n) Xkv-Xn-Ibnte°p-≈ s]m-Xp- Im-bn-I£aXm-]co-£ · Vol. 27 Issue 13 Fortnightly March 1, 2016...

Vol. 27 Issue 13 Fortnightly March 1, 2016 Page 24 ` 5

PSC Bulletin, Official Publication of Kerala Public Service Commission

SINCE 1985

website: www.keralapsc.gov.in E-mail: [email protected] Circulation : 0471-2546270

hn-Pv-Rm-]\w-

t]mØ≥tIm-Sv, h¿°-e, sIm´m-c-°c F∂o ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]pXnbGP≥kn \ne-hn¬h∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√bnse s]cn-ß-Ω-e, hnXp-c, Np≈n-am-\q¿, sIm√w Pn√-bnse Infn-sIm-√q¿, ]Ø-\m-]pcw,]Ø\wXn´ Pn√-bnse dm∂n, Bd-∑p-f F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ GP‚p-amscBh-iy-ap-≠v. ]Ø-\w-Xn-´-bnepw Imk¿tIm´pw Pn√m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬GP≥kn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v am¿°-‰n-Mn¬ A`n-cp-Nn-bp-≈-hsc Hm¿K-ss\-k¿am-cmbn Bh-iy-ap-≠v. GP≥kn-sb-Sp-°m≥Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-h¿°v 04712546270 \º-cn¬ hnfn-®m¬ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒe`n-°pw. [email protected] F∂ C -sa-bn-en¬ _‘-s∏´mepw

t]mØ≥tIm-Sv, h¿°-e, sIm´m-c-°cF∂nhnS-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb GP≥kn

GP≥kn hyh-ÿ-Ifpw At]-£m-^m-dhpw e`n-°pw.Be-∏p-g, ae-∏p-dw, IÆq¿ Pn√-I-fn¬ Ct∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßfn¬

]nFkvkn _p≈-‰n≥ e`y-am-°m≥ Ign™n´p≠v. s\Sp-a-ßm-Sv, h≠q¿, ap√q¿, am\-¥-hmSn F∂o ÿe-ß-fn¬ DtZym-Km¿YnIq´m-bva-Iƒ GP≥kn-sb-SpØv _p≈-‰n≥ hmßp-∂p-≠v. GP≥kn A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ efnXamWv. 300 cq]-bmWv GP≥knFSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ an\naw Unt∏m-kn-‰v. sImdn-b¿ Nm¿Pv kuP\yam-Wv.

Id‚ v At^-tbgvkv tNmZy-ßƒ Cw•n-jn¬°qSn thW-sa-∂p≈ hmb-\-°m-cpsSBhiyw ]cn-K-Wn--®p-sIm≠v ASpØ e°w apX¬ tZio-b, A¥¿tZ-iob kw`-h-ßsfBkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ tNmZy-ßƒ Cw•n-jn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn°pw. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-ap≈ ap≥tNmZy-ßfpw C\napX¬ _p≈-‰n\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ kao-Ir-X-amb Ah-Kmlw DtZym-Km¿Yn-Iƒ°v t\Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ X-c-Øn¬ D≈-S°w Iao-I-cn-®n´p≠v.

ASp-Ø-Im-eØv X]m¬hcn°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ A`q-X-]q¿h-amb h¿[-\hv D≠m-bn- p-≠v. Pn√mXe tkm¿ń-Mv, hcn-kwJy kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ FkvFwFkv, k¿°p-te-j≥kw_-‘-amb ]cmXnIƒ°v kXzc ]cn-lm-cw, X]m¬ hIp-∏ns‚ Imcy-£-a-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-SnbhnX-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv X]men¬ _p≈-‰n≥ P\-]n-b-am-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ. t]mtÃm-ô-kpI-fntem hnhn[ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. Hmô-kp-I-fntem \qdp-cq] AS®m¬ _p≈-‰n≥ 15 amk-tØ°v C¥-ybn-se-hn-sSbpw X]m-en¬ hcpØmw. aWn-tbm¿U¿ Ab-bvt°≠hnemkw˛]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv Hmô-k¿, tIcf ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-j≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw˛695 004. aWn-tbm¿U¿ t^md-Øn¬ samss_¬ \º¿ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂-h¿°v ]Ww]nFkvkn Hmô-kn¬ e`n-®m-ep-S≥ AXp kw_-‘-amb Fkv-Fw-Fkv e`n-°pw.

Dƒt∏-Pp-I-fn¬G]nense ]co£m Ie≠¿,

tIc-f-Øn-se Pn√-Iƒ,

tIc-f-N-cn-Xhpw h¿j-ßfpw,

ae-bmf kmlnXyw,

P-\-d¬ Cw•njv, KWnXw,

am\-kn-I-tijn, C¥y≥ s]mfn‰n,

ae-bmfw, ]e tNmZyw Hcp D-Øcw,

temI-cm-Py-ßƒ, B[p-\nI C¥y,

^mIvSv -ss^≥U¿,

ka-Im-enIw

s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w]tXyI ]Xn∏v

InternationalWomen’s Day

hpa - k_v C≥kvs]IvS¿ Hm^v

t]meokv (sSbn\n)

t]meokv (tIcf knhn¬ t]meokv)

# Pledge for Parity

March 8

bqWn-t^mw-Uv-Xkv-Xn-Ibnte°p-≈

s]m-Xp- Im-bn-I£aXm-]co-£

t]Pv- 4

2 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

io.- Atim-I≥- Ncp-hn¬ ˛ sNb¿-am≥saº¿-, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩo-j≥

tUm.- sI Djsaº¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩo-j≥

io.- ]n- in-hZm-k≥-saº¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩo-j≥

io-aXn.- kn-an- tdm-kv-s_¬- tPm¨-saº¿, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩo-j≥

AUz.- C cho-µ\m-Y≥-saº¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩo-j≥

]Xm[n]kanXn

81853 hscbp≈ hcn°mcpsS Imemh[n am¿-®v- -1

e-°tØmsSbmWv Ahkm\n°p∂Xv

hcnkwJy (\qdpcq])

aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn Abt°≠ hnemkw:

]ªn-Iv- dn-tej≥-kv- Hm-ô-k¿,-

tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩnj≥,-

]´w- ]m-ekv- ]n.-H., Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw-˛695004

h-cn-°m¿- _p-≈-‰n-≥ kw-_-‘n-®v- I-sØ-gp-Xp-tºm-gpw-t^m-¨- sN-øp-tºm-gpw- _p-≈-‰n-\n-s‚- te-_-en-ep-≈-

k-_v-kv-ssI-_¿- \-º¿- Ir-Xy-am-bn- kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.-

hcn°mcpsS i≤bv°v

]ªnIv dntej≥kv Hmôk¿

io.-F caW≥,- t^m¨ : 0471 2546368 OR 9446412483

k¿°ptej≥ (]n.B¿.bqWn‰v): 0471 2546270

H‰ØhW cPn-kvt-Sj≥-t^m-t´m- kw-_\v-[n-® \n¿-t±ißƒ-

1.-1.-2012 ap-X¬- ]m-_-ey-Øn-ep-≈- h-¨-˛-ssSw- c-Pn-kv-tS-j-

≥, - I -Ωo -j-s‚- Hu -tZym -Kn -I - sh-_v -ssk-‰m -b

www.keralapsc.gov.in hgn- \SØn-btijam-Wv- DtZym-Km¿-

∞n-Iƒ- hn-hn-[ Xkv-Xn-IIƒ-°m-bn- At]£ ka¿-∏n-

t°≠Xv.- t^m-t´m- A]v-tem-Uv- sNøp-tºmƒ- ]co-£m¿-Xv-Yn-

Iƒ- Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ- ]tXy-Iw- i≤n-t°≠Xm-Wv.-

1.- t^m-t´m-bn¬- DtZym-Km¿-Xv-Yn-bp-sS t]cpw- t^m-t´m FSp-

Ø Xo-bXn-bpw- ]Xn-®n-cn-°Ww.

2. -- IΩo-j≥- ]p-ds∏Sp-hn-°p-∂ hn-⁄m-]\ßƒ- ]Im-

cw- DtZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- At]£ ka¿-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- A]v-

tem-Uv- sNøp-∂ t^m-t´mbv-°v- 10 h¿-jtØbv-°v- ]m-

_ey-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-- -

3. ]co-£m¿-XvYn-bp-sS ap-Jhpw- tXm-fp-Ifp-sS ap-Iƒ- m-Khpw-

hy-Iv-Xam-bn- ]Xn-™n-cn-°Ø° hn-[Øn-ep-≈ ]m-kv-t]m¿-

´v- sskkn-ep-≈ If¿-/ªm-°v- & ssh‰v- t^m-t´m-bm-bn-cn-

°Ww.-

4. -shfp-ØtXm- Cfw- \n-dØn-tem- D≈ ]iv-Nm-ØeØn¬-

Cfw- \n-dØn-ep-≈ hkv-Xw- [cn-®v- FSp-Ø t^m-t´m-bm-

bn-cn-°Ww.-

5.- ap-Jw- t\scbpw- ]q¿-Æam-bpw- t^m-t´m-bp-sS a≤y- m-KØv-

]Xn-™n-cn-°Ww.-

6.- IÆp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-Xam-bn- Im-WØ° hn-[Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww.-

7.- A]v-tem-Uv- sNøp-∂ t^m-t´m-Iƒ- 200 ]n-Iv-sk¬- h x 150]n-Iv-sk¬- w D≈Xpw- JPG t^m¿-am-‰n-ep-≈Xpw- 30 KB^b¬ sskkn¬- A[n-Icn-°m-ØXp-am-bn-cn-°Ww.-

8.- k¨-•m-kv,- sXm-∏n- F∂n-h [cn-®v- FSp-ØXpw- ap-JØn-

s≥-d Hcp- hiw- am-Xw- Im-WØ°hn-[ap-≈Xpw- ap-Jw- hy-

Iv-Xa√m-ØXp-am-b t^m-t´m-Iƒ- kzo-Im-cy-a√.

9.- ""aXm-Nm-cØn-s≥-d m-Kam-bn- sXm-∏n-/in-tcm-hkv-Xw- [cn-

®v- FSp-Ø t^m-t´m- a‰v- \n¿-t±ißf\p-kcn-®m-sW¶n¬-

kzo-Im-cy-am-Wv.-

t]cpw-t^m-t´m-FSp-Ø Xo-bXn-bpw-

Adn-bn∏p-Iƒ-Iqń-t®¿°¬ hn⁄m-]\w

]ń-I-PmXn hnI-k\ hIp-∏nse sabn¬ hm¿U≥ XkvXn-I-bn-te-°p≈ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\mbn sIm√w,

tIm -bw, ae-∏p-dw, IÆq¿ Pn√-I-fn-tebv°v Im‰-Kdn \º¿ 174/2015 ]Imcw At]£ £Wn-®p-sIm-≠v 2015 Pq¨11 se Akm-[m-cW Kk-‰n¬ hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cp-∂p. hn⁄m-]-\-Øns‚ JWvUnI 4˛se (iii) mw Ipdn-∏n-t\m-sSm∏w Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \n_-‘-\-IqSnt®¿Øv hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn Hcp DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nH∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Pn√-I-fn¬ At]-£-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®n- p-≈-Xmtbm X≥an-\nØw sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xmtbm sXfn-™m¬ ]kvXpX At]-£-Iƒ \ncp-]m-[nIw \nc-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS ta¬ A®-S° \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-XpamWv. hn⁄m-]-\-Ønse a‰v hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v am‰-an-√.

]n.-F-kv.-kn. sXc-s™-Sp∏n¬ hne°v tIcf ]ªnIv k¿∆okv IΩo-js‚ hnhn[ sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v _me≥

aoX-te-tØm- -Øn¬, Imb-s°m-Sn.-]n-H., tImgn-t°m-Sv, tXk-y-°p- n.-]n.sP, ]md-bv°¬, \nc-hn¬]p-g, ań-tebw, hb-\mSv F∂o DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]co£m \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ Ia-t°Sv ImWn®p F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ aq∂v h¿j-tØ°v hne-t°¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bncn-°p-∂p

At]£m XobXn Zo¿Ln-∏n®p05˛02˛2016 se Akm-[m-cW Kk-‰n¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® h\w hIp-∏nse _o‰v t^mdÃv Hmô-k¿ (t\-

cn´pw, XkvXn-I-am‰w hgn-bpw, Im‰-Kdn \º¿ 1/2016 apX¬ 4/2016 hsc) XkvXn-Ibv°v At]£ ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-≈ kabw 2016 am¿®v 19 cmXn 12 aWn-hsc Zo¿Ln-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

XncpØvs^_p-hcn 1 e°-Øn-¬ t]Pv 21-˛¬ D]\njØpIfpsS D]\njØv, tam£imkvXw F∂nßs\hntijn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv alm-`m-c-XamWv F∂Xv `K-h-XvKo-X-bmWv F∂v Xncp-Øn-hm-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.C¥y≥ tÃ‰vkn¬ 17-˛-asØ tNmZy-Øn¬ ssaIm¬ ae-\n-c-Iƒ a[y-]-tZ-in¬ F∂v sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. OØn-kvKVmWv icn.s^_p-hcn 15 e°-Øn-¬ t]Pv 21-˛¬ Um\njv Cukv‰n¥ym°º\n ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ AhcpsSBÿm\am°nb Um≥kvt_m¿Kv ÿnXnsNøp∂Xv St¶mam-en-bnemW v F∂Xv Sm≥Izn-_mdnemWv F∂vXncpØn hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv (tSmt¶m-amen ioe-¶-bn-em-Wv).s^_p-hcn 15 e°-Øn-¬ t]Pv 23-˛¬ tK‰v t]gvk-Wm-en-‰o-knse 16-˛-asØ tNmZy-amb The king who ruledFrance for the longest period: s‚ DØcw (_n) eqbn ]Xn-\m-em-a≥ BWv.t]Pv 13˛¬ C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb _tbmkv^nb¿ dnk¿hv˛ Kƒ^v Hm^v am∂m¿ F∂p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂Xv Z£ntW¥ybnse G‰hpw henb _tbmkv^nb¿ dnk¿hv F∂v Xncp-Øn hmbnt°-≠-Xm-Wv. KpP-dm-Ønse d≥ Hm^v I®nse Kym≥`m-c-Xn-bmWv C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb _tbmkv^nb¿ dnk¿hv.t]Pv 22˛¬ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬, tXmńbpsS aI≥ cNn-®Xv tIi-h-tZhv F∂v sImSp-Øn-cp-∂Xv XIgninh-i-¶-c-∏n≈ F∂p Xncp-Øn hmbnt°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ip™men aq∂m-as‚ bYm¿Y t]cv ]´p ac-bv°m¿ (t]Pv21) F∂pw Xncp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

P\phcn 15 e°-Øn¬ t]Pv 18˛¬ ]me°mSv Pn√sb kw_-‘-amb hnh-c-ß-fn¬ C]-Imcw XncpØv hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]dºn°pfw h\yPohn kt¶XØnep≈ I∂nacw F∂p t]cp≈ tX°mWv temIØnse G‰hpw henbtX°pacambn IW°m°s∏Sp∂Xv. temIØnse G‰hpw ]g°ap≈ tX°v ae∏pdw Pn√bnse \neºqcnemWv.

sX‰p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xv: kPn (]-\-a-cw), PntPm (Xr-»q¿), ]n©p (B-ep-h), k®n (I¬]‰).2015 HmKkvXv 15 e°-Øn¬ t]Pv 23-˛¬ DØ-c-kq-NnI A]q¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]q¿W-cq]w CtXmsSm-∏w˛ Answers:1 (d) 2(d) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5(a) 6(b) 7(a) 8(c) 9(d) 10(b) 11(a) 12(b) 13(b) 14(c) 15(b) 16(a) 17(d) 18(b) 19(c) 20(d) 21 (c)22(c) 23 (c) 24 (c) 25(a) 26(c) 27(d) 28(a) 29(c)30(c) 31(c) 32(d) 33(c) 34(c)35(c) 36(b) 37(c) 38(a) 39(b) 40(d) 41(a)42 (b) 43(b) 44 (d) 45(d) 46(b) 47 (c) 48(a)49(c) 50(c) 51(a) 52(c) 53(c) 54(c) 55(a) 56(d) 57(b) 58(b) 59(b) 60(c)61(d)62(a) 63(b)64(b) 65(b) 66(d) 67(d)68(b) 69(b) 70(d) 71(a) 72(c) 73(c)74(d)75(a)76(b) 77 (d) 78(b)79(a)80(d) 81(d)82(c) 83(a) 84(a) 85(d)86(a)87(a)88(c) 89(c) 90(c) 91(b) 92(a)93(b) 94(c)95(d) 96(b) 97(c) 98(c) 99(a) 100(b)

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP AND PARTICULARS ABOUT THE PERIODICALPSC BULLETIN (FORTNIGHTLY) FORM IV (See Rule 8)

1. Place of Publication : THIRUVANANTHAPURAM2. Periodicity : Fortnightly3. Printer's Name : Saju George

(whether Citizen of India) : Indian(If foreigner, state the country of origin)Address : Secretary, Kerala Public Service Commission, Thiruvananthapuram

4. Publisher's Name : Saju George(Whether Citizen of India) : Indian(If foreigner, state the country of origin)Address : Secretary, Kerala Public Service Commission, Thiruvananthapuram

5. Editor's Name : Saju George(Whether Citizen of India) : Indian(If foreigner, state the country of origin)Address : Secretary,

Kerala Public Service Commission,Thiruvananthapuram

6. Owner s Name (s),Particularsof the individual(s) of the : Saju Georgefirm joint Stock Company, SecretaryTrust, Co-operative Society, Kerala Public ServiceAssociate which owns the Commission,news periodical. ThiruvananthapuramI declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

(Sd/)Thiruvananthapuram Secretary,01 -0 3 - 2016 Kerala Public Service Commission, Thiruvananthapuram

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 3

hn-hn-[- X-kv-Xn-I-I-fn¬- \n-b-a-\-Øn-\v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-h-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-t]-£- £-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\ßƒ- 26˛02 -2016 Xo-b-Xn-bn-se- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿- A-km-[m-c-W- K-k-‰n¬- - ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-

sXmgn¬ Ahkcßƒ

DtZym-Km¿-∞n-Ifp-sS i≤bv-°v-At]£ ka¿∏n°p∂ coXn: DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿∆okv IΩnjs‚ HutZymKnI sh_vssk‰mb www.Keralapsc.gov.in. hgn 'H‰ØhW cPnkvtSj≥' ]Imcw cPnÃ¿sNbvXtijamWv At]£nt°≠Xv. cPnÃ¿ sNbvXn´pff DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ AhcpsS User Id bpw Pass word Dw D]tbmKn®v Login sNbvX tijw kz¥w Profile eqsS At]£nt°≠XmWv.Hmtcm XkvXnIbv°v At]£n°ptºmgpw ]kvXpX XkvXnItbmsSm∏w ImWp∂ Notification Link se 'Apply Now' ¬ amXw click sNtø≠XmWv. At]£ okv \¬tI≠Xn√. Bhiysa¶n¬cPnkvtSj≥ Im¿Uv Link click sNbvXv Profile se hniZmwißƒ ImWp∂Xn\pw ]n≥dv Hu´v FSpØv kq£n°phm\pw Ignbpw. Pass word clkyambn kq£nt°≠Xpw hy‡nKXhnhcßƒ icnbmsW∂v Dd∏p-hcptØ≠Xpw DtZymKm¿∞nbpsS NpaXebmWv. Hmtcm XkvXnIbv°v At]£n°p∂Xn\v ap≥]pw Xs‚ Profile ¬ Dƒs°m≈n®ncn°p∂ hnhcßƒ icnbmsW∂vDtZymKm¿∞n Dd∏v hcptØ≠XmWv. IΩoj\pambp≈ F√m IØnS]mSpIfnepw User ID ]tXyIw tcJs∏SptØ≠XmWv. IΩoj\p apºmsI Hcn°¬ ka¿∏n®n´p≈ At]£ tkm]m[nIambnkzoIcn°s∏Sp∂XmWv. BbXn\p tijw At]£bn¬ am‰w hcpØphmt\m Hgnhm°phmt\m IgnbpIbn√. Xncs™Sp∏v ]InbbpsS GXhkcØnembmepw ka¿∏n°s∏´ At]£Iƒhn⁄m]\ hyhÿIƒ°v hncp≤ambn ImWp∂ ]£w \ncp]m[nIambn \nckn°p∂XmWv. hnZym`ymk tbmKyX, ]cnNbw, PmXn, hb v apXembh sXfnbn°p∂Xn\p≈ ]amWßfpsS]I¿∏pIƒ IΩoj≥ Bhiys∏Sptºmƒ lmPcm°nbm¬ aXnbmIpw.

]-kv-Xp-X- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\-ß-fp-sS- kw-£n-]v-X- cq-]w- Np-h-sS- tN¿-°p-∂p.- DtZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- C-tXm-sSm-∏w- K-k-‰pw- t\m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- P-\-d¬- dn-Iq-´v-sa-‚ n-\v- ]n-∂m-°- k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬-s∏-´-h¿-°v- aq-∂p- h¿-j-hpw- ]-ń-I-Pm-Xn-/-]-ń-

I-h¿-§- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-´-h¿-°v- 5 h¿-j-hpw- h-sc- D-b¿-∂- ]m-b-]-cn-[n-bn¬- C-f-hv- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- h-b- n-f-hn-s\- kw-_-‘n-®- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-h-c-ßƒ-°v- K-k-¡n-ep-≈- s]m-Xp-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- t\m-°p-I.

Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ Xkv-XnIIfn-te°p-≈ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-\v- F-gp-Øp-]-co-£/HFw-B¿- ]co-£- \-S-Øp-∂-]-£w- A¿-l-X-s∏-´- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°p-≈- A-Uv-an-j-≥ Sn-°-‰v- Hm-¨-sse-≥ kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬- I-Ωo-j-s≥d- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- sh-_v-ssk-‰n-eq-sS- \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw,- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- A-Xv- \n¿-t±-im-\p-k-c-Ww- Uu-¨-tem-Uv- sN-bv-Xv- ]n-≥dv- F-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.-

H‰ØhW cPn-kv-tSj≥- \SØn-bn-ń-√m-Ø DtZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- H‰ØhW cPn-kv-tSj≥- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-bXn-\v- tijhpw- \n-ehn¬- cPn-kv-‰¿-sNbv-Xn-´p-≈ DtZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- Ahcp-sS s]m-ssên-eq-sSbpw- Hm¨-sse\m-bn- IΩo-js‚ sh_v-ssk‰n-eq-sS At]£ ka¿-∏n-t°≠Xm-Wv.-

Akm[mcW Kk‰v XobXn: 26 -02 -2016 Ahkm\ XobXn: 30˛03˛2016 cm-Xn- 12 aWn hsc

P\d¬ dnIq´vsa‚v (kw-ÿm-\ Xew)-

Im-‰Kdn- \º¿- 5/2016˛8/2016hpa - k_v C≥kvs]IvS¿ Hm^v t]meokv

(sSbn\n)t]meokv (tIcf knhn¬ t]meokv)

1. hIp∏v : t]meokv(tIcf knhn¬ t]meokv)

2. DtZymKt∏cv : hpa¨- k_v C≥kvs]IvS¿Hm^v t]meokv (sSbn\n)

Ipdn-∏v-:- h-\n-X- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ ÎÞdÄæÎ Cu hn⁄m-]-\-]-Im-cw- A-t]-£n-°p-hm-≥ A¿-l-X D≠mbncn°pµÏáUá.ÍßKçÖ×ßAÞøÞÏ DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ Cu hn⁄m]\]Imcw At]£n°phm≥ A¿lX D≠mbncnAáKÄ√.3. iºfw : 16980 -˛ 31,360 (Éøß×íµøÃJßÈí

ÎáXÉí)4. HgnhpIfpsS FÆw : 30Ipdn∏v: Cu- hn-⁄m-]-\-]-Im-cw- X-øm-dm-°-s∏-Sp-∂- dm-¶v-en-Ãn-s‚- Im-em-h-[n- dm-¶v- en-Ãv- ]m-_-ey-Øn¬- h-cp-∂- Xo-b-Xn- ap-X¬- H-cp- h¿-j-tam- A-Y-hm- H-cp- h¿-j-Øn-\-Iw- dm-¶v-en-Ãn¬- \n-∂pw- A-h-km-\-am-bn- ]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-sS- ]-cn-io-e-\w- Xp-S-ßp-∂- Xo-b-Xn- ap-X¬- H-cp- am-k-tam- G-Xm-Wv- A-h-km-\-am-bn- h-cp-∂-Xv- A-Xp-h-sc- B-bn-cn-°pw.- I-Ωo-j-\v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- H-gn-hp-I-fn-te-bv-°pw- en-Ãv- ]m-_-ey-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂- k-a-b-Øv- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- Iq-Sp-X¬- H-gn-hp-I-fn-te-bv-°pw- Cu- en-Ãn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-b-a-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.-5. \nba\ coXn : t\cn´pff \nba\w.i) Im‰Kdn 5/2016 Hm∏¨ am¿°‰vii) Im‰Kdn 6/2016 t]m-eo-kn-se-bpw- hn-Pn-e-≥kn-seÕÈßÄµá¢ _n-cp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-a-m-b- an-\n-Ão-cn-b¬- Po-h-\-°m¿,-^nw-K¿- ]n-‚ v- _yq-tdm-bn-se- ^nw-K¿- ]n-‚ v- F-Iv-kv-s]¿-´v,-^nw-K¿- ]n-‚ v- sk¿-®¿- F-∂n-h-cn¬- \n-∂pw.- Sn- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-t]m-eo-kv-/-hn-Pn-e-≥kv- h-Ip-∏n¬- 2 (c-≠v-)- h¿-j-sØ- tk-h-\w- ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®n-cn-°Wwiii) Im‰Kdn 7/2016 t]meokv, hnPne≥kv hIp∏pIfnses]mt_j≥ ]q¿ØoIcn® ÕÈßÄµá¢ _ncpZ[m-cn-Ip-am-b-t]m-eo-kv- tIm-¨-Ã-_nƒ-kv,- sl-Uv- tIm-¨-Ã-_nƒ-kv,- k-am-\- X-kv-Xn-I-bn¬- tPm-en- t\m-°p-∂-h¿- F-∂n-h-cn¬- \n-∂pw.-iv) Im‰Kdn 8/-2016 ÕÈßÄµá¢ _n-cp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-am-b- ]-ń-I-Pm-Xn-/-]-ń-I-h¿-§- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- A-`m-h-Øn¬- Aw-Ko-Ir-X- k¿-∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬- \n-∂v- C-‚¿- ao-Un-tb-t‰m,- ]o-bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-tbm- ]m- m-b- ]-ń-I-Pm-Xn-/- ]-ń-I-h¿-§- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏- - D-tZy-Km¿-∞n-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw-(Im-‰-K-dn-(i-)-se- ]-ń-I-Pm-Xn-/-]-ń-I-h¿-§- hn-`m-K-°m-cp-sS- Izm-´- Xn-I-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- am-Xw- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°- -)-

(04.-05.-1961 se- Pn.-H- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w- 239/-tlmw- k¿-°m¿- D-Ø-c-hv- ]-I-mcwBsI D-≠m-Ip-∂- H-gn-hp-Iƒ- 30.-12.-1985 se- Pn.- H.- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w- 240/-85/-tlmw,- 26.-07.-1995 se- Pn.-H.- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w-196/-95/-tlmw- F-∂o- k¿-°m¿- D-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ-°v- A-\p-kr-X-am-bn- Hm-∏-¨- hn-`m-Kw,- an-\n-Ão-cn-b¬- hn-`m-Kw,- tIm-¨-Ãm-_p-e-dn- hn-`m-Kw- F-∂n-h-bv-°m-bn- hn-`-Pn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Sn- aq-∂v- hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-sS- ko-\n-tbm-dn-‰n- 30.-12.-1985 se- Pn.- H.- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w- 240/-85/-tlmw,-F-∂- k¿-°m¿- D-Ø-c-hn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.6. ]mbw- : Im‰K-dn- 05/-2015 :- (Hm-∏-¨- hn`mKw) ˛ 20-˛31,DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ 02/01/1985 \pw 01/01/1996 \pw CSbn¬P\n®hcmbncn°Ww. (c≠p XobXnIfpw Dƒs∏sS)Im‰K-dn- 06/-2015 :- (an-\n-Ão-cnb¬ hn`mKw) ˛ 01˛-01-˛2016 ¬36 (ap∏Ønbmdv) hb v XnIbphm≥ ]mSn√Im‰-K-dn- 07/-2015:- (tIm-¨-Ãm-_-pedn hn`mKw) ˛ 01-˛01-˛2016¬ 36 (ap∏Ønbmdv) hb v XnIbphm≥ ]mSn√.(hb nfhns\ kw_‘n®v s]mXphyhÿIfnse c≠mwJfinI ]Imcapff a‰v hyhÿIƒ 3 ˛ Im‰KdnAá¢ÌÞÇµÎÞÏßøßAá¢)Ipdn∏v: 1) t]meokv, hnPne≥kv hIp∏nse an\nÃocnb¬hn`mKØnepff DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ°pw tIm¨Ãm_pednhn`mKØnse DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ°pw H∂pIn¬ Hm∏¨tImº‰oj\ntem As√¶n¬ Ah¿°v Ø¢ÕøÃ¢ æºybv-XßGáU HgnhpIfntet°m At]£n°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬c≠p hn`mKßfnepw IqSn At]£n°phm≥ ]mSn√(05.10.1970 se Pn.H. (Fw.Fkv) \w 207/70/tlmw k¿°m¿DØchv ]Imcw)2) Im‰Kdn (ii), (iii) F∂nhbnse HgnhpIƒ°v sI. Fkv& Fkv. Fkv. B¿ se dnk¿th-j-≥ X-Xz-ßƒ- _m-[-I-a-√.- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-sf- sa-dn-‰n-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- \n-b-a-\-in-]m¿-i- \-S-Øpw.-(30.02.1985 se Pn.H. (Fw.Fkv) \w 240/85/tlmw k¿°m¿DØchv ]Imcw)3) an\nÃocn-b¬- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-›n-X- tbm-Ky-X-bp-f-f- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-sf- e-`n-°m-sX- h-cn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬- B-Ip-d-hv- 26.-07.-1995 se- Pn.-H- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w- 196/-95/-tlmw- F-∂- k¿-°m¿- D-Ø-c-hn-se- \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ-°-\p-kr-X-am-bn- tIm-¨-Ãm-_p-e-dn- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-I-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.-an-\n-Ão-cn-b¬- hn-`m-K-Øn-epw- tIm-¨-Ãm-_p-e-dn- hn-`m-K-Øn-epw- tbm-Ky-X-bp-f-f- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- A-`m-h-Øn¬- Sn-H-gn-hp-Iƒ- Iq-Sn- Hm-∏-¨- am¿-°-‰n¬- \n-∂pw- \n-I-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv- (26.-02.-1970 Xo-b-Xn-bn-se- Pn.-H.- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w- 52/-70/-tlmw,- 26.-07.-1995 se- Pn.- H.- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \w- 196/-95/-tlmw- F-∂o- k¿-°m¿- D-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ- ]-Imcw)7. tbmKyXIƒ: F. hnZym`ymk tbmKyX -˛ _ncpZw(]ńIPmXn ]ńI-h¿-§- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-sf- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Im-‰-K-dn- H-∂n¬- ta¬- ]-d-™- tbm-Ky-X-bp-f-f- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- A- m-h-Øn¬- Aw-Ko-Ir-X- k¿-∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬- \n-∂v- C-‚¿- ao-Un-tb-t‰m,- ]o.- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-tbm-

]m- m-b- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- A-t]-£-Iƒ- A-h¿-°v- kw-h-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-´p-f-f Izm´ XnIbv°p∂Xn\mbn amXw]cnKWn°p∂Xmbncn°pw.)Ipdn∏v: KS & SSR Part II Rule 10 (a) ii _m[IamWv.Ìß. imcocnI tbmKyXIƒ: ©çÆcÞKÞVjßµZ ÖÞøàøßµÎÞÏßÉâVHçÏÞKcøá¢ ºáÕæ¿MùÏáK ¯xÕá¢ µáùE ÖÞøàøßµ¥ÕáµZ ©UÕøáÎÞÏßøßAÃ¢.i) Dbcw 160 cm]ńIPmXn/]ńIh¿§ hn`mKßƒ°v 155 cmIpdn∏v : Dbcw IqSpXepffh¿°v ap≥KW\e`n°mhp∂XmWv (24 .03 . 1961 XobXnbnepffPn.H.(Fw.Fkv) \w. 154/tlmw k¿°m¿ DØchnepff Snhyhÿ kw_‘n®v _lp: IΩoj≥ ssIs°mffp∂Xocpam\w A¥naambncn°pw.)ii) µÞÝ íºÖµ ñ ß : F∂m¬- DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ°pwIÆSbn√msX Xmsg∏dbp∂ hn[Ønepff ImgvN i‡nDffXmbn km£ys∏SpØnbncn°Ww.heXpIÆv CSXpIÆvZqcImgvN 6/6 kvs\√≥ 6/6 kvs\√≥kao]°mgvN 0.5 kvs\√≥ 0.5 kvs\√≥Ipdn∏v:- 1) Hmtcm IÆn\pw ]q¿ÆambImgvN i‡n D≠m-bncn°Ww.2) I-f¿- ssª-≥Uv-\-kv,- tIm-¶-Æv- A-s√-¶n¬- - I-Æn-s‚-tbm-I- -t]m-f-I-fp-tS-tbm- A-\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-bn- p-f-f- A-h-ÿ- F-∂n-h- A-tbm-Ky-X-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-3) ap-´p-X-´v,- ]-c-∂- -]m-Zw,- R-c-ºv- - ho-°w,- h-f-™- Im-ep-Iƒ,- ssh-I-ey-ap-f-f- ssI-Im-ep-Iƒ,- tIm-ºv- (ap-≥ ]- v-),- D-¥n-b- ]-√p-Iƒ,- sIm-™,- tIƒ-hn-bn-epw- kw-km-c-ti-jn-bn-ep-ap-f-f- Ip-d-hp-Iƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-f-f- im-co-cn-I- \yq-\-X-Iƒ-A-tbm-Ky-X-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-DtZymKm¿∞nIƒ C‚¿hyq kabØv Xmsg kqNn∏n®n´pffGsX¶nepw Hcp saUn°¬- Bôkdn¬- \n∂pw \n›nXt^mdØn¬- (amXrI NphsS tN¿°p∂p) e`n® saUn°¬-k¿ń^n°‰ns‚ A ¬- lmPcmt°≠XmWv.1. sl¬-Øv k¿∆okv UbdIvS¿2. sl¬-Øv k¿∆okv sU]yqń UbdIvS¿3. saUn°¬- tImtfPv ]n≥kn∏¬-4. UnkvSnŒv- tlmkv∏n‰¬- kq]≠v5. Pn√m saUn°¬- Bôk¿6. H^vXm¬-anIv tlmkv]n‰¬- kq]≠v7. ‰n. _n. sk‚¿ UbdIvS¿8. H∂mw tKUv knhn¬- k¿P≥9. saUn°¬- tImtfPv s]m^k¿10. saUn°¬- tImtfPnse Atkmkntb‰v s]m^k¿

FORM OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATEI have, this day, medically examined Smt

............................................................... (Address) andfound that she has no disease or infirmtiy which would ren-der her unsuitable for Government Service. Her age accord-ing to her own statement, is .. years and by appearance, is

4 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

.. year. Her standards of vision are furnished below.STANDARDS OF VISION(Eye sight without Glasses)

Right Eye Left Eye1. Distant Vision: ...Snellen ... Snellen2. Near Vision: ...Snellen ... Snellen3. Field of Vision: ........................(Specify whether field of vision is full or not. Etnries such as'Normal', 'Good' etc. are inappropriate here)4. Colour blindness .5. Squint6. Any morbid condition of the eyes or lids of either eye She is physically fit for the post of Women Sub Inspector ofPolice t(rainee) (KCP)Place: Signature;Date: Name, Designation

of the Medical Officer(Office Seal)

Ipdn∏v: Im-gv-N-i-‡n-sb- kw-_-‘n-®- hn-h-c-ßƒ- k¿-ń-^n-°-‰n- - hy-‡-am-bn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww.- hn-j-≥ t\m¿-a¬-,- B-h-td-Pv,- ap-X-em-b- A-hy-‡-am-b- ]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂X-√.- Hm-tcm- I-Æn-t\-bpwkw-_-‘n-®- hn-h-c-ßƒ-]-tXy-I-am-bn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww.- Im-gv-N-i-‡n- ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p-f-f- hn-[-Øn-e-s√¶n-¬ I-Æn-\v- \-√ Im-gv-N-i-‡n-bp-s≠t∂m- tam-i-am-b- Im-gv-N-i-‡n-bm-sW-t∂m- D≈hn-h-cw- k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v- \¬--Ip∂ D-tZym-K-ÿ-≥ k¿-ń-^n-°-‰n-¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.- A√m-Ø-]-£w- k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v-kzo-I-cn-°p-∂X√.-

iii)- ap-I-fn-¬ ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂ tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ-°p- ]p-d-ta- Hm-tcm- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-tb-bpw- Im-bn-I-£-a-Xm- ]-co-£-bv-°v- hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- im-co-cn-I- A-f-hp-Iƒ- Im-bn-I-£-a-Xm-]-co-£-bv-°v- ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-bn- F-Sp-°p∂-Xm-Wv.- \n-iv-Nn-X- im-co-cn-I- A-f-hp-Iƒ- C√m-Ø- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-sf- Im-bn-I-£-a-Xm- ]-co-£-bn-¬- ]-s¶-Sp-∏n-°p∂X√.-Im-bn-I-£-a-Xm- ]-co-£- Im-bn-I-£-a-Xm- ]-co-£-bn-¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p∂- - h-\n-Xm- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ- \m-j-W-¬- - n-kn-°¬-- - F-^n-jy-≥kn- h-¨-Ãm¿- Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- sS-Ãn-se- Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ - F-´v- C-\-ß-fn-¬- - G-sX-¶n-epw- A©v- F-Æ-Øn¬-- -hn-P-bn-®n-cn-°-Ww.-Ia \º¿ C\ßƒ tbmKyX

1 100 ao‰¿ Hm´w 17 sk°‚ v2 ssl Pºv 1.06 ao‰¿3 temwKv Pºv 3.05 ao‰¿4 ]pńwKv Zn tjm´v (4 In.Kmw) 4.88 ao‰¿5 200 ao‰¿ Hm´w 36 sk°‚ v6 tXmbnwKv Zn tXm t_mƒ 14 ao‰¿7 jń¬- tdkv (25 x 4 ao‰¿) 26 sk°‚ v8 kvIn∏nwKv (Hcp an\n´v) 80 XhW

(25.05.2009 se Pn.Hm(]n) \º¿ 65/2009/tlmw k¿°m¿DØchv ]Imcw)Ipdn∏v: ImbnI£-a-Xm- ]-co-£-bn- - ]-s¶-Sp-°p- -Xn-\n-S-bn- -A-]-I-Sw- kw-`-hn-°p-I-tbm- ]-cn-t°¬-°p-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v- Sn- ]-co-£-bn¬- - ]-s¶-Sp-°p-hm-≥ ho-≠pw-A-h-k-cw- \¬-Ip-∂-X-√.-kn- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv,- an-en- -dn- sS-bn-\nw-Kv,- F-≥.-kn.-kn- sa-º¿-jn-∏v- ap-X-em-b-h- A-[n-I- tbm-Ky-X-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-

Akm[mcW Kk‰v XobXn: 26 -02 -2016 Ahkm\ XobXn: 30˛03˛2016 cm-Xn- 12 aWn hsc

8.- sX-c-s™-S-p∏v ]InbbpsS Xm¬-°menI sjUyqƒ.OMR ]co£ 28 æÎÏí 20162.µÞÏßµfÎÄÞ Éøàf 201 6 æØÉ íx ¢Ìù ßÈ á ¢ 2 0 1 6ÈÕ¢ÌùßÈá¢ CSbn¬-9. sSbn\nwKvsX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- - D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v- H-cp- h¿-j-°m-ew- t]m-eo-kv- sS-bn-\nw-Kv- tIm-tf-Pp-I-fn¬- sS-bn-\nw-Kv- D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- ]-Ø-c-am-k-°m-ew- Pn-√-I-fn¬- ]m-tbm-Kn-I- ]-cn-io-e-\w- D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-ta¬-∏-d-™- sS-bn-\nw-Kv- Im-ew- s]m-t_-j-≥,- C-≥In-sa-‚ v,-k¿-∆o-kv- F-∂n-h-bv-°m-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-X-√.- sS-bn-\nw-Kv-hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-ti-jw- \n-b-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂- -tÃ-j-s‚- kz-X-¥-am-b- A-[n-Im-cw- G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂- - Xo-b-Xn-ap-X¬- - C-h¿- Xp-S¿-®-bm-b- aq-∂p- h¿-j-Øn-\p-f-fn¬- - c-≠p-h¿-j-°m-ew- s]m-t_-j-\n-em-bn-cn-°pw.-25.-02.-1985 se- Pn.-Hm- (Fw.-F-kv-)- \-º¿- 44/-85/-tlmw- k¿-°m¿- D-Ø-c-hv- ]-Im-cw- sS-bn-\nw-Kv- Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-Ø- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v- sS-bn-\nw-Kn-s‚- Im-em-h-[n- 6 am-kw- Iq-Sn- Zo¿-Ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- t]m-eo-kv- sU-]yq-ń- C-≥kv-s]-Iv-S¿- P-\-d-en-\v- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.- C-]-Im-cw- Im-em-h-[n- Zo¿-Ln-∏n-®- ti-j-hpw- sS-bn-\nw-Kv- Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-≥ km-[n-°m-Ø-h-sc- kw-_-‘n-®p-f-f- hn-h-c-ßƒ- A-t±-lw- t]m-eo-kv- C-≥kv-s]-Iv-S¿-P-\-d¬- - (sl-Uv- Izm¿-t´-gv-kv-),- t]m-eo-kv- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P-\-d¬- F-∂n-h-sc- A-dn-bn-®-ti-jw- A-h¿-°v- i-cn-sb-∂v- tXm-∂p-∂-]-£w- ]-cn-io-e-\w- hn-P-b-I--c-am-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-Ø-h-sc- k-a-b-_-‘n-X- t\m-ó-kv- \¬-In-b-ti-jw- hn-Sp-X¬- -sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

A¥n-a DØckq-Nn-I

A B C D A B C D

1 A C C A 51 D B A C

2 D A B B 52 B C D A

3 C C B A 53 A D C C

4 D D A D 54 D B D D

5 A B C D 55 C B A B

6 C C A C 56 B A C C

7 A B B B 57 C D A B

8 C B A C 58 D C C B

9 D A D D 59 B D D A

10 B C D B 60 B A B C

11 C A C A 61 C D B D

12 B B B C 62 B A D A

13 B A C B 63 C C B C

14 A D D D 64 A B A D

15 C D B B 65 B A D C

16 A C A A 66 D B D C

17 B B C C 67 A D A B

18 A C B A 68 C B C C

19 D D D D 69 B A D A

20 D B B D 70 A D C B

21 C A A A 71 B D C D

22 B C C D 72 D A B A

23 C B A C 73 B C C C

24 D D D B 74 A D A B

25 B B D A 75 D C B A

26 A A A C 76 D C D B

27 C C D D 77 A B A D

28 B A C A 78 C C C B

29 D D B D 79 D A B A

30 B D A B 80 C B A D

31 A A C C 81 C A B A

32 C D D B 82 A B A A

33 A C A A 83 B C D C

34 D B D C 84 D C C B

35 D A B A 85 D D B B

36 A C C D 86 A B A C

37 D D B B 87 B A A A

38 C A A A 88 C D C B

39 B D C D 89 C C B D

40 A B A C 90 D B B D

41 C C D B 91 B A C A

42 D B B C 92 A A A B

43 A A A D 93 D C B C

44 D C D B 94 C B D C

45 B A C B 95 B B D D

46 C D B A 96 A C A B

47 B B C D 97 A A B A

48 A A D C 98 C B C D

49 C D B D 99 B D C C

50 A C B A 100 B D D B

Q No.

Question Paper Code: 221/2015

Non Vocational Teacher - General Foundation Course (Junior) - Kerala VHSE

Date of Test: 03.12.2015

QUESTION BOOKLET Q No.

QUESTION BOOKLET

Medium of Question: English

A B C D A B C D

1 D C A B 51 D A D B

2 C X B D 52 B D A C

3 A C D D 53 A X C C

4 D D C B 54 D C B A

5 B D C C 55 B A A C

6 C A B D 56 A D B D

7 X B D C 57 D A C C

8 C D D B 58 X C C A

9 D C B D 59 C B A D

10 D C C D 60 A A C B

11 A B D B 61 D B D C

12 B D C A 62 A C C X

13 D D B C 63 C C A C

14 C B D D 64 B A D D

15 C C D A 65 A C B D

16 B D B A 66 B D C A

17 D C A B 67 C C X B

18 D B C C 68 C A C D

19 B D D B 69 A D D C

20 C D A D 70 C B D C

21 D B A B 71 B A A B

22 C A B D 72 C D A C

23 B C C A 73 A A B A

24 D D B D 74 D A C D

25 D A D C 75 A B A B

26 B A B D 76 A C D C

27 A B D A 77 B A B A

28 C C A C 78 C D C D

29 D B D B 79 A B A A

30 A D C A 80 D C D A

31 A B D B 81 B A C B

32 B D A B 82 A D A C

33 C A C D 83 D B C B

34 B D B B 84 D D C A

35 D C A A 85 D B A C

36 B D B D 86 A C B B

37 D A B B 87 D A C A

38 A C D A 88 B C B D

39 D B B D 89 D C A D

40 C A A B 90 B A C D

41 D B D A 91 C B B A

42 A B B D 92 A C A D

43 C D A X 93 C B D B

44 B B D C 94 C A D D

45 A A B A 95 A C D B

46 B D A D 96 B B A C

47 B B D A 97 C A D A

48 D A X C 98 B D B C

49 B D C B 99 A D D C

50 A B A A 100 C D B A

X' DENOTES DELETION

Q No.


Lecturer in Commerce - Technical Education (Polytechnic Colleges)

Date of Test: 18.12.2015QUESTION BOOKLET

Q No.QUESTION BOOKLET


A B C D A B C D

1 B B C D 51 A B D C

2 A D D A 52 D C D A

3 C A C B 53 B B C B

4 D B B B 54 C A C B

5 A D A B 55 B D C D

6 B C D B 56 B D C B

7 D D A A 57 C D A B

8 A C B C 58 B C B B

9 B B B D 59 A C B A

10 D A B A 60 D C D B

11 C D B B 61 D C B C

12 D A A D 62 D A B C

13 C B C A 63 C B B D

14 B B D B 64 C B A B

15 A B A D 65 C D B A

16 D B B C 66 C B C A

17 A A D D 67 A B C B

18 B C A C 68 B B D A

19 B D B B 69 B A B B

20 B A D A 70 D B A D

21 A D D A 71 B C A B

22 B C B D 72 B C B C

23 D D A D 73 B D A B

24 C B D C 74 A B B A

25 D A D A 75 B A D D

26 B D C B 76 C A B D

27 A D A D 77 C B C C

28 D C B C 78 D A B A

29 D A D D 79 B B A A

30 C B C B 80 A D D B

31 C D B D 81 A B D A

32 A B D B 82 B C C A

33 C D B B 83 A B A C

34 A B B C 84 B A A A

35 D B C A 85 D D B A

36 D C A C 86 B D A C

37 B A C A 87 C C A A

38 D C A D 88 B A C C

39 B A D D 89 A A A D

40 B D D B 90 D B A D

41 C B A B 91 D A C B

42 A B D C 92 C A A B

43 C A B B 93 A C C A

44 D B C A 94 A A D B

45 D A B D 95 B A D A

46 B A B D 96 A C B A

47 B D C D 97 A A B D

48 A B B C 98 C C A B

49 B C A C 99 A D B C

50 A B D C 100 A D A B

Q No.


Legal Officer - Kerala Financial Corporation (Ktym, Kkd Districts)

Date of Test: 22.12.2015

QUESTION BOOKLET Q No.

QUESTION BOOKLET


s]mXpImbn-I£-aXm

]co£t]m-eo-kv- h-Ip-∏n¬- k-_v- C-≥kv-s]-Iv-S¿- Hm- v- t]m-eo-kv-˛-tI-c-f- kn-hn¬- t]m-eo-kv-(Im-‰-K-dn- \-º¿- 161/-2015,- 162/-2015,- 163/-20105),- Bw-Uv- t]m-eo-kv- k-_v- C-≥kv-s]-Iv-S¿-(Im-‰-K-dn- \-º¿- 165/-2015,- 166/-2015),- P-bn¬- h-Ip-∏n¬- A-kn-Ã-‚ v- P-bn-e¿- tK-Uv- 1 (Im-‰-K-dn- \-º¿- 168/-2015,- 169/-2015),-F-Iv-ssk-kv- h-Ip-∏n¬- F-Iv-ssk-kv- C-≥kv-s]-Iv-S¿- (Im-‰-K-dn- \-º¿- 171/-2015)- -b¿-B-‚ v- sd-kv-Iyq- k¿-∆o-k-kn¬- ^-b¿-am-≥ sS-bn-\n-(Im-‰-K-dn- \-º¿- 173/-2015)- F-∂o- bq-Wn-t^mw-Uv- X-kv-Xn-I-I-fn-te-bv-°p-≈- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏- v- \-S-Øp-∂- s]m-Xp-Im-bn-I-£-a-Xm- ]-co-£- 2016 s -_p-h-cn- 29 ap-X¬- am¿-®v- 9 h-sc- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,- sIm-√w,- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- F-∂o- tI-µ-ß-fn-se- hn-hn-[- Ku-≠p-I-fn-em-bn- \-S-Øp-∂p.- Im-bn-I- £-a-Xm- ]-co-£-bn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- tbm-Ky-X-t\-Sn-b- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v-A-Uv-an-j-≥ Sn-°-‰v- s]m-ss -en¬- \n-∂v- Uu- -tem-Uv- sN-bv-sX-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 5

]co-£m- Ie≠¿ -- ˛ 2016 G]n¬-* Examination Time includes half an hour as preparation time for the verification of Admission Tickets and original ID of the Candidates appearing for the

examination.

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv-\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w-

1 01/04/2016 L.P SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Friday (MALAYALAM MEDIUM) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge & Current Affairs Part II : Social Science & Renaissance07.30 AM* (SR FOR ST ONLY) in Kerala Part III: General Science Part IV: Simple Arithmetic Part V : Education & Child Psychologyto 09.15 AM 27/2014 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: Malayalam)

WYD Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 18/03/2016

2 01/04/2016 L.P SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Friday (MALAYALAM MEDIUM) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge & Current Affairs Part II : Social Science & Renaissance07.30 AM* (NCA NOTIFICATION) in Kerala Part III: General Science Part IV: Simple Arithmetic Part V : Education & Child Psychologyto 09.15 AM 367/2014 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: Malayalam)

KLM - ST, PKD - ST Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 18/03/2016


MPM - ST Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 18/03/2016


EKM - ST Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 18/03/2016

COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 1 TO 4 ABOVE5 02/04/2016 FITTER AGRICULTURE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Saturday 668/2014 Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on Qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,10.30 AM* EKM Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 12.15 PM (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)

Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 19/03/2016

6 02/04/2016 FITTER AGRICULTURE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday 92/2015 Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on Qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,10.30 AM* TSR Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 12.15 PM (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)


COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 5 & 6 ABOVE7 05/04/2016 VOCATIONAL TEACHER – VOCATIONAL HIGHER Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Tuesday MAINTENANCE & REPAIRS SECONDARY EDUCATION Main Topics:- Part I a: Devices b: Circuits c: Analog Communication d: Digital Communication07.30 AM* OF RADIO & TELEVISION e: TV & Radio f: Micro Controller g: Signal Processing Part II : Electrical Drives & Controlto 09.15 AM 391/2013 Part III : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala

Further Details regarding Main Topics (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English) are available on the Website Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile

in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 22/03/20168 06/04/2016 OTHER RESEARCH ASSISTANT FISHERIES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Wednesday (ZOOLOGY) Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* 635/2014 Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM Further Details regarding Main Topics (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

are available on the Website Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 23/03/2016

9 07/04/2016 METER READER/SPOT BILLER KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) basedon the qualification prescribed for the post.Thursday 557/2014 BOARD Main Topics:- Part I a: Basic Electricity b: AC Fundamentals c: Magnetism d: Electric Machines07.30 AM* Further Details regarding Main Topics e: Instruments & Earthing f: Generation, Transmission & Distribution Part II : Basic Electronicsto 09.15 AM are available on the Website Part III: Applied Mechanics & Heat Engines Part IV : General Knowledge, Current Affairs &

Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 23/03/2016

10 08/04/2016 WORKS MANAGER STATE WATER TRANSPORT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Friday 548/2014 Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* Further Details regarding Main Topics Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM are available on the Website (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 26/03/2016

11 12/04/2016 LIBRARIAN GRADE IV KERALA STATE CENTRAL Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Tuesday (DIRECT RECRUITMENT) LIBRARY Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* 236/2015 Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


12 12/04/2016 LIBRARIAN GRADE IV KERALA STATE CENTRAL Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Tuesday (BY TRANSFER) LIBRARY Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* 237/2015 Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 11 & 12 ABOVE13 13/04/2016 CHARGEMAN KERALA MINERALS & Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Wednesday (MECHANICAL) METALS LIMITED Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala07.30 AM* 630/2014 Part II a :Technical Mathematics b: Basic Civil Engineering c: Basic Mechanical Engineeringto 09.15 AM Further Details regarding Main Topics d: Basic Electrical Engineering e: Basic Electronics Engineering Part III : Questions based on

are available on the Website qualification prescribed

6 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w-

(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 30/03/2016

14 16/04/2016 DRIVER GRADE II (HDV) VARIOUS (EXCEPT NCC, Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (NCA NOTIFICATION) TOURISM,EXCISE, POLICE Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on Driving (HDV) Part II : General Knowledge, Current01.30 PM* 188/2015 & TRANSPORT) Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 03.15 PM MLP- V (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)


15 16/04/2016 DRIVER GRADE II (HDV) VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (PART I – DIRECT RECRUITMENT) Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on Driving (HDV) Part II : General Knowledge, Current01.30 PM* 218/2015 Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 03.15 PM ALP, KKD, KNR (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)


16 16/04/2016 DRIVER GRADE II (HDV) VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (PART II – BY TRANSFER) Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on Driving (HDV) Part II : General Knowledge, Current01.30 PM* 219/2015 Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 03.15 PM ALP (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)


COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 14, 15 & 16 ABOVE17 19/04/2016 INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES FACTORIES & BOILERS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Tuesday & BOILERS GRADE II Main Topics:- Part I a: Thermodynamics & Fluid Mechanics b: Theory of Machines07.30 AM* 231/2015 c: I.C Engines & Refrigeration d: Manufacturing Science & Processes e: Principles of Managementto 09.15 AM Further Details regarding Main Topics Part II : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala

are available on the Website (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 05/04/2016

18 20/04/2016 COOK TOURISM Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Wednesday (NCA NOTIFICATION) Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* 305/2015 Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 09.15 AM PKD - E/T/B (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)


19 20/04/2016 COOK SCHEDULED CASTE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Wednesday DEVELOPMENT Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* 138/2015 Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)to 09.15 AM KLM, EKM (Medium of Questions: Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)


COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 18 & 19 ABOVE20 21/04/2016 LINEMAN PUBLIC WORKS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Thursday 217/2015 (ELECTRICAL WING) Main Topics:- Part I : Questions based on qualification prescribed Part II : General Knowledge,07.30 AM* KLM, IDK, EKM, MPM, KKD, KNR Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


21 22/04/2016 OTHER RESEARCH ASSISTANT FISHERIES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Friday (CHEMISTRY) Main Topics:- Part I : Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Nuclear Chemistry & Qualitative Analysis07.30 AM* 634/2014 Part II : Chemical Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry Part III : Organic Reactions & Compounds,to 09.15 AM Further Details regarding Main Topics Carbohydrates & Polymers Part IV : Analytical & Environmental Chemistry Part V : Inland & Marine

are available on the Website Fisheries Part VI: Aquaculture Part VII: Fish Nutrition & Diseases Part VIII:Fish ProcessingTechnology & Quality Control Part IX: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 08/04/2016

22 23/04/2016 BEAT FOREST OFFICER FOREST Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (DIRECT RECRUITMENT) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 1/2016 English Part III: Simple Arithmetic & Mental Ability Part IV: General Awareness on Forests and Wild Lifeto 03.15 PM TVM, KLM, PTA, KTM, IDK, EKM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

TSR, PKD, KKD, MLP, WYD, KNR, KGD Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 08/04/2016

23 23/04/2016 BEAT FOREST OFFICER FOREST Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (BY TRANSFER FROM LDC/LD Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* TYPIST/FOREST DRIVERS IN English Part III: Simple Arithmetic & Mental Ability Part IV: General Awareness on Forests andto 03.15 PM FOREST DEPARTMENT) Wild Life

2/2016 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)TVM, KLM, PTA, KTM, IDK, EKM, TSR Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration ProfilePKD, KKD, MLP, WYD, KNR, KGD in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 08/04/2016

24 23/04/2016 BEAT FOREST OFFICER FOREST Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (BY TRANSFER FROM ELIGIBLE Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* DEPOT WATCHERS/RESERVE English Part III: Simple Arithmetic & Mental Ability Part IV: General Awareness on Forests andto 03.15 PM WATCHERS) Wild Life


25 23/04/2016 BEAT FOREST OFFICER FOREST Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (BY TRANSFER FROM AMONG THE Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* LAST GRADE GOVERNMENT English Part III: Simple Arithmetic & Mental Ability Part IV: General Awareness on Forests andto 03.15 PM SERVANTS IN FOREST DEPARTMENT) Wild Life


COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 22 TO 25 ABOVE26 29/04/2016 COMPANY SECRETARY KERALA STATE FILM Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.

Friday CUM FINANCE MANAGER DEVELOPMENT CORPORA Main Topics:- Part I a: Advance Accounting b: Business Ethics c: Legal Deeds & Documents07.30 AM* 190/2015 TION LIMITED d: Cost & Management Accounting e: Financial Management f: Auditing g: Capital Market & Capitalto 09.15 AM Further Details regarding Main Topics Market Instruments Part II : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala

are available on the Website (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profilein the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 7

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w-

27 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (PART I – DIRECT RECRUITMENT) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 388/2014 English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM TVM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK, EKM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

TSR, PKD, MLP, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration ProfileFurther Details regarding Main Topics in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016are available on the Website

28 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (PART II – RECRUITMENT BY Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* TRANSFER (FROM PERSONS English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM HOLDING LOW PAID POSTS IN (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

GOVERNMENT SERVICES) Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile389/2014 in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016TVM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK, EKMTSR, PKD, MLP, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGDFurther Details regarding Main Topicsare available on the Website

29 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST NCC/SAINIKWELFARE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (EX-SERVICEMEN ONLY) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (NCA NOTIFICATION) English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM 404/2014 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

TVM - E/T/B Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration ProfileFurther Details regarding Main Topics in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016are available on the Website

30 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST/CLERK NCC/SAINIKWELFARE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday TYPIST/TYPIST CLERK Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (EX-SERVICEMEN ONLY) English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM 572/2014 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

MLP, WYD, KNR Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration ProfileFurther Details regarding Main Topics in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016are available on the Website

31 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (NCA NOTIFICATION) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 614/2014 English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM WYD - D (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

Further Details regarding Main Topics Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profileare available on the Website in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016

32 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (NCA NOTIFICATION) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 617/2014 English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM PTA - LC/AI (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


33 30/04/2016 CLERK TYPIST/TYPIST CLERK VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (PART I – DIRECT RECRUITMENT) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 45/2015 English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM TVM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK, EKM, (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

TSR, PKD, MLP, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration ProfileFurther Details regarding Main Topics in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016are available on the Website

34 30/04/2016 CLERK TYPIST/TYPIST CLERK VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (PART II – RECRUITMENT BY TRANSFER Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (FROM PERSONS HOLDING POSTS English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICES)) (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

TVM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK, EKM Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration ProfileTSR, PKD, MLP, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD in the Website www.keralapsc.gov.in from 15/04/2016Further Details regarding Main Topicsare available on the Website

35 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (NCA NOTIFICATION) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 303/2015 English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM KKD - OX (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


36 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST/CLERK NCC/SAINIK WELFARE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday TYPIST/TYPIST CLERK Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (EX-SERVICEMEN ONLY) English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM 516/2015 KLM - TSR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


37 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST NCC/SAINIK WELFARE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (EX-SERVICEMEN ONLY) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (NCA NOTIFICATION) English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM 603/2015 KNR - SC (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


38 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST NCC/SAINIK WELFARE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (EX-SERVICEMEN ONLY) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (NCA NOTIFICATION) English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM 604/2015 KKD - LC/AI (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


39 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST NCC/SAINIK WELFARE Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (EX-SERVICEMEN ONLY) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* (NCA NOTIFICATION) English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM 605/2015 TVM - SC (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


40 30/04/2016 LOWER DIVISION TYPIST VARIOUS Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification prescribed for the post.Saturday (NCA NOTIFICATION) Main Topics:- Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala Part II : General01.30 PM* 607/2015 English Part III: Computer Word Processing, Typing & Document Formattingto 03.15 PM TSR - OX (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)


COMMON TEST FOR SL. Nos. 27 TO 40 ABOVE

8 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

1. tS_nƒ Hm^v ]kn-U≥kv (]-Z-hn-I-fpsS ap≥K-W\m Iaw) ]Imcwkwÿm-\sØ FXm-asØ Db¿∂]Z-hn-bmWv Kh¿W¿?(F) 4 (_n)3(kn)2 (Un) 1

2. C¥-y-bn-em-Z-y-ambn hr° am‰n-h-bv°¬ikvX-Inb \S-∂-Xv:(F) sIm¬°Ø (_n) sNss∂(kn) \yqU¬ln (Un) apss_

3. sNt¶m´ Npcw GXv ae-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv?(F) Im¿Uaw ln¬kv(_n) \oe-Kncn(kn) ]q¿h-L´w (Un) CsXm-∂p-a√

4. Um\njv CuÃn-¥-ym-I-º\n C¥-y-bnse Ah-cpsS sk‰n¬sa‚p-IƒB¿°mWv ssIamdnbXv?(F) t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v(_n) U®p-Im¿°v(kn) _nó-jp-Im¿°v(Un) ^©p-Im¿°v

5. InkvXp-aXw HutZ-ym-KnI aX-ambnkzo-I-cn® BZy cmP-yw:(F) A¬Po-cnb (_n) A¿ta-\nb(kn) _ƒtK-dnb (Un) A¿P‚o\

6. B^n-°-bnse BZ-ysØ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- cm-jv-S-ta-[m-hn-bm-b- F-e-≥tPm- -k- - k¿-eo- v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-∂-X-v?(F) ss\Po-cnb (_n) en_nb(kn) sse_o-cnb(Un) Z£n-Wm-^n°

7. amen-Zo]v Iog-S-°nb cmP-hw-i-ta-Xv?(F) tNmf≥am¿(_n) tlmbvkm-e¿(kn) bmZ-h≥ (Un) ]√-h¿

8. aZmkv sslt°mS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂ tIµ `c-W-]-tZ-i-taXv ?(F) e£-Z-zo]v(_n) ZZ \K¿l-then(kn) ]pXp-t®cn(Un)-B-¥-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿

9. ssaIm¬ ae-\n-c-Iƒ GXv kwÿm-\-Øm-Wv?(F) cmP-ÿm≥ (_n) PΩp-I-ivao¿(kn) OØo-kv-K-Vv- (Un) Xan-gv\mSv

10. 1922 ¬, cmP-y-tZm-l°p-‰-Øn\v Km‘n-Pn°v FX h¿jsØ XS-hp-in-£-bmWv hn[n-®-Xv?(F) 8 (_n) 10(kn) 5 (Un) 6

11. Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n. tbmK-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ ]kn-U‚ v:(F) am[-h≥ sshZ-y¿(_n) F≥.-Ir-jvW≥(kn) Ipamc-\m-im≥(Un) F≥.-Ip-am-c≥

12. kz -cmP v ]m¿ń -bpsS BZ-ysØcmjvSob ktΩ-f\w Fhn-sSbm-Wv \S-∂Xv?(F) I¬°Ø (Un) \qU¬ln(kn) Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv(Un) Ae-l-_mZv

13. kn≤m-\p-`qXn cNn-®-Xv:(F) ssX°mSv Aø(_n) Be-Øq¿ inh-tbmKn(kn) hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥(Un) io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp

14. 1922 ¬ ]ªnIv k¿ho-kn-s\-Ip-dn®v

s^_p-hcn- 15 e°w _p≈-‰n-\ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ s]mXp-hn-⁄m\ \ne-hmcw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp tNmZy-t]-∏-dm-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm icn-bp-Ø-c-Øn\pw Hcp am¿°v. sX‰nbm¬ 0.33 s\K-‰ohvam¿°v. A\p-hZ\o-b kabw- 30 an-\n-‰v.-48 am¿°v apX¬ 50 hsc Excellent, 43- 47 Very Good, 36- 42- Good, 26˛35˛ Average. 25 -am¿°n\p Xmsg-bm-sW-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-cpØnbpw Bh¿Øn®pap≈ hmb\ A\n-hm-cyw.

Test Your GK]T\w \S-Øm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´tdmb¬ IΩo-js‚ A[-y-£≥:(F) eo]`p (_n) C…n-MvS¨(kn) k¿ lm¿-tIm¿´v _Sve¿(Un) tPm¨ sska¨

15. 1923 se Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ GXv ]hn-i-y-bn-em-Wv k-z-cmPv ]m¿ń `qcn-]£wko‰p-Iƒ t\SnbXv?(F) sk≥S¬ (_n) Akw(kn) _wKmƒ (Un) bpssW-‰Uvs]mhn≥kv

16. P\-\m-bIv ÿen¬ A¥-y-hn-iawsIm≈p∂ ap≥ C¥-y≥ ][m-\-a¥n:(F) sF.-sI.-Kp-Pvdm¬ (_n) Nµ-ti-J¿ (kn) \c-knw-l-dmhp(Un) hn.-]n.-knMv

17. apZ _m¶v ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n®h¿jw:(F) 2013 (_n) 2014(kn) 2015 (Un) 2016

18. FXn-cn-√msX temIvk-`-bn-te°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ B-Zy h\nX:(F) cpIvanWn tZhn Acp-t≠¬(_n) Unw]nƒ I]m-Unb(kn) Unw]nƒ bmZhv (Un) tla-am-en\n

19. io\m-cm-bW Kpcp BZ-y-ambn kp_-a-Wy ]XnjvT \S-Øn-bXv Fhn-sS-bm-Wv?(F) sNº-g¥n (_n) Acp-hn-∏pdw(kn) ]qtØm´ (Un) h°w

20. sslU-P≥ th∏¿em-ºns‚ \ndw:(F) Nph∏v (_n) \oe(kn) a™ (Un) Hmd©v

21. cmP-ym-¥c Zmcn-Zy ]T-\-tIµw GXvcmP-y-Øm-Wv?(F) skmam-enb (_n) kzn -‰vk¿e≥Uv (kn) _ko¬(Un) C¥y

22. _p≤s‚ IpXn-c-bpsS t]cv:(F) tNXIv (_n) _yq-kn-^m-ekv(kn) Im¥-I≥ (Un) CsXm-∂p-a√

23. GXv tIm´-bmWv kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS Igp-Øn-te°v \ońb ]oc¶n F∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv?(F) ]≈n-∏pdw (_n) IÆq¿(kn) Xe-t»cn (Un) Nmenbw

24. hnim-J-Z-Øs‚ apZ-mcm-£-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ auc-y-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn:(F) Atim-I≥ (_n) _nµp-km-c≥(kn) Nµ-Kp]vX auc-y≥(Un) _rl-Z-Y≥

25. hn√m¿h-´sØ cmPm-hns\ ⁄m\-kv\m\w sNbvXv InkvX-ym-\n-bm-°n-b-Xv:(F) _nó-jp-Im¿(_n) U®p-Im¿(kn) ^©p-Im¿(Un) t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿

26. Znh-y-c-£-Is‚ Iem-ebw F∂ ]kvFhn-sS-bmWv ÿm]n-®-Xv?(F) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw (_n) sIm√w(kn) sIm®n (Un) Xe-t»cn

27. hmS vkv B]v F∂ kwhn -[m\w\¬Ip∂ ÿm]\w GXm-Wv?(F) KqKnƒ (_n) ssatIm-tkm^v‰v(kn) t^kv_p°v (Un) B∏nƒ

28. C -¥-y°v dmt^¬ hn -am -\ -ßƒ\¬Ip∂ cmP-y-ta-Xv?(F) Ck-tb¬ (_n) ^m≥kv

(kn) djy (Un) P¿a\n29. tIc-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ ]n.-]n.-]n. (]-

ªnIv ss]h‰v ]m¿ńknt∏-j≥) Xpd-ap-Jw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv Fhn-sS-bmWv:(F) hngn™w (_n) \o≠-Ic(kn) t_∏q¿ (Un) s]m∂m\n

30. sIme-bmfn a’yw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) Cu¬ (_n) ]ncm\(kn) koem-Im¥v (Un) Icn-ao≥

31. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬- kv-]m-\n-jv- Hu-tZym-KnI `mj-bmb cmP-y-ta-Xv?(F) _ko¬ (_n) Kbm\(kn) kpcn\mw (Un) Nnen

32. FX Zn-h-kw- sI-≠m-Wv- hym-k-`m-c-Xw- sIm--Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bvX-Xv?(F) 874 (_n) 784(kn) 674 (Un) 774

33. C¥-y-bpsS FUn-k¨ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv:(F) \mKm¿Pp-\≥ (_n) Bc-y-`-S≥(kn) Pn.-Un.-\mbnUp

(Un) hnIw kmcm-`mbv34. C¥-y-bnse BZ-ysØ s]mhn-≥j-y¬

]ªnIv k¿∆okv IΩo-j≥ \ne-hn¬h∂Xv Fhn-sS-bm-Wv?(F) sk≥S¬ s]mhn≥kv(_n) _wKmƒ(kn) bpssW-‰Uv s]mhn≥kv(Un) aZmkv

35. ssZh-ß-fpsS XSn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:(F) tX°v (_n) tZh-Zmcp(kn) Cuń (Un) ]\

36. BZ-ysØ _p°¿ kΩm\ tPXmhv:(F) Acp-‘Xn tdmbv(_n) k¬a≥ dpjvZn(kn) ]n.-F-®v.-\yq_n(Un) hn.-F-kv. \bvt]mƒ

37. ]cn-ÿnXn kwL-S-\bmb Ko≥]okvÿm]n-X-amb h¿jw:(F) 1951 (_n) 1961(kn) 1981 (Un) 1971

38. ]mNo\ Hfn-ºnIvkpw B[p-\nI Hfn-ºnIvkpw XΩn-ep≈ XpS¿®sb ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂Xv:(F) Hfn-ºnIv B]vX-hm-I-yw(_n) Hfn-ºnIv Nn”w(kn) Hfn-ºnIv Zo]-inJ-(Un) Hfn-ºnIv `mKy Nn”w

39. icn-bmb Iaw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I:1. B¿®v _nj∏v am°m-cn-tbmkv aq∂m-

a≥ 2. C_mlnw dptKmh3. ]mSnkv epapw_ 4. tlmNn-an≥F. sImtkmthm _n.-hn-b‰v\mwkn.tImwtKm Un. ssk]kv(F) 1˛F 2˛_n 3˛kn 4˛Un(_n) 1˛Un 2˛kn 3˛_n 4˛F(kn) 1-˛Un 2˛F 3˛kn 4˛_n(Un) 1˛F 2˛Un 3˛kn 4˛_n

40. Xmsg-∏-d -bp -∂-h-bn¬ GXn-emWvi_vZ-Øn\v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ thK-ap-≈-Xv?(F) iq\yX (_n) Pew(kn) Ão¬ (Un) •m v

41. sh≠-bv°-bpsS kz-tZiw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv :(F) B^n° (_n) HmkvtS-enb(kn) C¥y (Un) Ata-cn°

42. am¿Pmc IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kmaq-lnIPohnXw \bn-°p∂ GI P¥p:(F) ISph (_n) knwlw(kn) ]p≈n-]pen (Un) ]q®

43. kp]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v d^-d≥kvtXSn-b-tijw tÃ‰v C≥^¿ta-j≥IΩo-j-Wsd \ o ° wsNøm≥ A[n-Im-c-s∏´Xv Bcm-Wv?(F) ]kn-U‚ v (_n) ][m-\-a¥n(kn) ]m¿e-sa‚ v (Un) Kh¿W¿

44. Z£n-tW-¥-ybn¬ sdbn¬th kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂ h¿jw:(F) 1853 (_n) 1854(kn) 1855 (Un) 1856

45. s\bvthen Xm]-ssh-Z-ypXn \ne-b-Øns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn¬ kl-I-cn®cmP-yw:(C) tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥(_n) P¿a\n(kn) _n´¨ (Un) bp.-F-kv.-F.

46. FhnsS tIm´ sI´m-\mWv Ip™menac-bv°m¿°v kmaq-Xncn cmPmhv A\p-aXn \¬In-b-Xv?(F) t_∏q¿ (_n) ]pXp-∏-´Ww(kn) ^tdm°v (Un) \ne-ºq¿

47. _n´s‚ Bÿm\ Ih-bn-Xn-bmbBZy h\n-X:(F) Fen-k-_Øv sP∂nMvkv(_n) Itcmƒ B≥ U^n(kn) ImX-dn≥ ssd≥ (Un) BenkvHmkvhmƒUv

48. Cetbm thtcm C√mØ kk-yw:(F) aqSn-√m-Ømfn (_n) ss]≥(kn) ac-hmg (Un) ssIX

49. IpSn Aciv F∂ ]kn-≤o-I-cW-Øn-s‚ ÿm]-I≥:(C) kX-y-aq¿Øn (_n) Sn.-]-Imiw(kn) C.-hn.-cm-a-k-zman \mbv°¿(Un) kn.-F≥.-A-Æm-Zpssc

50. C¥-y -bn¬ Fhn-sS-bmWv Hm∏¨lm≥Uv tamWp-sa‚ v?(F) apwss_ (_n) NWvUn-KVv(kn) \q-U¬ln (Un) sIm¬°Ø

Answers1(d) 2(b) 3(a) 4(c) 5(b) 6(c) 7(a) 8(c) 9(c) 10(d)11(a)12(d) 13(b) 14(b) 15(a) 16(b) 17(c) 18(c)19(d) 20(b) 21(c) 22(c) 23(d) 24(c) 25(d) 26(b)27(c) 28(b) 29(d) 30(b) 31(d) 32(a) 33(c) 34(d)35(b) 36(c) 37(d) 38(c) 39(c) 40(c) 41(a) 42(b)43(d) 44(d) 45(a) 46(b) 47(b) 48(a) 49(c) 50(b)

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 9

Graduate Level Previous Questions1

1. Beufort scale is used to measure the inten-sity of:(a) Earth quakes (b) Wind(c) Tsunami (d) Volcanic eruption

2. The study of motion:(a) Accoustics (b) Cryogenics(c) Optics (d) Dynamics

3. The frequency of electricity used for domesticpurpose:(a) 100 Hz (b) 230 Hz(c) 50 Hz (d) 250Hz

4. Which is added to petrol in cold countries toavoid freezing?(a) Ethylene Glycol (b) Tetra Ethyl Lead(c) Ethyl Mercapton (d) Benzene

5. Sodium Citrate is used as a ........:(a) Fuel (b) Explosive(c) Food preservative (d) Pigment

6. Plant ash contains:(a) Calcium (b) Potassium(c) Silver (d) Tin

7. The native place of Cactus:(a) Australia (b) China(c) Africa (d) America

8. Which is also known as ‘Paper flower’?(a) Dahlia (b) Sunflower(c) Bogainvilla (d) Rose

9. The pollen grains in plants are produced in.......(a) Anther (b) Carpel(c) Ovary (d) Ovule

10 The excretory organ of Insects:(a) Book lung (b) Nephredia(c) Kidney (d) Malpighian Tube

11. Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and606, is a drug that uses against:(a) Syphilis (b) Cancer(c) AIDS (d) Tuberculosis

12. Trypanosomiasis is caused by:(a) Fungus (b) Virus(c) Protozoa (d) Bacteria

13. The largest of the gulf coutries:(a) Bahrain (b) Saudi Arabia(c) Iran (d) Iraq

14. Mount Communism is in:(a) Uzbekistan (b) Kazakhstan(c) Turkmenistan (d) Tajikistan

15. The head of the Church of England:(a) Monarch (b) Prime Minister(c) Archbishop of Canterbury(d) Pope

16. In which category of winds does cyclone fall?(a) Trade winds (b) Periodic winds(c) Local winds (d) Variable winds

17. Lepchas are the tribal people in:(a) Sikkim (b) Andamans(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Orissa

18. ‘The Pearl Harbour of India’:(a) Tutucorin (b) Chennai(c) Mumbai (d) Surat

19. The second largest Union Territory in India,in terms of area:(a) Andaman and Nicobar (b) Delhi(c) Pondicherry (d) Chandigarh

20. In which state is the Dhuvaran Thermal Powerstation is located?(a) M.P. (b) Maharashtra(c) Gujarat (d) A.P.

21. The Chalukya king who defeated Harsha:(a) Pulikesin I (b) Pulikesin II(c) Dantidurgan (d) None of these

22. The most famous Indo-Bactrean ruler:(a) Milinda (b) Kanishka(c) Vasudeva (d) Kadphises

23. Which one of the following is not regarded asthe source of Mauryan history?(a) Indica (b) Arthasasthra(c) Mudrarakshasam (d) Raghuvamsam

24. Who was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ (Giver ofLakhs)?(a) Qutubddin Aibek (b) Balban(c) Razia (d) Kaiqubad

25. Who invited Babur to invade India?(a) Ibrahimm Lodi (b) Daulat Khan Lodi(c) Hamid Khan (d) None of these

Answers 1 (b) 2(d) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5(c) 6(b) 7(d) 8(c) 9(a) 10(d)11(a) 12(c) 13(b) 14(d) 15(c) 16(d) 17(a) 18(a)19(b) 20(c)2 1 (b) 22(a) 23 (d) 24 (a) 25(b)

21. The only Indian president who was elected

by second preferential votes also:(a) VV Giri (b)Zakkir Hussain(c) Dr Rajendraprasad(d) R Venkataraman

2. Who among the following prime ministerswas born outside the present day Indianterritory?(a) VP Singh (b) Chandrasekhar(c) Morarji Desai (d) IK Gujral

3. The first person in India to be convicted fora cyber crime:(a) Asif Azim (b) Pawan Duggal(c)Muhammad Feroz (d) Gulshankumar

4. India completed Chandrayan with thesupport of:(a) America (b) China(c) France (d) Russia

5. The Article of the Constitution related toPresidential reference:(a) 123 (b) 143(c) 153 (d) 263

6. The duration of an elected municipality is...... years(a)One (b) 3(c) 4 (d) 5

7. The longest of the three lists in the SeventhSchedule of the Constitution:(a) Union (b) State(c) Concurrent (d) Both (a) and (b)

8. ‘Money is what money does’-whosedefinition is this?(a) Walras (b) Williamson(c) Wagner (d) Walker

9. Which institution established on 1st April1935 and headed by Sir Osborn Smith?(a) IOA (b) Reserve Bank ofIndia(c) Bombay Dyeing (d) LIC

10 .In which year Einstein got Nobel Prize?(a) 1920 (b) 1921(c) 1922 (d) 1923

11. The award that was established in April 1957by the trustees of the Rockefeller BrothersFund (RBF) based in New York City:(a) Magsaysay (b) Abel(c) Fields Medal (d) Oscar

12. The highest civilian award in India:(a) Bharat Ratna(b) Param Veer Chakra(c) Padamabhushan (d) Gyanpeeth

13. The United Nations University of Peace is in(a) Tokyo (b) Costa Rica(c) New York (d) Geneva

14. ‘Charity in War’ is the motto of:(a) Oxfarm (b) Greenpeace(c)Red Cross (d) Amnesty International

15 .National Voter’s Day:

(a) January 25 (b) January 26(c) January 27 (d) January 28

16. “Superstition is the religion of feeble minds”are the words of:(a) Bernard Shaw (b) Edmund Burke(c) Francis Bacon (d) Gandhiji

17. Dinpanah was founded by:(a) Akbar (b) Babur(c) Shah Jehan (d) Humayun

18. The first Governor General of free India:(a) Lord Wavell (b) Lord Linlithgo(c) C Rajagopalachari (d) Mountbatten

19. Albuquerque conquered Goa in:(a) 1510 (b) 1515(c) 1520 (d) 1525

20. Who led the liberation movement inBangladesh?(a) Sheikh Mujibur Rehman(b) Sulficker Ali Bhutto(c) Liaqat Ali Khan (d) None of these

21. The first revenue minister of Kerala:(a) KR Gowri (b) KP Gopalan(c) TV Thomas (d) VR Krishna Iyer

22. The youngest to become the Chief Ministerof Kerala:(a) R Sankar (b) AK Antony(c) PKVasudevan Nair(d) CH MuhammadKoya

23. In which river is Banasurasagar Dam?(a) Periyar (b) Chaliyar(c) Kabani (d) Pamba

24.The National Park which is famous for liontailed macaque:(a) Iravikulam (b) Silent Valley(c) Pampadumchola (d) Iravikulam

25. The oldest newspaper in Kerala:(a) Malayala Manorama (b) Deepika(c) Mathrubhoomi (d) Kerala Kaumudi

Answers 1(a)2(d) 3(a) 4(d) 5(b)6(d)7(a) 8(d) 9(b) 10(b)11(a)12 (a) 13(b) 14 (c) 15(a) 16(b) 17 (d)18(d)19(a) 20(a) 21(a) 22(b) 23(c) 24(b) 25(b)

31. The Constitution of India prohibits employment

of children younger than ........in any hazard-ous environment.(a) 14 (b) 15(c) 16 (d) 17

2. Attappady Hills Area Development Society(AHADS) has been implementingtheAttappady Eco-restoration project since theyear ........(a) 2000 (b) 2001(c) 2002 (d) 2003

3. Who was the first chairman of the NationalCommission for Women?(a) Mohini Giri (b) VibhaParthasarathy (c) Poornima Advani(d) Jayanti Patnaik

4. The twin objectives of Mahatma Gandhi Na-tional Rural Employment Guarantee Act(MNREGA):(a) Rural Development and total literacy(b) Rural Development and total sanitation(c) Rural Development and Employment(d) Employment and total literacy

5. In which year Kudumbasree was launched inKerala?(a) 1998 (b) 1999(c) 2000 (d) 2001

6. The biggest natural hazard to forests:(a) Rain (b) Soil erosion

(c) Wind (d) Forest Fire7. Which region in Kerala has the richest

biodiversity?(a) Midlands (b) Coastal area(c) Western Ghat region (d) Tidal forests

8. India lauched Chandrayan-I on 22nd October2008 from:(a) Kourou (b) Kazakhstan(c) Thumba (d) Sriharikota

9. India’s first research station in Arctic region:(a) Himani (b) Himadri(c) Uttara Gangotri (d) Maitri

10. The most intelligent aquatic animal:(a) Blue Whale (b) Octopus(c) Dolphin (d) Sepia

11. Which state has the largest number of WildLife Sanctuaries?(a) Maharashtra (b) Uttar Pradesh(c) Madhya Pradesh (d) None of these

12. Baglihar project and Dulhasti project inJammu Kashmir is in the river:(a) Jhulum (b) Chenab(c) Ravi (d) Beas

13. Name the legendary charecter who is believedto have brought Ganga to Earth:(a) Karna (b) Parasurama(c) Bhagiratha (d) Shiva

14. The lowest temperature is measured at:(a) Just before sun rise(b) Just after sun rise(c) Before 4pm and 5pm(d) At midnight

15. Pascal is the unit of:(a) Power (b) Temperature(c) Pressure (d) Force

16. Name given to the first nuclear experiment inthe world:(a) Trinity (b) Fatman(c) Little Boy (d) None of these

17. The isotope used for the treatment of Cancer:(a) Carbon-14 (b) Uranium-238(c) Cobalt-60 (d) None of these

18. Which gas is commercially produced throughBosch Process?(a) Oxygen (b) Nitrogen(c) Helium (d) Hydrogen

19. The main constituent of Coal:(a) Nitrogen (b) Hydrogen(c) Carbon (d) Oxygen

20. The tendency of plants to grow towards light:(a) Geotropism (b) Phototropism(c) Chemotropism (d) None of these

21 The reproductory organ of flower:(a) Root (b) Leaf(c) Stem (d) Flower

22. The pigment imparts yellow colour to flowers:(a) Xanthophyll (b) Anthocyanin(c) Betacyanin (d) Haemoglobin

23. Which invertebrate has the most developedbrain?(a) Octopus (b) Star Fish(c) Sepia (d) Crab

24. Organisms that depends on other organismsfor food:(a) Parasite (b) Sucker(c) Hermaphrodite (d) Epiphyte

25. The temperature of human body in Kelvinscale:(a) 98.4 (b) 37(c) 330 (d) 310

Answers1(a)2(a) 3(d) 4(c) 5(a) 6(d) 7(c) 8(d) 9(b) 10(c)11(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (a) 17(c) 18(d)19(c) 20 (b) 21 (d) 22(a) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (d)

10 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

11. The opposite of ‘Encouraged’ is:

(a) Couraged (b) Incouraged(c) Discouraged (d) Of couraged

2. She ____ for eight hours last night.(a) has slept (b) slept(c) is sleeping (d) has been sleeping

3. A ___ of puppies.(a) litter (b) crowd(c) pack (d) flock

4. Raju could not get ____ sugar.(a) few (b) the few(c) little (d) any

5. An expert in choice of food:(a) Gourmand (b) Gourmet(c) Glutton (d) Garrulous

6. Choose the one which best expresses themeaning of the word ‘CANDID’:(a) Sweet (b) Dishonest(c) Frank (d) Able

7. The word meaning ‘tolerate’ is:(a) endure (b) enormous(c) eternal (d) emphasise

8. I shall go there ____ you like it or not.(a) if (b) but(c) before (d) whether

9. One who speaks less:(a) Intestate (b) Reticent(c) Fatalist (d) Veteran

10. We are driving ____ a tunnel.(a) beyond (b) above(c) through (d) in between

11. The opposite of ‘Wholesale’:(a) Retail (b) Factory(c) Profit (d) Cheap

12. I am content ___ what I have.(a) for (b) with(c) to (d) in

13. Do you like ____ music?(a) classical (b) classic(c) classy (d) classed

14. An animal who preys on other animals:(a) Pachyderm (b) Parasite(c) Predator (d) Hermaphrodite

15. A group of people ___ waiting outside tosee you.

(a) are (b) have(c) be (d) is

16. He has ten toes ___ his feet.(a) in (b) on(c) at (d) with

17. A place for sick people who need longperiods of treatment or rest:(a) Clinic (b) Hospital(c) Sanatorium (d) Asylum

18. The former minister is under a cloud now.‘Under a cloud’ means:(a) In a sad situation(b) Under suspicion (c) Bed-ridden(d) In oblivion

19. I look forward to _____ you again.(a) seeing (b) saw(c) have seen (d) see

20. Use the collective noun : Fish(a) Shoal (b) Flock(c) Herd (d) Pool

21. The weather has turned very _____(a) warmly (b) warm(c) warmth (d) warmful

22. Policemen riding on motor cycles as guardsto a VIP:(a) Outriders (b) Servants(c) Commandos (d) Attendants

23. The antonym of ‘Professional’:(a) Amateur (b) Tradesman(c) Labour (d) Customer

24. The meaning of ‘Rivalled’:(a) Hatred (b) Revised(c) Competed (d) Contradicted

25. The correctly spelt word is:(a) Envirenment (b) Enveronment(c) Environment (d) Environmant

Answers1 (c) 2(b) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5(b)6(c) 7(a) 8(d) 9(b) 10(c)11(a) 12(b)13(a) 14(c) 15(d) 16(b) 17(c) 18(b)19(a)20(a) 21(b) 22(a) 23(a) 24(c) 25(c )

21. The girl is very keen ____(a) for cycling (b) in cycling

(c) over cycling (d) on cycling2. An assembly of hearers.(a) Audience (b) Crowd

(c) Congregation (d) Assemblage3. The meaning of ‘BECKON’:(a) Signal (b) Hear

(c) Light (d) Beg4. The thief together with his accomplice

_____ into the strong room.(a) have broken (b) have been broken

(c) is broken (d) has broken5. The habitat of hens is:(a) Kennel (b) Coop

(c) Den (d) Lair6. His friends disagreed _____ him on that

point.(a) at (b) for (c) with

(d) in7. ‘Alumni’ means:(a) Old students of an institution(b) Intimate

friend(c) Wonderful year (d) Militaryassistant

8. Choose the word opposite in meaning to‘SUBMISSIVE’:

(a) Uncooperative (b) Subdued(c) Docile (d) Aggressive

9. Two and two _____ four.(a) make (b) makes

(c) has made (d) None of these10. She held the bag ____ even though her arm

hurt ____.(a) tight, bad (b) tightly, badly

(c) tight, badly (d) tightly, bad11. We feel sympathy for people afflicted ___

leprosy.(a) for (b) of (c) at

(d) with12. I’m glad to know that you have ____ me for

what I have done.(a) forgive (b) forgives

(c) forgiven (d) forgave13. I shall be glad to help everyone of my boys

in _____ studies.(a) his (b) their (c) him

(d) our14. ‘Over and above’ means:(a) Repeatedly (b) Comprehensively

(c) In addition to (d) Concisely15. Chloroquin is specific ____ malaria.(a) in (b) on (c) with

(d) for16. The battle of Haldighati _____ in sixteenth

century.(a) fought (b) has fought

(c) had fought (d) was fought17. A secret agreement to deceive:(a) Collision (b) Collusion

(c) Colossal (d) Collegium18. Due to his age, everyone thinks he should

find a suitable mate and settle _____.(a) on (b) along (c) down

(d) up19. Can’t you brush yourself up a little (Choose

the meaning of the idiom underlined):(a) Rest (b) Reconsider

your views(c) Rejuvenate yourself(d) Improve your appearance

20. One who does not care for literature or art:(a) Primitive (b) Barbarian

(c) Philistine (d) Illiterate21. ___ doctor should be humane.(a) The (b) An

(c) All (d) A22. Which is the correct spelling?(a) Hindrance (b) Hinderance

(c) Hindrence (d) Hinderence23. One who treats diseases by performing

operations:(a) Physician (b) Physicist

(c) Oncologist (d) Surgeon24. Our vacation ____ tomorrow.(a) started (b) has started

(c) have started (d) starts25. Pranav is negligent ____ attending his

classes.(a) about (b) towards

(c) in (d) to

Answers1 (b) 2(a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5(b) 6(c) 7(a) 8(d) 9(a)10(b)11(d) 12(c) 13(a) 14(c) 15(d) 16(d) 17(b) 18(c)19(d)20(c) 21(d) 22(a) 23(d) 24(d) 25(c)

11. 15,16,?,29,45

(a) 17 (b) 25(c) 20 (d) 19

2. A father is now three times as old as hisson. Five years back he was four times asold as his son. The age of the son is:(a) 12 (b) 15(c) 18 (d) 20

3. Find the one which does not belong to thegroup:(a) Train (b) Tram(c) Plane (d) Car

4. A person takes 45 minutes to cover certaindistance at a speed of 8kmph. What will bethe time taken to cover the same distance ifthe speed is increased to 10 kmph?(a) 30 minutes (b) 25 minutes(c) 27 minutes (d) 36 minutes

5. If GONE is written as ILPB, CRIB is writtenas:(a) EYKO (b) EUKY(c) EYUK (d) EOKY

6. Find the missing digit of the number 6830__so that it is divisible by 5:(a) 9 (b) 1

(c) 3 (d) 77. If CA=31, GE=75, FH=?

(a) 67 (b) 76(c) 78 (d) 68

8. A person walks 4km towards north and thenturns to east and walks 3 km. How far he isnow from the starting point?(a) 5km (b) 7km(c) 6 km (d) 8 km

9. Bulb is related to light as Chimney isrelated to ____.(a) Wall (b) Smoke(c) Heat (d) Air

10.The largest four digit number which is aperfect square:(a) 9801 (b) 9964(c) 9981 (d) 9999

11. 7,13,21,__,43,57(a) 27 (b) 31(c) 29 (d) 35

12. A person travels from home to office at aspeed of 20 kmph and return at a speed of30 kmph. What is the average speed?(a) 25 (b) 24(c) 20 (d) 26

13.If 11is related to 13, in the same way 31 isrelated to:

(a) 34 (b) 35(c) 39 (d) 33

14. If 250 is increased as 300, what percent isincreased?(a) 16.67 (b) 20(c) 23 (d) 17

15. Cat : Kitten :: Horse:?(a) Kid (b) Cub(c) Foal (d) Colt

16. The ratio of 9 seconds to 10 hours.(a) 1:40 (b) 1:4000(c) 9:10 (d) 1:400

17. Bees: Swarm :: Lions : ?(a) Herd (b) Flock(c) Pride (d) Pack

18. Find the LCM of 12,15,18 and 27:(a) 540 (b) 1080(c) 270 (d) 810

19. 99,98,94,85,69,44,?(a) 4 (b) 9(c) 8 (d) 12

20. The sum of two numbers be equal to 20and their difference is 2.5. The ratio of twonumbers is:(a) 3:7 (b) 7:8(c) 5:7 (d) 9:7

21. If 74683 means GREAT, 7684 means:

Test of Arithmetic and Mental Ability

General English

(a) GAER (b) HEAR(c) GEAR (d) REAG

22. A person lost 10% when he sold goods forRs.153. For how much should he sell themto gain 20%?(a) 204 (b) 250(c) 240 (d) 210

23. Find the missing term which will completethe series: 13,14,12,15,11,16,10,?(a) 11 (b) 10(c) 17 (d) 18

24. A father is 25 years older than his son. 10years ago father’s age was 6 times of hisson’s age. What is the present age of theson?(a) 10 (b) 40(c) 30 (d) 15

25. Find the missing letter: L,O,S,?(a) X (b) W(c) Z (d) Y

Answers 1 (c) 2(b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5(d) 6(b) 7(d) 8(a) 9(b) 10(a)11(b) 12(b) 13(d) 14(b) 15(d) 16(b) 17(c) 18(a)19(c) 20(d) 21(c) 22(a) 23(c) 24(d) 25(a)

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 11

A‚m¿- n-°* tem-IsØ G‰hpw- XWp-Ø h≥-Ic.-

G‰hpw- ln-aw-\n-d™ `q-JWv-Uw.- `q-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-sS 8.-9 % kz-¥w.-

* kapZ\nc∏n¬\n∂pw DbcØn¬ÿnXnsNøp∂ Cu h≥IcbpsS Hcp`mKhpw kapZ\nc∏n\p Xmsgb√.

* A≥-dm¿-ń-°-bp-sS- 98 i-X-am-\-hpw- a-™p-aq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv.- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-h-en-b- ip-≤-P-e-ti-J-cw- A-Y-hm- sF-kv-B-Wn-Xv.- c-≠p-ap-X¬- A-©p-In-tem- ao-‰¿-h-sc-bm-Wv- a-™p-]m-fn-bp-sS- I-ń.-

* A≥-dm¿-ń-°bn-se G‰hpw- Db¿-∂ `m-Kam-Wv- hn≥-k¨- am-kn-^v- (5,-140 ao.)-A≥-dm¿- n-°bn-se G‰hpw- kPo-h AKv-\n-]¿-hXam-b Fdo-_kv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- tdm-kv- Zzo-]n-em-Wv.-

* Bently Sub-glacial Trench BWv- A≥-dm¿-ń-°bn-se G‰hpw- Xm-W`m-Kw.-

* tem-IsØ G‰hpw- XWp-∏p-≈ ]tZiw-A≥-dm¿-ń-°bn-se [p-h]tZiam-Wv.-

* HfnºnIvkv Nn”Øn¬ ÿm\an√mØ`qJWvUamWv A‚m¿ń°.

* G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tc-Jmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- `q-J-Wv-Uw- A-‚m¿-ń-°-bm-Wv.-

* C¥y≥ X]m¬ hIp-∏ns‚ BZysØhntZi Hmôkv ÿm]n-®Xv A‚m¿ń-°-bn-em-Wv.

bq-tdm-∏v-* hep-∏Øn¬- Bdmw- kv-Ym-\am-Wv- bq-tdm-

∏n-\v.- q-an-bp-sS Ic`m-KØn-s≥-d 1/15 am-Xap-≈ bq-tdm-∏n-s≥-d hn-kv-Xr-Xn- 10,-521,-100 N.-Io.-ao.- BWv- (6.-7%)-.

* bq-tdm-∏pw- Gjy-bpw- ]q¿-Wam-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°s∏ń-ń-√.- AXn-\m¬- Nn-et∏mƒ-CXn-s\ Hcp- q-hn-`m-Kam-bn- IW°m-°n-bq-tdjy- F∂p- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.-

* tIm-°kkv- ae\n-cIfn-ep-≈ F¬-_kv- BWv- bq-tdm-∏n-se G‰hpw- Dbcw-Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- (5,-633 ao.)- djy- tPm¿-Pn-b AXn¿-Øn-bn-em-Wn-Xv.-

* bq-tdm-∏n-\v- 60,-957 In.-ao.- \o-fap-≈ IS¬-Øo-cap-≠v.- djy-bp-sS lr-Zb`m-Kw- Hgn-

sI bq-tdm-∏n-se an-° ]tZißfpw- Xo-cØp-\n-∂pw- 480 In.-ao.- Zq-cØn-\p-≈n-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sNøp-∂Xv.-

* bq-tdm∏n¬- \n-c-h-[n- D-]-Zzo-]p-I-fp-≠v.- kv-Im-≥Un-t\-hn-b- (t\m¿-sh-bpw- kzo-U-\pw-),- P-Sv-em-≥Uv- (sU-≥am¿-°v-),- sF-_o-cn-b- (t]m¿-®p-K-epw- kv-s]-bn-\pw-),- A-s]-\n-≥ (C-‰-en-),- _mƒ-°-≥ (A¬-t_-\n-b,- _ƒ-tK-dn-b,- Ko-kv,- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS-Nn-e- `m-K-ßƒ,- bp-tKm-…m-hy-)- F-∂n-h-A-h-bn¬- ]-ap-Jw.- kv-Im-≥Un-t\-hn-b-bv-°m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-kv-Xo¿-Æw-(800,-300 N.-In.-a-o.)-

* Xo-cØn-\Sp-Øm-bn- Bbn-c°W°n-\v-Zzo-]p-Iƒ- bq-tdm-∏n-ep-≠v.- Chbn¬-G‰hpw- hep-Xv- tK‰v- _n-´¨- BWv.-CXv AXvem‚ nIv kapZØnseG‰hpw henb Zzo]mWv.

* bq-tdm-∏n-se G‰hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b \Zn-thmƒ-Kbm-Wv.- 3,-531 In.-ao.- djy-bn-eq-sSHgp-In- Im-kv-]n-b≥- ISen¬- ]Xn-°p-∂p.-XSm-IØn¬- ]Xn-°p-∂ \Zn-Ifn¬-G‰hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-bXm-Wn-Xv.-

* P¿-a\n,- s\X¿-em≥-Uv-kv- F∂o- cm-Py-ßfn-eq-sS Hgp-Ip-∂ ssd≥- \Zn- hS°≥-ISen¬- ]Xn-°p-∂p.-

* bq-tdm-∏n-se \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b c≠m-asØ\Zn-bm-b Um-\yq-_v- sX°≥- P¿-a\n-bn¬-\n-∂pw- Hm-kv-Sn-b,- sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy,- lw-Kdn,- bp-tKm-t…m-hy,- _ƒ-tKdn-b,- sdm-am-\n-b F∂o- cm-Py-ßfn-eq-sSHgp-In- Icn-¶Sen¬- tNcp-∂p.-

* `m-Kn-Iambn- Gjy-bn-epw- bq-tdm-∏n-ep-am-bn- kv-Yn-Xn-sNøp-∂ D]p-Pe XSm-Iam-Wv- Im-kv-]n-b≥- IS¬.- tem-IØn-seG‰hpw- hen-b XSm-Iam-b CXn-s≥-dDØc`m-Kw- kap-Z\n-c∏n¬-\n-∂pw- 28 ao.-Xm-sgbm-bn- kv-Yn-Xn-sNøp-∂p.- Chn-Sam-Wv- bq-tdm-∏n-se G‰hpw- Xm-gv-∂`m-Kw.-

* djy-bn-se etUm-K BWv- bq-tdm-∏n-seG‰hpw- hen-b ip-≤Pe XSm-Iw.- ^n≥-em≥-dv- "Bbn-cw- XSm-Ißfp-sS \m-Sv'-F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂p.- hØn-°m≥- kn-‰n- tem-IØn-se G‰hpw- sNdn-b cm-jv-Sam-Wv.-

* G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tem-I-i-Iv-Xn-Iƒ- D-≈- q-J-Wv-U-am-Wv- bq-tdm-∏v.- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬- G-‰hpw IqSpX¬

t]¿ acWaS™ h≥Ic bqtdm∏mWv.* saUn-‰td\n-b≥- ISen-se G‰hpw- hen-

b Zz-o-]m-Wv- kn-kn-en.-* bq-tdm-∏n-s≥-d G‰hpw- sX°p-`m-Kam-Wv-

Crete.* s_\eIv-kv- cm-Py-ßƒ- F∂dn-bs∏Sp-

∂hbm-Wv- s_¬-Pn-bw,- s\X¿-e≥-Uv-kv,-eIv-kw-_¿-Kv.-

* bq-tdm-∏n-se G‰hpw- Dbcw-Iq-Sn-b kPo-hAKv-\n-]¿-hXam-Wv- C‰en-bn-se FXv-\.-

* aq-∂v- Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-jIfp-≈ bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-Py-am-Wv- kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv.-

* ^©p- ]hn-iy-bm-b tIm¿-kn-° Hcp-Zzo-]m-Wv.-

* B¬-]v-kv- ]¿¿-hX\n-cbn-se G‰hpw-Dbcw-Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv- MontBlanc (4,807ao)

* bq-tdm-∏n-s≥d- sa-bn-≥em-≥Un-ep-≈- G-I- k-Po-h- A-Kv-\n-]¿-h-Xw- C-‰-en-bn-se- sh-kq-hn-b-kv- (1,-277 ao.-)- B-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- a-cp-]-tZ-i-ap-≈- `q-J-Wv-U-am-Wn-Xv-.

* P\kw-Jy-bn-epw- hn-kv-Xo¿-WØn-epw-G‰hpw- hen-b bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-Pyw- djy-bm-Wv.-

* hn-kv-Xo¿-WØn¬- DIbn≥,- ^m≥-kv,-kv-s]bn≥- F∂n-hbpw- P\kw-Jy-bn¬-P¿-a\n,- bp- sI, ^m≥-kv- F∂n-hbpw-sXm-´Sp-Ø kv-Ym-\ßfnep-≠v.-

* djy-°pw- kJen≥- Zzo-]n-\pw- CSbv-°p-≈ ISen-Sp-°m-Wv- Sm¿-Sm¿.-

* G‰hpw- hen-b bq-tdm-]y≥- \Kcam-Wv-tam-kv-tIm.-

* s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn-s≥d- tdm-b¬- U-®v- F-b¿-sse-≥kv- (sI.-F¬.-Fw-)- B-Wv- tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- hn-am-\-k¿-ho-kv.- ^m-≥kn-se- F.-F-^v.-]n.- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- hm¿-Øm- G-P-≥kn-bm-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]m¿-e-sa-≥dv- sF-kv-e-≥Un-teXmWv.

* t\m¿-shbn-se Cape Nordkinn BWv-hSt°b‰w.- G‰hpw- sX°p-≈ t]m-bn≥-dv- kv-s]bn-\n-se Punta de Tarifa.

Hm-kv-tSen-b* t•kn -b -dp -I -fn -√mØ h≥I-c,

A·n]¿hXßfn√mØ h≥Ic.

* G‰hpw sNdn-b h≥-IcbmWv Hm-kv-tSen-b. 7,-682,-300 N.-In.-ao.- hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-≈ Hm-kv-tSen-b `q-an-bn-se Ichn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-sS 5.-3% Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.- ]q¿-Wam-bpw- Z£n-Wm¿-[tKm-fØn-em-Wv-Hm-kv-tSen-b.- tem-I cm-jv-Sßfn¬- hen-∏Øn¬- Bdmw-kv-Ym-\w- Hm-kv-tSen-b°m-Wv.-

* Kosciusky sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv- Hm-kv-tSen-bbn-se G‰hpw- Dbcw-Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- (2,-228 ao.)-

* ap-td˛Um¿-en-Mv- BWv- Hm-kv-tSen-bbn-se G‰hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b \Zn.- Um¿-en-Mv- \Zn- ap-tdbn¬- h∂p-tNcp-∂p.-

* h≥-Icbp-sS aq-∂n-sem-∂v- acp- q-an-bm-Wv.-knw-]v-k¨,- Kn-_v-k¨,- tK‰v- km≥-Un,-tK‰v- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b F∂n-hbm-Wv- ][m-\s∏´h.-

* Hm-kv-tSen-bbp-sS hS°p-In-g°≥- Xo-cØn-\p- kao-]w- kv-Yn-Xn-sNøp-∂ 1900In.-ao.- \o-fap-≈ tK‰v- _m-cn-b¿- do-^v-tem-IsØ G‰hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b ]hn-g∏p-‰m-Wv.-

* Ab¿- XSm-Iam-Wv- Hm-kv-tSen-bbn-seG‰hpw- Xm-gv-∂`m-Kw.-

* Hm-kv-tSen-bbpw- \yq-kn-e≥-Uv,- Xm-kv-am-\n-b,- \yq-Kn-\n-b,- ]k^n-Iv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-(ssatIm-t\jy≥,- sae\o-jy≥,- t]m-fn-t\jy≥- Zzo-]p-Iƒ)- F∂n-h tN¿-∂`q-hn-`m-Kam-Wv- Hm-kv-Stejy- AYhm-Hm-jym-\n-b F∂ ]Zw-sIm-≠v- hn-h£n-°p-∂Xv.-

* \yq-kn-e≥-Un-se t\m¿-Øv- sFe≥-Un-s\bpw- ku-Øv- sFe≥-Un-s\bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv- Ip-°v- Zzo-]m-Wv.-

* Hm-kv-tSen-bsbbpw- ]∏p-h \yq-Kn-\n-sbbpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv- tSm-dkv- ISen-Sp-°m-Wv.-

* \yq-kn-e≥-Un-se G‰hpw- Dbcw-Iq-Sn-bsIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv- Ip-°v- (3,-764 ao.)-

* P\hm-kap-≈ q-JWv-Ußfn¬- G‰hpw-P\km-µX Ip-dhv- Hm-kv-tSen-bbn-em-Wv.-

* Hm-kv -tSen-bbn-se G‰hpw- hen-b\Kcßfm-Wv - kn -Uv -\n -bpw - sa¬-_Wpw.-

A‚m¿ń-°, bqtdm-∏v, HmkvtS-enb

1. The War of Roses was a civil war in:(a) England (b) France(c) Germany (d) Spain

2. The War of Austrian succession was foughtduring the period of:(a) 1756-63 (b) 1740-48(c) 1798-1800 (d) 1812-15

3. The war fought during the period of 1756-63:(a) War of Roses (b) War of Austriansuccession(c) Seven Years War(d) Russo Japanese war

4. Which country became succesful in theBattle of Nile fought in 1798 againstFrance?(a) England (b) Italy(c) Germany (d) Spain

5. Which country was led by Admiral Nelson inthe Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 ?(a) Russia (b) England(c) Spain (d) Italy

6. Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 was foughtbetween Britain, Austria, Russia andPrussia on one side and ....... on the oher.(a) France (b) Belgium(c) Turkey (d) Portugal

7. The Battle of Borodino of 1812 was fought

between France and ......(a) England (b) Russia(c) Germany (d) Spain

8. In the Battle of Leipzig (1813) Germany andthe combined forces of Austria, Prussia andRussia defeated .......(a) Spain (b) Turkey(c) France (d) Egypt

9. In the Battle of Waterloo of 1812, Duke ofWellington led the forces of ........(a) Portugal (b) Spain(c) France (d) Britain

10. Which country was defeated by Britain inthe First Opium War of 1812?(a) France (b) Portugal(c) China (d) Afghanistan

11. Who led the Northern States during theCivil War in America (1861-65)?(a) Abraham Lincoln(b) Benjamin Franklin(c) George Washington (d) ThomasJefferson

12. In the Boer war (1899-1901) the Dutchprotestant stock was defeated by the .......forces.(a) Portuguese (b) French(c) Spanish (d) British

13. The Russo-Japanese War was in:(a) 1900 (b) 1903(c) 1905 (d) 1907

14. The Balkan War I was fought betweenTurkey and Balkan countries in:(a) 1912 (b) 1914(c) 1916 (d) 1918

15. The Balkan War II was fought in:(a) 1913 (b) 1915(c) 1918 (d) 1921

16. Which of the following countries joinedwith Germany during the First WorldWar?(a) Austria (b) Hungary(c) Turkey (d) All of these

17. Which of the following countries allied withBritain during World War II?(a) France (b) USA(c) Russia (d) All of these

18. During the First World War, Germany andits supporters were known as:(a) Axis Powers (b) Central Powers(c) Allied Powers (d) None of these

19. During the Second World War, Germany,Italy and Japan were known as:(a) Allied Powers (b) Axis Powers

(c) Central powers (d) None of these20. During the Second World War, Britain and

its allies were known as:(a) Axis Powers (b) Central powers(c) Allied Powers (d) None of these

21. The period of the First World War:(a) 1914-18 (b) 1915-19(c) 1915-20 (d) 1914-17

22. The period of the Second World War:(a) 1940-45 (b) 1939-44(c) 1939-46 (d) 1939-45

23. The Six-day Arab-Israel War was fought in:(a) 1965 (b) 1966(c) 1967 (d) 1968

24. The Gulf War was started in:(a) 1990 (b) 1991(c) 1994 (d) 1995

25. The first war in which UNO was intervened:(a) Iran-Iraq War (b) Indo-Pak war(c) Vietnam war (d) Korean War

Answers1 (a) 2(b) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5(b) 6(a) 7(b) 8(c) 9(d) 10(c)11(a) 12(d) 13(b) 14(a) 15(a) 16(d) 17(d) 18(b) 19(b)20(c) 21(a) 22(d) 23(c) 24(b) 25(d)

Countries and Wars

thƒUvtPmK^n

12 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

]m¿esa-‚n-s\-t∏m-se- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-Iƒ-°pw- D-]-cn-k-`,- A-t[m-k- - F-∂n-ß-s\- B-hmw.- D-]-cn-k- - se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-

-kn¬- F-∂pw- A-t[m-k- - se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv-A-kw-ªn- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- c-≠p-k--I-fpw- D-≈-]-£w- A-Ø-cw- k- -Iƒ- ss_-

Im-a-d¬- F-∂pw- H-cp- k- -tb- D-≈p- F-¶n¬-bq-Wn-Im-a-d¬- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- Aw-K-am-Im-\p-≈- Ip-d-™- ]m-bw- 25 h-b- m-Wv.- A-©p-h¿-j-am-Wv- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- Im-em-h-[n.

kwÿm\ßfpw\nbak`bnse AwK_ehpw

G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-Aw-K-ß-fp-≈-Xv- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-em-Wv- (403).-

G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- Aw-K-_-e-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn- kn-°n-an-te-Xm-Wv- (32).-

F-∂m¬,- tI-µ-`-c-W- ]-tZ-i-ß-sf-°q-Sn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-°m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-≈-Xv- (30).-

C-¥y-≥ -c-W-L-S-\- ]-Im-cw- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se- ]-c-am-h-[n- Aw-K-_-ew-500 h-sc-bm-Imw.- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™-Xv- 60Aw-K-ß-sf-¶n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- F-∂m¬,- Aw-K-_-ew- 60 ˛¬- Ip-d-™- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fm-Wv- tKm-h-(40),- an-tkm-dw-(40),-kn-°nw-(32)- F-∂n-h.-

\n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- H-cp- k-∂ym-kn- ]-Xn-\n-[n-sb- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øm-≥ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- kn-°n-am-Wv.-

sePnt…‰ohv Iu¨kn¬(hn-[m≥ ]cn-j-Øv)

kwÿm\ \nb-a-k- bv°v c≠v aWvU-e-ß-fp≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse \nb-a-k-`-bpsS D]-cn -k-` -bmWv sePn-t…-‰ohvIu¨kn¬ AYhm hn[m≥ ]cn-j-Øv.

sePn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn¬ AwK-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ tbmKy-

X-Iƒ1. C¥y≥ ]uc-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.2. sePnt…‰ohv- Iu-¨-kn-en¬- Aw-K-

am-Im-\p-≈- Ip-d-™- ]m-bw- 30 h-b- m-Wv.-

3.- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂- a-‰v- tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-w.sePn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn-ense AwK-

ßƒ FwF¬kn (saw-_¿ Hm^v sePn-

kwÿm\ \nbak`bpwapJya¥nbpw

Indian Polity

kwÿm\`cWØns‚ bYm¿Y \n¿hlWm[nImcnbmWv apJya¥n. Kh¿W¿ kwÿm\Øns‚ de jure `cWØeh\msW¶n¬apJya¥nbmWv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Xeh≥ AYhm de facto `cWØeh≥. tIµØn¬ ][m\a¥n°v kZriamb ]ZhnbmWvkwÿm\Øv apJya¥n°p≈Xv. Xncs™Sp∏pIgn™v \nbak`bn¬ `qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńbpsS t\Xmhns\bmWv Kh¿W¿a¥nk` cq]hXvIcn°m≥ £Wn°p∂Xv. kwÿm\ \nb-a-k- -sb-°p-dn®pw apJy-a-¥n-sb-°p-dn®pw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°mw.

B¿kn kptc-jvIpam¿ [email protected]

`-bp-sS- `q-cn-]-£w- Aw-K-ßƒ- ]n-¥p-W-bv-°p-I-bpw- lm-P-cp-≈- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- aq-∂n¬-c-≠v- q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS- ]m-km-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- H-cp- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°p-∂-tXm-sS- Iu-¨-kn-en-s\-kr-jv-Sn-°p-I-tbm- A-t_m-fn-jv- sN-øp-I-tbm- sN-ømw.-

kw-ÿm-\-\n-b-a-k- -bp-sS- D-]-cn-k- -bm-b- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en-te-°p-≈- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- C-]-Im-c-am-Wv.- Aw-K-ß-fn¬-aq-∂n-sem-∂p-t]-sc- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-se-bpw- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se-bpw- Aw-K-ßƒ- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°pw.- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-ßƒ- A-Sp-Ø- aq-∂n-sem-∂v- Aw-K-ß-sf- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°pw.- ]-¥-≠n-sem-cp- `m-K-sØ- _n-cp-Z-[m-cn-Iƒ- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°pw.- a-s‰m-cp- ]-¥-≠n-sem-∂v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-I- A-[ym-]-I-cm-Wv- .- _m-°n-B-dn-sem-cp- `m-K-sØ- km-ln-Xyw,- im-kv-Xw,- km-aq-ln-I- tk-h-\w,- k-l-I-c-W- ]-ÿm-\w- Xp-S-ßn-b- ta-J-e-I-fn-se- ]-Xn-`m-[-\-sc- ]m-K-ev- y-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-K-h¿-W¿- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øpw.-

2007˛¬- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- ]p-\-:-ÿm-]n-®- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-B-‘m-]-tZ-im-Wv.-

G-‰-hpw- Aw-K-_-ew- Iq-Sn-b- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-em-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- Aw-K-_-ew- Ip-d-hv- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn-epw.-

kwÿm\ a¥nk``c-W-LS-\-bp-sS- 163˛-Dw- 164˛-Dw- B¿-

ń-°n-fp-Iƒ- kw-ÿm-\- a-¥n-am-sc-°p-dn-®p-≈- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.-

kw-ÿm-\-sØ- b-Ym¿-Y- A-[n-Im-c- tI-µ-am-Wv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- a-¥n-k-`.- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- q-cn-]-£-ap-≈- ]m¿-ń- A-s√-¶n¬- ap-∂-Wn- X-ß-fp-sS-k- m-t\-Xm-hm-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂- hy-‡n-sb- K-h¿-W¿- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn- A-h-tcm-[n-°p-∂p- (B¿-ń-°nƒ- 164).- a-‰p-a-¥n-am-sc- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-i-]-Im-cw- K-h¿-W¿- \n-b-an-°p-I-bpw- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- a-¥n-am-sc- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-i-]-Im-cw- X¬-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- \o-°w-sN-øp-∂-Xpw- K-h¿-W-dm-Wv.- tI-µ- a-¥n-k- -bn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- kw-ÿm-\- a-¥n-k- -bn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- a-¥n-am¿-am-X-ta-bp-≈p.- a-¥n-k-`-bp-sS- Im-em-e-[n-A-©p-h¿-j-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- \n-b-a-k-`-bv-°v- Im-em-h-[n-°p-ap-ºp-X-s∂- A-hn-izm-k-]-ta-b-Øn-eq-sS- a-¥n-k- -sb- ]p-d-Øm-°m-\m-h-pw.

apJya¥nkw-ÿm-\-`-c-W-Øn-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- \n¿-

h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv- ap-Jy-a-¥n.- K-h¿-W¿- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- de jure - `-c-W-Ø-e-h-\m-sW-¶n¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Wv- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s‚- X-e-h-≥ A-Y-hm- de facto `-c-W-Ø-e-h-≥.- tI-µ-Øn¬- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-°v- k-Zr-i-am-b- ]-Z-hn-bm-Wv- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-°p-≈-Xv.- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-gn-™v- \n-b-a-k- -bn¬- q-cn-]-£-ap-≈- ]m¿- n-bp-sS- t\-Xm-hn-s\-bm-Wv- K-h¿-W¿- a-¥n-k-`- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°m-≥ £-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ap-Jy-a-¥n- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s°- a-c-W-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬- -c-W-I-£n- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂- ]p-Xn-b- t\-Xm-hn-s\- K-h¿-W¿- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn-\n-b-an-°pw.- ap-Jy-a-¥n-°v- k-Xy-hm-N-Iw-sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- K-h¿-W-cm-Wv.-

\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-a-√m-Ø- H-cp- hy-‡n- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬- B-dp-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.- A-√m-Ø-]-£w- ÿm-\w- H-gn-tb-≠n-h-cpw.-

\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k- - Zzn-a-Wv-U-e- k- -bm-sW-¶n¬- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bm¬- a-Xn.- km-[m-c-W-am-bn- A-t[m-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-ß-fn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-sb- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS- D-]-cn-k-`-bn¬-\n-∂v- ap-Jy-a-¥n-sb- \n-b-an-®-Xn-\pw- \n-c-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≠v.-

ap-Jy-a-¥n-°v- \n-›n-X- Im-em-h-[n- \n-jv-I¿-jn-®n- n-√.- K-h¿-W-dp-sS- ]o-Xn-bp-≈n-S-tØm-fw-Im-ew- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- Xp-S-cmw.- F-∂m¬,- K-h¿-W¿-°v- G-

t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn¬) F∂m--W-dn-b-s∏-Sp--∂-Xv.

C¥y-bn¬ se-Pn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn¬D≈ kwÿm-\-ßƒ Ch-bmWv : B‘m]tZ-iv, _olm¿, PΩp Iivao¿, I¿Wm-S-I, alm-cm-jvS, sXe-¶m-\, DØ¿ ]tZ-iv.

Iu¨kn-en-s‚- Aw-K-kw-Jy- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- Aw-K-kw-Jy-bp-sS- aq-∂n-sem-∂n¬- Iq-Sm-≥]m-Sn-√- F-∂v- hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠v.- F-∂m¬,- A-Xv- \m¬-]-Xn¬- Ip-d-bm-\pw- ]m-Sn-√- (F-∂m¬,- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn¬-]m¿-e-sa-‚n-s‚- ]-tXy-I- B-Iv-Sv- ]-Im-cw-Aw-K-kw-Jy- 36 B-bn- \n-P-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v-).- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- ]n-cn-N-®p-hn-Sm-≥ h-Ip-∏n-√.- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- cm-Py-k-`-sb-t∏m-se- H-cp- ÿn-cw- k-`-bm-Wv.- B-dp- h¿-j-am-Wv- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS-Im-em-h-[n.- aq-∂n-sem-∂v- Aw-K-ßƒ- c-≠p-h¿-jw-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ- ]n-cn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-p.

sePn-t…-‰ohvIu¨kn-ens‚

cq]-h-XvI-c-W-hpw At_m-fn-j\pw

]m¿-e-sa-‚n-s‚- H-cp- B-Iv-Sv- ]-Im-cw- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-I-tbm- A-t_m-fn-jv- sN-øp-I-tbm- sN-ømw.-Iu- -kn¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-I-tbm- A-t_m-fn-jv- sN-øp-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- _-‘-s∏-´- tÃ-‰v- A-Xp- kw-_-‘-am-b- H-cp- ]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°-Ww.- ]-kv-Xp-X- ]-ta-bw- k-

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 13

C¥-y≥ kwÿm-\-ßfpwBZy apJ-y-a-¥n-amcpw

B‘˛Sn ]Imiw (1953-˛54)sslZ-cm-_m-Zv-˛-Fw.-sI.-sh-t≈mSn (1950-˛52)B‘-]-tZ-iv˛F≥.-k-RvPoh sdÕn (1956˛60)sXe-¶m-\-˛-sI.-N-µ-ti-J-c-dmhp (2014-˛-)Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZ-iv-˛t]w JWvUp XpwK≥ (1975-˛79)Akw-˛-tKm-]n-\mYv t_m¿Z-tembv (1947-˛50)_olm¿-˛-io-IrjvW knMv (1947˛61)OØo-kvK-Uv-˛-A-Pn-XvtPmKn (2000˛03)U¬ln-˛-Nu-[cn _w ]Imiv (1952˛55)tKmh, Zma≥, Znbp (tIµ `cW ]tZ-iw)-˛-Z-bm-\µv _tµm-ZvI¿ (1963˛66)KpP-dm-Øv-˛-Po-h-cmPv \mcm-b¨ taØ (1960˛63)lcn-bm-\-˛-]-WvUn‰v `K-hXv Zbm¬ i¿a-˛(1966˛67)lnam-N¬ ]tZ-iv-˛-b-i-z¥v knßv ]m¿a¿ (1952˛56)PΩp-I-ivao¿-˛-sal¿Nµv alm-P≥ (1947˛48)Pm¿J-WvUv-˛-_m-_p-em¬ adm≠n (2000˛03)I¿Wm-S-I-˛-sI.-sN-ß-e-cb sdÕn (1947˛52)tIc-f-˛-C.-Fw.-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv (1957˛59)a[-y-]-tZ-iv-˛-c-hn-i-¶¿ ip¢ (1956)t_ms_ tÃ‰v-˛-_n.-Pn.-t-J¿ (1947˛52)alm-cm-jvS-˛-b-i-z¥v dmhp Nhm≥ (1960˛62)aWn-∏q¿-˛-ssa-cw_w sImbvsdPv knMv (1963˛67)taLm-e-b-˛-hn-e-yw-k¨ F.-kmw‹ (1970˛72)antkm-dw-˛-Npß (1972˛-77)\mKm-em≥Uv-˛-jnep Athm (1963˛66)HUnj˛ltc IrjvW sal-Øm_v (1946˛50)]©m-_v-˛-tKm-]n-Nµv `m¿Kh (1947˛49)cmP-ÿm≥-˛-lo-cm-em¬ imkvXn (1949˛51)kn°nw-˛-Im-kn-te-≠]v t[m¿Pn (1975˛79)aZmkv tÃ‰v-˛-H.-]n.-cm-a-k-zman sdÕ-ym¿ (1947˛49)Xn]p-c-˛-k-®n-µ-em¬ knßv (1963˛71)DØ¿]-tZ-iv-˛-tKm-hnµv h√`v ]¥v (1950˛54)DØ-cm-JWvUv˛\n-X-ym-\µv kzman (2000˛01)]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ˛]^p√ Nµ-tLmjv (1947˛48)* U¬ln-bnse apJ-y-a¥n ]Zw 1956 ¬ \n¿Ø-em-°n. 1993 ¬ ]p\:-ÿm-]n-

®-t∏mƒ BZy apJ-y-a-¥n-bm-bXv kmln_v knMvv h¿a* 1965 \v apºv PΩp Imivao-dns‚ cW kmc-Yn-bpsS t]cv ][m-\-a¥n F∂m-

bn-cp-∂p. apJ-y-a¥n F∂ ÿm\-t∏-tcmsS BZ-y-ambn cn-®Xv Kpemw apl-ΩZv kmZnJv BWv (1965˛71)

Xp- k-a-b-Øpw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-sb- am-‰mw- F-∂v- C-Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂n-√.- \n-b-a-k- -bn¬- q-cn-]-£-ap-≈-Im-e-tØm-fw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-sb- X¬-ÿm-\-Øv- \n-∂v- \o-°w- sN-øm-≥ K-h¿-W¿-°m-hn-√.- F-∂m¬,- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- hn-izm-kw- \-jv-S-am-Ip-∂-]-£w- ap-Jy-a-¥n- cm-Pn-h-bv-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- A-√m-Ø-]-£w- K-h¿-W¿-°v- ap-Jy-a-¥n-sb- \o-°-wsNømw.

apJya¥nbpsSA[nImcßƒ

a¥n-k- -bp-sS- X-e-h-≥ F-∂- \n-e-bn¬-ap-Jy-a-¥n-bp-sS- ]-[m-\- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- C-h-bm-Wv.-(1)- ap-Jy-a-¥n- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-h-sc-bm-Wv-

a-¥n-am-cm-bn- K-h¿-W¿- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.-(2)- a-¥n-am¿-°v- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- hn-`-Pn-®p- \¬-

Ip-∂-Xpw- A-\p-h-Zn-®- h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬- am-‰w- h-cp-Øp-∂-Xpw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Wv.-

(3)- A-`n-]m-b- `n-∂-X-bp-≈-]-£w- H-cp- a-¥n-tbm-Sv- cm-Pn-h-bv-°m-≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-\pw- A-s√-¶n¬,- ]-kv-Xp-X- a-¥n-sb-]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂v- \o-°w-sN-øm-≥ K-h¿-W-tdm-Sv- B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-\pw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

(4)- a-¥n-k-`m-tbm-K-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-°p-∂-Xpw- Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

(5)- a-‰p- a-¥n-am¿-°v- B-h-iy-am-b- km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬- am¿-K-\n¿-t±-iw- \¬-Ip-I,-A-h-cp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- \n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

(6)- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bp-sS- cm-Pn-tbm- a-c-W-tam-a-¥n-k-`- sam-Ø-Øn¬- C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- a-¥n-k-`mw-K-ß-fn-sem-cm-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬-C-]-Im-cw- kw-`-hn-®m¬- H-cp- H-gn-hv- D-≠m-hp-I- am-X-am-Wv- kw-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.-

Kh¿Wdpambn _‘s∏ vapJya¥nbpsSA[nImcßƒ

(1)- a-¥n-k-`-bp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ- K-h¿-W-sd- A-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Wv.-

(2)- kw-ÿm-\- -c-Ww,- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww- Xp-S-ßn-b- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- K-h¿-W¿- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-]-£w- hn-h-c-ßƒ- e-`y-am-°p-I.-

(3)- H-cp- a-¥n- G-sX-¶n-epw- hn-j-b-kw-_-\v-[-am-bn- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-I-bpw- F-∂m¬- B- hn-j-bw- a-¥n-k-`-bp-sS- ]-cn-K-W-\-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-tc-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw- a-¥n- A-]-Im-cw- sN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ]-£w- K-h¿-W¿-B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-A-Xv- a-¥n-k- -bp-sS- ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v- k-a¿-∏n-°-Ww.-

(4)- A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\-d¬,- kw-ÿm-\- ]n-F-kv-kn- sN-b¿-am-≥,- ]n-F-kv-kn- Aw-K-ßƒ,- kw-ÿm-\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j-W¿- F-∂n-h-sc- K-h¿-W¿- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-i- ]-Im-c-am-Wv.-

\nbak`bpambn _‘s∏´vapJya¥nbpsSA[nImcßƒ

(1) \nbak`bpsS summoning, prorogu-ing F∂n-h- kw-_-‘n-®v- K-h¿-W¿-°v-D-]-tZ-iw- \¬-Ip-I.-

(2)- G-Xp- k-a-b-Øpw- \n-b-a-k-`- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sm-≥ K-h¿-W-sd- D-]-tZ-in-°m-≥ ap-Jy-a-¥n-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

(3)- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s‚- \-b-ßƒ- ]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-

bmWv.

a‰[nImcßƒ(1) kw-ÿm-\- πm-\n-Mv- t_m¿-Un-s‚- F-Iv-

kv-˛-H-^n-tjym- A-[y-£-\m-Wv- ap-Jy-a-¥n.-

(2)- tkm-W¬- Iu-¨-kn-en-s‚- D-]m-[y-£-]-Zw- Du-g-I-a-Øn¬- H-cp- h¿-j-tØ-°v-h-ln-°p-I.-

(3)- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- A-[y-£-\m-bp-≈- C-‚¿-tÃ-‰v- Iu-¨-kn-en-epw- \m-j-W¬- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- Iu-¨-kn-en-epw- Aw-K-sa-∂- \n-e-bn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.-

(4)- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s‚- ap-Jy- h-‡m-hv- F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.-

(5)- A-Sn-b-¥-c- km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬- t\-Xr-Xz-]-c-am-bn- ssI-kn-kv- am-t\-P¿- C-≥No- v- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.-

(6)- B-h-em-Xn-Iƒ-/-]-iv-\-ßƒ- kw-_-‘n-®- s]m-Xp-P-\w- k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂- \n-th-Z-\-ßƒ- kzo-I-cn-°p-I.

BZy-tØXv* ]-©m-_v- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- _n-bm-

¥v- kn-Mm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ-h-[n-°-s∏-´- ap-Jy-a-¥n- (1995 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 31).-

*- -Xn-cp-sIm-®n-bn¬- 1954˛¬- -c-W-km-c-Yn-bm-b- ]-Pm- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-ń- t\-Xm-hv- ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ap-Jy-a-¥n.-

*- -]-©m-_n¬- tKm-]n-N-µv- `m¿-K-h-bp-sS-

a-¥n-k- -bp-sS- ]-cm-P-b-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- cm-jv-S-]-Xn- `-c-Ww- ]-Jym-]n-®-Xv- (1951).-

*- -1957˛¬- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b- C.-Fw.-i-¶-c-≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Wv.-B¿- n-°nƒ- 356 -s‚- ]-tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS-A-[n-Im-cw- \-jv-S-s∏-´- B-Zy- a-¥n-k-`-bpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n- ]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- ap-≥ sF.-F.-F-kv- Hm-ô-k¿- A-Pn-Xv- tPm-Kn-bm-Wv- (O-Øo-k-vK-Vv).

a‰p Nne ][m\hkvXp-X-Iƒ

* G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ap-Jy-a-¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv- ]-›nw- _w-Km-fn-se- tPym-Xn- _-kp-hm-Wv.- kn.-]n.-Fw.-t\-Xm-hm-b-A-t±-lw- 1977 Pq- - 20 ap-X¬- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- 23 h¿-jw- _w-Km-fn-se- C-S-Xp-]-£- k¿-°m-cn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-2000 \-hw-_¿- \m-en-\v- B-tcm-Ky-]-c-am-b- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- ÿm-\-sam-gn-™p.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- H-cp- Zn-h-kw-am-Xw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-se- P-K-Zw-_n-I- ]m¬- (1998 s^-_-h-cn- 21 ap-X¬- 23 h-sc.- C-Xn¬- ]q¿-W-Zn-h-kw- s^-_p-h-cn- 22 am-Xw.-)-

*- -tI-µ- `-c-W- ]-tZ-i-am-b- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn¬- ap-∏-Xmw- h-b- n¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b- Fw.-H.-l- -≥ ^-dq-Jv- a-c-°m¿- B-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™-

]m-b-Øn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b-Xv- (1967).-ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂mw- h-b- n¬- 1985˛¬- A-kw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b- ]- p-√-Ip-am¿- sam-l-¥-bm-Wv- H-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-sØ- G-‰-hpw- ]m-bw- Ip-d-™- ap-Jy-a-¥n.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- C-t∏mƒ- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈- ap-Jy-a-¥n-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]m-bw-Ip-d-™-Xv- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-in-se- A-Jn-te-jv- bm-Z-hv- B-Wv- (P-\-\w- 1973).- ]-©m-_n-se- ]-Im-iv- kn-Mv- _m-Z-em-Wv- ap-Jy-a-¥n-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]m-bw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- (P-\-\w- 1927).-

*- -C-t∏mƒ- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-e-am-bn- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-°p-∂-Xv- kn-°n-an-se- ]-h-≥Ip-am¿- Nmw-en-Mv- B-Wv.- 1994˛-ap-X¬- C-t±-lw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- C-t∏mƒ- \m-ev- kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a-¥n-am¿- `-cn-°p-∂p-˛- B-\-µn-s_-≥ ]-t´¬- (Kp-P-dm-Øv-),- P-b-e-fn-X- (X-an-gv-\m-Sv-),- a-a-Xm-_m-\¿-Pn- (_w-Kmƒ-),- h-kp-‘-c- cm-sP- (cm-P-ÿm-≥).-

h\nXm apJya¥n-am¿* apJy-a-¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b- B-Zy- h-

\n-X-bm-Wv- kp-tN-Xm- Ir-]-em-\n.- B-Nm-cy- Ir-]-em-\n-bp-sS- `m-cy-bm-b- A-h¿- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-em-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv.-

*- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b- B-Zy-h-\n-X-bm-Wv- tKm-h-bn-se- i-in-I-e-Im-t°m-Zv-I¿.- 1973˛-79 Im-e-L-´-Øn¬-A-h¿- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- Im-e-L--Øn¬- tKm-h- tI-µ- -c-W-]-tZ-i-am-bn-

cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- H-cp- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥kw-ÿm-\-Øv- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b-Xv- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- Pm-\-Io- cm-a-N-µ-\m-Wv- (1988).- tIm-¨-K-kv- t\-Xm-h-√m-Ø,- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm-ap-Jy-a-¥n,- A-©p-h¿-j-°m-e-tam- A-Xn¬-°q-Sp-X-tem- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- `-cn-®-B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a-¥n- F-∂o- hn-ti-j-W-ß-fpw- i-in-I-e- I-t°m-Zv-I¿-°v-kz-¥-am-Wv.-

*- -H-cp- kw-ÿm-\-ap-Jy-a-¥n-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬- A-©p-h¿-jw- Im-em-h-[n- Xn-I-®-B-Zy- h-\n-X- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- P-b-e-fn-X-bm-Wv.-

*- -H-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-]m-h-iyw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b- h-\n-X- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-se- am-bm-h-Xn-bm-Wv.-

*- -h-S-°p-In-g-°-≥ C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ-h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Wv- A-k-an-se-sk-bv-Z- A-≥hm-c- sX-bv-aq¿- (1981˛-82).-G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn¬- ap-Jy-a-¥n- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b-B-Zy- ap-…nw- h-\n-X-bm-Wn-h¿.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- Z-en-Xv- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂p-≈- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-Wv- am-bm-h-Xn.-

*- -Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- c-≠p-]m-h-iyw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- U¬-ln-bn-se-jo-em- Zo-£n-Xv.-

*- -cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ap-Jy-a-¥n- ]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- h-kp-‘-c- cm-sP-bm-Wv.-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂- h-\n-X- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- Pm-\-In- cm-a-N-µ-\m-Wv- (23 Zn-hkw).

A]q¿hw* DØ¿]-tZ-inepw DØ-cm-J-WvUnepw

apJy-a-¥n-bmb F≥.-Un.-Xn-hmcn c≠pkwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ apJy-a-¥n-bmbGI hy‡n-bm-Wv.

14 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

* XßfpsS ][m\ a-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- a-lm-ho-c-\v- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-≥ F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´- 23 ap-≥Km-an-I-fp-s≠-∂v- ssP-\¿- hn-iz-kn-®p.- a-lm-ho-c-≥ F-‰-hpw- H-Sp-hn-e-tØ-Xpw- 24a-tØ-Xp-am-b- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-sW-∂p- I-cp-Xn-bm¬-ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚- Xp-S-°w- ]n-∂n-te-°v- t]m-bn- _n.-kn.- H-≥]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠m-Ipw.-

*- -E-j-`-tZ-h-\m-Wv- (B-Zn-\m-Y-≥)- B-Zy- ssP-\-a-Xm-Nm-cy-s\-∂v- Nn-e¿- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- h¿-[-am-\- a-lm-ho-c-≥ ssP-\-a-X- ÿm-]-I-\m-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw-ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚- Nn- -Iƒ- hy-h-ÿ- sN-bv-X-Xv- 23a-sØ-Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-b- ]m¿-iz-\m-Y-\m-Wv.C£m-Ip- hw-i-Øn¬- P-\n-®- ]m¿-iz-\m-Y-≥ hm-cm-W-

kn-bn-se- cm-P-Ip-am-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- A-iz-tk-\-\pw- am-Xm-hv- hm-a-tZ-hn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ap-∏-Xmw- h-b- n¬- ù-Xn-I-Po-hn-X-ap-t]-£n-®p.- 84 Zn-h-k-sØ- [ym-\-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬- tI-h-e-⁄m-\w- ssI-h-∂p.-ap-∏-Øn-sbm-∂m-a-sØ- h-b- n¬-Ø-s∂- A-t±-lw- ssP-\-a-X- X-Øz-ßƒ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p.-

In-kv-Xp-hn-\p-ap-ºv- G-I-tZ-iw- 877 \pw- 777˛-\pw- a-t[y-bm-Wv- ]m¿-iz-\m-Y-≥ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂p.

Alnwk (Non-violence), kXyw (Truthfulness),AkvtXbw(Non-stealing), A]cnKrl (Non-materialism)F∂o- \m-ep- h-X-ßƒ- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv- A-h-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-[m-\w.- a-lm-ho-c-≥ C-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w- _-“-Ncyw (Celibacy) F-∂- \n-jv-T-Iq-Sn- Iq- n-t®¿-Øp.-

a-lm-ho-c-≥ ssP-\-a-X-sØ- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- ]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬- \n¿-Wm-b-I- ]-¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bpw-sN-bvXp.

h¿[am\ almhoc≥* ssh-im-en-°p- k-ao-]-ap-≈- (C-t∏mƒ- _o-lm-dn¬-)- Ip-

≠-Km-a-Øn¬- _n.-kn.- 540˛¬- ⁄m-Xn-I- Ip-e-Øn-s‚- ta-[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂- kn-≤m¿-[-s‚-bpw- en-—m-hn-Ip-e-Øn-se- cm-P-Ip-am-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Xn-im-e-bp-sS-bpw- a-I-\m-bn- h¿-[-am-\-≥ P-\n-®p- (h¿-[-am-\-≥ F-∂- hm-°n-\¿-Yw- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂-h-≥).- A-t±-lw- b-tim-[-sb-hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®p.- Cu- Z-º-Xn-Iƒ-°v- H-cp- ]p-Xn- (A-tPm-P- ]n-b-Z¿-i-\-)- P-\n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- h¿-[-am-\-≥ X-s‚- ap-∏-Xmw- h-b- n¬- eu-In-I- kp-J-ß-sf-√mw- sh-Sn-™v- k-\ym-kn-bm-bn.-

*- ]-¥-≠p-sIm-√-sØ- k-\ym-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- 42˛-a-sØ-h-b- n¬- Pnw-`n-I- Km-a-Øn¬- H-cp- A-tim-I-a-c-®p-h-ń¬-h-®v- h¿-[-am-\-≥ ]-c-a-am-b- ⁄m-\w- t\-Sn.- C-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-t±-lw- Pn-\-≥,- a-lm-ho-c-≥ F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn.

*- Pn\≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ssP-\-a-Xw- F-∂- t]-cv-D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv.- ap-∏-Xv- sIm-√-tØm-fw- X-s‚- k-tµ-iw- ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-hm-≥ \n-c-¥-cw- ]-cn-i-an-®- A-t±-lw- 468 _n.-kn.- bn¬- 72˛-a-sØ- h-b- n¬- cm-P-Kr-l-Øn-\p-k-ao-]w- ]m-h- ( _o-lm-dn¬-)-F-∂- ÿ-e-Øp-h-®v- A-¥-cn®p.

ssP\aXØns‚ASnÿm\ XØzßƒ

1. thZhn-[n- ]-Im-c-ap-≈- F-√m- a-Xm-\p-jv-Tm-\-ß-fpw- \n-jv-^-e-am-Wv.-

2.- ssZ-hw- H-cp- an-Yy-bm-Wv.-3. -kp-J-Zp-:-J-ßƒ-°-Sn-ÿm-\w- I¿-a-am-Wv.- tam-£-]m-]v-

Xn-°v- k¬-°¿-aw- A-\p-jv-Tn-°-Ww.-4.- I¿-aw- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xpw- ip-≤-hp-am-°m-\p-≈- am¿-K-am-Wv- Xn-

c-Xv-\-ßƒ- (i-cn-bm-b- hn-izm-kw,- i-cn-bm-b- ⁄m-\w,-i-cn-bm-b- s]-cp-am-‰w-).-

5.- k-∂ym-kw,- kz-bw-]o-V-\w,- \n-cm-lm-c-h-Xw- F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS- \n¿-hm-Ww- ]m-]n-°mw.-

6.- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚- ]-c-a- ]-[m-\-am-b- X-Øzw- A-lnw-kbmWv.

ssP\aXØns‚ ]ptcmKXn* ssP\-a-X-Øn-\v- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- t]m-’m-l-\w- e-

`n-®-Xv- A-Xn-s‚- ]-Nm-c-Øn-\p- k-lm-b-I-am-bn.- A-Pm-X-i-Xp,- N-µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥,- k-ºm-Xn,- J-c-th-e-≥,-A-tam-L-h¿-j-≥ ap-X-em-b-h¿- ssP-\-a-X-sØ- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-®- ]-ap-J- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cm-Wv.-

*- ssP-\-a-X-sØ- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-®- sX-t°- C-¥y-bn-se-

ssP\aXw ]mNo\ C¥y

cm-P-hw-i-ß-fm-Wv- I-Zw-_,- Kw-K,- Nm-eq-Iy,- cm-jv-S-Iq-S- F-∂n-h.-

*- _n.-kn.-c-≠mw- i-X-I-Øn¬- ssP-\-a-Xw- a-t[y-¥y-bn-epw- ]-›n-ta-¥y-bn-epw- h-ºn-®- tXm-Xn¬- ]p-c-tcm-K-Xn-ssI-h-cn-®p.-

*- ssP-\-a-Xw- U-°m-Wn¬- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- t\-Sn-b-Xv- F.-Un.-H-≥]-Xp-ap-X¬- 11 h-sc-bp-≈- i-Xm-_v-Z-ß-fn-em-Wv.-

*- Kp-P-dm-Øn¬- ssP-\-a-Xw- ]-N-cn-∏n-®- k-\ym-kn-bm-Wv-tl-a-N-µ-≥ (P-\-\w- F-Un- 1087).-

ssP\aXw £bn°m\p≠mbImcWßƒ

1. kv]¿-[,- A-ss\-Iyw,- hn-`m-Ko-b-X- F-∂n-h- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚- X-I¿-®-bv-°v- B-°w- Iq-ń.-

2.- tiz-Xw-_-c-≥am¿,- Zn-Kw-_-c-≥am¿- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠p-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn- ]n-f¿-∂- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-\v- kw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- ta-∑-bpw- sF-Iy-Zm¿-Vy-hpw- \-jv-S-s∏-´p.-

3.- i-‡n-a-Øm-b- a-X-]-Nm-c-W-Øn-s‚- A-`m-hw-4.- km-[m-c-W- P-\-ß-sf- B-I¿-jn-°m-≥ I-gn-bm-sX-t]m-

bn- F-∂- ]-cn-an-Xn.-5.- an-I-®- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- A-`m-hw-6.- C-X-c- a-X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈- a-’-c-sØ- A-Xn-Po-hn-°m-

≥ I-gn-bm-sX- t]m-b- km-l-N-cyw.-

ssP\aXØns‚kw`mh\Iƒ

* PmXn-c-ln-X- k-aq-l-Øn-\p-th-≠n- \n-e-sIm-≠- ssP-\-a-Xw- Pm-Xn-`n-∂-X-I-sf- e-Lq-I-cn-°m-≥ k-lm-b-I-am-bn.-

*- k-Zv-Kp-W-ß-fp-sS- ]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\v- ssP-\-a-Xw- ]p-e¿-Øn-b- i-≤- A-Xn-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°v- k-aq-l-Øn¬-am-\y-am-b- ÿm-\w- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.-

*- I-e,- km-ln-Xyw,- m-j- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- h-f¿-®-bv-°v- kw-`m-h-\- \¬-In.- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-\p- ]-I-cw- ]m-Ir-X- `m-j-bm-Wv- ssP-\¿- B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\v- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.-B- m-j-bp-sS- h-f¿-®-bv-°v- A-Xv- k-lm-b-I-am-bn.- an-°-ssP-a-X-Ir-Xn-I-fpw- ]m-Ir-X- m-j-bn-em-Wv- c-Nn-°-s∏- -Xv.- a-lm-ho-c-≥ X-s‚- B-i-b-ßƒ- ]-N-cn-∏n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®- `m-j- A¿-[-am-K-[n- F-∂- an-i- m-j-bm-Wv.-

*- X-an-gv,- I-∂-S- F-∂o- Zm-hn-U- `m-j-I-fp-sS- B-Zy-Im-e-h-f¿-®-bn-epw- ssP-\-a-Xw- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn- p-≠v.-Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-cw- c-Nn-®- C-f-t¶m- A-Sn-Iƒ- ssP-\-a-X-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- in¬-]-I-e,- hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy- F-∂o- ta-J-e-I-fn-epw- ssP-\-a-Xw- i-t≤-b-am-b- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ- A¿-∏n-®p.- H-do- -bn-se- lm-Yn-Kpw-`,- J-Wv-U-Kn-cn,- D-Z-b-Kn-cn- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-i-se- a-Yp-c,- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se- au-≠v- A-_p,- a-[y-]-tZ-in-se- J-Pp-cm-tlm,- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se- im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f- F-∂o- ÿ-e-ßƒ- ssP-\-I-e-bp-sS- ]-i-kv-X-tI-µ-ß-fm-W-v.

ssP\aX hn`mKßƒ* ssP\aXw tizXw_c≥am¿ (literally means "white-

clad"), ZnKw_c≥am¿ (literally means "Sky-clad")F∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ]n-cn-™p.- tiz-Xw-_-c-≥am¿- sh-

fp-Ø- h-kv-Xw- [-cn-®-h-cpw- Zn-Kw-_-c-≥am¿- h-kv-Xw-[-cn-°m-Ø-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- B-Zy- hn-`m-K-sØ- ÿq-e-`-Z-\pw- c-≠m-a-tØ-Xn-s\- `-Z-_m-lp-hpw- \-bn-®p.- sX-t°- C-¥y-bn¬- ssP-\-a-Xw- ]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv- Zn-Kw-_-c-≥am-c-mbncp∂p.

ssP\aX ktΩf\ßƒ* BZy-sØ- ssP-\-a-X- k-tΩ-f-\w- _n.-kn.- 300t\m-S-Sp-

Øv- ]m-S-eo-]p-X-Øp-\-S-∂p.- ÿq-e-`-Z-\m-Wv- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv.-

*- c-≠m-a-sØ- ssP-\-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\w- F-Un- 512˛¬- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- h-e-`n-bn¬-\-S-∂p.- tZ-h-c-Yn- £-am-i-a-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£-≥.

ssP\aX kmlnXyw* BKa,- Aw-K,- ]q¿-h- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- ssP-\-cp-sS- hn-ip-

≤- Ir-Xn-Iƒ.- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-≥am-cp-sS- h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv- Aw-K-F-∂- t]-cn¬- A¿-[- am-K-[n- `m-j-bn¬- k-am-l-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-h- 12 F-Æ-ap-≠v.- ssP-\-a-X-[¿-a-im-kv-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p- ]-Xn- ]m-Zn-°p-∂- ]q¿-h-ßƒ- 14 F-Æ-ap-≠v.-

*- I¬-]-kq-Xw- c-Nn-®-Xv- `-Z-_m-lp-hm-Wv.- ]m¿-iz-\m-Y-≥,- a-lm-ho-c-≥ ap-X-em-b- ssP-\-Xo¿-¶-c-≥am-cp-sS- Po-h-N-cn-X-am-Wv- I¬-]-kq-X-Øn-s‚- ]-Xn-]m-Zyw.-

*- \ym-b-N-µ-kq-cn- F-∂- k-\ym-kn-bm-Wv- l-Ωn-c- a-lm-Im-hy-Øn-s‚- I¿Ømhv.

][m\s∏´ Nne hkvXpXIƒ* ssP\-a-Xw- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- X-Øz-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- im-

kv-Xo-bw- F-√m- h-kv-Xp-Iƒ-°pw- Po-h-\p-≠v- F-∂-Xm-Wv.- Ir-jn- \n-tcm-[n-®-Xm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- A-im-kv-Xo-b-am-b- X-Øz-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ssP-\-X-a-Øn-\v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- hym-]m-cn- k-aq-l-Øn-e-mWv (Mercantile community)

* 22 a-sØ- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-b- t\-an-\m-Y-s‚- Nn-”w- iw-Jv-B-bn-cp-∂p.- ]m¿-iz-\m-Y-s‚-Xv- ]m-ºv.- a-lm-ho-c-t‚-Xv-knw-lw.-

*- -a-lm-ho-c-s‚- ]p-Xn- A-tPm-P- ]n-b-Z¿-i-\-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®- P-am-en-bm-Wv- a-lm-ho-c-s‚- B-Zy- in-jy-≥.-

*- -ssP-\-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®- B-Zy- au-cy- N-I-h¿-Øn- N-µ-Kp-]v-X- au-cy-\m-Wv.-

*- -ssP-\-a-Xm-i-a-ßƒ- _-kvXnIƒ (Basadis) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.- B-cm-[-\m- tI-µ-ßƒ- t£-X-ß-fm-W-v.

* alm-ho-c≥ A¥-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv aK[ cmPmhvAPmX iXp-hm-Wv.

A\p_‘hnhcßƒ*- -_p-≤-a-X-°m-cp-sS- ]m-en- `m-j-bn-ep-≈- tc-J-I-fn¬- a-

lm-ho-c-s\- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv- Nigantha Nataputta F-∂- t]-cn-em-Wv.-

*- -cm-P-ÿm-\n-se- au-≠v- A-_p-hn-em-Wv- Zn¬-hm-cm- ssP-\-t£-X-ßƒ.- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\pw- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw-\q-‰m-≠n-\pw- C-S-bv-°v- Nm-eq-Iy-hw-i-Øn-se- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cm-Wv- Cu- t£-X-ßƒ- am¿-_n-fn¬- \n¿-an-®-Xv.-

*- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-[m-\- ssP-\-tI-µw- im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-bm-Wv.- C-hn-sS- tKm-a-tX-iz-c-≥ A-Y-hm-_m-lp-_-en-bp-sS- ò-a-Im-c-am-b- ]-Xn-a-bp-≠v.- C-Xn-\v-55 A-Sn- (17 ao-‰¿-)- D-b-c-ap-≠v.- B-Zy-sØ- ssP-\- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-b- E-j-`-tZ-h-s‚- \q-dp-a-°-fn¬- c-≠m-a-\m-bn-cp-∂p- _m-lp-_-en.- cm-P-]-Z-hn- D-t]-£n-®v- k-∂ym-kn-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂-bm-fm-Wv- _m-lp-_-en.-

*- -im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-bn-se- ]-[m-\- D-’-h-am-b- a-lm-a-kv-X-Im- n-tj-Iw- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- 12 h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv.-

*- -`-K-hm-≥ a-lm-ho¿- km-Mv-Nz-dn- tKm-h-bn-em-Wv.-*- -a-lm-ho-c-s‚- P-∑-Zn-\w- a-lm-ho¿- P-b-¥n-bm-bn- B-tLm-

jn-°p-∂p.- ssN-X-am-k-Øn-se- 13 a-sØ- Zn-h-k-am-Wv-A-t±-lw- P-\n-®-Xv.- C-Xv- am¿-®v- am-k-Øn-tem- G-]n¬-B-Zy-tam- B-tLm-jn-°p-∂p.-

*- -a-lm-ho-c-s‚- am-Xm-hv- Xn-im-e,- ssh-im-en-bn-se- cm-Pm-hv- tN-X-I-s‚- k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -a-lm-ho-c-s‚- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- ]m¿-iz-\m-Y-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -N-µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥ ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se- Zn-Kw-_-c- hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 15

* t_cnbw I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv 1774-˛¬ Imƒjose-bm-Wv. BZy-ambn th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-ØXv (1808) Sir Humphry Davy.ip≤-amb t_cnbw asÆ-Æ-bn-emWvkq£n-°p-∂-Xv. kv]m¿°v π§p-I-fnepwhmIzw Syq_p-I-fnepw t_cnbw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

* t_cn-b-Øns‚ Abn-cmWv Barite.* Icn-a-cp∂v ]tbm-K-ß-fn¬ ]® \ndw

e`n-°m≥ t_cnbw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.* s_dn-en-b-Øns‚ Abn-cmWv Beryl.

Ce-Iv-Sn-Iv- _ƒ-_p-I-fn-epw- v-fq-d-k-‚ v-Syq-_p-I-fn-epw- s_-dn-en-bw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-

*- -s_-dn-en-bw- A-ep-an-\n-bw- kn-en-t°-‰v- F-

a-dmƒ-Uv- (a-c-X-Iw-)- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-*- -G-‰-hpw- A-]q¿-h-am-b- aq-e-Iw- A-Ãm-

Ãn-≥ B-Wv.-*- -ssh-Zyp-X- Nm-e-I-ti-jn- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-

™- tem-l-am-Wv- _n-kv-a-Øv.- C-Xn-s‚-A-bn-cp-I-fmWv Bismuthinite,BismiteF∂n-h.

* G‰hpw ImTn-\y-ap≈ sa‰-tembvUmWvt_mtdm¨. Imcwkv t_m¿Uns‚ an\p-

kw-Iq-´m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]uU-dmWv t_mdnIv BknUv ]uU¿.

* G‰hpw ImTn\yw- Iq-Sn-b- sa-‰-tem-bv-Uv-t_m-tdm-¨- B-Wv.-

*- -A-Wp-i-‡n- \n-e-b-ß-fn¬- \yq-tSm-Wp-I-sf- ]-h¿-Ø-\- c-ln-X-am-°m-≥ \yq-tSm-Wn-s\- B-Kn-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xp-am-‰p-∂-t_m-tdm-¨- Ão¬- A-s√-¶n¬- Im-Uv-an-bw- sIm-≠p-≈- \n-b-¥-W- Z-Wv-Up-Iƒ-D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-

*- -Zm-h-Im-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈- A-tem-l-am-Wv-t_m-an-≥.- C-Xv- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- ^m-≥knse Antoine J. Balard (1826).

* ImUvanbw aqe-amWv CXm-bv-˛-C-XmbvtcmKw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ImUvanbw I≠p-]n -S n -®Xv P¿a -\n -bnse FredrichStromeyer(1817 ).

* \n°¬-˛-Im-Uvanbw _m‰-dn -I-fpsS\n¿am-W-Øn\v Cu aqeIw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

* At‰m-anIv t¢m°p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ aqe-I-amWv kokn-bw.

* kvs]IvSw A\m-en-kn-kn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb BZy aqe-I-amWv kokn-bw.Fustov Kirchoff , Robert Bunsen F∂n-h-cmWv 1860-˛¬ CXv Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.

* G‰hpw henb B‰-ap≈ aqeIwkokn-b-am-Wv. kokn-b-Øns‚ Abn--cp-I-fmWv Pollucite, Lepidolite

* Jcm -h -ÿ-bn -ep≈ teml-ß-fn¬G‰hpw arZp-hm-bXv kokn-b-am-Wv.

* t^mt´m Ce-IvSnIv sk√p-I-fn¬koknbw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

* Im¬kyw I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv Sir HumphryDavy (1808). AWp-kwJy 20.

* a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- tem-l-am-Wv- Im¬-kyw.- A-ÿn-I-fn-se- ]-[m-\-L-S-I-am-Wv- Im¬-kyw-t^m-kv-t^-‰v.-

*- -B-kv-s_-tÃm-kn-s‚- cm-k-\m-a-am-Wv-

Im¬-kyw- a-·o-jyw- kn-en-t°-‰v.- C-Xv-tdm-°v- tIm-´-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -Pn-]v-k-Øn-s‚- cm-k-\m-aw- Im¬-kyw-kƒ-t -‰v.- Im¬-kyw- ssl-tUm-Iv-ssk-Um-Wv- Im-Ãn-Iv- ssew.-

*- -tNm-°n-s‚- cm-k-\m-a-am-Wv- Im¬-kyw-

Im¿-_-tW-‰v.- ]-g-ßƒ- Ir-Xn-a-am-bn- ]-gp-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- cm-k-h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv- Im¬-kyw- Im¿-ss_-Uv.-

*- -t -°-Uv- ssew- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-Im¬-kyw- ssl-tUm-Iv-ssk-Uv.- πm-Ã¿-Hm- v- ]m-co-kn-s‚- cm-k-\m-aw- Im¬-kyw-kƒ-t^-‰v.-

*- -kn-a-‚n-s‚- sk-‰nw-Kv- k-a-bw- I-ao-I-cn-°m-≥ A-Xn¬- tN¿-°p-∂-Xv- Pn-]v-k-am-Wv.-

*- -Sq-Øv- t]-Ãn¬- t]m-fn-jn-Mv- G-P-‚m-bn-tN¿-°p-∂-Xv- Im¬-kyw- Im¿-_-tW-‰m-Wv.-

*- -a-Æn-s‚- A-av-f-Xzw- Ip-d-bv-°m-≥ Im¬-kyw- ssl-tUm-Iv-ssk-Uv- tN¿-°p-∂p.-a-Æn-s‚- £m-c-Xzw- Ip-d-bv-°m-≥ A-ep-an-\n-bw- k¬-t^-‰v- tN¿-°p-∂p.-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kw-bp-‡-ßƒ- D-≠m-

°p-∂- aq-e-Iw- Im¿-_-Wm-Wv.- q-an-bn¬-Po-h-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-b- aq-e-I-sa-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Im¿-_-Wm-Wv.- A-Wp-kw-Jy- 6.-

*- -Im¿-_-Wn-s‚- cq-]m-¥-am-b- Km-ss^-‰v-ªm-°v- se-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- A-tem-l-ß-fn¬-h-®v- G-‰-hpw- \-∂m-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- I-S-Øn-hn-Sp-∂-Xv.-

*- -J-cm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ssU- sF-kv- F-∂m-Wv.-

*- -A-·n-i-a-\n-I-fn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- hm-X-I-am-Wv- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv.-I-≈v- ]p-fn-°p-tºmƒ- (s^¿-a-t‚-j-≥A-Y-hm- In-Wz-\w-)- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- hm-X-Iw- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Um-Wv.-

*- -Ko-≥ lu-kv- C-^-Iv-Sn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b-]-[m-\- hm-X-Iw- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Um-Wv.-

*- -I-°,- Np-Æm-ºv-I-√v- F-∂n-h- i-‡n-bm-bn- Nq-Sm-°p-tºmƒ- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv- ]p-d-Øp-h-cpw.-

*- -k-ky-ßƒ- cm-Xn- ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂- hm-X-Iw- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Um-Wv.-]-I¬- ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xv- Hm-Iv-kn-P-≥.-

*- -ip-I-\n-epw- sNm-∆-bn-epw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-Sp-X-ep-≈- hm-X-Iw- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Um-Wv.-

*- -Np-Æm-ºv- sh-≈-sØ- ]m¬-\n-d-am-°p-∂-hm-X-I-am-Wv- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv.-

*- -Im¿-_- - U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Un-\-Sp-Øv- Xo-Im-Wn-®m¬- S-]v- F-∂- i-_v-Z-tØm-sS-A-W-™p-t]m-Ipw.-

*- -A-cn-am-hn¬- bo-Ãv- tN¿-Øp-h-®n-cp-∂m¬-D-≠m-Ip-∂- hm-X-Iw- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv.-

*- -D-∂-X- a¿-±-Øn¬- Im¿-_-¨- ssU- Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv- P-e-Øn¬- e-bn-∏n-®m-Wv- tkm-Um- P-ew- (Im¿-t_m-Wn-Iv- B-kn-Uv-)-\n¿-a-n-°p-∂-Xv.

G‰hpw arZp-hm-b Jc-temlw

- *- -i-co-c-Øn-\v- B-Ir-Xn-bpw- _-e-hpw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- A-ÿn-I-fpw- t]-in-I-fp-am-Wv.-

*- -ap-Xn¿-∂- H-cm-fn-s‚- i-co-c-Øn¬- 206 A-ÿn-I-fp-≠m-hpw.-

*- -\-h-Pm-X-in-ip-hn-\v- 300 A-ÿn-I-fp-≠m-hpw.- h-f-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- Nn-e- A-ÿn-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- tN-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- F-Æ-Øn¬- Ip-d-hp-≠m-hp-∂p.-

*- -K¿- -ÿ-in-ip-hn-\v- \m-em-gv-N- ]m-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ- X-cp-Wm-ÿn,- A-ÿn- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-Ww- Xp-S-ßp-∂p.-

*- -A-ÿn-Iƒ- \n¿-an-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-Im¬-kyw- t^m-kv-t^-‰v- sIm-≠m-Wv.-

*- -F-√n-s‚-bpw- ]-√n-s‚-bpw- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v- B-h-iy-am-b- aq-e-I-am-Wv- Im¬-kyw.-

*- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-ÿn-bm-Wv- Xp-S-sb-√v- A-Y-hm- ^o-a¿.-

*- -H-cp- Im-en¬- 30 A-ÿn-I-fp-≠m-hpw.- Im¬-∏m-Z-Øn-se- A-ÿn-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 26.-

*- -I-W-¶m-en-se- A-ÿn-I-fm-Wv- Sn-_n-b-bpw-^n-_p-e-bpw.- Im¬-ap- n-se- A-ÿn-bm-Wv-]m-s‰-√.-

*- -D-∏q-‰n-bn-em-Wv- Im¬-t°-\n-b-kv- A-ÿn.-*- -]m-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- t]m-

tUm-f-Pn.-*- -ssI-bn-se- A-ÿn-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 30.-*- -td-Un-b-kv,- Aƒ-\- F-∂o-h-bm-Wv- ssI-

Ø-≠-bn-se- A-ÿn-Iƒ.- `p-Pm-ÿn- A-Y-hm- lyp-a-d-kv- B-Wv- ssI-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-ÿn.- a-Wn-_-‘-Øn¬-F-´v- A-ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.-

*- -hn-c-ep-I-fn-se- A-ÿn-I-fm-Wv- ^-em-©-kv.-

*- -\-s´-√n-se- I-ti-cp-°-fp-sS- F-Æw- 33B-Wv.- Nn-e- I-ti-cp-°ƒ- X-Ωn¬- tN¿-∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬- \-s´-√n-se- A-ÿn-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 26 B-Wv.-

*- -\-s´-√n-se- B-Zy- A-ÿn-bm-Wv- A-‰v-e-kv.-

*- -I-gp-Øn-se- I-ti-cp-°-fp-sS- F-Æw- 7B-Wv.-

*- -X-e-tbm- n-bn¬- B-sI- A-ÿn-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 22 B-Wv.-

*- -X-e-tbm- n-bn-se- N-en-∏n-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-G-I- A-ÿn-bm-Wv- Io-gv-Øm-Sn-sb-√v.-

*- -Hm-tcm- sN-hn-bn-epw- aq-∂v- A-ÿn-Iƒ-ho-X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- am-en-b-kv,- C-≥I-kv,-tÃ-∏n-kv- F-∂n-h.-

*- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- A-ÿn-bm-Wv- tÃ-∏n-kv.-

*- -hm-cn-sb-√p-Iƒ- 12 tPm-Sn- A-Y-hm- 24 F-Æ-am-Wv.-

*- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se- a-‰v- A-ÿn-I-fp-am-bn- _-‘n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø- G-I- A-ÿn-bm-

Aÿn hyhÿ (Skeletal System) Poh-imkvXw-

ck-X¥w

Wv- Hyoid bone.

]-√v-*- -a-\p-jy-\v- 32 ]-√p-I-fp-≠v.-*- -]-√p-Iƒ- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂- ]-Zm¿-Y-am-Wv-

sU-ss‚-≥.-*- -tam-W-bv-°p-]p-d-Øv- Im-Wp-∂- ]-√n-s‚-

`m-K-am-Wv- Z-¥-a-Ip-Sw.-*- -C-Xn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- ]p-d-Øp-≈- B-h-c-W-

am-Wv- C-\m-a¬.- i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-I-Sp-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-am-Wv- C-\m-a¬.-

*- -C-\m-a-en-s‚- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b-aq-e-I-am-Wv- ^v-fq-dn-≥.-

*- -Sq-Øv- t]-Ãp-I-fn-se- ]-[m-\- L-S-Iw-Im¬-kyw- ^v-fq-ssd-Um-Wv.-

*- -B-Zyw- ap-f-®p-h-cp-∂- ]-√p-I-fm-Wv- ]m¬-∏-√p-Iƒ.- A-h- 20 F-Æ-ap-≠v.-

*- -]-c-∂v- aq¿-®-bp-≈- A-‰-tØm-Sv- Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-Wv- D-fn-∏-√p-Iƒ.- C-h- B-lm-cw- I-Sn-®p-ap-dn-°m-≥ k-lm-b-I-am-Wv.-

*- -Iq¿-Ø- A-‰-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv- tIm-º-√p-Iƒ.-C-h- B-lm-cw- I-Sn-®p-]n-Sn-°m-\pw- amw-kw- I-Sn-®p-]-dn-°m-\pw- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-

*- -]-√p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- Hm-U-t‚m-f-Pn.-

*- -]-tbm-dn-b- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- tam-W-sb-bm-Wv.-

16 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

C\n ae-∏p-d-tØ-°v.- am-am-¶-kv-a-c-W-I-fp-d-ßp-∂- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b,- tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tX-°p-tXm- -am-b- sIm-t\m-eo-kv- tπm- v,- B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-sa-∂v- hm-gv-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂- tIm- -bv-°¬,- sN-dn-b- sa-°-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- s]m-∂m-\n,-I-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-b- tX-™n-∏-ew- Xp-S-ßn- ]-[m-\y-ap-≈- \n-c-h-[n- ÿ-e-ßƒ- Cu- Pn-√-bn-ep-≠v.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- Pn-√,- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-t±-i- -c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≈- Pn-√- ,- ]-hm-kn-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-tXy-I-X-I-fpw- a-e-∏p-d-Øn-\v- kz-¥-am-Wv.- A-h-sb-°p-dn-s®-√mw- hn-i-Z-am-bn- a-\- -n-em-°mw.

tIc-f-ØnsePn√I-ƒ-ae∏pdw

]n.-F-kv.-hm-cy¿- tIm- -bv-°-en¬-\n-∂v- B-cw-`n-®- [-\z-¥-cn.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-˛-ss^- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bm-Wv- a-e-∏p-dw- (2015).-

*- Cw-•n-jv- B-≥Uv- t^m-dn-≥ emw-tKz-P-kv-bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Im-º-kv- a-e-∏p-dw- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-(2013).-

*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-cm-Xn- c-ln-X-ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- a-e-∏p-d-am-Wv- (2014).-

*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]n.-]n.-]n (]ªn-Iv- ss]h‰v- ]m¿- n-kn-t∏j≥-) Xp-d-ap-Jw-ÿ-m]n-°p-∂Xv -s]m-∂m\nbnem-Wv.

kq∏¿te‰ohpIƒ* temI-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- tX-

°p-tX-m´w˛ \neºqcnse sImt\mentπm´v

* G‰hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k- mw-K-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv- kn.-l-cn-Zm-km-Wv.- \n-e-ºq¿-a-Wv-U-e-sØ- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- C-t±-lw- 1980 s^-_p-h-cn- 15˛-\v- k-Xy-]-

Xn-⁄- sN-øp-I-bpw- s^-_p-h-cn- 25˛-\v-cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- sd-Kp-te-‰¿- -Iw- -_n-Uv-Pv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Xn-cq-cn-s\-bpw- s]m-∂m-\n-sb-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw- m-c-X-∏p-g-bv-°v- Ip-dp-sI-bp-≈-Xp-am-b- 978 ao-‰¿- \o-f-ap-≈- \n¿-an-Xn-bm-Wv.- 2012˛¬- B-bn-cp-∂p- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w.-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- tX-°v- \n-e-ºq-cn-e-m-Wv.

A]c\maßƒ* GXp ÿeØns‚ ]gb t]cmWv

sh¶StIm´˛ tIm´bv°¬

* Bbp¿-th-Z-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- tIm-´-bv-°-em-Wv.-

*- -\n-f,-t]-cm¿- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏Sp∂ \Zn˛`mcX∏pg

* sNdnb a° F∂dnbs∏Sp∂, ae∏pdwPn√bnse ÿew˛ s]m∂m\n

* tIc-f-Ønse sa° F∂dnb-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw s]m∂m-\n-bm-Wv.

* ae-∏p-d-Øns‚ Duń F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛ sImSn-Ip-Øn-ae

* ae-∏pdw an\n Duń F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂XvAcnº Ip∂p-I-fm-Wv (Arimbra Hills).

* kwkvIrXØn¬ h√`t£mWnF∂dnbs∏ńcp∂ ]tZiw˛h≈ph\mSv

* IqS√qcns‚ IYmImc≥˛Fw.Sn.hmkptZh≥ \mb¿

* \nfbpsS IYmImc≥˛Fw.Sn.hmkptZh≥ \mb¿

* t]mØ-∂q-cnse Ccp-´d Zpc¥w (BlackHole of Podanur) F∂v ]ikvX Ncn-X-Im-c≥ kpanXv k¿°m¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-

®- kw-`-hw- hm-K-¨- Sm-P-Un-(1921)-bm-Wv-(1756˛¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- kn-dm-Pv- D-Zv-Zu-f-bp-sS- ssk-\yw- H-cp- C-cp-´-d-bn¬-AS® _nńjv tk\mwK--ßƒ Dƒs∏sS123 t]¿ izmkw apń acn® kw`hamWvC¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ccp-´d Zpc¥wF∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv)

* ae-_m¿ tKmJse F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xva¶S IrjvW-h¿a cmP-bm-Wv.

][m\s∏´ hkvXpXIƒ* amam¶thZnbmbncp∂ Xncp\mhmb

GXp \ZnbpsS XocØmbncp∂p ˛`mcX∏pg

* \neºqcnse tX°n≥ImSpIfneqsS

HgpIp∂ \Zn NmenbmdmWv.

][m\ hy‡nIƒ* amam¶Øn-te-°v- Nm-th-dp-I-sf- A-b-®n-

cp-∂- cmPmhv˛ h≈pht°m\mXncn* tIm´bv°¬ BcysshZyime

ÿm]n®Xv˛ ]n.Fkv.hmcy¿ (1902).* ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Im-eØv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

bmbn hmgn-®Xv Ben apk-en-bmscbm-Wv (1861-˛1922).

][m\ ÿeßƒ* tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- ÿn-Xn-sN-

øp-∂- -I-cn-∏q¿- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn-¬˛ae∏pdw* Xp©≥ ]-d-ºv- F-hn-sS- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-

∂p˛ Xncq¿* \mhmapIpµt£Xw FhnsSbmWv˛

Xncp\mhmb (CXv- hn-jv-Wp-t£-X-am-Wv-)-*- -Im-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-

\-am-b- tX-™n-∏-ew- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn-¬˛ae∏pdw

* C.Fw.-F-kv.- P-\n-®- G-ew-Ip-fw- a-\- I-S-ep-≠n-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- s]-cn-¥¬-a-Æ-bv-°-Sp-Øm-Wv.-

* B-en- ap-k-en-bm¿- P-\n-®-Xv- s\-√n-°p-∂-Øv- tZ-i-Øm-Wv.-

* a-e-∏p-dw- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- lr-Z-b- m-K-Øm-Wv-tIm-´-°p-∂v.

][m\ kw`hßƒ* ae_m¿ Iem]w \S∂ h¿jw˛ 1921* ae_m¿- I-em-]-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-b- ]q-

t°m- q¿- bp-≤w- \-S-∂-Xv- 1921 Hm-K-Ãv- 26 -\m-Wv.-

*- -B-en- ap-k-en-bm-sc- tIm-b-º-Øq¿- P-bn-en¬- Xq-°n-s°m-∂-Xv- 1922 s^-_p-h-cn-17˛-\m-Wv.

][m\ ÿm]\ßƒ* tIcf Kmao¨ _m¶ns‚ Bÿm\w˛

ae∏pdw (t\m¿Øv- a-e-_m¿- Km-ao- -_m-¶pw- ku-Øv- a-e-_m¿- Km-ao- - _m-¶pw- kw-tbm-Pn-®v- 2013˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xm-Wv- tI-c-f- Km-ao- - _m-¶v-).-

*- -a-e-bm-fw- dn-k¿-®v- sk-‚¿˛ Xncq¿* tIc-f- hp-Uv- C-≥U-kv-So-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-

\w˛ \neºq¿* ta¬∏Øq¿ kvamcIw FhnsSbmWv˛

Xncp\mhmbbv°SpØv Nµ\°mhn¬* ae_m¿ kvs]jy¬ s]meokns‚

Bÿm\w˛ ae∏pdw (1921-emWv Fw.-F-kv.-]n. cq]w-sIm-≠Xv)

* Ien°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿ-m\w˛ tX™n∏ew (I-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv- \n¿-am-b- I¿-a-Wm-io-)-

*- -hm-K-¨- Sm-P-Un- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- Xn-cq-cn-em-Wv.- Zp-c-¥w- kw-`-hn-®- hm-K-Wn-s‚-(Fw-F-kv-Fw- F¬- hn- 1711)- B-Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv- C-Xv- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -I-ip-h-≠n- K-th-j-W- tI-µw- -- B-\-°-bw-

* A£b- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®- Pn-√-*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- Pn-√-*- -ap-…n-ßƒ- F-Æ-Øn-epw- i-X-am-\m-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn-epw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√-*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-kw-ªn-

\n-tbm-P-I- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fp-≈- (16)- Pn-√-*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-

≈- Pn-√-*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-t±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-

ß-fp-≈- Pn-√- (Xn-X-e- Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS-)-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- P-\-kw-Jym- h-f¿-®m- \n-c-°p-≈- Pn-√-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Km-a-hm-kn-I-fp-≈- Pn-√-*- -km-£-c-cp-sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-

≈- Pn-√- (i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- tIm--bw-)-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- hn-tZ-i-Øv- tPm-en-°v- t]m-Ip-∂,- A-Y-hm- ]-hm-kn-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k¿-°m¿-kv-Iq-fp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- a-e-∏p-d-amWv.

BZysØXv* temI-Ønse BZysØ tX°p πmt‚-

j-\mWv \ne-ºq-cnse sImt\m-eokvtπm´v (1844). ae-_m¿ Ie-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂F®v.-hn.-sImt\men-bmWv CXv hnI-kn-∏n-®-Xv.

* tIcfØnse BZysØ sdbn¬thsse≥˛ Xncq¿˛t_∏q¿ (1861)

* tIcfØnse BZysØ A£btIµwBcw`n® ]©mbØv˛ sImt≠mńtªm°nse ]≈n°¬ ]©mbØv

* C¥ybnse GI tX°v ayqknbw˛shfnbt¥mSv

* IpSpw-_io ]≤Xn BZyw \S-∏n-em-°nb Pn√(1998)˛ ae-∏pdw (Be∏pgPn√-bn¬- k-am-\-kz-`m-h-ap-≈- kw-cw-`w-ap-ºv- Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw-Ip-Spw-_-io- F-∂- \m-a-t[-b-tØm-sS- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- a-e-∏p-d-Øm-Wv.- A-∂-sØ- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn-bm-Wv- 1998˛¬- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-)-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-tbm- dn-tkm-gv-k-kv- \m-®p-d¬- ]m¿-°v-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-

*- -a-e-bm-fw- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿- - sI.-P-b-Ip-am¿-

*- -a-e-_m-dn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- tIm-tf-Pm-Wv- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- s]m-hn-U-≥kv- tIm-tf-Pv- (1952).-

*- -tk-h-\-an-I-hn-\v- sF.-F-kv.-H.- k¿-ń-^n-t°-j-≥ e-`n-®- cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy- \-K-c-k-`-bm-Wv- a-e-∏p-dw.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- C-˛-K-th-W-≥kv- Un-Pn-‰¬- km-£-c-Xm- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b- \-K-c-k-`-bm-Wv- Xn-cq¿.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-hm-kn- t£-a-hn-I-k-\- k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw- ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw- n-®-Xv- a-e-∏p-d-sØ- Ip-∂p-Ω-en-em-Wv.-

*- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-Zy-im-kv-X- am-kn-I-bm-Wv- 1903˛¬- ssh-Zy-c-Xv-\w-

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 17

Ipg∏n°p∂hkvXpXIƒ

* am∏nf- I-em-]-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v- X-S-hp-]p-≈n-I-sf- Xn-cq-cn¬-\n-∂v- s_-√m-cn- P-bn-en-te-°v- am-‰m-≥ Kp-Uv-kv- hm-K-Wn¬-Ip-Øn-\n-d-®v- A-b-bv-°p-I-bpw- A-h-cn¬-Ip-td-t∏¿- bm-Xm-a-t[y- izm-kw-ap-ń- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- kw-`-h-am-Wv- hm-K-¨-Sm-P-Un- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- t]m-Ø-∂q-cn¬-h-®m-Wv- C-Xv- i-≤-bn¬-s∏-´-Xv.- 64t]¿- bm-X-a-t[y-bpw- 8 t]¿- tIm-b-º-Øq¿- B-ip-]-Xn-bn¬-h-®pw- a-c-W-a-S-™p.- 1921 \-hw-_¿- ]-Øn-\m-Wv- Cu- kw-`-hw- \-S-∂-Xv- (a-c-W-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- F-Æw-kw-_-‘n-®v- hy-Xy-kv-X- I-W-°p-I-fm-Wv-N-cn-X- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬- D-≈-Xv-).-

*- -I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√-I-fn¬-G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- a-e-∏p-d-am-Wv- (3550 N.-In.-ao-).- F-∂m¬,- I-S¬-Øo-cw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-Æq-cn-\m-W-v.

A]q¿h hkvXpXIƒ* C¥ybnse Htcsbmcp tX°v ayqknbw

FhnsSbmWv˛ \neºq¿* hmK¨ SmP-Un-sb-°p-dn®v At\z-jn®

IΩo-j≥ ˛ t\∏v IΩo-j≥* tIc-f-Øn-se- _m-“-W-cp-sS- B-Nm-cy-

ÿm-\-hpw- cm-Pm-°-≥am-sc- A-cn-bn- p-hm-gn-°m-≥ A-[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- B-gv-hm-t©-cn- X-ºm-°-≥am-cp-sS- B-ÿm-\w˛ BXh\mSv

* `m-c-X-∏p-g-sb- sh-fn-bm-t¶m-´p-Im-b-ep-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- s]m-∂m-\n-°-\m¬.-

*- -B-Vy-≥]m-d- sh-≈-®m-´w- a-e-∏p-dw- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -Zp¿-K-bv-°v- k-a¿-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- hn-K-l-an-√m-Ø- t£-X-am-Wv- Im-Sm-ºp-g.-

*- -am-am-¶- k-a-b-Øv- km-aq-Xn-cn-sb- h-[n-°p-I- F-∂- e-£y-hp-am-bn- h-≈p-h-\m-ń¬-\n-∂p-h-∂v- a-c-Ww- h-cn-°p-∂- Nm-th-dp-I-fp-sS- P-Uw- a-d--hp-sN-bvXn-cp∂ CS-amWv aWn-°n-W¿.

* Ip-Xn-c-Ifn F∂ A\p-jvTm\ \rØ-cq]w ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈Xv ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn--em-Wv.

NcnX]Yw* sh≈m-ńcn AYhm- h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-

cn- (h-≈p-h-\m-Sv- cm-Pm-hv-)- B-bn-cp-∂p- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-≥.- h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-sb- tXm¬-]n-®- km-aq-Xn-cn- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£- ]-Z-hn- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp.-km-aq-Xn-cn-sb- h-[n-®v- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-]-Zw- ho-s≠-Sp-°m-≥ h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn- A-b-bv-°p-∂- tbm-≤m-°-fm-Wv-Nm-th-dp-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- -]-i-kv-X- N-cn-X-Im-c-\m-b- sI.-hn.- Ir-jv-W-ø-cp-sS- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬- A-h-km-\-sØ- am-am-¶w- \-S-∂-Xv- 1755˛¬- B-Wv.-F-∂m¬- tI-c-f- N-cn-X-\n¿-an-Xn-bn¬-\n¿-Wm-b-I- ]-¶p-h-ln-®- hn-eyw- tem-K-≥ a-e-_m¿- am-\z-en¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- A-h-km-\-sØ- am-am-¶w-\-S-∂-Xv- 1743˛¬- F-∂m-Wv- (A-[ym-bw-:- P-\-ßƒ-).- 1766˛¬- A-h-km-\-sØ- am-am-¶w- \-S-∂p- F-∂p- I-cp-Xp-∂- N-cn-X-Im-c-≥am-cpw- D-≠v.- C-Xn¬- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-cp- h¿-j-sØ- A-h-km-\-sØ- am-am-¶w- \-S-∂- h¿-j-am-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°m-sa-¶n-epw- A-h-km-\-sØ- am-am-¶w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw- N-cn-X-Im-c-≥am¿-°n-S-bn¬-X¿-°-hn-j-b-am-Wv.-

*- -am-L-am-k-Øn-se- a-Iw-ap-X¬- ]p-jy-am-k-Øn-se- ]q-bw- h-sc- 30 Zn-h-kw- \o-fp-∂- B-tLm-j-am-bn-cp-∂p- am-am-¶w.-

am-am-¶w-]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- ]-¥-≠p-h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬- m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- Xn-cp-\m-hm-bn-se- a-W¬-Øn-´-bn¬- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- a-tlm-’-h-am-Wv- am-am-¶w.- hym-g-K-lw- I¿-°-S-I-cm-in-bn¬- \n¬-°p-∂- h¿-j-Øn-se- am-L-am-k-sØ- a-lm-am-Lw- F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂p.- C-Xp- kw-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv- 12 h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv.- a-lm-am-L-Øn-se- D-’-hw-am-am-¶-sa-∂v- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-

am-am-¶-sØ-°p-dn-®v- \n-c-h-[n- sF-Xn-ly-ßƒ- D-≠v.- tI-c-f- N-I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂- s]-cp-am-°-≥am-cm-Wv- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-ÿm-\w- h-ln-®n-cp-∂-X-sX.- Xn-cp-\m-hm-bm-bn-se- \m-hm-ap-Ip-µ-t£-X-Øn-\v- A-c- \m-gn-I- A-I-se-bp-≈- D-b¿-∂-X-d-bn¬- sI-ń-bp-≠m-°n-b-hm-I-bq¿- a-fi-]-Øn¬-h-®v- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- s]-cp-amƒ- \m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]m-cn-tXm-jn-I-ßƒ- G-‰p-hm-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s\- "-s]-cp-\n-e-'- \n¬-°p-I- F-∂m-Wv- ]-d-™n-cp-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f-sam-´m-sI-bp-≈- cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpw- ]-`p-°-∑m-cpw- am-S-ºn-am-cpw- am-am-¶-Øn¬-]-s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.-

tN-c-am-≥ s]-cp-amƒ- cm-Pyw- _-‘p-°ƒ-°pw- kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ-°pw- sIm-Sp-Ø-ti-jw- a-°-bv-°p-t]m-bn- F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂- sF-Xo-ly-tØm-sS- am-am-¶w- \-S-Øm-\p-≈- Np-a-X-e- h-≈p-h-\m-Sv- cm-Pm-hn-\v- A-Y-hm- h-≈-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-°v- (sh-≈m- n-cn-)- e- n-®p.- ]-Xn-\m-emw- i-X-I-Øn-s‚-D-Ø-cm¿-[-Øn¬- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- km-aq-Xn-cn- h-≈p-h-\m-Sv-B-I-an-°p-I-bpw- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-ÿm-\w- I-c-ÿ-am-°p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-

F-∂m¬,- c-£m-]p-cp-j-ÿm-\w- h-ln-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- s]-cp-amƒ- \¬-In-b-Xv- s]-cp-º-S-∏n-\m-Wv- (sIm-®n-)- F-∂pw- A-`n-]m-b-ap-≠v.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- sIm-®n-cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ]-Z-hn- "-tIm-bn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-'-F-∂m-b-X-tX.- ]n-∂o-Sv- Cu- A-[n-Im-cw- s]-cp-º-S-∏v- h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-°v- ssI-am-dn.- s]-cp-º-S-∏v- h-t∂-cn- Nn-X-Iq-S-Øn¬-h-®v- In-co-S-[m-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-h-∂m¬- \n-e-]m-Sp- \n¬-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- H-gn-™p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- hy-h-ÿ.- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- h-t∂-cn-bpw- \n-e-]m-Sp-\n¬-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-hpw- km-aq-Xn-cn- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv.- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-am-bn- am-am-¶-sØ- _-‘n-∏n-°p-

∂- H-cp- I-Y-bp-ap-≠v.- ]-¥-≠p-h¿-jw- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ-F-√m-h-cp-sS-bpw- km-∂n-[y-Øn¬- ]p-Xn-b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb- sX-c-s™-Sp-°m-≥ ]-c-ip-cm-a-\m-Wv- Cu- G¿-∏m-Sv- D-≠m-°n-b-sX-∂p- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-bm-Wv- B-Zy- c-£m-]p-cp-j-\m-b-Xv.- A-t±-l-sØ- am-am-¶w- \-S-Øm-\pw- A-Xn-\p-th-≠- kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-Im-≥ km-aq-Xn-cn-sb-bpw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-≥ \n-iv-N-bn-®p.-

]q-jy-]q-bw- ap-X¬- am-L-a-Iw-h-sc- H-cp-am-kw- \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂- Cu- B-tLm-j-Øn-\v- hn-kv-X-cn-®- N-S-ßp-I-fm-Wv- D-≈-Xv.- ]m-≠n-bn-te-°v- F-gp-Xp-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv- B-Zy- N-S-ßp-I-fn¬- H-∂v.- tN-c-˛-]m-fiy-k-Jy-Øn-s‚- kq-N-\-bm-Imw- C-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-I-º-Sn- P-\-ßƒ-°v- km-aq-Xn-cn- H-cp- Xn- q-cw- A-b-°pw.-am-am-¶-Øn-\v- B-fp-I-sf- sIm-≠p-h-tc-≠- Np-a-X-e- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- a-¥n-ap-Jy-\m-b- a-ßm- -®-\pw- Xn-\-b-t©-cn- C-f-b-Xn-\p-am-Wv.- h-cp-∂-h¿-°v- Xm-a-k-ku-I-cyw- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ ]-d-∏n-≈n- \m-b-I-s‚- Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv.- sIm-Sn-a-c-Øn-\v- Im¬- \m-´p-∂-Xv- B-fq¿- I-Wn-bm-≥ \n-iv-N-bn-°p-∂- ip-`-ap-lq¿-Ø-Øn-em-Wv.- H-∏w- a-Wn-Ø-d-bp-sS- (\n-e-]m-Sp- sIm-≈p-∂- ÿ-ew-)- \n¿-am-W-hpw- B-cw-`n-°pw.- am-am-¶-°m-e-Øv- km-aq-Xn-cn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂- hm-I-bq-cn-se- B¬-Ø-d-bn-em-Wv- a-Wn-Ø-d-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.- km-[-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ- F-fp-∏-Øn¬- F-Øn-°m-\pw- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈-ku-I-cyw- ]-am-Wn-®m-Imw- am-am-¶-th-Zn-bm-bn- \-Zo-Xo-cw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.- \-Zn-bp-sS- h-e-Xp-I-c- sI-t´m-≥ ]-S-\m-b-I-\pw- C-S-Xp-I-c- h-ø-h-\m-´p- \-ºn-Sn-bpwkw-c-£n-°pw.- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- X-ºp-cm-°-∑m¿-°m-Wv- `-£-W-Øn-s‚- Np-a-X-e.- km-_-¥¿- tIm-b-°v- sh-Sn-s°-ń-s‚-bpw.- B-tLm-j-tØm-sSm-∏w- am-

am-¶w- H-cp- hym-]m-c-ta-f- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- A-dn-bn-∏v- In- n-bm¬,- Xm-a-kn-bm-

sX,- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ta¬-t°m-bv-a- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- a-‰p- cm-Pm-°-∑m¿- A-Sn-a-s°m-Sn- sIm-Sp-Ø-b-®p-Xp-S-ßpw.- F-∂m¬,- h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn- am-Xw- A-Sn-a-s°m-Sn- sIm-Sp-Ø-b-°p-I-bn-√.- ]-I-cw,- km-aq-Xn-cn-sb- h-[n-°p-I- F-∂- e-£y-tØm-sS- ]p-Xp-a-\-∏-Wn-°m-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- Nm-th-‰p-]-S-sb- A-b-°pw.-Xn-cp-am-‘mw-Ip-∂n-e-Ω-bp-sS- \-S-bv-°¬- sXm-gp-X-ti-j-am-Wv- Nm-th-dp-Iƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Nm-th-dn-\v- F-t∏mƒ- th-W-sa-¶n-epw- km-aq-Xn-cn-sb- B-I-an-°mw,-\n-e-]m-Sp- \n¬-°p-tºm-tgm- cm-Xn-bn-tem- A-I-º-Sn-C-√m-Ø-t∏m-tgm,- k-a-bw- ]-iv-\-a-√.- [o-c-am-bn- ap-t∂-dp-∂- Nm-th-dp-Iƒ- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- h-º-≥ tk-\-bp-sS- ap-∂n¬- ho-c-ar-Xyp- h-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-Xn-hv.-c-t≠m- aq-t∂m- X-h-W- Nm-th-dp-Iƒ-°v- \n-e-]m-Sp-X-d-tbm-fw- F-Øm-\m-bn.- F-∂m-¬,- `m-Kyw- A-\p-Iq-en-®-Xn-\m¬- km-aq-Xn-cn- c-£-s∏-´p.- c-‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-Nm-th-dp-I-fp-sS- ar-X-tZ-lw- a-Wn-°n-W-dn¬- C-Spw.- Nm-th-dp-I-fp-sS- a-c-W-hn-h-cw- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- ssk-\n-I¿- B-lv-fm-Z-]q¿-hw- ]-Jym-]n-°pw.-

ssa-kq-dn-se- ssl-Z-cm-en-bp-sS- a-e-_m¿- B-I-a-W-hpw- Xp-S¿-∂v- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- B-fl-l-Xy-bpw- am-am-¶-Øn-s‚- A-¥yw- Ip-dn-®p.-

aWn-°n-W¿-

\n-e]m-Sp-Xd

18 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

Kokv* Z£nW- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-Py-am-b- Ko-kn-

s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-hpw- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-hpw- G-Y-≥km-Wv.- Ko-kn-s‚- I-Æv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- G-Y-≥km-Wv.- Ko-°m-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.-

*- -80 i-X-am-\-hpw- ]¿-h-X-]-tZ-i-ß-f-S-ßn-b- Ko-kn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- ]¿-h-Xw- H-fn-º-km-Wv.-

*- -_p-≤n-bp-sS- tZ-h-X-bm-b- A-Yo-\-bp-sS-t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- G-Y-≥kv.-

*- -]m-›m-Xy- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- P-∑-tZ-iw-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Ko-km-Wv.-

*- -kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬- b-h-\-tZ-iw- F-∂v- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv- Ko-kn-s\-bm-Wv.-

*- -sl-e-\n-Iv- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Ko-km-Wv.- Hm-t´m-a-≥ km-am-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂v- Ko-kv- kz-X-¥-am-b-Xv- 1822 -em-Wv.-B-[p-\n-I- Ko-°v- cm-jv-Sw- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1830 em-Wv.-

*- -Ko-kn-s‚- hn-am-\- k¿-ho-km-Wv- H-fn-ºn-Iv- F-b¿-th-bv-kv.-

*- -H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚- P-∑-tZ-i-am-Wv- Ko-kv.- 776_n.-kn.-bn-em-Wv- B-Zy- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- \-S-∂-Xv.- B-Zy- tP-Xm-hv- sIm-do-_-kv- (C-\w- kv-]n-‚ v-).-

*- -_n.-kn.- 393˛¬- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p- hn-e-t°¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tdm-a-≥ N-I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- Xn-tbm-tUm-kn-b-kv.- B-[p-\n-I- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv-1896˛¬- B-cw- n-®-t∏m-gpw- B-Zy- th-Zn- Ko-kn-se- G-Y-≥kv- B-bn-cp-∂p.-^-©p-Im-c-\m-b- ]n-b-dn- Un- Ip-_¿-ń-≥ ]-`p-hm-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚- ]n-Xm-sh-∂v- hm-gv-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-

*- -Ko-kn-s‚- tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- tZ-io-b- Km-\w.- Hymn to Lib-erty F∂m-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- t]-cv-

*- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- F-∂- hm-

temI-cm-Py-ßƒ

°p-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- Ko-°p-Im-cm-Wv.-*- -Ko-kn-se- B-tXm-kv- ]¿-h-X-Øn¬- kv-

Xo-Iƒ-°v- ]-th-i-\-an-√.-*- -Ko-kn-se- ]-i-kv-X-am-b- ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp- tI-

µ-am-Wv- sU¬-^n.-*- -`m-jm-km-ln-Xy- ]-ÿm-\-Øn¬- kn-\n-

kn-kw- F-∂- ]-ÿm-\w- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv-Ko-kn-em-Wv.-

*- -]m-›m-Xy- X-Øz-Nn-¥-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-›m-Xy- km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚-bpw- ]m-›m-Xy- \m-S-I-Øn-s‚-bpw- P-∑-tZ-iw- Ko-km-Wv.-

*- -Ko-°p- Nn-¥-I-cm-Wv- tkm-I-ó-kv- ,- tπ-t‰m,- A-cn-tÃm-ń¬- F-∂n-h¿.-

*- -Ko-kn-s‚- m-K-am-b- Zzo-]p-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw-h-ep-Xv- Io-‰v- B-Wv.-

*- -Ko-°p-Im-c-\m-b- sl-tdm-tUm- -kv- B-Wv-

N-cn-X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- B-Zy- N-cn-X-Im-c-\m-Wn-t±-lw.-

*- -B-Zy-sØ- Ko-°v- X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-\m-Wv- sX-bv¬-kv- ( (G-I-tZ-iw- 624˛-546 _n.-kn.-).-

*- -Ko-kn-s‚- I-d-≥kn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Um-Iv-a- bq-tdm-∏n-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- I-d-≥kn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- (2650 h¿-jw-).- 2002˛¬- C-Xn-s‚- ÿm-\-Øv- bq-tdm- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-

*- -\m-hn-I-tbm-Ky-am-b- \-Zn-I-fn-√m-Ø- cm-Py-am-Wv- Ko-kv.- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- \n-d-™- `q-]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv- Im-c-Ww.

sFkve≥Uv* DØ-c- A-Xv-em-‚n-°n-s‚-bpw- B¿- n-Iv- k-

ap-Z-Øn-s‚-bpwkw-K-a-ÿm-\-Øm-bn- a-[y- A-Xv-em-‚n-Iv- dn-Uv-Pn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- Zzo-]-cm-jv-S-am-Wv- sF-kv-e-≥Uv.-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- hƒ-°m-\n-Iv- Zzo-]m-Wv- sF-kv-e-≥Uv.-bq-tdm-∏n-se-G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- Zzo-]m-Wn-Xv.-

*- -a-™p-a-e-I-fpw- X-Sm-I-ß-fpw- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- 14.-3 i-X-am-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-

*- -tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- h-S-°m-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-c-am-Wv- sF-kv-e-≥Un-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- sd-bv-Iv- Pm-hn-Iv.-

*- -sF-kv-em-≥Un-Iv- B-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- m-j.- sF-kv-e-≥Un-Iv- tIm-W- \m-W-b-am-Wv.- In-kv-Xp-a-X-am-Wv- ]-[m-\- a-Xw.-

*- -bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- tIm- -Ãn-‰yq-j-W¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- sF-kv-e-≥Un-s‚- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- t]-cm-Wv- A¬-Xn-Mn.- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wn-Xv.-

*- -A-·n-bp-sS- Zzo-]v,- Ko-k-dp-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-ß-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sF-kv-e-≥Uv- B-Wv.-

*- -\m-t‰m-bn-se- Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw-P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-™- cm-jv-Sw,- Ãm-≥Un-

Mv- B¿-an- C-√m-Ø- cm-Pyw- F-∂o- ]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ- sF-kv-e-≥Un-\p-≠v.-

*- -tZ-io-b- h-cp-am-\-Øn-s‚- q-cn- m-K-hpw- B-g-°-S¬- a-’y-_-‘-\-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- hn-t\m-Z- k-©m-c-hpw- a-s‰m-cp- ]-[m-\- h-cp-am-\- am¿-K-am-Wv.-

*- -Zo¿-L-Im-ew- sU-∑m¿-°n-s‚-bpw- t\m¿-sh-bp-sS-bpw- tIm-f-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂- sF-kv-e-≥Uv- 1918˛-em-Wv- kzm-X-¥yw- ]-Jym-]n-®-Xv.- 1944˛¬- k-ºq¿-W- dn-∏-_v-fn-°m-bn.- 1946 \-hw-_¿- 19˛-\v- sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn.-

*- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-µ-X- Ip-d-™- cm-Pyw- sF-kv-e-≥Um-Wv.-

*- -\n-b-am-\p-kr-X- K¿-`-—n-Zw- \-S-∏n-em-°n-

b- tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Py-am-Wv- sF-kv-e-≥Uv- (1935).-

*- -H-cp- tZ-io-b- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏-neqsS (na-tional election) cmjvS-ta-[m-hn-bmbtemI-N-cn-X-Ønse BZy h\n-X-bmWvsFkve≥Un¬ 1980 apX¬ 1996 hsc

]kn-U‚ v ÿm\w hln® VigdisFinnbogadottir.

* sFkve≥Unse BZy h\nXm ][m-

\-a-¥n-bmb Johanna SiguroardottirtemI-N-cn-X-Ønse BZysØ openlylesbian head of government BWv

(2009).* sFkve≥Un¬amXw ImW-s∏-Sp∂

kkvX-\-amWv B¿SnIv t^mIvkv.

* 2010 -˛¬ sFkvem≥Un¬ skbnwskIvkv amtcyPv \nb-a-hn-t[-b-am-°n.

* Xmc-X-tay\ hep-∏-ap≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬

]ªnIv sdbn¬th kwhn-[m-\-an-√mØH∂mWv sFkve≥Uv.

* a’y-_-‘-\- ]-tZ-i-ßƒ- kw-_-‘n-®v-

1960 I-fn-epw- 1970 I-fn-epw- sF-kv-e-≥Upw-bp-ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-U-hp-am-bn- \-S-∂- kw-L¿-j-am-Wv- tIm-Uv- hm¿-kv (Cod Wars)F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

1. The countries that share border with thelargest number of other countries (14)areRussia and.....(a) India (b) China(c) Brazil (d) France

2. Which country has the longest land frontier?(a) Russia (b) India(c) China (d) Brazil

3. Which country has the largest number offrontiers (19) including maritimeboundaries?(a) India (b) Britain(c) USA (d) Indonesia

4. Which is the largest land locked country inthe world?(a) Mongolia (b) Kyrgistan(c) Kazakhstan (d) Laos

5. The continent without land locked countries:(a) South America (b) North America(c) Africa (d) Europe

6. Which country has the longest coastline?(a) Canada (b) USA(c) Indonesia (d) Japan

7. The countries that share border with threeoceans are USA and .....(a) China (b) Russia

(c) India (d) Canada8. An enclave within South Africa:

(a) Lesotho (b) Mali(c) Ghana (d) Namibia

9. The countries that share the longestcommon land border are:(a) Russia and China(b) USA and Mexico(c) USA and Canada (d) India and China

10. The longest continous border in the world is:(a) Russia and Kazakhstan(b) USA and Mexico(c) Russia and China(d) Russia and Pakistan

11. The longest undefended border in the world:(a) Russia and China (b) USA and Mexico(c) USA and Canada (d) India and China

12. Which three countries are building a 27-holegolf course named Emerald Triangle, on theborder between them, with nine holes ineach country?

(a) Thailand, Laos, Cambodia(b) India, China, Pakistan(c) Russia, China, Mongolia(d) India, China, Nepal

13. The most frequently crossed internationalborder in the world:

(a) USA- Canada (b) USA-Mexico(c) Russia-China (d) India- Nepal

14. The only South American countries withwhich Brazil does not share borders are....(a) Chile and Ecuador (b) Bolivia andParaguay (c) Argantina and Paraguay(d)Chile and Bolivia

15. The only South American country thatborder with Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.(a) Brazil (b) Chile(c) Bolivia (d) Paraguay

16. The largest land locked country in thecontinent of Africa:(a) Chad (b) Niger(c) Mali (d) Ethiopia

17. The most populous land locked country inthe world:(a) Kazakhstan (b) Mali(c) Ethiopia (d) Niger

18. The line that separates India and Pakistan:(a) Radcliff Line (b) Mc Mahon Line(c) Maginot Line (d) Durant line

19. The line that separated Old British Indiaand Afghanistan:(a) Mc Mahon Line (b) Durant line(c) Radcliffe Line (d) Maginot Line

20. Palk Strait separates India and .......(a) Pakistan (b) China(c) Maldives (d) Sri Lanka

21. The 49th Parallel Separates:(a) USA and Canada(b) USA and Mexico(c) France and Germany (d) Poland andRussia

22. France and Germany are separated by:(a) Mc Mahon Line(b) Durant line(c) Maginot Line (d) Radcliffe Line

23. 38th Parallel separates:(a) Poland and Russia(b) USA and Canada(c) India and Pakistan (d) North Korea andSouth Korea

24. Alpine line separates France and ......(a) England (b) Germany(c) Italy (d) Russia

25. Mc Mahon line separates India and......(a) Nepal (b) Pakistan(c) China (d) Bhutan

Answers1 (b) 2(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5(b) 6(a) 7(d) 8(a) 9(c) 10(a)11(c) 12(a) 13(b) 14(a) 15(c) 16(a) 17(c) 18(a)19(b) 20(d) 21(a) 22(c) 23(d) 24(c) 25(c)

Countries and Borders

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 19

sska¨ IΩnjs\ Icns¶mSntb¥nb ]Xntj[ ]IS\ßfmWv hcth‰Xv. IΩnj≥ t]mb ÿeßfnse√mw ]Xntj[w AebSn®p. "sska¨ tKm_m°v' F∂ apZmhmIyw C¥ysbm´msI apgßn. P\Iob FXn¿∏v XI¿°m≥ Kh¨sa‚v Iqcamb ASn®a¿ØepIfpw s]meokv AXnIaßfpwD]tbmKs∏SpØn. emtlmdn¬ kac]cn]mSnIƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬InbXv emem ePv]Xv dmbnbmbncp∂p. emtlm¿ Akwªnbnte°v sska¨ IΩnj\vhgnsbmcp°p∂Xn\pth≠n kac°m¿°pt\sc s]meokv \SØnb emØn®m¿Pn¬ emem ePv]Xv dmbn°v KpcpXcambn ]cpt°‰p.

sska¨ IΩn-j≥,s\lp dnt∏m¿´v

B[p-\nI C¥y17

1919˛se Kh-¨-sa-‚ v- Hm-^v- C-¥ym-B-Iv-Sn-eq-sS- \-S-∏m-°n-b- Zzn-`-c-W-Øn-s‚-]-h¿-Ø-\w- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn- _n-ó-jv- k¿-°m¿- 1927 \-hw-_-dn¬- \n-tbm-Kn-®- G-gw-K- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- k-an-Xn-bm-Wv- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥.- C-¥y-≥ Ãm-‰yq-´-dn- I-Ωn-j-≥ F-∂v- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \m-a-ap-≈- Cu- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- sN-b¿-am-\m-b- tPm-¨- ssk-a-Wn-s‚- t]-cn-em-Wv- A-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏- -Xv.- k-an-Xn-bw-K-ß-fn¬- H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂- Iv-f-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cn-s°-bm-Wv- C-¥y- kz-X-¥-am-b-Xv.- ssk-a-

- I-Ωn-j-\n¬- C-¥y-°m-sc- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-Xn-\m¬- C-¥y-bn¬- h-cp-∂- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- A-Xp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn-s√-∂v-C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw- tUm.-A-≥km-cn- A-[y-£-\m-b- 1927˛-se- a-Zm-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ssk-a- - I-Ωn-j-s‚- _-ln-jv-I-c-Ww- kw-_-‘n-®- ]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- ap-…nw-eo-Kn-s‚- H-cp- hn- m-K-hpw- ssk-a- - I-Ωn-j-s\- _-ln-jv-I-cn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-\p-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-®v- B-h-iy-am-b- hn-h-c-ßƒ- \¬-Im-≥ ssh-tkm-bn- C¿-hn-≥ ]-`p- H-cp- I-Ωn-‰n- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®p.- k¿- kn.-i-¶-c-≥ \m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xn-s‚- A-[y-£-≥.-

1928 s^-_p-h-cn- aq-∂n-\v- apw-ss_-bn-se-Øn-b- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\- I-cn-s¶m-Sn-tb-¥n-b- ]-Xn-tj-[- ]-I-S-\-ß-fm-Wv- h-c-th-‰-Xv.- I-Ωn-j-≥ t]m-b- ÿ-e-ß-fn-se-√mw- ]-Xn-tj-[w- A-e-b-Sn-®p.- "-ssk-a-¨-tKm- _m-°v-'- F-∂- ap-Zm-hm-Iyw- C-¥y-sbm-´m-sI- ap-g-ßn- (Cu- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- bq-k- v- sa-lv-d-en- B-Wv-).- P-\-Io-b- F-Xn¿-∏v- X-I¿-°m-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ v-Iq-c-am-b- A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø-ep-I-fpw- s]m-eo-kv-A-Xn-I-a-ß-fpw- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.- em-tlm-dn¬- k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw-

\¬-In-b-Xv- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- em-tlm¿- A-kw-ªn-bn-te-°v- ssk-a-

- I-Ωn-j-\v- h-gn-sbm-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-k-a-c-°m¿-°p-t\-sc- s]m-eo-kv- \-S-Øn-b-em-Øn-®m¿-Pn¬- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-°v-Kp-cp-X-c-am-bn- ]-cp-t°-‰p.- B-ip-]-Xn-bn¬-]-th-in-°-s∏-´- A-t±-lw- Xm-a-kn-bm-sX-1928 \-hw-_¿- 17˛-\v- a-c-W-a-S-™p.

1930 sa-bv- am-k-Øn¬- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v- k-a¿-∏n-®p.- Zzn-`-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- ]-hn-iy-I-fn¬- ]m-Xn-\n-[y- kz-`m-h-ap-≈- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- ÿm-]n-

°p-∂-Xn-\pw- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ip-]m¿-i- sN-bv-Xp.-]-tXy-I- \n-tbm-P-I-a-Wv-U-e-ßƒ- F-∂-B-i-bw- Xp-S-c-W-sa-∂m-Wv- I-Ωn-j-≥ \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv.- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ dn-t∏m¿-ń-se- ]-e- ip-]m¿-i-I-fpw- 1935˛-se- C-¥ym-K-h- -sa-‚ v- \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS- ]-tbm-K-Øn¬-h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn.-

ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v- ]p-d-Øp-h-cpw-ap-ºv- tam-Øo-em¬- s\-lv-dp- X-øm-dm-°n-b- s\-lv-dp- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ]p-d-Øp-h-∂-p.

_¿tZmfnbpw k¿Zm¿]tépw (1928)

KpPdm-Øn-se- _¿-tZm-fn- Xm-eq-°n¬-1925ep-≠m-b- sh-≈-s∏m-°w- h-≥tXm-Xn¬-Ir-jn-\m-i-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-bn.- Cu-b-h-k-c-Øn-em-Wv- t_mw-s_- k¿-°m¿- \n-Ip-Xn-bn¬- 30 i-X-am-\w- h¿-[-\- ]-Jym-]n-®-Xv.- ]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥w-aq-ew- Zp-cn-X-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂- \m-´p-Im¿- C-Xv- d-±m-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´v- k-a¿-∏n-®- \n-th-Z-\-ßƒ- \n-jv-^-e-am-bn.- \n-Xy-hr-Øn- I-gn-™p-t]m-Im-≥ I-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂- P-\w- C-Xp-aq-ew- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zp-cn-X-Øn-em-bn.- Km-a-ap-Jy-\p-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-®-ti-jw- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- Nn-e- s]m-Xp-]-h¿-Ø-I¿- tZ-io-b- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚-]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hm-b- h-√-`v- `m-bn- ]-t´-en-s‚- km-lm-bw- tX-Sn.- ]-t´¬- Km-ao-W-sc-\n-Ip-Xn- \n-tj-[- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- ]-Xy-Lm-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-c-Ww- \-S-Øn.-t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂- `-hn-jy-Øv- F-¥m-bm-epw- k-a-c-Øn¬- D-d-®p-\n¬-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈-k-∂-≤-X- A-h¿- A-dn-bn-®p.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-X-s∂- ]-t´¬- k-a-c-km-c-Yyw- G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s\- hn-P-bn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏n-\v-X-øm-dm-b- K-h-¨-sa-≥dv- \n-Ip-Xn- h¿-[-\- Xm-ev-Im-e-tØ-°v- ]n-≥h-en-°p-I-bpw- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- q-an- I¿-j-I¿-°v- Xn-cn-sI- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]-t´-en-s‚- t\-Xr-ssh-`-hw- ]-c-s°- i-≤n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- ]-iw-kn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- k-Xym-K-l-Øn¬- ]-t´¬- h-ln-®- ]-¶n-s\- A-\p-kv-a-cn-®m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- "-k¿-Zm¿-'- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv.

s\lp dnt∏m¿´v-C-¥y-bn-se- F-√m- ]-[m-\- cm-jv-So-b-

I-£n-I-fpw- t\-Xm-°-fpw- tN¿-∂v- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn¬- H-cp- k-am-¥-c- ]-≤-Xn-°v- cq-]w- \¬-In-s°m-≠v- ssk-a- - I-Ωn-j-≥ kw-Pm-X-am-°n-b- sh-√p-hn-fn-sb- t\-cn-Sm-≥ i-an-®p.- C-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- \n-c-h-[n- cm-jv-So-b- tbm-K-ßƒ- \-S-∂p.- C-¥y-bn-se- ]-ap-J- t\-Xm-°ƒ- ]q-s\-bn¬- k-tΩ-fn-®v- -c-W-L-S-\m- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn-\m-bn- tam-Øo-en¬- s\-lp-hn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- kp-`m-jv-N-µ-t_m-kv- Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-H-cp- F-´w-K- I-Ωn-‰n-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- A-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn- tam-Øo-em¬- s\-lp-hn-s‚-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- 1928 Hm-K-Ãn¬- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°-s∏-´- dn-t∏m¿-´m-Wv- s\-lp- dn-t∏m¿-´v.- C-¥y-°v- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- H-cp- N-´-°q-Sv-hn-`m-h-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- B-Zy- i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- dn-t∏m¿-´v.- C-Xp-]-Im-cw- C-

¥y-°m-cp-sS- A-Sp-Ø-e-£yw- ]p-Xn-Im-cm-Py-]-Z-hn-bm-sW-∂v- ]-Jym-]n-®p.- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw- ]p-cp-j-≥am¿-°pw- Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-ß-fp-≈- H-cp- a-tX-X-c- cm-jv-S-am-Wv- s\-lv-dp- dn-t∏m¿-´v- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.- A-h-in-jv-Sm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- tI-µ-Øn-\v- \¬-I-W-sa-∂pw- ]-hn-iy-Iƒ- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv- `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- B-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw- dn-t∏m¿-´v- \n¿-t±-in-®p.- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- th-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- a-s‰m-cm-h-iyw.-]u-c-Xz-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- s\-lp- dn-t∏m¿-ń¬- \n¿-h-Nn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- 1928 Un-kw-_-dn¬-sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- tN¿-∂- Hmƒ- ]m¿-ń- I-¨-sh-≥j-≥ Cu- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ]m-km-°p-∂-Xn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p.- ln-µp- a-lm-k-`,- ap-…nw-eo-Kv,- kn-Jv-eo-Kv- t\-Xm-°-≥am¿- s\-lp- dn-t∏m¿-ń-s\- A-\p-Iq-en-®n-√.- Cu- A-h-k-c-Øn-em-Wv- ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂- X-s‚-]-kn-≤-am-b- ]-Xn-\m-ev- X-Øz-ßƒ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv.-

Pn-∂-bp-sS-14 X-Øz-ßƒ- (1929)-1929 am¿-®n¬- U¬-ln-bn¬- tN¿-∂- ap-

…nw-eo-Kn-s‚- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X-h-ln-s°-bm-Wv- Pn-∂- X-s‚- 14 X-Øz-ßƒ-ap-t∂m- p-h-®-Xv.- s -U-d¬- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- m-

hn- `-c-W-L-S-\,- ]-hn-iy-Iƒ-°v- A-h-in-jv-Sm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ,- hn-hn-[- ]-hn-iy-I-fn-se- kz-bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ-°v- G-Io-Ir-X-kz-`m-hw,- tI-µ-\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- ap-…n-ßƒ-°v- aq-∂n-sem-∂n¬- Ip-d-bm-Ø- ]m-Xn-\n-[yw,- ]q¿-W- a-X-kzm-X-¥yw,- kn-‘n-s\- t_mw-s_-]-kn-U-≥kn-bn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°-Ww,- ap-…n-ßƒ-°v- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw- kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-epw- k¿-ho-kn¬- ]m-Xn-\n-[yw,- ap-…nw- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-c-£-W-Øn-\v- `-c-W-L-S-\m- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ,- tI-µ-Øn-epw- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw- a-¥n-k- -I-fn¬-aq-∂n-sem-∂v- ap-…nw- a-¥n-am¿- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-[m-\- B-h-iy-ßƒ.- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]m¿-ń- Cu- \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ- X-≈n-°-f-™p.- ]-cn-lm-ky-am-bn- 14 t]m-bn-‚p-Iƒ- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hn-s‚- ]-Xn-I-c-Ww.- Pn-∂- h-´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-te-°v- £-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- A-hn-sS- A-t±-lw-ap-…n-ß-fp-sS- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sNbvXp.

1928˛se tIm¨KkvktΩf\hpw

s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´pw1928 Un-kw-_-dn¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬-

tN¿-∂- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- tam-Øo-em¬- s\-lp-hm-Wv- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv.- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\w- s\-lp- dn-t∏m¿- v- q-cn-]-£- thm- n-\v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.- 1929 Un-kw-_¿- 31 -\v- ap-ºm-bn- dn-t∏m¿- n-se- ip-]m¿-i-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-≥ k-tΩ-f-\w- K-h- -sa-‚n-\v- A-¥y-im-k-\w- \¬-In.- am-X-a-√,- K-h-

-sa-‚ v- A-Xn-\v- k-∂-≤-a-s√-¶n¬- a-s‰m-cp-P-\-Io-b- ]-t£m- -sØ- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-c-em-hpw- -e-sa-∂v- k¿-°m-cn-\v- ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]-t£,- K-h- -sa-‚ v- dn-t∏m¿- n-s\- X-≈n-°-f-bp-I-bm-Wp-≠mbXv.

tÃ‰vkv ]o∏nƒkvtIm¨^d≥kv (1927)hnhn-[- \m- p-cm-Py-ß-fn-se- cm-jv-So-b- ]-

h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°m-≥ H-cp- s]m-Xp-th-Zn- B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v- t_m-[yw-h-∂-Xn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- 1927 Un-kw-_-dn¬-ÿm-]n-°-s∏- - ]-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Hmƒ- C-¥y-tÃ-‰v-kv- ]o-∏nƒ-kv- tIm- - -d-≥kv.- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Y-a- k-tΩ-f-\w- 1927 Un-kw-_-dn¬- apw-ss_-bn¬- tN¿-∂p.- _-tdm-U,- t`m-∏m¬,- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ap-X-em-b- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈- \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p-t]¿-Cu- ]-ÿm-\-Øn¬- A-Wn-\n-c-∂p.-

_n- o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- ]-hn-iy-I-fn¬- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-h-ap-≈- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ- B-hn-jv-Ir-X-am-b-t∏mƒ- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn-epw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- P-\-Io-b- `-c-W-hpw- B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v- P-\-ßƒ- kw-L-Sn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- Iq-c-am-b- A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø¬- \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- cm-Pm-°-≥am¿- P-\-Io-b- k-a-c-ß-sf- t\-cn- -Xv.- \n- -l-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\w-kr-jv-Sn-®- tZ-io-b-t_m-[-Øn-s‚- A-e-sbm-en-Iƒ- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn-se- km-[m-c-W-°m-sc-h-sc- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p.- k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬- ]-¶m-fn-Øw-h-ln-°m-≥ ]-e-cpw- X-ß-fp-sS- \m- p-cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂v- _n- o-jv- C-¥y-≥ ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°v- sN-√p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-

\m- p-cm-Py-ß-fn-se- B-fp-I-fp-sS- t]m-cm--sØ- tIm- -K-kv- ]n-¥p-W-bv-°p-I-bpw- P-

\m-[n-]-Xy- ]m-Xn-\n-[y-`-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°m-\pw- A-Sn-ÿm-\- ]u-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ- A-\p-h-Zn-°m-\pw- cm-Pm-°-≥am-tcm-Sv- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-1938˛¬- tIm- -K-kv- kzm-X-¥y-e-£yw- \n¿-h-Nn-®-t∏mƒ- \m- p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-hpw- A-Xn-epƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- 1939 -se- Xn-]p-cn- k-tΩ-f-\w- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-Po-h-am-b- C-S-s]-S¬- \m- p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬- \-S-Øm-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- A-tX-h¿-jw-X-s∂- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- Hmƒ- C-¥y- tÃ-‰v-kv- ]o-∏nƒ-kv- tIm- - -d-≥kv- A-[y-£-\m-bn.- 1946h-sc- A-t±-lw- B- ÿm-\-Øv- Xp-S-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- \m- p-cm-Py-ß-fn-se- P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬- tZ-io-b- t_m-[-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-h-t_m-[-hpw- kr-jv-Sn-°m-\m-bn- F-∂-Xm-Wv-Cu- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- kw- mh\.

em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bv-

20 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

Km‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚bpwkw`m-jWw X¿Pa sNbvX-Xmcv?

* io\m-cm-b-W- Kp-cp- H-Sp-hn¬- I-Æm-Sn-bm-Wv- ]-Xn-jv-T-bv-°m-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.- A-lw- _-“m-kv-an- A-Y-hm- Rm-≥ X-s∂-bm-Wv- ssZ-hw- F-∂- B-i-b-am-Wv- A-t±-lw- C-Xn-eq-sS- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®-Xv.- B-Zy-sØ- I-Æm-Sn- ]-Xn-jv-T- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- I-f-h-t¶m-Sv- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øm-Wv- (1927 Pq-¨- 4).- ssh-°w- Xm-eq-°n-se- D-√-e- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øm-Wv- c-≠m-a-sØ- I-Æm-Sn-]-Xn-jv-T- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.-

*- -1922˛¬- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\- k-µ¿-in-®- a-lm-\m-Wv- c-ho-µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm¿.-A-t±-l-tØm-sSm-∏w- kn.-F- v.-B-≥Uq-kpw- h-∂n-cp-∂p.-

*- -Rm-≥ ]-e- kn-≤-≥am-tc-bpw- a-l¿-jn-am-tc-bpw- I-≠n-´p-≠v.- F-∂m¬- kzm-an- \m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\-°mƒ- an-I-®-tXm- Xp-ey-t\m- B-b- H-cp- a-lm-flm-hn-s\- F-ßpw- I-≠n-ń-√.-A-\-¥-X-bn-te-°v- \o-fp-∂- tbm-K-\-b-\-ß-fpw- Cu-iz-c- ssN-X-\yw- Xp-f-ºp-∂- B- ap-J- tX-P- pw- a-‰p-ssh-in-jv-Sy-ß-fpw- Rm-≥ H-cn-°-epw- hn-kv-a-cn-°p-∂-X-√- -Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- hm-°p-Iƒ.-

*- -Sm-tKm-dpw- Kp-cp-hpw- \-S-Øn-b- kw-`m-j-Ww- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-Xp- tIƒ-∏n-®-Xv- Ip-am-c-\m-im-\m-Wv.-

*- -ssh-°w- k-Xym-K-l-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v-1925˛¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k-µ¿-i-\-Øn-s\-Øn-b- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bpw- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\- k-µ¿-in-®p.- B- k-a-b-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn-s°m-∏w- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpw- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn-bpw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Kp-cp-tZ-h- `-Iv-X-\m-b- F.-sI.-tKm-hn-µ-Zm-kn-s‚- h-I- h-\-Pm-£n-a-µn-c-Øn-em-Wv- a-l-Zv- hy-‡n-Iƒ- kw-K-an-®-Xv.- tIm-´-bw- Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pv- F-≥.-Ip-am-c-≥ ]-cn-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -A-bn-Øm-Nm-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈- N¿-®-bn¬- Kp-cp-hn-s‚- A-º-e-ß-fn¬- F-√m-h¿-°pw- ]-th-i-\w- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-t≠m-F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- tNm-Zn-®p.- F-√m-h¿-°pw-]-th-i-\w- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-s≠-∂v- Kp-cp-]-d-™p.- ]p-e-b-°p-ń-I-fpw- ]-d-b-°p-ń-I-fpw- in-h-Kn-cn-bn¬- a-‰p-≈-h¿-s°m-∏w-Du-Wp-I-gn-®p-Xm-a-kn-®p- ]-Tn-°p-∂p-≠v,-B-cm-[-\-I-fn-epw- kw-_-‘n-°p-∂p-≠v- -Kp-cp- hn-i-Z-am-°n.- h-f-sc- k-t¥m-jw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-Xn-I-cn-®p.-

*- -ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy- hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®pw- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- Kp-cp-hpw-X-Ωn¬- kw-hm-Zw- \-S-∂p.- A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- hm-Zn-°p-tºm-gpw- Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy- kn-≤m-¥-sØ- i-cn-h-bv-°p-∂- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- B- hn-j-b-Øn¬- H-cp- ]p-\¿-hn-Nm-c-Øn-\v- Kp-cp-hp-am-bp-≈- kw- m-j-Ww-Km-‘n-Pn-°v- t]-c-W-bm-bn.- a-\p-jy-cn¬-]-e- Pm-Xn-I-fp-≠m-hp-∂-Xv- ]-Ir-Xn- \n-b-a-a-t√- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- tNm-Zn-®p.- c-≠p- a-lm-flm-°-fpw- A-t∏mƒ- H-cp- a-c-Ø-W-en-em-Wv- C-cp-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.- B- a-c-Øn-s‚- C-e-Iƒ- Nq-≠n-°m-ń- H-tc- hr-£-Øn-se- C-e-Iƒ-°v- B-Ir-Xn-bn-epw-h-ep-∏-Øn-epw- hy-Xym-k-ap-≠-t√m- F-∂v-Km-‘n-Pn- ]-d-™p.- A-ß-s\- tXm-∂p-∂-Xv- D-]-cn-π-h-am-b- ho-£-Ww- sIm-≠m-sW-∂pw- F-√m- C-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- \o-cn-\v-H-tc- Kp-W-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- Kp-cp- hn-i-Z-am-°n.- A-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy¿-hy-Xy-kv-X- Pm-Xn-I-fn¬-s∏- -h-cm-sW-∂p-tXm-∂p-∂-sX-∂pw- au-en-I-am-bn- F-√m-a-\p-jy-cpw- H-tc- k-Ø-bp-sS- B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-sW-∂pw- Kp-cp- Nq-≠n-°m- n-b-t∏mƒ-

Km-‘n-Pn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.-*- -X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn- Pn-√-bn-em-

Wv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-]p-cw- sIm-´m-cw.- F-∂m¬,-C-Xn-s‚- D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw- tI-c-f- k¿-°m-cn-\m-Wv.-

*- -kw-Ko-X- cw-K-sØ- B-Zy- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\-tP-Xm-hv- Fw.-F-kv.-kp-∫-e-£v-an-bm-Wv-(1998).- F-∂m¬,- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\- tP-Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- D-]-I-c-W- kw-Ko-X- hn-Zv-Kv-[-≥kn-Xm¿- hm-Z-I-\m-b- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- c-hn-i-¶-dm-Wv- (1999).-

*- -tZ-io-b- ssI-Ø-dn- Zn-\w- B-K-kv-Xv- 7 B-Wv.- _n-ń-jp-Im¿- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-Pn-®-Xn-s\-Xn-sc- ]-Xn-tj-[n-®p-sIm-≠v- kz-tZ-in-]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1905 B-K-kv-Xv-G-gn-\m-Wv.- B-Zy-sØ- ssI-Ø-dn- Zn-\m-tLm-jw- 2015˛¬- sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.-

*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\- -c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-

W-k- -bn¬- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-h¿- C-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈,- B¿.-i-¶¿,- ]n.-F-kv.-\-S-cm-P-]n-≈,- B-\n- a-kv-Io-≥,- sI.-F.-ap-l-Ω-Zv,- ]n.-Sn.-Nm-t°m.-

*- -sIm-®n-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈- G-I- ]-Xn-\n-[n- ]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-]m-bw- Ip-d-™- cm-Pyw- _w-•m-tZ-im-Wv.-

*- -sIm-®n- cm-Py-]-Pm-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂-Xv- C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS-B-fl-kp-lr-Øm-b- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- en-Xzm-\n-b-bn¬- P-\n-®v- Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-≥ ]u-c-Xzw- kzo-I-cn-®- sl¿-a-≥ I-√-≥_m-°v-(1871 -1945)- F-∂- Pq-X-≥.- I-√-≥_m-°v- A-¥y-\n-Z- sIm-≈p-∂-Xv- C-k-tb-en-em-Wv.-A-t±-lw- H-cp- B¿-°n-sS-Iv-Sv- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -bp-ssW-‰v-Uv- s]m-hn-≥kn¬-\n-∂v- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- Aw-K-am-b- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- tPm-¨- a-Øm-bn.-

*- - -c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k- -bn¬- G-‰-hpw-Iq-Sp-X¬- Aw-K-ßƒ- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- s]m-hn-≥kn¬-\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -A-hn- -‡- C-¥y-bp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W- k-`-bn¬- No-^v- I-Ωn-j-tW-gv-kv-s]m-hn-≥kp-I-sf- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-h-cp-sS- F-Æw- \m-em-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-`-P-\-k-a-b-Øv- _-eq-Nn-ÿm-≥ ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- `m-K-am-b-tXm-sS- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬-sU¬-ln,- A-Pv-ao¿-˛-sa¿-hm-c,- Iq¿-Kv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈- Hm-tcm- ]-Xn-\n-[n- ho-Xw- B-sI- aq-∂v- Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv-No-^v- I-Ωn-j-tW-gv-kv- s]m-hn-≥kp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- -tIm- -Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-I-fm-Wv- Zm-£m-b-Wn- th-em-bp-[-≥,- A-Ωp- kzm-an-\m-Y-≥ (c-≠p-t]-cpw- a-Zm-kn¬-\n-∂v-),- B-\n-a-kv-Io-≥ (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-)- F-∂n-h¿.-

*- -tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn,- C-S-°m-e-]m¿-e-sa-‚ v,- tem-Iv-k- ,- cm-Py-k- - F-∂n-h-bn¬- Aw-K-am-b- G-I- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-bm-Wv- A-Ωp- kzm-an-\m-Y-≥.- Iym-]v-‰-≥e-£v-an-bpw- ar-Wm-fn-\n- km-cm-`m-bn-bpw-A-Ωp- kzm-an-\m-Y-s‚- a-°-fm-Wv- (Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-bp-sS-bpw- t]w- sk-Km-fn-s‚-bpw- a-I-fm-Wv- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- t\-Xm-hm-b-kp-`m-jn-Wn- A-en-).-

*- -h-S-I-c-bn¬- \-S-∂- cm-jv-So-b- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]m-km-°n-b- H-cp- ]-ta-b-am-Wv- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-\v- ]-tNm-Z-\-am-b-Xv.-

*- -sPm-l-∂m-kv-s_¿-Kn¬-\n-∂v- 22 ssa¬-

A-I-se- 1910˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- B-cw-`n-®-tSmƒ-tÃm-bv- ^m-an-\v- B- t]-cv- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv- sl¿-a-≥ I-√-≥_m-°v- B-Wv.-

*- -1921 sa-bv- 15˛-\v- (sIm-√-h¿-jw- 1096 C-S-hw- 2)- A-ssZz-Xm-i-a-Øn¬-h-®v- io-\m-cm-b-W- Kp-cp-hn-s‚- A-\p-K-l-tØm-sS-k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f- k-tlm-Z-c- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂p.- Kp-cp- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®- B- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- an-i-t`m-P-\w- kw-_-‘n-®v- t\-c-sØ- Kp-cp-tZ-h-≥ \¬-In-b- k-tµ-iw- ]m-cm-b-Ww- sN-bv-Xp.- k-tµ-iw-C-ß-s\-:- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- a-Xw,- th-jw,- `m-j- ap-X-em-b-h-/-F-ß-s\-bn-cp-∂m-epw- A-h-cp-sS- Pm-Xn-/-H-∂m-b-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-t\ym-\yw- hn-hm-l-hpw-/- ]-¥n-t`m-P-\-hpw- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- /-bm-sXm-cp- tZm-j-hp-an-√.-

*- - m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-L-S-\m- k-a-b-Øv- a-Zm-kv- tÃ-‰n-se-Xn-cp-s\¬-th-en- Pn-√-tbm-Sv- tN¿-°-s∏- -sIm-√w- Pn-√-bn-se- Xm-eq-°m-Wv- sN-t¶m-´.-

*- -a-Zm-kv- tÃ-‰n-t\m-Sv- tN¿-°-W-sa-∂v- ^-k¬- A-en- I-Ωn-j-t\m-Sv- Sm-h-≥Iq¿- X-an-gv- tIm- -K-kv- B-h-iy-s∏- - Xn-cp- -sIm-®n-bn-se- Xm-eq-°p-I-fm-Wv- ]o-cp-ta-Spw- tZ-hn-Ip-f-hpw.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n¿- -b- sj¬-´¿- B-cw- n-®-Xv- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øm-Wv.- -

*- -i-\n-bm-gv-N-bm-Wv- (1869 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- c-≠v- )-a-lm-flm- Km-‘n- P-\n-®-Xv.- P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-lp- P-\n-®-Xv- (1889 \-hw-_¿- 14)- hym-gm-gv-N-bm-Wv.-

*- -sh-≈n-bm-gv-N-bm-Wv- C-¥y- kz-X-¥-am-b-Xv- (1947 Hm-K-Ãv- 15).- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b-Xv- hym-gm-gv-N-bpw- (1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26)-

*- -tI-µ-Øn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- a-¥n-bm-b- B-

Zy- a-e-bm-fn- tPm-¨- a-Øm-bn-bm-Wv- ([-\-h-Ip-∏v-)- tI-µ-Øn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- a-¥n-bm-b- c-≠m-a-≥ hn.-sI.-Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m-\m-Wv- (]-Xn-tcm-[w-).-

*- -12 h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv- Ipw- -ta-f- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.- l-cn-Zzm¿,- A-e-l-_m-Zv,-\m-kn-Iv,- D-÷-bn-\n- F-∂- I-a-Øn-em-Wv- Ipw--ta-f- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.- l-cn-Zzm-dn-se-bpw- \m-

kn-°n-se-bpw- Ip- -ta-f-Iƒ- aq-∂p-h¿-j-sØ- hy-Xym-k-Øn-em-Wv- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.- \m-kn-°n-se-bpw- D-÷-bn-\n-bn-se-bpw- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- H-tc- h¿-j-Øn-tem- H-cp- h¿-j-sØ-hy-Xym-k-Øn-tem- B-bn-cn-°pw.- hym-gw,-kq-cy-≥,- N-µ-≥ F-∂n-h-bp-sS- ÿm-\-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv- Xo-b-Xn- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -B-dp- h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬- A¿-[- Ipw-`-ta-f- \-S-°pw.- l-cn-Zzm-dpw- A-e-l-_m-Zpw- am-X-am-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- th-Zn-Iƒ.-

*- -144 h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬- A-Xm-b-Xv- ]-¥-≠v- km-[m-c-W- Ipw- -ta-f- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ- a-lm-Ipw-`-ta-f- \-S-°pw.-

*- -1948 Pq-¨- 18˛-\v- apw-ss_-bn-se- H-cp- B-ip-]-Xn-bn¬- I-c-fn-s\- _m-[n-®-tcm-Kw-aq-ew- \n-cym-X-\m-b- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- a-I-\m-Wv- l-cn-em¬- Km-‘n.-

*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- sa-bn-≥em-≥Un-se- G-‰-hpw-sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- Pn-√- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bpw-C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- Pn-√- \n-t°m-_m-dp-am-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n- -C¿-hn-≥ D-S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv- 1931am¿-®v- A-©n-\m-Wv.- C-Xn-\p-≈- km-l-N-cy-sam-cp-°n-b-Xv- tX-Pv- _-lm-Zq¿- k-]p-hpw- Fw.-B¿.-P-b-I-dp-am-Wv.- I-ayp-W¬- A-hm¿-Un-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- b¿-hm-Z- P-bn-en¬- a-c-Ww-h-sc- D-]-hm-kw- ]-Jym-]n-®- Km-‘n-Pn- ]q-\m- D-S-º-Sn-sb-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- A-Xv- ]n-≥h-en-®-Xv.- ]q-\m- D-S-º-Sn-°v- (1932 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 24)- a-[y-ÿ-i-aw- \-S-Øn-b- ]-[m-\- t\-Xm-hv- a-Z-≥tam-l-≥ am-f-hy-bm-Wv.-

*- -B-ap-J-sØ- Keynote to the Constitu-tion F∂p- ]-d-™- Cw-•n-jv- s]m-fn-‰n-°¬- k-b-‚n-Ãv- B-Wv- G-W-Ãv- _m¿-°¿.-B-ap-J-sØ- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- sF-U-‚n-‰n- Im¿-Uv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- `-c-W-L-S-\m- hn-Z-Kv-[-\m-Wv- F-≥.-F.-]¬-°n-h-m-e.

* cmjvS \b \n¿t±-iI XØz-ßsf HcpIq´w ]pXp-h¿j Xocp-am-\-ßƒ (a setof New Year resolutions) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n®, c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿am-W-k- -bnseAwK-amWv \kn-dp-±o≥.

* Hcp _m¶n\v AXns‚ kuI-cyw-t]mseamdm-hp∂ sN°v (‘a cheque payableby the bank concerned at its conve-nience.’) F∂v cmjvS \b \n¿t±-iIXØz-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n®Xv s]m^.sI.-Sn.jm BWv.

* “manifesto of aims and aspirations.”F∂v cmjvS \b \n¿t±-iI XØz-ßsf hnfn-®Xv s]m^. sI.-kn.-sh-b¿BWv. ‘veritable dustbin of senti-ments… F∂ \nco-£Ww Sn.-Sn.-Ir-jvW-am-Nm-cn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. “The DirectivePrinciples of State Policy are in thenature of moral precepts for the Stateauthorities and are open to the facilecriticism that the Constitution is not theplace for moral precepts.” F∂mWv _n.-F≥.-dmhp A`n-]m-b-s∏´Xv. m_n-b≥tkmjy-enkw hnØu´v tkmjy-enkwF∂v \memw `mKsØ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bXv sFh¿ sP∂nMvkv BWv.

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 21

GK for BeginnersNµKp]vX hnIamZnXy≥

* D÷bn-\n- Kp-]v-X-km-am-Py-Øn-s‚- c-≠mw-X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n-b- N-I-h¿-Øn-

*- -hn-I-am-Zn-Xy-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- Kp-]v-X- N-I-h¿-Øn-

*- -i-I-cm-Pm-hm-b- cp-Z-knw-l-s\- h-[n-®- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-

*- -i-Im-cn- F-∂- _n-cp-Zw- kzo-I-cn-®- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-

*- -Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-i-kv-X-\m-b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

*- -sa-lv-tdm-fn- en-Jn-X-Øn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂-Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-

*- -\-h-c-Xv-\-ß-fp-sS- ]p-c-kv-I¿-Øm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-

*- -_p-≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°m-≥ m-ln-bm-≥ C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- k-a-b-sØ- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-

*- -G-Xv- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-sØ- cm-jv-So-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I- km-l-N-cy-am-Wv- m-ln-bm-s‚- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv-

*- -h-cm-l-an-ln-c-≥ B-cp-sS- k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp-∂p-

*- -Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚- ]p-c-kv-I¿-Øm-hv-*- -kw-kv-Ir-X- km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚- A-K-Ã-≥ bp-

K-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-am-Wv-

*- -U¬-ln-°p- k-ao-]w-Im-Wp-∂- ]-i-kv-X-am-b- C-cp-ºv- Xq-Wv- \n¿-an-®-Xv- G-Xv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS- Im-e-ØmWv

NµtiJ¿* bMv- C-¥y-≥ F-∂- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚-

ÿm-]-I- ]-Xm-[n-]¿-*- -B-Zy-sØ- Hu-´v-Ãm-≥Un-Mv- ]m¿-e-sa-t‚-

dn-b-≥ 1995˛¬- e-`n-®-Xm¿-°m-Wv-*- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- h-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- k-a-b-sØ-

(1991)- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-*- -F-s‚- P-bn¬- U-b-dn- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-*- -hn.-]n.-knw-Kn-\p-ti-jw- C-¥y-≥ ]-[m-\-a-

¥n-bm-b-Xm-cv-*- -kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬- U¬-ln-bn-se- sN-

t¶m-´-bn¬- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øm-≥ A-h-k-cw-e-`n-°m-sX-t]m-b- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-

*- -ssU-\m-an-Iv-kv- Hm-^v- tkm-jy¬- tN-©v-c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-

*- -tIm-¨-K-kv- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- 1990˛¬- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-b- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- t\-Xm-hv-

Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥* ]cnWm-a- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-*- -a-\p-jy-h¿-Kw- B-hn¿- -hn-®-Xv- B-^n-°-bn-

em-sW-∂- hm-Zw- B-Zy-am-bn- D-∂-bn-®-Xv-*- -F-_-lmw- en-¶-¨- P-\n-®- 1809 s^-_p-

h-cn- H-º-Xn-\v- P-\n-®- im-kv-X-⁄-≥*- -F-®v- Fw- F-kv- _o-Kn-fn¬- k-©-cn-®v- \n-

co-£-W-ßƒ- \-S-Øn-b- im-kv-X-⁄-≥*- -Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv- Zzo-]p-I-fn¬- \n-co-£-Ww-

\-S-Øn-b- im-kv-X-⁄-≥*- -Po-h-im-kv-X-Øn-se- \yq- - - F-∂-dn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂-Xm-cv-*- -Un-k-‚ v- Hm-^v- am-≥,- H-dn-Pn-≥ Hm-^v- kv-]o-

jo-kv- F-∂n-h- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-*- -X-s‚- B-K-l-Øn-\p-hn-cp-≤-am-bn- sh-Ãv-

an-≥Ã¿- B-_n-bn¬- sF-k-Iv- \yq-´-Wp- k-ao-]w- A-S-°w- sN-ø-s∏-´- im-kv-X-⁄-≥

O-Øn-kv-K-Vv-*- -]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv-Z-£n-W-tIm-k-ew- F-∂-

dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-*- -]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv-Z-Wv-U-Im-c-Wyw- F-∂-dn-

b- s∏-ń-cp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-*- -36 tIm-´-Iƒ- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈- kw-

ÿm-\w-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- 26sØ- kw-ÿm-\w-*- -kw-ÿm-\-X-e- In-°-‰v- A-°m-Z-an- ÿm-

]n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-*- -a-[y-]-tZ-iv- hn-`-Pn-®v- cq-]w- \¬-In-b- kw-

ÿm-\w-

*- -A-®-\m-Im-a¿- -A-a¿-Im-≠-Iv- _-tbm-kv- n-b¿- dn-k¿-hv- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-

*- -ap-≥ sF.-F.-F-kv.- Hm-ô-k¿- ap-Jy-a-¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w-

*- -C-µm-h-Xn- ssS-K¿- dn-k¿-hv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-

*- -lm-kv-Zn-tbm- _mw-tKm- A-W-s°-´v- G-Xv-kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-

*- -Nn-X-tIm-´v- sh-≈-®m-´w,- Nn-X-[m-c- sh-≈-®m-´w- F-∂n-h- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-

*- -ssa-Im¬- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Ø-mWv

sNss∂* \hPo-h-≥ F-Iv-kv-]-kv- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-

s\- G-Xv- \-K-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-?-*- -^m-≥kn-kv- tU- ÿm-]n-®- C-¥y-≥ \-K-

cw-*- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- F-bv-Uv-kv- dn-t∏m¿-´v-

sN-ø-s∏-´- \-K-cw- (1986)-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-a-‚ v- ^m-Iv-S-dn-

(1904)- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- _o-®v-

(I-S-∏p-dw-)- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ap-\n-kn-

∏¬- tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥*- -_n-ó-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- a-Zm-kv- ]-kn-U-

≥kn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-*- -In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-b-am-b- Fw.-F.- Nn-Zw-_-cw-

tÃ-Un-bw- (sN-t∏m-Iv-)- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-*- -Km-≥Uv- S-¶v- F-Iv-kv-]-kv- \yq-U¬-ln-

sb- G-Xv- \-K-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-?-*- -a-Zm-kv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-*- -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Inw-Kv-U-Øn-\p-sh-fn-bn¬- H-

cp- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- cm-jv-S-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥

*- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-

*- -C-¥y-≥ B¿-an-bp-sS- Hm-ô-tk-gv-kv- sS-bn-\nw-Kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-

*- -cp-Iv-an-Wn- tZ-hn- A-cp-t≠¬- ÿm-]n-®- I-em-t£-X- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-

*- -dn-∏-¨- _n¬-Unw-Kv- G-Xv- ap-\n-kn-∏¬-tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-Wv.-

*- -F-Æq¿- Xp-d-ap-Jw- G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv-

*- -Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s‚-bpw- A-Æm-Zp-ssc-bp-sS-bpw- k-am-[n-ÿ-ew-

*- -G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-te-°v- Ir-jv-W-\-Zn-bn¬-\n-∂v- P-e-sa-Øn-°m-\p-≈- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- sX-ep-Kp- Kw-Km- t]m-P-Iv-Sv-

*- -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- P¿-a-\n-B-I-an-®- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-

*- -hm-l-\- \n¿-am-W- cw-K-sØ- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-Im-c-Ww- sX-°-t\-jy-bn-se- sU-tSm-bn-‰v- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬- ]-kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- \-K-cw-

*- -k-tX-¨- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-*- -Nm¿-an-\m¿- F-Iv-kv-]-kv- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-

s\- G-Xv- \-K-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-*- -sk-≥S¬- e-X¿- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- F-

hn-sS-bm-Wv-*- -sX-t°- C-¥y-bp-sS- I-hm-Sw- F-∂p- hn-ti-

jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Xp-d-ap-Jw-*- -X-an-gv- kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚- tI-µw-*- -X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw-*- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- (1857)-B-

[p-\n-I- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b- a-Zm-kv- k¿-h-I-em-imebpsS Bÿm\w

* Z£nW`mcX lnµn ]Nmck bpsSBÿm\w

Nnen* sXt°- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-

b-‰-am-b- tI-]v- tlm-¨- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-c-≠- ]-tZ-i-ß-

fn-sem-∂m-b- A-‰-°m-a- a-cp-`q-an- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-

*- -]-i-kv-X- I-hn- ]m-tªm- s\-cp-Z-bp-sS- cm-Pyw-

*- -A-‚m¿-ń-°-tbm-Sv- G-‰-hpw- A-Sp-Øp- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw-

*- -Cu-Ã¿- Zzo-]v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-em-Wv-

*- -ho-Xn-bp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-tºmƒ-tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-

*- -jq- kv-Snw-Kv- cm-Pyw- F-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-

*- -am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv- ]m¿-ń- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-B-Zy-sØ- sX-t°- Atacn°≥ cmPyw

ssN\* ]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- Im-tY-bv- F-∂-t]-cn¬-

A-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv-*- -1911 h-sc- a-©p- hw-iw- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-

cp-∂- cm-Pyw-*- -1911˛¬- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- k-¨-bm-Xv-sk-

≥ cm-P-`-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv-*- -A-®-Sn- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-*- -a-™-\-Zn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- slm-bm-Mv-

tlm- H-gp-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw-*- -]o-∏nƒ-kv- sU-bv-en- F-∂- ]-Xw- ]-kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øv-*- -]o-c-¶n,- I-fn-a-¨-]m-X-ßƒ,- ]-´p-\q¬,-h-

S-°p-t\m-°n-b-¥w,-sh-Sn-a-cp-∂v,- t]-∏¿,- A-®-Sn- F-∂n-h- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-

*- -ò-a-≥ ]m-≠,- tkm-bm-_o-≥ F-∂n-h-bp-sS-P-∑-tZ-iw-

*- -]-kn-≤-am-b- Km-≥Uv- I-\m¬- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-

*- -1966˛-69 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- cm-Pyw-

*- -a-Iv-a-tlm-≥tc-J- C-¥y-sb- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-

*- -A-Iyp-]-Mv-N¿- F-∂- Nn-In-’m-co-Xn- ]n-d-hn- sIm-≠- cm-Pyw-

*- -1949 ¬- Nn-bm-Mv- ssI-j-Iv- F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv- X-bv-hm-\n-te-°v- ]-em-b-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-

*- -1949˛¬- am-thm- tk-Xp-Mn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ- A-[n-Im-cw- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- cm-Pyw-

*- -1962 ˛¬- C-¥y-bpw- G-Xp- cm-Py-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv- bp-≤w- \-S-∂-Xv-

*- -]o-∏nƒ-kv- en-t_-td-j-≥ B¿-an- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-

*- -1971˛¬ X-bv-hm-\v- ]-I-cw- sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬- Aw-K-Xzw- e-`n-®-Xv-

*- -1989˛¬- Sn-bm-\-≥sa-≥ kv-Iz-b¿- Iq-´-s°m-e- \-S-∂- cm-Pyw-

*- -an-\n-kv-Sn- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰v- sk-Iyq-cn-‰n- G-Xv-cm-Py-sØ- c-l-kym-t\z-j-W- G-P-≥kn-bm-Wv-

*- -ar-K-ß-fp-sS- t]-cv- am-k-ß-fp-sS-t]-cm-bn-D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- ]-©mw-Kw- D-≈- cm-Pyw-

*- -C-t∏mƒ- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- \m-K-cn-I-X-

*- -D-∏n-\v- \n-Ip-Xn- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-

*- -em-thm-Xv-sk- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-*- -G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈- sd-bn¬-∏m-X- G-

Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn- I-c- A-

Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw- (14)-*- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- t]-∏¿- I-d-≥kn- D-]-

tbm-Kn-®- cm-Pyw-*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Aw-K-ß-

fp-≈- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-≈- cm-Pyw-*- -tem-I-Øv- P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-

\-ap-≈- cm-Pyw-*- -tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kz¿-Ww- D¬-

]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-*- -kv-t]-kv- j-ń¬- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy- G-jy-

≥ cm-Pyw-*- -ÿn-cmw-K-am-b-Xn-\m¬- sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-k-`-

bp-sS- c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬- hn-e-°-[n-Im-cw-D-≈- G-I- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw-

*- -ssS-^q-¨- D-jv-W-N-I-hm-Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ho-ip-∂-Xv-

*- -t_m-Iv-k¿- I-em-]w- (1899˛-1901)-\-S-∂- cm-Pyw-

*- -tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- h-[-in-£-bv-°v- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw-

*- -hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-epw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- G-jy-bn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- cm-Pyw-

*- -I-¨-^p-jy-\n-kw,- Xm-thm-bn-kw- F-∂o-a-X-ßƒ- ]n-d-hn- sIm-≠- cm-Pyw-

*- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- A-h-km-\-sØ- cm-Pm-hm-Wv- ]p- bn-

*- -h-≥a-Xn¬,- Xo- tKm¿-P-kv- A-W-s°-´v- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øv-

*- -hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-epw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- C-¥y-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-b¬- cm-Pyw-

*- -I-¨-^yq-jy-kv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-*- -jn- lp-hm-Mv- Xn- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- cm-Pyw-*- -k-ap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep-

≈- Su-¨- B-b- sh-≥Np-hm-≥ G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-

*- -kn-≥lp-h- F-hn-S-sØ- hm¿-Øm- G-P-≥kn-bm-Wv-

*- -tlm-t¶m-Mv,- a-°m-hp- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- \n-b-¥-Ww- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv-

*- -X-°v-e- a-°m-≥ a-cp-`q-an- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-

NnØnc Xncp\mƒ* 1936˛¬ t£-X- ]-th-i-\- hn-fw-_-cw- ]p-

d-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv-*- -1937˛¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-

G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-

*- -A-h-km-\-sØ- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv-*- -C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\p-am-bn- e-b-\-°-cm-dn¬-

H-∏p-sh-®- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv-*- -tX-°-Sn- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw- 1934¬- ÿm-

]n-®- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv-*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-

Zy- Nm-≥k-e¿-*- -Xn-cp-sIm-®n-bn¬- cm-P-]-ap-J-ÿm-\w-

(1949˛-56)- h-ln-®- cm-Pm-hv-*- -]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥ Xn-cp- sIm-

®n- ap-Jy-a-¥n- ÿm-\w- cm-Pn-h-®-t∏mƒ- cm-P-]-ap-J-≥ F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-`-c-W-Øn-\p- in-]m¿-i-\¬-In-b-Xv-

*- -]-≈n-hm-k¬- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- \n¿-am-Ww- G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv-

*- -Sm-h-≥Iq¿- d-∫¿- h¿-Iv-kv,- ]p-\-eq¿- ssπ-hp-Uv- m-Iv-S-dn- ap-X-em-b- hy-h-km-b- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv-

*- -kz-X-¥- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-hm-Zw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\- ]-£p-_v-[-am-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv-

*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- tÃ-‰v- tIm- -K-kn-s‚- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- D-Ø-c-hm-Z- `-c-W-]-t£m-`-Ww- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv-

*- -1943¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- td-Un-tbm- \n-e-bw- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚-Im-e-Øm-Wv-

*- -G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- \n-h¿-Ø-\- ]-t£m-`-Ww- \-S-∂-Xv-

*- -Ip-≠-d- I-fn-a-¨- ^m-Iv-S-dn,- G-eq¿- s^¿-ń-sse-tk-gv-kv- B-‚ v- sI-an-°¬-kv- ap-X-em-b- hy-h-km-b- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv-

*- -k-ap-Z-bm-X- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- am¿-]m-∏-sb-k-µ¿-in-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv-

*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- D-tZym-K-\n-b-a-\-Øn-\v-]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωn-j-W-sd- Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- cm-Pm-hv-

]e tNmZywHcp DØcw

22 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 am¿-®v- 1

tIc-f-N-cn-Xhpw h¿j-ß-fpw-

Ip™men \mem-as‚ h[w1600 ˛ kmaqXn-cn-°p- Io-g-S-ßn-b- (am¿-®v-16)- Ip-™m-en- \m-em-a-s\- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- tKm-h-bn¬- h-[n-®p.- Ip-™m-en-bp-sS-X-e-sh-ń- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- I-Æq-cn¬- ]-c-ky-am-bn- ap-f-¶m-en¬- Ip-Øn-\n¿-Øn.- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- \m-hn-I- ssk-\ym-[n-]-≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂- Ip-™m-en- a-c-bv-°m¿-am¿- C-¥y-bn¬- hn-tZ-i- ta-[m-hn-Ø-a-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-≥b-Xv-\n-®- B-Zy-Im-e- t]m-cm-fn-I-fm-Wv.-

- - -ssh-∏n-≥I-c-bn-se- ]-≈w-Ip-f-Øp-≈- H-cp- tIm- -bn¬- ]-kv- Xp-S-ßn-sb-¶n-epw-A-Xv- aq-∂p- h¿-j-Øn-\p-ti-jw- sIm-Sp-ß-√q-tc-°v- am-‰n.-

U®v CuÃn¥ym°º\n1602 ˛ Ing°≥ Zn°p-I-fp-am-bn- I-®-h-Sw-sN-øm-≥ s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn¬- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂- ]-Xn-\-©n-te-sd- I-º-\n-Iƒ-kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- 1602 am¿-®v- 20˛-\v-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n.- P-\-d¬- Nm¿-t´¿-Uv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n- F-∂pw- Cu- ÿm-]-\w- hn-fn-°s∏´p.

U®pIm¿ tIcfØn¬1604 - - -U-®p-Im-cp-sS- B-Zy- I-∏¬- k-aq-lw-sIm-®n-bn-se-Øn.- a-e-_m¿-Xo-c-Øv- C-h¿-B-Zyw- k-µ¿-in-®-Xv- I-Æq-cm-Wv.-1603 Un-kw-_¿- 18˛-\v- B-Wv- C-h¿- bm-X- Xn-cn-®-Xv.-A-Uv-an-d¬- Ão-h-≥ hm-≥U¿-lm-K-≥ B-bn-cp-∂p- I-∏¬-∏-S-bp-sS- \m-b-I-≥.- hm-≥U¿-lm-K-s‚- Cu- k-µ¿-i-\-am-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- H-cp- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpw- U-®p-Im-cpw-X-Ωn¬- B-Zy-sØ- cm-jv-So-b-[m-c-W-bv-°p-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- C-¥y-bp-am-bn- I-®-h-S-_-\v-[w- kv-Ym-]n-®,- bq-tdm-∏n-se- B-Zy-sØ-s]m- -kv-‰-≥dv- P-\-X-bm-Wv- U-®p-Im¿- (t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- I-tØm-en-°m- hn-`m-K-am-Wv-).- U-®v- A-Uv-an-d¬- kv-‰o-h-≥ hm¿-U-≥ lm-K-≥ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bn- 1604\-hw-_¿- 11\v- H-cp- D-S-º-Sn-bp-≠m-°n.-1615 -˛- -Cw-•o-jp-Im-c-\m-b- Iym-]v-‰-≥ Io-en-Mv- tIm-gn-t°m-s´-Øn.-

- - -X-©m-hq-cn-se- -c-Wm-[n-]-\m-bn-cp-∂-\m-bn-Iv- Sm-≥Iz-_m-dn¬- H-cp- I-®-h-S-tI-µw-ÿm-]n-°m-≥ sU-∑m¿-°p-Im¿-°v- A-\p-hm-Zw- \¬-In.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- sU-∑m¿-°p-Im-cp-sS- hm-Wn-Py-tI-µ-ßƒ- Ip-f-®-epw- C-S-hm-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-1623 -˛- -tdm-am-°m-c-\m-b- ]n-tSm- U-√m-h-√n-bp-sS- k-µ¿-i-\w.- tIm-gn-t°m-Spw- aw-K-em-]p-c-hpw- k-µ¿-in-®- C-t±-lw- D-Ø-c- tI-c-f-Øn-se- P-\-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hn-h-cw- \-¬-Ip-∂p.-

IWn-bw-Ip-fw- bp-≤w1634 ˛ I-Wn-bw-Ip-fw- bp-≤w.- th-Wm-Sv -ssk-\ym-[n-]-\m-b- C-c-hn-°p- n-∏n-≈-sb- Xn-cp-a-e- \m-bn-°-s≥d- ssk-\yw- \-bn-s®-Øn-b- cm-a-∏-ø-≥ th-Wm-Sp-]-£-Øp-≈- Nn-e-cp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- N-Xn-bn¬- h-[n-®p-(C-tX-°p-dn-®v- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- N-cn-X-]-[m-\y-ap-≈- sX-°-≥]m-´m-Wv- I-Wn-bm-¶p-fw-t]m-cv-).-1644 - - -Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- hn-gn-™-Øv- hym-]m-c-im-e- \n¿-an-®p.- c-hn-h¿-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu-k-a-b-Øv- th-Wm-Sv- cm-Pm-hv.-

Iq-\≥- Ip-cn-ip- Iem-]w1653 ˛ Iq-\≥- Ip-cn-ip- Iem-]w.- (P\p-hcn-3)- DZbw-t]cq¿- kp-\ltZm-kn-s≥-d Xp-S¿-®bm-bn- kw-`hn-®Xm-Wn-Xv. - CXn-s≥-d

4

êam-bn- tIcfØn-se kp-dn-bm-\n- In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ- tdm-am-k`sb BZcn-°p-∂ tdm-am-kp-dn-bm-\n-Isf∂pw- (]gb Iq-‰p-Im¿)-t]m-∏n-s≥d A[n-Im-csØ ]cnXy-Pn-°p-∂bm-t°m-_m-b kp-dn-bm-\n-Isf∂pw- (]p-Xn-b Iq-‰p-Im¿)- c≠m-bn- ]n-cn-™p.-

Ir-jv-W\m-´w1655˛58am-\-hn-I-a- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- `-c-W-Im-ew.- C-t±-l-am-Wv- "-Ir-jv-W-\m-´w-'- F-∂-\r-Ø-\m-S-Iw- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.- io-

Ir-jv-W-s≥d- Po-hn-X-I-Y- F-´p-Im-Wv-U-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®v- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬- C-t±-lw-c-Nn-®- "-Ir-jv-W-Ko-Xn-'- F-∂- Im-hy-am-Wv- Ir-jv-W-\m-´-Øn-\v- hm-Nn-Imw-i-am-bn- D-]-tbm--Kn-®Xv.-1656˛58˛KwKm[ce£van sIm®n `cn®GI h\nXm `cWm[nImcn.1662 ˛ 1658¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-sS kn-tem-Wn-se B[n-]Xyw- XI¿-Ø U®p-Im¿- tIcfØn-seØn-t®cp-Ibpw- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-s°Xn-sc km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bn- ku-lm¿-±kJyw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-Xp-S¿-∂v- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sSbpw- U®p-Im-cp-sSbpw- kw-bp-Iv-Xssk\yw- 1662¬- sIm-Sp-ß√q-cn¬-h®v- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-s°Xn-sc\n¿-Wm-bI hn-Pbw- t\Sn.sImSpß√q¿tIm´ Ah¿ ]nSn®p (P\hcn 15). 1663¬IÆq¿ tIm´bpw U®pIm¿ IogS°n.1669¬ U®pIm¿ sImSpß√q¿ tIm´s]mfn®p.

˛ U®pIm¿ a´mt©cn sIm´mcwBIan®p IogS°pIbpw cmPmhns\h[n°pIbpw dmWn KwKm[c e£vansbXShnem°pIbpw sNbvXp (^n_hcn).

sIm®n-bn¬U®v B[n-]Xyw

1663 - - -U-®p-Im¿- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- sIm-®o-t°m-´- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp- (P-\-h-cn-8).- U-®p-Im¿- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-sc- sIm-®n-bn¬-\n-∂pw- ]p-d-Øm-°p-I-bpw- sIm-®n- `-c-Ww- I-ø-S-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- U-®p-`-c-Ww-1795 h-sc- \o-≠p-\n-∂p.- Cu- 132 h¿-j-°m-ew- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-[m-\-s∏- - U-®v- B-ÿm-\w- sIm-®n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- - - n-_-h-cn- 13 -\v- I-Æq¿-t°m- -bpw- U-®p-Im¿-°v- Io-g-S-ßn-b-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn- tI-c-f-°-c-bn-se- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- B-[n-]-Xyw- A-h-km-\n-®p.-

- - -tIm-e-Øn-cn-bpw- U-®p-Im-cpw- X-Ωn¬-U-®p-Im¿-°v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- hy-h-ÿ-I-f-S-ßn-b- H-cp- D-S-º-Sn- H-∏n-´p.-

1664 - - -_n-ó-jv- Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym- I-º-\n-°v-tIm-gn-t°m-´v- ^m-Iv-S-dn- ]-Wn-bm-≥ km-aq-Xn-cn- A-\p-hm-Zw- \¬-In.-

- - -a-e-_m-dn-se- U-®p- ]-Xn-\n-[n- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- \yq-lm- v- Im-bw-Ip-fw- k-µ¿-in-®p- (P-\-h-cn- 21).- U-®p-Im-cpw- cm-Pm-hpw-X-Ωn¬- H-cp- D-S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-®p.- Cu- I-cm-dn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- 1743 h-sc- U-®p-Im¿- Im-bw-Ip-f-hp-am-bn- A-Xo-h- ku-lr-Z-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.-1666 - - -km-aq-Xn-cn- U-®p-Im-sc- bp-≤-Øn¬-tXm¬-]n-®p.-1673 - - -sl-≥dn-Iv- hm-≥do-Uv- sIm-®n-bn-se-U-®p- Ip-ap-Zm-cm-bn- h-∂p.-1675 - - -^-©p-Im¿- I-®-h-S-Øn-\v- tI-c-f-Øn¬-h-∂p.

"tlm¿-Øp-kv-ae_m-dn-°kv'-

1678 ˛ aebm-f en-]n- BZy-am-bn- A®Sn-®"tlm¿-Øp-kv- ae_m-dn-°kv'- ]¥≠v- hm-fy-ßfm-bn- Bw-kv-‰¿-Um-an¬-\n-∂v- ]kn-≤s∏Sp-Øn.- (1678˛1703)- C¥y≥- Hu-j[kky-ßfp-sS Kp-Wßsf∏‰n- ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ Cu- K\v-YØn-s≥-d cN\ \S∂Xv-sIm-®n-bn-¬ U®v- Kh¿-W¿- AUv-an-d¬-hm≥-do-Un-s≥-d c£m-[n-Im-cØn-em-Wv.- am-Xyq-kv- F∂ Im¿-asse‰v- k\ym-kn-bpw- cw-K`´v,- A∏p-`´v,- hn-\m-bI`´v- F∂o- Ku--Vkm-ckz-X _m-lv-aW≥-am-cpw- Cń- ANyp-X≥- F∂ Cu-gh sshZy-\pw- CXn-s≥-d\n¿-am-Whp-am-bn- _\v-[s∏´p.- aqe`mjeØo-\m-sW-¶n-epw- a-e-bm-fw,- A-d-_n,-t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv,- _m-“-Wn- F-∂o- `m-j-Iƒ-

Iq-Sn- C-Xn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠-v.

DabΩdm-Wn-1677˛1684 th-Wm-ń-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm--c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- D-a-b-Ω-dm-Wn-bp-sS-(A-

iz-Xn- Xn-cp-\mƒ-)- -c-W-Im-ew.- tIm- -bw- tI-c-f-h¿-a-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- i-Xp-°-sf-A-a¿-®- sN-bv-X- A-h¿-°v- th-Wm-Sv- knw-lm-k-\w- c-hn-h¿-a-bv-°pw- A-t±-lw- ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-h-sc- X-\n-°pw- A-[o-\-am-°n- h-bv-°m-≥ I-gn-™p.-1678˛-1728 tI-c-f-Øn¬- U-®p-Im-cp-sS- ]-Xm-]-Im-ew.-1679 - - -A-º-g-°m-´v- ]-kv- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-1682 -˛- tIm-e-Øp- \m-´p-cm-Pm-hv- X-e-t»-cn-bn¬- ]-≠-I-im-e- sI-´m-≥ _n-ó-jp-Im-sc-

A-\p-h-Zn-®p.- h-f-sc-Im-ew- X-e-t»-cn- _n-ó-jp-Im-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-tI-µ-am-bn-cp-∂p.-1684 - - -Cw-•o-jp-Im¿-°v- hy-h-km-b-im-e-\n¿-an-°m-≥ A-©p-sX-ßn¬- H-cp- sN-dn-b-a-W¬-]-tZ-iw- B-‰n-ß¬- dm-Wn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- e- n-®p.-1686 - - -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- -cn-®n-cp-∂- c-hn-h¿-a- a-lm-cm-Pm-hv- X-s‚- am-Xm-hm-b- D-a-b-Ω-dm-Wn-bp-sS- A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS- c-≠p- cm-P-Ip-am-cn-am-sc- tIm-e-Øp-\m-Sp- ]-≈n-t°m-hn-e-I-Øp-\n-∂v- Z-sØ-Sp-Øp.- A-h-sc- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-°m-≥ X-´m-cn- tIm-hn-e-I-sØ- X-ºp-cm-°-≥am-sc-bpw- sIm-≠p-h-∂v- In-fn-am-\q-cn¬- Xm-a-kn-∏n-®p.- A-h-cn¬- aq-Ø- dm-Wn-bp-sS- ]p-X-\m-Wv- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- a-lm-cm-Pm-hv.-1691 - - -sh-´w- bp-≤w.- ssh-tZ-in-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-b- P-\-Io-b- ]-t£m-`-W-sØ-A-Sn-®-a¿-Øm-≥ H-cp- hn-tZ-i-i-Iv-Xn-bp-am-bn-km-aq-Xn-cn- B-Zy-am-bn- k-Jyw- sN-bv-X-Xv- Cu-bp-≤-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´m-Wv.-1695 - - -A-©p-sX-ßp-tIm- -bp-sS- ]-Wn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn.-

- - -X-e-t»-cn-bn¬- Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- m-Iv-S-dn- kv-Ym-]n-®p.--

]p-et∏Sn- \ntcm-[\w1696 ˛ thWm- n¬-\n-∂pw- "ap-In-e≥-]S'-sbXp-S®p-\o-°n-b- tI-c-f-h¿-a,- ]p-e-t∏-Sn- (a-Æm-t∏-Sn-)- F-∂- ]m-No-\m-Nm-cw- \n-tcm-[n-®p.- A-tX-h¿-jw- X-s∂- A-t±-l-sØ- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-°m¿- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-h-®v- h-[n-®p.-1699 - - -P¿-a-≥ an-j-\-dn- A¿-tWm-kv- ]m-Xn-cn- tI-c-f-Øn-se-Øn.-

- - -Cw-•o-jv- Cu-Ãv- C-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-ÿm-\w- X-e-t»-cn-bn¬.-1703 - - -ao-\-®n¬- Xm-eq-°n-se- cm-a-]p-c-Øv-i-¶-c-≥ F-∂p-t]-cm-b- cm-a-]p-c-Øp- hm-cy¿-(1703˛-1750)- P-\n-®p.-1705 - - -]m-e-°m-Sv- In-≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-e-Øv-I-e-°-Øp- `-h-\-Øn¬- Ip-©-≥ \-ºym¿-(1705˛-1770)- P-\n-®p.-1706 - - -B-[p-\n-I- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s≥d- kv-Ym-]-I-\m-b- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-Ω- P-\n-®p.-1708 - - -Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- X-e-t»-cn-bn¬- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®p.- C-Xn-\v- Cw-•o-jp-Im¿-°v- A-\p-hm-Zw- \¬-In-b-Xv- h-S-s°-fw-Iq-dm-Wv.-1710 - - -ho-≠pw- km-aq-Xn-cn- ˛-U-®v- D-S-º-Sn-1714 - - -U-®p-Im¿- tN-‰p-hm-bn¬- tIm- -sI- n-1715 - - -km-aq-Xn-cn-bpw- U-®p-Im-cp-am-bn- bp-≤w.- km-aq-Xn-cn- U-®p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- tN-‰p-h-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp- (1715 P-\-h-cn- 12).- 1717 Un-kw-_¿- 17 -\v- U-®p-Im-cpw- km-aq-Xn-cn-bpw- X-Ωn¬-D-S-º-Sn- sN-bv-Xp.- A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- tN-‰p-h- a-W-∏p-d-hpw- sIm-®n-bn¬- km-aq-Xn-cn- U-®p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- a-‰p- ]-tZ-i-ß-fpw-U-®p-Im¿-°v- Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.-1718 - - -tIm-e-kz-cq-]-Øn-se- a-s‰m-cp- im-J-bm-b- ]-≈n-t°m-hn-e-I-Øp-\n-∂v- H-cp- cm-P-Ip-am-cn-sb- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te-°v- Z-sØ-Sp-Øp.B- X-ºp-cm- n-bp-sS- ¿-Øm-hv- In-fn-am-\q¿- tI-c-f-h¿-a- h-en-b- tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-\m-Wv.- 1728˛¬-B- dm-Wn-tb-bpw- \m-ep-h-b- p-am-Xw- ]m-b-ap-≈- cm-P-Ip-am-c-t\-bpw- i-Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ Po-h-Xym-Kw- sN-bv-X- tI-c-f-h¿-a- h-en-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-s‚- [o-tcm-Zm-Ø-X-sb- A- n-\-µn-®v- In-fn-am-\q-cpw- Np-‰p-ap-≈- ]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- B- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\v- I-c-sam-gn-hm-bn-s°m-Sp-Øp.-

- - -U-®p- I-º-\n-bpw- s]-cp-º-S-∏n¬- kz-cq-]-hpw- H-cp-`m-K-Øpw- I-c-∏p-dw- am-S-ºn-am¿-a-dp-`m-K-Øp-am-bn- H-cp- D-S-º-Sn- sN-bv-Xp.-

2016 am¿-®v- 1 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 23

Xn-t°m-Sn-b-≥ F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ]n.-Ip-™-\-¥-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-A-c-ßp- Im-Wm-Ø- \-S-≥ B-Wv- Xn-t°m-Sn-b-s‚- B-fl-I-Y.- B-Zy-sØ- am-Xr-`q-an-]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b- Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- 1995˛-se- h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Upw- tI-µ- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Upw- A-c-ßp-Im-Wm-Ø- \-S-\v- e-`n-®p.- I-\ym-Zm-\w,- ]p-jv-]-hr-jv-Sn,-]p-Xn-b- sX-‰v,- t]-X-tem-Iw,- H-cp- Ip-Spw-_w,- I-Æm-Sn,- \n-cm-lm-c- k-a-cw,-]-k-hn-°m-Ø- A-Ω,- ]p-Xp-∏-Ww- tIm-´- F-∂o-\m-S-I-ß-fpw- Np-h-∂- I-S¬,- ]-g-»n-bp-sS-]-S-hmƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b- t\m-h-ep-I-fpw- Xn-t°m-Sn-b-≥ c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.- 1964˛¬- ]p-d-Øp-h-∂-]-g-»n-cm-P- F-∂- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- I-Y,- Xn-c-°-Y,- kw-`m-j-Ww- F-∂n-h- A-t±-l-am-Wv-c-Nn-®-Xv.- \r-Ø-im-e,- D-Z-bw- In-g-°p-X-s∂,-D-Ø-cm-b-Ww,- k-‘ym-cm-Kw,- C-Øn-cn-∏q-th- Np-h-∂- ]q-th,- a-cn-°p-∂n-√- Rm-≥ F-∂o- kn-\n-a-I-fp-sS- I-Y-bpw- Xn-t°m-Sn-b-t‚-Xm-Wv.-

P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hn-s‚- B-fl-I-Y- a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°p- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- kn.-F-®v.-Ip-™-∏-bm-Wv.-

]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a-≥ \m-b-cp-sS- (1905˛-1978)- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv- I-hn-bp-sS- Im¬-]m-Sp-Iƒ.- F-s∂-Øn-c-bp-∂- Rm-≥,- \n-

Xy-I-\y-I-sb-tØ-Sn- F-∂n-h-bpw- ]n-˛-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-I-fm-Wv.- I-fn-b-—-≥,- Hm-W-k-Zy,- ]q-°m-ew,-Xm-a-c-tØm-Wn-bn¬,- h-k-t¥m-’-hw,- Nn-e-sºm-en,- c-tYm-’-hw,-Xm-a-c-tØ-≥ F-∂o- Im-hy-ßƒ- A-t±-lw-c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.-

Ip-‰n-s∏-≥kn¬,- Du-Wp-sXm-´p-d-°w- h-sc,- A-£-c-sØ-‰v- F-∂n-h- Ip-™p-Æn-bp-sS- I-hn-X-I-fm-Wv.- hm-bn-®m-epw- h-f-cpw- hm-bn-®n-s√-¶n-epw- h-f-cpw- hm-bn-®p-h-f¿-∂m¬-hn-f-bpw- hm-bn-°m-sX- h-f¿-∂m¬- h-f-bpw-F-∂-Xv- Ip-™p-Æn-bp-sS- ]-i-kv-X-am-b- h-cn-I-fm-Wv.- Xr-»q¿- Pn-√-bn-se- h-e-∏m-´m-Wv-Ip-™p-Æn- am-jv- P-\n-®-Xv.- "-I-]-S-tem-I-Øn-se-∂p-sS- Im-]-Syw- k-I-e-cpw- Im-Wp-∂-Xm-sW-≥ ]-cm-P-bw-'- F-∂p- ]m-Sn-b-Xv- Ip-™p-Æn-bm-Wv.-

Xp-≈¬- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b- Ip-©-≥ \-ºym-cm-Wv- \-f-N-cn-Xw- In-fn-∏m-´v- c-Nn-®-Xv.- "-Zo-]-kv-Xw-`w- a-lm-›-cyw,-\-ap-°pw- In-´-Ww- ]-Ww-'- F-∂v- ]m-Sn-b-Xv-\-ºym-cm-Wv.-

\m-Sy-]-[m-\w- \-K-cw- Z-cn-Zw,- \m-ń-≥]p-dw- \-∑-I-fm¬- k-ar-≤w- F-∂- h-cn-Iƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv- Ip-‰n-∏p-d-Øp- tI-i-h-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-

D-dq-_v- F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ]n.-kn.-Ip-ń-Ir-jv-W-\m-Wv.- D-

Ωm-®p,- A-Wn-b-d,- an-≠m-s∏-Æv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- D-dq-_n-s‚- ]-[m-\- c-N-\-Iƒ.- a-e-_m¿-e-l-f-bp-sS- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬- D-dq-_v- c-Nn-®- t\m-h-em-Wv- kp-µ-cn-I-fpw- kp-µ-c-≥am-cpw.-

Ip-ń-Ir-jv-W-am-cm-cm-Wv- (1900˛-1973)- `m-c-X-]-cy-S-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv.- a-lm-`m-c-X-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- A-]-K-Y-\-am-Wn-Xv.- 1938 ap-X¬- 1961h-sc- am-Xr-`q-an- ]-X-Øn¬- ]q-^v- do-U-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Uv,- tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Uv- ,- Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ- A-hm¿-Uv- F-∂n-h-bv-°¿-l-am-b- c-N-\-bm-Wv- "-I-e- Po-hn-Xw-X-s∂-'.- "-a-e-bm-f- ssi-en-'- F-s∂m-cp- K-Ÿ-hpw- A-t±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-bp-≠v.-

C-…mw-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®v- I-a-em- kq-c-ø-F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- km-ln-Xy-Im-cn-bm-Wv- am-[-hn-°p-ń.- _m-em-a-Wn-b-Ω-bp-sS- a-I-fm-b- A-h-cp-sS- ]-i-kv-X- c-N-\-I-fm-Wv- F-s‚- I-Y,- h-≠n-°m-f-Iƒ,- \-jv-S-s∏-´- \o-emw-_-cn,- s\-øv-∏m-b-kw,- tIm-em-Sv,-hn-jm-Zw- ]q-°p-∂- a-c-ßƒ,- ]-£n-bp-sS-a-c-Ww- F-∂n-h.- I-a-em-Zm-kv- F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- am-[-hn-°p-ń- Cw-•o-jn¬- c-N-\-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- am-[-hn-°p-ń-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Ym-]-c-am-b- t\m-h-em-Wv- \o¿-am-X-fw- ]q-Ø-Im-ew.- ]p-∂-

ae-bmfw-

1. ‘The kingdom of God is within you’F∂Xns‚ ]cn`mj:(F) kz¿KcmPyØp≈ ssZhsØ\nßfpsS D≈nte°v sIm≠phcWw(_n) ssZ-h-Øn-s‚- cm-Pyw- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈-X-mWv(kn) kz¿KcmPyw \nßfpsS D≈ne√D≈Xv(Un) kz¿-K-cm-Pyw- \n-ß-fp-sS- D-≈n¬-Ø-s∂-bmIp∂p

2. D∏psXm´p I¿-∏q-cw- h-sc- ˛-F-∂- hm-Iy-Øn¬- h-sc- F-∂- ]-Zw- G-Xv- tZym-X-I-sØ- Ip-d-n°p∂p?(F) KXn (_n) hymt£]Iw (kn) Ahybw (Un) \n]mXw

3. kwkvIrXhrØ ]cnKW\bn¬][m\w:(F) amXm\n-b-aw- -(_n-)- Cu-c-Sn-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-(kn-)- K-W-\n-b-a-w (Un) Xmfw

4. ‘Accept this for the time being’F∂Xns‚ ]cn`mj.(F) ka-b-°p-d-hv- Im-c-Ww- C-Xv- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-I- -(_n-)- X¬-°m-e-tØ-°v- C-Xv- kzo-I-cn-°p-I- -(kn-)- k-a-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬- C-Xv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I- -(Un-)- F-√m-°m-e-tØ-°p-am-bn- C-Xv- k-Ω-Xn-°p-I

5. ‘A few pages of this book are wanting’F∂Xns‚ ]cn`mj:(F) Cu ]pkvXIØnse Nne]pdßƒ Bhiyap≈XmWv(_n) ]pkvXIØnse Nne ]pdßƒBhiyan√(kn) Nne ]pkvXIØnse Cu

]pdßƒ Bhiyan√(Un) Cu ]pkvXIØnse Nne]pdßƒ ImWm\n√

6. aebmf `mjbv°n√mØXv:(F) GIhN\w(_n) _lphN\w (kn) ZznhN\w(Un) ]qPI _lphN\w

7. IÆns‚ ]cymb]Za√mØXv:(F) N£p v (_n) apIpcw(kn) A£n (Un) t\Xw

8. sX‰mb hmIytaXv?(F) Abmƒ acn°m≥ImcWw]mbm[nIywsIm≠mWv(_n) Abmƒ acn°m≥ ImcWw]mbm[nIyamWv(kn) ]mbm[nIywsIm≠mWv Abmƒacn®Xv(Un) ]mbw IqSnbm¬ Bcpw acn°pw

9. h¿Wßƒ- X-Ωn¬- tN-cp-tºmƒ- H-cp-h¿-Ww- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- h-cp-∂- k-‘n-bmWv:(F) BtZik‘n(_n) BKak‘n(kn) tem] k‘n(Un) ZznXzk‘n

10. ]p\cp‡n- tZm-j-an-√m-Ø-Xv- Xn-c-s™-S-p°pI:(F) AXv \njvêamb Hcp]mgvthebmWv(_n) ]gb P∑namcn¬ FXtbmt]¿Imet£]w Ign°m≥ hIbn√msXhebpIbmWv(kn) K¿`nWnIƒ°p th≠ tXmXn¬t]mjImlmcw e`n®ncn°Ww(Un) ho≠psam-cn-°¬-°q-Sn- kn.-sP.- F-∂- \m-S-I-Ir-Øn-s\-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xp-I-bm-Wv-

11.- -Km-Ym-hr-Øw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-:-(F-)- a-Rv-P-cn- -(_n-)- tI-I--(kn-)- Im-I-fn- -(Un-)- \-tXm-∂-X-

12.- -B-cp-sS- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-am-Wv- C-µp-Nq-V-≥?-(F-)- sI.-sI.-\m-b¿-(_n-)- Fw.-B¿.-\m-b¿- -(kn-)- Fw.-sI.-ta-t\m-≥-(Un-)- sI.-sI.-\o-e-I-Wv-T-≥

13.- -"-A-h-\-h-s‚- ]-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- -ew- A-\p-`-hn-°m-sX- \n-hr-Øn-bn-√-'- hm-Iy-Øn¬- sX-‰m-b- ]-tbm-K-ta-Xv-?-(F-)- A-h-\-h-s‚- -(_n-)- ]-h¿-Øn-bp-sS--(kn-)- ^-ew- A-\p-`-hn-°m-sX- -(Un-)- \n-hr-Øn-bn-√-

14.- Xp-≈¬-∏m- v- hr-Øw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-:-(F-)- Im-I-fn- - (_n-)- X-cw-Kn-Wn--(kn-)- \-tXm-∂-X- -(Un-)- Im-I-fn-

15.- -A-Rv-P-en- i-_v-Z-Øn-s‚- A¿-∞w-:-(F-)- ssI-Ø-ew- - (_n-)- sXm-gp-ssI--(kn-)- ssI-sbm-∏v- -(Un-)- ssI-h-f-

16.- -L-S-I-]-Z-ß-fn¬- ]q¿-h-]-Zw- kw-Jy-bm-bn- h-cp-∂- k-am-kw-:-(F-)- I¿-a-[m-c-b-≥ -(_n-)- A-hy-bo- m-h-≥-(kn-)- X-Xv-]p-cp-j-≥ -(Un-)- -Zzn-Kp

17. sX‰mb ]ZtaXv?(F) AXmXv (_n) Dss®kvXcw(kn) ]oU\w (Un) A¥—nZw

18. icnbmb cq]taXv?(F) NoØXzw (_n) a≠Xzw(kn) ap´mfXzw (Un) kvXoXzw

19. Xncp+ A\¥]pcw= Xncph\¥]pcw˛k‘ntbXv?(F) BtZik‘n(_n) BKak‘n(kn) tem] k‘n(Un) ZznXzk‘n

20. "sIm-¥-bn¬-\n-∂v- Ip-cn-»n-te-°v-'-c-Nn-®-Xv-:-(F-)- s]-cp-º-S-hw- io-[-c-≥-(_n-)- tPm-k-^v- ap-≠-t»-cn--(kn-)- D-Æn-Ir-jv-W-≥ ]p-Xq¿- -(Un-)- km-dm- tXm-a-kv-

21.- -"-A-Sn-b-\n-\n-bp-ap-≠mw- P-∑-sa-∂m-e-sX-√m-a-Sn-ap-X¬- ap-Sn-tbm-fw- \n-∂n-em-I-s - Xm-sb- '- F-∂- h-cn-Iƒ- G-Xv- Ir-Xn-bn-te-Xm-Wv-?-(F-)- D-am-tI-c-fw- -(_n-)- Zp-c-h-ÿ--(kn-)- tI-c-fw- h-f-cp-∂p- -(Un-)- A-º-e-a-Wn

22. ‘There is little water in that well’F∂Xns‚ icnbmb ]cn`mj:(F) Ipd®psh≈ta B InW‰nep≈q(_n) B InW‰n¬ sh≈w IpdhmWv(kn) B InW‰n¬ sh≈w H´pan√(Un) B- In-W-‰n¬- sh-≈w- Ip-d-™p-h-cp-∂p-

23.-X-I-gn-sb- h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-\m-°n-b- Ir-Xn-:-(F-)- G-Wn-∏-Sn-Iƒ- -(_n-)- c-≠n-S-ß-gn--(kn-)- sN-Ωo-≥ -(Un-)- I-b¿-

24.- -"-th-Z-\,- th-Z-\,- e-l-cn-]n-Sn-°pw-th-Z-\-˛-Rm-\-Xn¬- ap-gp-I-s´-'- F-∂v- c-Nn-®-Xv-:-(F-)- Ip-‰n-∏p-d-Øv- tI-i-h-≥\m-b¿-(_n-)- D-≈q¿- -(kn-)- ]m-em- \m-cm-b-W-≥\m-b¿- -(Un-)- N-ß-ºp-g-

25.- -"-A-∏p-°n-fn-'- F-∂- I-Ym-]m-X-sØ- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-:-(F-)- Fw.-Sn.- -(_n-)- H.-hn.- hn-P-b-≥-(kn-)- D-dq-_v- -(Un-)- tI-i-h-tZ-hv-

DØcw

1 (Un) 2(F) 3 (kn) 4 (_n) 5(Un) 6(kn)7(_n) 8(F) 9(_n) 10(kn) 11(F) 12(Un)13(_n) 14(_n) 15(_n) 16(Un)17(F) 18(Un)19(_n) 20(_n) 21(F) 22(kn) 23(Un)24(Un) 25(_n)

"Zo]kvXw`w alm›cyw,\ap°pw In´Ww ]Ww'

ae-bmfkmlnXyw

bq¿-°p-f-am-Wv- am-[-hn-°p-ń-bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw.- am-[-hn-°p-ń-bpw- sI.-F¬.-tam-l-\-h¿-a-bpw- tN¿-s∂-gp-Xn-b- t\m-h-em-Wv- A-am-hm-kn.- am-[-hn-°p-ń-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-"-F-s‚- I-Y-'.-

B-Zy-sØ- h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Uv- (1977)-tP-Xm-hm-b- A-¥¿-P-\-am-Wv- A-·n-km-£n-c-Nn-®-Xv.- tZ-h-In- am-\-º-≈n- F-∂- I-Ym-]m-Xw- A-·n-km-£n-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv.- e-fn-Xmw-_n-I- A-¥¿-P-\-Øn-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv- "-B-fl-I-Y-bv-°v- H-cp- B-ap-Jw-'.- X-I¿-∂- X-e-ap-d,- In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS,- sIm-Sp-¶m-‰n¬-\n-∂v,- aq-Sp-]-S-Øn¬,- A-·n-]p-jv-]-ßƒ,- ko-X-ap-X¬- k-Xy-h-Xn- h-sc- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- A-¥¿-P-\-Øn-s‚- ]-kn-≤- c-N-\-I-fm-Wv.-

eo-em- \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sm-Wv- kp-aw-K-e- F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn-\p-S-a.-

a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy- \n-cq-]-W-Øn¬- hy-‡n-ap-Z- ]-Xn-∏n-®- Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn-bp-sS- A-∏p-hn-s‚- A-t\z-j-Ww- 2007˛-se- h-b-em¿-A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn.- 2010˛¬- F-gp-Ø-—-≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\pw- 2011˛¬- am-Xr-`q-an- km-ln-Xy-]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\pw- A¿-l-bm-bn.- km-ln-Xy-Øn-\pw- hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\pw- \¬-In-b-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ-ap-≥\n¿-Øn- cm-jv-Sw- ]-fl-io- _-lp-a-Xn- \¬-In- B-Z-cn-®p.-

PSC BULLETINFortnightly

1. R.N. 44588/86 Reg. No. KL/TV (N)34/2015-172. Licence No. for posting without pre payment - KL/TV(N)/WPP/165/2015-17

Rupees 5.00March 1, 2016

Views and ideas expressed in the articles published in PSC Bulletin are not, necessarily, those of the Commission. Edited and Published by Saju George, SecretaryKerala Public Service Commission on behalf of Kerala Public Service Commission and Printed by him at P. Krishna Pillai Memorial Printing & Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram.

* C¥-ysb tXm¬∏n®v A≠¿ 19 In°‰vtemI-I∏v tPXm-°-fm-b-Xv -˛ -shÃvC≥Uokv

* thƒUv ae-bm-fn- Iu-¨-kn-en-s‚-bpw-ssI-c-fn- Sn.-hn.- bp-sS-bpw- ss]-Uv- Hm-^v- tI-c-f- A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-bm-b-Xv-˛-hn-Zym-_m-e-≥

* lrZ-bm-Lm-XsØØpS¿∂v A¥-cn®XPn -°n -ÿm-\n -te-°p≈ C¥y≥Aw_m-k-U¿-˛-_n-cP ]kmZv

* 2016 s^_p-h-cn- 13 \v- A-¥-cn-®- ⁄m-\-]o-T- tP-Xm-hv-˛-H.-F-≥.-hn.-Ip-dp∏v

* H.-F≥.-hn. Ipdp-∏ns‚ ]q¿W-\m-aw-˛-H-‰-πm-°¬ \ºn-b-Sn-°¬ thep-Ip-dp∏v

* 2016 s^_p-hcn 13 \v \qdp-h¿jwXnI® k¿h-I-em-im-e-˛ -_-\m-dkvlnµp k¿h-I-em-ime

* _\m-dkv lnµp k¿h-I-em -imeÿm]n-®-Xv-˛-a-Z≥ taml≥ amf-hy

* A©p-h¿j-tØ°v hne°v G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ ]mIn-ÿm-≥ -In-°‰v Aº-b¿˛BkmZv dhq^v

* temI-td-Untbm Zn\w-˛-s^-_p-hcn 13* 2016 se temI tdUntbm Zn\-Øns‚

]ta-bw Radio in Times of Emergencyand Disaster

* C¥-y-bn-te-°p≈ Hm-kv-tS-en-b-≥ Aw--_m-k-U-dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv- -l-cn-µ¿-kn-[p-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tIm-¨-sk-≥tS-‰-Uv- tkm-fm¿- πm-‚ v- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛-sam-tdm-t°m-

*- -tZ-io-b- Uo-th-an-Mv- Zn-\w- - s^-_p-h-cn- 10

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- G-hn-tb-j-≥]m¿-°v- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv- Pn-√-bn-se- `-tKm-Z-c- hn-t√-Pn¬-

*- -2016 s^-_p-h-cn- H-º-Xn-\v- A-¥-cn-®- ap-≥ t\-∏mƒ- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-˛-kp-io¬- sIm-bv-cm-f-

*- -X-s∂- sIm¬-°-Ø- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-te-°v- ÿ-ew- am-‰n-s°m-≠p-≈- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn- No- v- P-Ãn-kn-s‚- D-Ø-c-hv- tÃ- sN-bv-X- a-Zm-kv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-˛-P-Ãn-kv.-kn.-F-kv.-I¿-W-≥

*- -2016 s^-_p-h-cn-bn¬- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- \-tc-µ-tam-Zn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- k-b-≥kv- F-Uyq-t°-j-≥ B-≥Uv- dn-k¿-®v- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿-

*- -\m-j-W¬- Hm¿-Km-\n-Iv- ^m-an-ßv- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰q-´v- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-kn-°nw-

*- -2016 se- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- ^v-fo-‰v- dn-hyq-F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv-˛-hn-im-J-]-´-Ww-

*- -2016 se- ku-Øv- G-jy-≥ sK-bnw-kn-s‚-]-am-W-hm-Iyw Play for peace, progress

and prosperity* òw sk≥ tPm-jn- A-hm¿-Uv- e-`n-®- km-

cw-Kn- hn-Z-Kv-[-≥˛-cmw- \m-cm-W-¨-*- -A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-\n-se- \m-t‰m- I-am-≥U-

dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b- bp.-F-kv.-P-\-d¬-˛-tPm-¨- \n-t°mƒ-k-¨-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-°- hm-Iv-kn-≥ \n¿-an-®- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv- B-ÿm-\-am-b- ÿm-]-\w- ˛-`m-c-Xv- _-tbm-sS-Iv-

*- -C-¥y-≥ tIm-Ãv- A-°u-≠n-Mv- k¿-ho-kv- ta-[m-hn-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- -A-cp-W- tk-Yn-

*- -kn.-F-kv.-sF.-B¿- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- B-‚n-U-b-_-b-‰n-Iv- U-Kv-˛-_n-Pn.-B¿.-34

*- -C-¥ym- K-h- -sa-‚n-s‚- G-Xv- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- 2016 ¬- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛-a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- \m-j-W¬- dq-d¬-Fw-tπm-bv-sa-‚ v- Kym-c-‚n- B-Iv-Sv-

*- -Kq-Kn-fn-s\- ]n-¥-≈n- tem-I-sØ - mostvaluable company F∂ hnti-jWwkz-¥-am-°n-bXv˛B¬^-s_‰v

* PnPn tXmw-k-Wp- ti-jw- No-^v- sk-I-´-dn-bm-bn- B-sc- \n-b-an-°m-\m-Wv- a-¥n-k- m- tbm-Kw- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv- -]n.-sI.-sam-l-¥n-

* kap-ZØn-\-Sn-bn-se- am-bn-I- Im-gv-N-Iƒ-Im-Wm-≥ ku-I-cy-sam-cp-°p-∂- cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- t_m-≠v- k-^m-cn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-tIm-hfw

* BZy-sØ- tem-I- kw-kv-Ir-X- A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-bm-b- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv- cm-P-Ip-am-cn-˛-a-lm-NIn

Nne ][m\ Imcy-ßƒ*- -kq-b-kv- I-\m-en-\v- In-g-°p-≈- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- t\-

h¬- t_-kv- F-∂- hn-ti-j-W-ap-≈- F.-F-≥.-F-kv-h-P-tLm-jv- I¿-Wm-I-bn-se- I¿-hm-dn-em-Wv- Xp-d-∂-Xv- (2015).- 1000 G-°-dm-Wv- hn-kv-Xo¿-Æw.-

*- -tI-µ- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- h-\w-h-Ip-∏v- a-¥n-bm-Wv- \m-j-W¬-ssS-K¿- I-¨-k¿-th-j-≥ A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- sN-b¿-am-≥.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- F-Æ-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ln-µp-°-fp-≈- Pn-√- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-hpw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hp-≈-Xv- h-b-\m-Sp-am-Wv.-

*- -kw-ÿm-\-Øv- ap-…o-ßƒ- F-Æ-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√- a-e-∏p-d-am-Wv.- ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv- ap-…o-ßƒ- F-Æ-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv.-

*- -In-kv-Xy-≥ P-\-kw-Jy- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-hpw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hp-≈-Xv-a-e-∏p-d-hp-am-Wv.-

*- -\m-j-W¬- ssIw- sd-t°m¿-Uv-kv- _yq-tdm-bp-sS- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ]-Im-cw- cm-Py-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-fl-l-Xym- \n-c-°p-≈- ]-´-Ww- sIm-√-am-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- B-fl-l-Xym- \n-c-°p-≈-Xv- P-Ωp-Im-iv-ao-cn-se-io-\-K-dn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-fl-l-Xy- \-S-°p-∂- kw-ÿm-\w- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bm-Wv.- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-Øp-≈- X-an-gv-\m-Sn-\m-Wv- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\w.- tI-c-fw- B-dmw- ÿm-\-Øm-Wv.-

*- -Iw-]-kv-Uv- \m-®p-d¬- Kym-kv- C-‘-\-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Xo-h-≠n- t\m¿-tØ-

- tkm-Wn-s‚- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- td-hm-cn- -tdm-lv-X-Iv- ]m-X-bn¬- 2015 ¬- k¿-∆o-kv- B-cw-`n-®p.- (P-\p-h-cn- 13)-

*- -s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬- a-e-hn-k¿-P-\-an-√m-Ø- cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- Pn-√-bm-Wv- _w-Km-fn-se- \m-Zn-b-(2015)-

*- -Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- B-Zy- \m-hn-I-Øm-h-f-am-Wv- sF.-F-≥.-F-kv- Zzm-c-I.- 2015 ¬- B-cw-`n-®- kw-ÿm-\-sØ-c-≠m-sØ- \m-hn-I-Øm-h-f-am-Wv- sF.-F-≥.-F-kv.- k¿-

Zm¿- ]-t´¬.-*- -a-Wn-∏q-cn-s‚- D-cp-°p-h-\n-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- C-

tdmw- i¿-an-f-bm-Wv.- 2000 \-hw-_¿- \m-en-\v- A-kw-ssd-^nƒ-kv- `-S-≥am¿- Cw-^m-en¬- ]-Øp-t]-c- sh-Sn-

h-®p-sIm-∂-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- i¿-an-f- A-\n-›n-X-Im-e- \n-cm-lm-cw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- ln-µp-°ƒ- F-Æ-Øn¬- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-ipw- i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- ln-am-N¬- ]-tZ-i-am-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv-ln-µp-°-fp-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- an-tkm-d-am-Wv- (0.-003 i-X-am-\w-)-

*- -C-¥y-bn¬- In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ- F-Æ-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-hpw- i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv- \m-Km-em-≥Up-am-Wv- (87.-93).- i-\-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw-Ip-d-hv- _o-lm-dn-em-Wv- (0.-12).- F-Æ-Øn¬- In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- ln-am-N¬- ]-tZ-in-em-Wv.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sU-ap- sS-bn-≥ (Uo-k¬- C-e-Iv-Sn-°¬- aƒ-ń-∏nƒ- bq-Wn-‰v-)- Hm-Sn-b-Xv- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- B-ep-h- dq-ń-em-Wv- (2015)-

*- -2014 ¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ip-ń-Iƒ- _-em-’w-K-Øn-\v- C-c-bm-b- kw-ÿm-\w- a-[y-]-tZ-im-Wv.-

*- -2015 se- t^m-d-Ãv- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn¬- h-

\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- l-cn-bm-W-bn-em-Wv-(1584 N.-In.-ao-)- F-∂m¬,- i-X-am-\-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- ]-©m-_n-em-Wv- (3.-52 i-X-am-\w-)-

*- -bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bv-°v- th-≠n- B-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- bp-h-kw-cw- -I- k-tΩ-f-\w- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-am-Wv.- 2014 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 12 \v- A-¶-am-en-bn-em-Wv-C-Xv- \-S-∂-Xv.-

*- -_n- o-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bp-sS- A-Xn-Yn- a-µn-c-am-b- sN-t°-gv-kn¬- Xm-a-kn-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ ]-[m-\-a-¥n-\-tc-µ-tam-Zn-bm-Wv- (2015)-

*- -ap- o-ßƒ- F-Æ-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- D-Ø¿-]-tZ-ipw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hp-≈-Xv- kn-°n-apw- B-Wv.-

*- -dn-tbm- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚- (2016)- `m-Ky-Nn-”-am-Wv- hn-\n-jy-kv.- _-ko-en-se- ssP-h- ssh-hn-[y-sØ- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xv- hn-hn-[- ar-K-ß-fp-sS- kw-tbm-Pn-X- cq-]-ßƒ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- Cu- m-Ky-Nn-”w-cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

*- -2020 se- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚- th-Zn- tSm-°n-tbm- B-Wv.*- -C-¥y-bn¬- kv-Iq-fn¬- tN-cp-∂- Ip-ń-I-fp-sS- \n-c-°v-

G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-am-Wv- (97 i-X-am-\w-)--

n) Xkv-Xn-Ibnte°p-≈ s]m-Xp- Im-bn-I£aXm-]co-£ · Vol. 27 Issue 13 Fortnightly March 1, 2016...

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Transcript of n) Xkv-Xn-Ibnte°p-≈ s]m-Xp- Im-bn-I£aXm-]co-£ · Vol. 27 Issue 13 Fortnightly March 1, 2016...