International Class: A Holistic Methodological Approach in

International Class: A Holistic Methodological Approach in

University Training

Wulf Boie, Susy Simararangkir, Janak Shresta SESAM, University of Flensburg

Higher Education Forum

Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

University of Flensburg, Auf dem Campus 1, 24943 Flensburg, Germany

[email protected]

H= l x sinα

a²+b²=c²P= Cp x ρ/2 x v³ x A


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Multidisciplinary Approach of SESAM

Energy

Technology

EconomySocial Relations

InternationalRelations

SkillsCompetencies

ManagementCapabilities

Environment

Culture

Politics


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Sustainability

Cash Flow

Worldbank

quality control

strategic planning

gender mainstreaming

Team building

Knowledge management

confidence interval

Random sampling

risk management

Synergy

Leadership

Interest

Least Cost

Planning

Marginal Cost

Depreciation

Climate Change

CO2 Emission Trade

Net Present Value

Energy Management

Clean development Mechanism

Johannesburg

KyotoEnvironmental Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Impact

Assessment

IEA

UNIDO

UNDP

Development Decades

Transmission Losses

Solar Fraction

Demand Forecast

Capacity Factor

Load Profile

Demand Forecast

Load Profile

Capacity Factor

Depreciation

Interest

Net Present Value

Environmental Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Management

Random sampling confidence interval

Gender Mainstreaming

quality control

Investment

Clean Development Mechanism

Knowledge management

Climate Change

Ask Paola for help

Tony knows how to do it

Contact Mohammed


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

SESAM International Class in Scotland

!Research project in a real life situation

o collecting information and datao analysing information and datao developing options for further actiono presenting results to partners

!Learning to apply knowledge from different disciplines!Learning to apply social and technical research methods

Targets:

!Learning to work in a team


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Why an International Class in Scotland?

!Language

!Openness and interest of partner organsation �Highlands and Islands Enterprise�

!Some development problems comparable to those of �developing countries�


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

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Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Area Economic Characteristics

� Sparsity of population - 9% of Scotland�s people, 51% of the land

� 74 inhabited islands� Dominance of SMEs� 15% increase in overall population since 1960s,

declining population in areas� Lower than average wages


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Opportunities!Diverse source of renewable energy

o High sustainable wind speeds with load factors in excess of 50%

o Tidals streams of up to 5 Knotso Wave regime from the Atlantico Biomass, forestry, crops

!Engineering skills legacy from (Oil and Nuclear)!A capable human resource.

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Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

HIE area of Responsibility!Supporting Business.!Business and Skills development!Strengthening Communities

o Cultureo Community Land Developmento Regeneration

- Community Enterprise- Community Energy Unit


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

1. Defining the project

!selection of research sites and discussion of scope with partners

!detailed definition of research topic by students during preparation class (in discussion with partners)

Project Based Learning Approach of International Class


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

2. Preparing the project

!Collection of information about research site and topic during preparation class

!Elaboration of a research plan

!Development of questionnaires, discussion guidelines etc.



Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004


3. Accomplishment!Travel to Scotland

!Introductory classes: Background Information about research sites and topics 1 week

!Collection of information on site through- household interviews- expert discussions- focus group discussions- site surveys- technical measurements

2 weeks

!Analysis of Information

!Writing up report 2 weeks


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Project Based Learning Approach

of International Class

4. Presentation and Evaluation

!Presentation of Report to Community and to Partner Organisation

!Handing Over of Report

!Final Evaluation of International Class

!Instead of marks: appreciation and critics from community and partner organisation


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Research Topics 2002/2003

! Replacing oil and coal for heating by local biomass on the Isle of Eigg

! Acceptance of a biomass district heating scheme in the village of Kinlochleven

! Improvement of the management of a stand-alone Hydropower scheme on the Knoydart peninsula

! Electricity supply of scattered households on the Knoydart peninsula with renewable energy

! Improvement of electricity supply on the Isle of Rum by expansion of the existing hydropower plant and energy efficiency measures


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

KnoydartKnoydart

• Knoydart peninsula– 22,250 hectare

• Knoydart Estate– 6,880 hectares

• March 1999 Knoydart Foundation bought Knoydart Estate for £750,000


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Objectives and Work PlanObjectives and Work Plan• What is the present and future energy

situation of the households connected to the hydro scheme?– Interviews

• Households and businesses• Key persons of hydro scheme

– Energy Audits in selected households– Site visits

• How can the performance of the hydro scheme be improved?– Analysis of information gathered, in order to come

up with technical and managerial suggestions for improvement


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Knoydart Hydro SchemeKnoydart Hydro Scheme

• Knoydart Hydro is community owned company and it is managed by a board of directors

• Hydro scheme was established in 1978 and recently refurbished

• Peak Daily Load : 166 kW (at 18-19.00)

• Some technical detail:– Installed Capacity: 280 kW, etc.


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

! 35 households are connected to the hydro scheme(26 permanent private houses,5 holiday houses, 4 public houses, 5under construction)

PresentPresent SituationSituation

!ResidentialAverage installed power : 8,1 kW/HHAverage Used electricity 7,290 kWh/yearTariff: 8ppu incl. VAT

!CommercialAverage installed power: 20 kW/HHAverage Used electricity : 23,453 kWh/yearTariff: 8ppu excl. VAT

!58 % of consumers have own standby generator


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Electricity Consumption

PresentPresent Electricity ProductionElectricity Production

319,788

219

Used Electricity

Plant factor 14 %

2.3 Mill.Energy, kWh

78 %280Peak Power, kW

% Installed Capacity

Potential to increase plant factor:

• extension to 20 HHs,

• utilisation of off -peak power (night storage heating),

• grid connection


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Space HeatingSpace HeatingFuel Mix for Space Heating

39%

32%

23%

3%

3%

1 source 2 sources 3 sources

4 sources 5 sources

Energy source for space heating (%HH)

71%

42%42%

23%

13%6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Fuel wood

Electricity

Coal

Kerosenne

Other

LPG


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Average Space Heating Demand :- Permanent House : 26,022 kWh/year- Holiday House : 12,560 kWh/year

Future Future PrioritiesPriorities for for Energy SupplyEnergy Supply

First Priority for Space Heating System

45%

29%

3%

23%

Private Grid Others No anw ser


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Future Future PrioritiesPriorities for for Energy SupplyEnergy Supply

First Priority for Space Heating System

45%

29%

3%

23%

Private Grid Others No anw ser

Important Factors forImportant Factors for Energy SupplyEnergy Supply

87 87 80 78 74 65

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Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

Suggestions and Suggestions and OptionsOptions

!Improvement of the organisational structure of the hydro board

!Skill enhancement!Off-peak night hours Heating Tariff!New Billing Method (meter reading

once per year)


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Suggestions and Suggestions and OptionsOptions

!Community-owned diesel generator as backup system for hydro scheme

!Connecting the hydro scheme to the national grid

!Local extension of the grid


Bonn, 1 � 4 June 2004

IntroductionIntroduction

Inverie Power House

Sandaig

Doune

Joiner’s Croft

Airor

SamadalanInverguseran

Grid

Reidh an Daraich

•Reidh an Daraich

•Sandaig

•Doune

•Joiner’s Croft

•Airor

•Samadalan

•Inverguseran

Investigate different renewable energy options at different off-grid properties in Knoydart in order to reduce the dependency on Diesel Generator.•Extension of Grid

•Hydro Power

•Solar

•Wind

•Biomass

ObjectiveObjective

Inverie Power House

Sandaig

Doune

Joiner’s Croft

Airor

Samadalan

Inverguseran

Grid

Reidh an Daraich

� Extension of Grid � Solar� Wind� Hydro Power

Renewable PotentialRenewable Potential

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

Energy Available/Y Projected Electricity Production/Y Electricity Sales/Y kWH losses/Y

Average Load : 51 kW

Load factor : 18%

Energy Losses (T&D) : 19%

Knoydart Hydro Electricity Generation,Sales & Losses

Loss Reduction Option In Knoydart Hydro Distribution System (Rearrangement Of Transformers)

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

% kWh Losses % kWh Saving

Existing Situation

Transformer Rearrangement

30% Loss Reduction

6% Annual Saving(Oppurtunity for 6 households)

Summary Result of Distribution Expansion Planning

40.00-40.00Deficit/Surplus Power, kW

280.00280.00Plant Capacity, kW

237.72317.00Total peak power Load, kW

1.001.80% Voltage drop at the end of the main FEEDER

9.6%10%% Energy Losses (lines + transformers)

240.00321.00Total power to be supplied, kW

2.123.81Power loss in the feeder, kW

OptimisticPessimisticScenario

Peak load with 75% coincident factor at 1% annual load growth for 10 years

Peak load with 100% Coincident factor at 1% annual load growth for 10 years

Economic Analysis of Grid Extension

Preconditions:� 10% subsidy� People�s contribution

is £2,000/property� Calculation of

minimum viable conditions for self-sustaining project

� Average Incremental CostOf Electricity supply[Generation(depreciated) + Xmission/Distribution]

= 0.06 £ / kWh� Present Average Electricity

Tariff =0.09 £ / kWh

How to tackle the problems of a settlement, how to design questionnaires and avoid mistakes doing it.

The team work experience with colleagues from different countries, how to get the job done and achieve the objectives and tasks of the research.

How to apply the ideas and the knowledge that I gained through different seminars to the real practical situation.

How to work in a team and how to behave among colleagues in order to work towards progress

Sharing two weeks with people that you see 24 hrs a day, handling conflicts and trying to make the group work as a team..

The realistic research and similarities to the situation in my own country

Very good relationship between what we learned and the practice.

I got the opportunity to compare between the rural people of my country and the rural people of a developed country.

The opportunity to apply the knowledge acquired during the previous courses, even sometimes facing new topics that we had never dealt.

What is the most important new experience that you gained during

the international class?

International Class: A Holistic Methodological Approach in

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