

    .

    .

    McLuhan

    (Medium is the Message),

    Baudrillard.

    16 . IAIN HAMILTON GRANT, Postmodernis