φυσική, μεταφυσική,Αριστοτέλης, Duhem
-
Upload
george-mpantes-mathematics-teacher -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
0
Transcript of φυσική, μεταφυσική,Αριστοτέλης, Duhem
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
1/11
- , Duhem
!"# $% &&& m'()*e+
e-mail: [email protected]
.##
/0%
1
Duhem
/02#3
.##.
!"#$% " &'(' )* '+ '"&
$'&'+#, %) '+ /0 (+$1 3 ' %$4% '+ *,'+ , '+
"45 ' &' /6%1 (+$1. * % ' ' + 78%(+$9
8'*'% ) 8%&"% %$%% *'+ *%;% +*%!'+ '+
+&$'; $8'+ (+$93 (1' '+ 9 ' *+9 8 +*'#"8%
*&+ $ %&$9 *)8$ '*' +*1% !#;% * (8%.
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
2/11
*'%&"83 #"&'+ $ 1&&% 3 ) $1 *$+('3 8+$$. F #$%% '
$8' + *'%))>% 8% *'$1&+A 9 1&& $1&3 *'+ ?%*%';
#9%. F 4+$9 (&''( 8%(+$9 %)$# 8% ' $8' 5 4%,
'+ '+ (8%D 4&49 %+#+)88>' +1 8% *9%.
= &9#% !$% % " 4% $8' 7$8' 5 H4%, 6*'';8%
%(8>'+8% #%8%&,4% " 5 8#8$, *'4%?%5 )
%'*'+8% %% 4 52
%
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
3/11
8%5. 6% 8#8$1 +*'&)> (8%% $9% 5 *&,
7,>% (8% $ 8% (+$9 (&''( %?)'; 8% &')$ *' '
$8'.
!
"#$$%&'()*
I 8+$ 4%&8 '+
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
4/11
*'+ 4$'*'9#$ M 8#8$1 % $ %?'9 '%&$" 8'("3 '
*,% " '+ !$' (;7- 4&49 $1 *'%&"8 ',
*%815 ' (+$ $8'3 *%815 *'+ +%>' '1 3 *" *
*9%. +1 % '1 '+ '"& *'+ *"'+ " (5 *
'1 '+ '
C;&&AD '+ 9"* ' S%;5
+ *'+ % '+,4% % %$ *
*98 $%8%3 $1 1&&'3 *'+ 4% % #3
1
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
5/11
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
6/11
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
7/11
Cc 41 '+ '%,4'+ %;8' ' 8)9 7' 8' '+ 8*"4% 8*'%
*#%3 8 "' 41 4% "% *)8$9 ;*?3 % *&, 8 8#8$9
($9 %* '*' 8%;% 5 %418% '+ +*'&')8'; 41 %
$&%'; %;8' % " 8)9 Z[hemD
Cc. (+$9 #%5 *'" 4% 8 4% 8 %?9) 5 *%8$, 85. % 8% '*' #%5
?'8% '+ *%8$'; 8'+3 % 8 1$& 8 ''&')$9 ?8.
' *%%' (>8% ' "% *'+ %)$#1 18% 4%4'8" 5
*9%5 3 ''; % *)8$" "% 18% *1)8 3 '
*%%' #8% #%5 %% % 8 >%cZ[hemD
+9 % 4" '+ Z[hem *'+ '>% +"% %*98 4
8"'+ 5 %''&')$, %*1%5
&&1 +9 (+$9 ?8 '+ Z[hem ("% 8%(+$9. L
8%(+$9 ) ' Z[hem3 % 8 +, % $1#% (+$9 #%5 3 *'+
%?%&% * #%5 % #%5.
Cc$1 ' Z[hem 8 (+$9 #%5 8*'% &+#% % 4;' 4$1 8": '
C*$D $ ' C%?)$D. 0' *,' ?'8% '+ 8'+ 7(8% %, '
4%;%' % + 8% ' '*'' %*98 %*4,$% C+&&1!%D *)8$
7reality *'+ !$% $15 * (8%. + ' 4%;%' ' C%?)$D 4%
4#"% &')$9 4'89 $ %>% 8% 8%(+$1 *%;5 '+ %%+9 c.
*'4' *%8$9 (+$9 #% % 8 #%5 $ )$1>%
'*'*'#%3 % ' %?)$ 8"' *&1 #%5 *'!1&&% ) 4,%
#" '+ % 8 1&& %?9)cccc. Duhem 3 *he (=m ()< +*u;*ue :@ 'hA+=;(B
*he:A
E&49 * '+ '"&: C$1#% %&%;#%' ,8 7' '*'' 4%
$'; 4+18% "% 1 $% * 8' '+ A1' ' (+$
'+ *'D *%(# * *%18 '+ L&&'+3 *'+ 4*5 $
7
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
8/11
) $ $)'; '+ '%&$'; (+$'; *'+.C= " %?)$9
9 $ 9 ' *&+' ,'d
= 8%(+$9 +, $1#% (+$9 #%5 % *'5*$9 +*#%
*'+ $1% ' %%+9 ) %8%;%3 4&49 4,% 8 %8*%$1
4%4'8"3 ) + *'+ +*'#"%3 4% 8*'% %$%&%% $" *%8
%*'9 '+. I *&+' ,' '+ S%;5 C"4%%D 4+8$9 #%5 '+
$3 85 ' S%;5 4% 8*'';% *%8% ' *&+' ,'3 '
'*'' $)9#$% 8' ' *%8 ' *"A%.
Cc= >9 +'; '+ 8%(+$'; '98' *'+
("% *1)83 % )8 ) (+$93 '*' !$%
8' "% $ 8 ) *1)8. c +8!'&9 '+ +
' *"% ' %*98' ' $' %$%' 3 ' '*'' '
+*'$% % #+8" $&;A% cZ[hemD3E8. E)$&9c
Q * & *%18 $ 8#8$13 %
%*!,% *1 (+$" #%5%.
F 8" , ' (+$9 ' *9% '+ Z[hem ('
%*%;'3 $ ' C($'D (+$' +>' 4% "'+ 1)$ $% '98'3 + *'+ '+ $% % &%'+)'; 8#8$1
$ *1)'+ *'%&"8 *'+ %*%;' * *%18. 85 " )
' 8"' 1#5*'3 8" * 8#8$9 8%(+$9 *'+ $#1
8%(+$9 '+ '98'3 ' 8'(" )' 4+% 8$1 * 4# $
' 83 $ *)8$ (% " $8' 41)5' $
$'- " ))%# 1$'*' ' '*'' +*1% ) +*1% $ 4%
$%% *'+#%13 % 8 *)8$ ) %4$';3 '+ "'+ 81)'+
(+&93 *5 *%*'+ !1# ' '+ homo sapiens.
&&1 $15 * %?,% !$% *1 8%(+$9 '+ '98'.
2
F98% "'+8% PP$'; (+$'; *'+ *'+ % ' )%54$" '+
5''+.
8
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
9/11
*5 (% $#1 98% ' afell %'*'% ' &%$8 $
I*$93 ) *%+% *"44% " 8 (; 8" * +9
%'*'. + 9 ' $ '+ . B1#% $"A "% 8 $+88" *#
'%&$9 8'(9 *'+ )%1%. *$'&'+#9'+8% #%5 '+3
!%!58% %% *'*'(% %58,% I*$9 &%'+)%
'+ &%$'8)$'; *%4'+. L + ' &%$'8)$ '+ 8'"&' #
!';8% 8%(+$" $$%+"3 *'+ $*%+ % +9 %'*'. 0'
? 3 *'+ *'" 4% *98%3 9 )$' ) *#%
%?5 $;8'. $8 ' #"3 *'+ $" *%8 4% %% *'$&;A%
;*?9 '+3 9 *' ) 414' '+ $;8'. = 8%(+$9 $$%+93
%$ ' '+3 *'*9?% 8#8$9 $$%+9.
/02#3
c..= '%&$9 C(+$9D % $1 4('%$ * +
*'+ %'';8% 98% 8% + ' '3 8' ) 9$%
&&1 $+5 ) '%&$9 C(+$9D % (&''(3
%, ;)' 7(+$9 % 8 #%$9 %*98 *'+ *'*'#"%
(&''( ..(*=) Ee=
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
10/11
E%%+, ? '+ '%&8'; % " 8% ' *)8$
$8'3 &"8% 3 % &9#% ' *'% )' * *'% 3 8*'%
$% +*'#"% ' 4;' +&&')8'3 ' *''$ $ ' *''$3 # %
*1&&&' $ ;8!'3 $1 *1&&& ),.
F *& +'; '+ *1&&&'+ 98' ' 8%(+$" +*'#"% '+
'"& # "'+ 4 ? 8% +" 5 (+$,3 7('; %*'9 '+
'"& ' *%8 9 *&9 *9 '*' 4% 8*'';%
*'$&;A% !#;%% "%. K 8*''; 5 *'%&"'+ C$' '+
(+$'; ) #+8" $&;A%D .
B + 94 1% +8!%. F;)'' (+$' (&'(' $ (+$' 7
jope3 ksorne3 \r[pes c 3 %*"('+ ' '%&$ 8 $ %
8%(+$" " '+ '"&3 *'*#, *%)1A'+ ' '&$
;8*.
G &'* *#9 8 4%4+ 5 '%&$, 8%(+$,
+*'#"%5 ;)'% (+$" #%5% I ;)'% "'% (+$9
*'%))>' 8% '%&$" "'% ' '%&$ 98 8*'%
*'4'#% 5 C%?)$ 98D (+$9 #%5
6%$1 %598 *' +9 $%;#+ %:
-
7/28/2019 , ,, Duhem
11/11