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H yewrlrpro (rrqyr1) mo qtrerrprrd x6rlorpo 1O2

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Brplroypagio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231Euper{pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233

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O qtrerrpropd5 ror o pcryvrlrrop6g, 66o dworr;g pre puOrrd nopel06v,qrroritreoov, yrd €Korovrd6eg lp6vro, 66o 6rorpoperrrd rre6fo petri-rrls rq orroio prilpr rov 6irqro fvoro or<rrvq cvorrr6ooovrov {e1<o-prord rord rpdno trou i6erXve drr 6ev eilo'r perc{6 rou5 rovevd5ei6oug ouvdgero. H evorroiqorl roug unrlp{r: npoT6v rr15 ovordlu-qlqg evtoi<ov vdp<ov, rpuppiv<ov xdrco qrr6 rqv rrorrrtrio rov gotvo-pivcov rar o6rlyqoe rq guorrq o€ Flto rorvof,cylo orivOeorl, rr1 trey6-pevrl qlerrpopcryvrlrrrq odvOeoq.

Kord rr1 porpdlpovq rropeio rrpos rrlv ev,onoir1or1, fvo o<op6 dv-Oporror 6r og6prov eOvr rorrlrcov irror {cxv ouor qorr rd p6lou g (pqr €u-rrlpcov rrou rrdp€upiorovro oe cxvorr6cp€uKrous rorero65> oMd, ei-rs ps rn Oe<opqrrrq roug rardprlorl, eire Fe -rrs r€XVrKig rouq lrqv6-rrlr€S Kqr rrlv {e1<oprorq <pavrooio rou5, ouvdpotrov oro vq €firrd-Xuv0ofv or rorerof qurof onoreleopqrrrd. Or 6peuveg rou fdAlouCoulomb, (Kouldp) tou lrqlo6 Volta (B6lrcr), rou Aovo6 Oersted,( 'Eporevr), rou enioqg fdlAou Ampdre (Aprr ip), rov feppovc6vCauss (frdou5) rqr Ohm (OF) rqr r6pra rov Ayylcov Faraday (Oo-pcvrir) rar Maxwell (Md{youel) unrlp€ov ouverogopig, or onoiegoov rous lefpcppoug rrou xcrepoivouv qrr(i ra pouvd, 6rlprofpyq-oov ro rrlqr6 rrordprr r4g qlerrpopuyvqrrrq5 odvOeorlg.

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Irq 1820 ro rre ipcpro Oersted arrordlurpe rqv 6rrop{4 o}lr1le-ni6pooqg ovdpreoo oe pcryvrjre5 ror qtrexr6rrxd pedporo xor 6qpr-otipyqoe rr1 pdorpq urro\Ufo yro rdrroro rorvti ororleio avdpeoaorov rllerrpropd ror rov Fcryvrlrlop6. H dpeuvc r<ov qtrercrpoptryvq-rrrr6v oMqtrerrr6pdoe<rrv rrou srolod0qoe, qrovipoo€ Ftcx or6pq c-6uvaprio rou v€uro)vrrof rrp6rurrou. O Far;rday, urrorc0rorcirvro5rqv dworo <66vopq o116 srrooroorl) F€ rqv eu<puiororrl od}rlqrpqrou rre6iou 6uvdpe<ov, urrqp{e ouorqorrrd o rrpc6rog rrou o;rgroprl-rrlo€ rrl veuratvrr{ 6uvoyrrq. Iro errirre6o r(DV erpoppoyr6v, qvufio-l6yrorqg o{iog unrlp{e r1 ovordluqrn oro tlB31, and rov Faraday,rou gqrvopivou rqg rllerrpoprcryvqrtrrl5 en<ry<oyqg. 'Hrqv pto ovo-rdlurpq rrou i6er{e orov dvoprorro rov rp6rro vo rrapdyer q}errpr-opr6 oe peydtrq xliparo, dvo yeyovris rrou ftr rillo(r prftxri 6Xr p6-vo rov rprirro rpyooiog xor 6ropialo45 alki ror curliv ar<i;,ro rr1

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HAEKTPOITATIKEI AMHAEN IAPAIE IT

voorpolrio rou. M€prKig 6ercerieg apydrepo o Maxwell, 6ivovrogpioo cnd riooepr5 p6vo e{ror6o€rs ro orivotro r4g voporilero5 rouqtrerpoprayvqrropo6, f6er{e drr or 6roropcq:ds rrou ouvrorofv ro evt-oio qlerrpopayvrlrrr6 ne6io 6ro6i6ovror orov yopo pe r6poro, roorroiq ilouv rqv i6ro raXfrqro KGr rov i6ro lcpoxr{po pe ro qos.'Eror o rltrexrprop6s Kor o poyvqrropdg aqro6 <oppopovrdorrlKov)pero(rj roug, evc60qKcxv orq ouviXero Kdr l"r€ ro gos.

l-pdrgope ro prplio curd pe rqv eniyv<ooq dr-r ro prplfc cpuorxrlgrdOe enop;g 6ev npiner vo rqpdooouv r,) rilo5 rr15 roropfog rq5ovopconrvq5 orcdrpl5 Kqr rrlv onordtrurfrl prro5 olryoerog orrirvrog rorovavrippqrr;5. Tov 6irqro 6y6oo or<6vq q enrmrlprq e(agdvroe opr-orrxd ro <1dpr rou Aiq> qrr6 rqv orrio rou K€pduvorl. l-lprv orrd pe-prrig 6eroerie5 e{orpdvro€ rrs ;.rcryvrlrrri5'noo6rqreg ror dpole orrl0fo4 roug qtrerrprrd rpoprio xrvoripevo. [1crog pnopeivo roXuprorei6rr ro 4tre xrpr16 cpoprio 0o undple r onroo6rlnor€ ord le{rldyrortov qrtov<ov fiou iplowor;

Irrl 6r6ooratrio r4g nepaop6vrlS rd€nS ruprdplqoe q veur<ovrxqo6v0eo4, 11 Oeppo6uvaprrxrl xcxr ol ovrimorX€S lrporcycoviorpreg iv-vore5 66vopq rcr evipyero. Irrl 6eurripo'rd{q rou Aureiou, ro K€-vrptr<6 Odpo 0o eivor 11 qtrerrpopayvqrrrrl <r6v0eoq.

Flrorerjoupe drr o€i(e r rov x6rro vo aol1olr1Oe i rovei5 pre rov qtre-Krpopcyvrlrropr6. frorf 6ev eivor pr6vo o 6urr6rrr4g rrou nordpe yravc ovdtl.rer ro grrls. O qlerrpopoyvqrropd5 eivar ivq npdypo ru-prolerrrrd ouvucpaopivo pe rov rpdno nou (o6pre ror q e{dprr1or1pog crr'out6v pdoo o116 To q<os rrou FoS 6iver r'arroyedporo., F€-oa qrrd rqv rqtreonrrrrl e rrdvo, ro ovfprxopo rtov oocvofp 11 rrlvevepye rorcq rpogo6ooic rr15 proprllcvic5 pcrg, 6qproupye i fvc rre r-orrrd errrXe ip.ltro yrq rrlv ovcryrcrcirrlTo vs rov lruopiooupe . Aev e i-vor pdparo to 1.rovo6rx6. l-ro 6oou5 routrirXrorov vr<60ouv rrlv ovd-yKrl vo avoporq0o6v yra rq 6opq Kor rrs trerroupyie5 rqg 6Iq5 rorva ern6rr6{ouv vo rrlv Korovo{oouv, q yvcoprpio xar 11 e{orreiotorlp€ rd qlerrpopcryvqrrrd gorv6yevc ouvroro6v rrpoOrro0io€rS o-rropoirqreg.

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La -^EKTpo>Ta-rKrr A^^Fr^rr'A'A:E :

NPOTO KEOAAAIO

HrtEr{rpocrcil umtqturtrtrTif,emtdp,donS

'Hlexrpo xal poyv{r4g e O rl}e rrproFfs . To qtrerrpr16 <poprio une6-Ouvo yro tr5 ollqtrenr6pdoerg r To qlerrptr6 rpoptio dyeror r rV,ro pq-

Xovq yra rrlv (TTqpcryoy(> cpopriou. o O v6pos rou Coulomb o O Uq-yvqrro;rdg o Or r6r<irqres rtov pcryvrlrtov o H dworc re6io o l-leiiio r<or6pdor1 on6 ondorooq o [-leprypocprl evd5 ne$iou r To rl}e rrptrd' ne6io. 'Evrqorl rllerrprro6 ne6(ou o Tonoypqcp(q ev6g ne6iou o [r.,voprrcdo Muyvqrrrd ne6fo r To 4lrxrprxri goprio xor q 6opri r4g ril4g oHtrerrpdvro o To rltrerrpr16 <poprio otq 6opq rou ordpou. o H 6rrlrrlprl-orl rou rllerrprro6 gopriou o Hlerrp<jvrq ele60epo o To llelrrplxdgoprio anoOqxederct r O nurvorqg o Orjprrorl ror errpdp'-ro4 oEvipyetc rpoprropivou nur<vtorq o Enine6os nurvorqg o H Xtr:F,rlrrrd-rnro . Na 0up40oripr o Nq ovupalrqOod;rr e No kiooupr rpopf{.

Ftrro . Nroxou;rdvro.

O rltreKrproposHAercrpxf 0o ne r rdrr rrou d1e r oXioq pr; qler<rpo. [lpdyporr orqvrorvrl drcpq rou vqporog 5tr<rrv rov qlerrltrr<<6v yeyov6rcov undpXelro xelprprndpr, ro rlpr6rogovdg orepe6 ulrr6 ro onoio mqv opXoioellr;vrrq ytrcOooo trey6rov r1Aexrpov. l-1pot:pXercr o116 perofvr Kovo-g6prov 6dv6p<rrv ro orroio orq 6rdpr<erq orc6vrov orlqpuve. Ie ro0q-prl rordorooq eivor n 6popqn nirpo rrou Xprlorporroro6pre oro Ko-prrotr6yro pog.

Or 'lorveg* 0o rrpirrer vo qrov or mp<iror rrou 6rorr(orooov rqyvcoorrl nopd{ev4 r6rdrqrcr fiou ofioKrd'ro rllerrpo - 6orepc orrd

rqv rprBrl rou p€ ivcr ro;rpdrr drpooprc- va ftr-rer prrrpd etrocppd ovrrreipeva. flop6tro fiou rloqpooio rr15ld{q5 qAercrptoltdg iXe r oqpepo6reupuv0ei ;rnopo6pe vo 6e1ro6;re cu5 apXrxqoqpooio rqs rrlv 1616111ro fiou rropouo6(etro relprpndpr dorepa ond rprpry.

Or 'Ellqve5 cpoive'ror rror5 c6racpdprlocv yrorov qle rrprop6. Altrri ror ol6rlrlpq q ovOpo-r6rrlro rord rrg 66c,lheries rrou orotro60q-ocv 6ev 66er(e vo ou1'rrveiror o116 our6v. To e-n6prvo op6oqpo orrlv e{ifu{rl rcrlv r6e<6v yrorov qtre xrpro;r6 epcp<rviorqre p6lrg oro 1600

;rerd Xpror6v. 'Hrav ro rrepigq;.ro o6ypoppotltpi ltuyvqru-ty -De A4agnete- pdoo oro orroioo Wil l iam Ci lbert (OuiXrop frrnpnepr), o ouy-ypo<piog rou, roXupf(erqr drr q rrapdlevq r6rd-rnro rou qlerrpou e r<64lc6veror rqr oe dllooc6;.raro drr<o5 ro yucili ro Oeldgr, ro peroivr,

ro pouloripr, ro 6roprdvrr Kdr o opriOuorog. O Cilbert 0o 611;rroupy4-o€l Kol rrlv rcrvoripyro lf{q qAercrprcd yro v(x loporcrqpioe r 6}o ro u-

+ (Dctivtrar 6n o nputrog dv9ponog rrou i6er{e ev|,o,gts>ov yn ng eAxnx(c, \ovar6rrlreqrou 4)txrpoo qrav o O<xA4s o MArlaroq,. IloAAoi roroptxoi :r1c, tmorrllLrlq'ro anooronoiv.O lohn Bernal ypdgu oXe'n<d <O qAexrprcp6q eiXt tva paxpt xat po9rxd naptAo6v. An6roug nch6rtpouq lpdvoug noo yvu;pi(ou1tt. ot av9pu.tnot 9qoatpr(av ro 1Aenpo xar t-aLug tiXctv naparrlprloer 6n pnopo6oe 6artpa anr6 rp$tj va iAxu pxpa o<byara 'Hrcv

guorx6 va 6oov xctt rqv avaAoyia avdyeoa o'aurryv xat n1v noAt rcXupdrepry 66vay4 rou

u6yv4rq 'Hrav urio4c cpoorx6 va evoayarti;vouv rs 6Lio Ecttv6ywct orrl yevtxrl poyrxrlox(lql4 rav apyaiav yp6vavr.

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HAEKTPO:TATI KE: AAAH^EN IAPAIEI:

ono

furd nou ouprr€prqdpovrdl 6rr<o9 ro qtre rrpo.'Evog oqpeprvdg rordtrc,yos 0o Frropotio€ vo ou-pnlqpcoOef Fs rrlv rropo€Idvrl, ro vdrlov, ro ld-orrxo/ ro ntre{,ryr<trd5, ro rrtroortrd, ro Koou-rootiKt rr1 prfro, rc xepcrprrrd, oMd rr 6Xr prdvo pequrd. fro vo eivor rrtrqp'qg 0o irrperr€ vo oupfi€-prtroppdver 6lq ro ocirporo rrou oqpepo trdyo-vror 6rrltrerrprrd r1 provcrlrig.

H xoOqptprv{ epnerpic. H or<dvrl rrou po(€6€rol oro 6foxo xoO<ri5rroi(er ro nrrdn, ro rfvoypo rrou vrc60et o o6qydg oyyi(ovrog ro o-pd{opo rou ouroKrvqrou, or yv<loroi e re ivot Odpupor nou orodperor or prrxpig oniOe5 nou pldnoupe ra0c65 pyd(oupe ro vdttrov nou-rdpro6 pog ev6 rourdXpovo ro vrcilOoupe vq rol der oro oorpro po5,eivor yeyovdro rllerrprrd, 611lo611 oqv ourti rrou ou;rpoivouv perd a-116 rqv rprprl rou qlerrpou. Av lprlorporror4ooupre Kot rov opo qA(.-Krprcq <og 6ro6rrooiq rqrd rqv orroio ivc rrri;.ro orrorrd qle rrprop6

;rnopo6pe vo rro6pe drt oro 6ioro rou fitrtirt, oro ;reroMrrd opd(crl-po rou ourorrvrlrou Kor oro vdrtrov rrourdptoo ouvdprlqldrrprorl pe rprpq.

Or rpuorrof pipcro 6ev pivouv orqv ruloio ncpor4-pnorl. Avcnapdyouv ro y€y()v6ro oto epyoorrlpro,opyavr6vouv rlS f iqpcr4piloe rg rouS, <prrdXvouvrorvodpyreg ouoreuig, 6qpro.rpyo6v rcrvoripyreg dv-vor€S/ epnlouri(ouv rq ytroooq rous/ errtorporef-

ouv rq poOrlparrrd, ovorp6Xouv orq yrc6orl rrou rrpoOrrdpler,exrelodv rre rpdporc, perpo6v, roroyp,d<pouv Kor orro6elrrt6-vouv rq prlv6trraro ror rcrotrr;youv oc ouprrepdoporq ro o-rroio rotrprodv rsr yevrre6ouv qrrorqlcd',rrdg rc vripoug.

H eplcm4prcr{ epnerpio. O r1trexrprop55, lotr-r6v, {eriv4oe arro-x.trerorrrd ror ;rdvo pe fl{er5 oov cur6g rr,ru ovccpipope. 'Orrcog r<d-vouv Kor or <puorroi pnopofpe vo rrs cvrrrrcpcydyouFs oro spyo-orqpro, vo rrS noporrlpqooup€ fi€prood-repo pe0o6rrd Kol vo ovo-(qrrlooupe rot rdnoto nooortrr1 npooiylrroq.

lro vo ro r<ororpipoupre Ocr lperooro(,pe e 16rrdg ouoreudg rot e-nrornFovrKd5 ivvoreg. Or ouoreudg 0o pr<x5 e{urrqperqoouv oro voovcrropdyoups rq yeyovdro p€ Tov rp6no rrou Oitroupre epe ig. Oriworeg pd5 eivor onopoirqrss oro vo nr:prypdqoup€ ourd nou 0o6rorrrororooup€ orrl ytrc6ooo rr;5 errrorqpr15. H iworo 11 orroic rrpo5

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HAEKTPO:TATIKEI AAAIiAENIAPA:EI:

ro fiopdv 0o pa5 lperoore i eivor q (v€urar\,tK4) 6rivopr1.H rflexrprrcq ilqn eg eivor prio 66vopr1 nou 0o prropioorlrs vq rrl

ouyr<pivoupe pe dMeg 6uvdperg yvarrig. A4rq ouoreuq rrou 0o progerrrrpirpel vo ovrXvedooul.J€ ov iva oc6pa r,ivcr r;lexrpiopivo, oitrdKor vo erporedooup€ TrooorlKd ouprrrepdopdro efuq, ,o ley6pevo q_lerrpr 16 (r1 rller<rpoor_arr rd) e rrpepdg. Eivrx ivo elagpd

",p",pfS,bo116.rourpo{utrrd, gefu(61, eire otroupivro/ l:p€poopivo pe trenrd pe_ro{dvro vrlpc-cn6 povcorrr<d unoorrlpry;.ro.'Av nlqordooupe rqv d-Kpn plos'yudtrrvrlg rllexrpropiv4g pdp6ou, 11 y<rrvro xord rqv onoio0q srrordiver ro vrlpro orrd rr;v rorox6pu<po, r<o0c65 ro ogorpi6ro

poon rrls qtrerrprr45 fl{qg _66vo-

xil;;il?#J;;:,;txfi":l;Epeuvrivros fi€rpqporrr<d rqv qlirrproq rrov ourpdrov Kor rtS

p opgis otrlqleni8poo_q 5 rorcl rlyou pr e os ()uyK€ Kp r p ivo ou pne pd_op0r0 ro orro(o yevrrerjoupe .

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2. Atio ryAercrprcptva ocapara aAAr1Lendpolv. H aAAr1Atniipao4roug txirlArbvtru dre pe tA€,r1 eire pe <inusor1.

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HAEKTPOITATI KE> AAAHAFTIIAPAIE II

To qtreKrprr6 goprio une0Buvo yrorrg otr\rltrenr8pooergOr 66o qi lexrpropoi. Xperd(eror iocog vq roviooupe drr n dl€nror q drr<ooq eivor 66o yeyov6ro evrel<69 6rorpoperrx6. Avr6 elvor rdrr nou 6ev ouppoiver F€ rrs popurrrig oltrqlerrr6pdoer5, oronoieg e ivor p6vo elrrrxi5. H naporrlprlorl yrq 6t1o 6ro<poperr-xo65 r6noug 4lerrprr<6v ollqlenr6pdoecov ydvvrloe rar rqv r6dcyrCI rrlv ro{rvdpqoq r<ov ocopdrov or 6rio opd6eg. Idpcpcovo pecurqv ro oc6pcro, 6rov rllerrpf(ovror, o) egdoov orroOodvrorovrlxouv orrlv i6ro op66o p) egdoov itrxovror 6ev ovrlrouv orrlvi6rc opd6o.

Tov 18o orc6vo o l-dllog Dufay (Nrrgi) 6roreiveror dl oe xsOe-prd orr' ourig rrg oprd6eg e prcpovi(eror iv,r 6rq(poperrr<i ei6o5 qle-xrproprod. Mrtrder, 641a6r1, yro 66o r1lerrpr,rpo65, roug orroioug ovo-p6(er uaA<1s64 ror pqnv<it64, evcd nopdll,qlo Oe<opef oniOcvq r4vdrrcp€n ev6g rpirou ei6oug qtrerrpropo6.

Auvdperg pera{ri qlexrprxtiv gopriarv. Iov i6ro qrc6vo yewrjOrlrexor 4 r6do 6t xo.rd rqv qlixrpwq onotou\ryrrort ocopcrog e prgcvi-(eru <xdn> ro onoio ovopd(eror qlexrpr16 rpoprio.

To goprio eivqr <rdrr>, ro orroio 6ev r,l ei6e rrorC xcvei5. Aev i-Xer pdpog o6re 1pc6po ofre 6rqordoerg. ).ro epc6rrlpo <n ovoltd(e-rat qAexrpxd goprio> 6ev prropodpe vo 6ciooupre orrdvrqorl. Orrcogouppaiver rcr ;r'dlleg iwore5 6ev eivqr 6uvor6v vo ro opiooul.t€, voro rreprypdgoup€, 6qtro6r1, pre 6pou5 orr),o6orepoug. l-lpog ro rrd-pdv, ro goprio 0o eivor yrCI FCIS rdrr ro orroio eprpcvi(eror or-o rlle-xtproprdvo o<oporo Kdr ro orroio eu06vercrr yto rts qtrerrprrig otrlq-trerrr6pdoer5. Avri vo 0e<opo6pe drr ro drrq qtrerrpropivo ocirpo o-ore f 66vapq oro dMo, 0c lipe drr ro golrrio rou ev65 sore f 66vo-pn oro rpoprio rou dllou o<6porog. Kdrr qvdloyo iyrve Kql F€ rtspopurrrig otrtrqlenr6pdoer5, o'rrg orroie5 4 euOrivrl cno6604re orrlpopurrrq pd(o'rou rd0e oc6poro5.

Ooprio 0errx6 xar goprio cpvqnr6. H r[,dq rou Dufay yro 66o ei6r1rl lerrpropof pere{el i10r1xe oe r6do yro 66o rdnoug 4trerrprro6gopriou, ro 0enx6 Kor ro apv4nrc6, oe 'rpdrro r6ore rq opcovupcgoprio vo grrtoOofvror Kor ro erepcovup(r vq dtrrovrot.

To Oerr16 cpoprio eivol o rlrlpov6po,; rou uolc66oug rllexrpr-o;ro6. @errr6 ovoyd(ou1te ro Eoprio nou eygdvi(erar oro yuaAi, 6-rdv ro rpi,tpoupe ye peraf<nr6 6gaopa.

To cpvqtrr6 goprio eivor, pe rr1 oerpd rou, o rlqpov<ipo5 rou prl-rrvc66oug 4trerrpropro6. Apvqnx6 ovol.td(ou1te ro goprio rrou eygd-

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viC,erat orov tpovirrl,6rdv rov rpi,tl,touye pt pdAfuvo 6gaoya.Btrinoupe 6rr yro va opiooupe rq Oernrdrrlrd Kdr rrlv opvqrr16-

rqrq rou gopriou Xprlorpofiorodpe 66o o6rropivo ultrd rt qurd 6eveivor nopd prio odppcorl q onoio dXer enrrlrarqoer.

Or li€erS 0enx6 ran apvqnxd rrou XpqorFonorotipre yro ro 66o ei-611 gopriou eivcr, guorrd 6crveropive5 orrd rrlytrcbooo rcov po0rlpro-rrrciv. H errrtroyq 6ev eivor rulcio. Booi(ttor rrdvo orrlv eprrrerp(o-rr d1 pdvo o' ourrlv- ofycp<ovo F€ rrlv o'noio pio rroodrqro Oer-ro6 rpoprfou ror prio ioq rroodrqro opvrlrrKo6 6rqv ouvundplouvoro i6ro oc6;ro eprpavi(ouv ono'rileopro <prr16iv>, ro onoio rpipveroro vou ro crrrorftreopo rrls npdoOeorlg ev65 Oerrrod opt0po6perov qv'ri0er6 rou.

:ipoupe errioq5 <itrqv 66o oc6poro, yuotrf ror perd{r, ytq rro-pd6erypro, rprgrofv pero{6 rous Fro rro-o6rrlro r1trerrprrc,6 <popriou peroprpd(e-ror orrd ro ivc oro dllo Kor rl qpxrK4 ntr.-r rpr rc11 ou6erep6rr l ro Kordorpirpetor.Erqv rrporerpdvrl rrepinroorl ro yuclf epr-govf(e, or -e{ opr,rpo6- pe Oerr16 rpoptioKor ro perd{r pe ioo opvrlrrrd cpoprio.

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To qtreKrprKo qoprio oy€rolMro dtrtrq oq;rcvrrxrl r6r6rrpc rou rllerrprrof gopriou eivqt n oyo-y{.'H6n o116 rov 1Bo qr(6vq or epeuvrlrfg ovrtper<rrrrr(ov rov q}e-rrpropd ocrv iva o6paro fipdypo rrou Frropodoe vs pier prioo crr66rdrpopc oorporo -6rro4 or uypo( orrdyror Kqr ro pdrollo- Xtopisvo rropdrnpeiror percrivqoq 6trr19. 'Hrov, {iqtro64, fvc apcpig peu-ord rrou ro dtreyov prdfuoro qAexrpx6 peuor6. Mro ovdloyq ovrfiq-qrrl sfirKporodoe rqryro rrl 0epp6r1ra.

Ero epyaorripro. A5 orprlooupe 6pog va pog roOo6qyrloer ror rrdlt roneipol.ro. fldvcrr oe pdoq o116 rrtroorrr6 Bd(oupe pro pdp6o 1dtrrrvq.Irrl yrc rqq dr<pq iloupe gpovrioer vo'ronoOerrlooupe ivo rllerrprr6erc<pepri5, ro orroio 0a orroreldo€r yro FqS r()v ovrlveutrl qtrerrprr<rtvrpoprirrrv. Irqv dM4 crouprndpre prrc qtrexrpr<4rivr1 pdp6o epovirrl.

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Apio<oq ptr6noupe ro ogcrpi6ro vo ikerqt ctrrd tq ldlrrvq pdp6o.Av orroparpdvoupe rq pdp6o epovirq q il{r1 6rarqpeiror. H nopo-r4prlon pdg o6qyei o' €va, troyrrd oupnipcopo. To ldtrrrvo qv'rrrei-pevo qtrerrpiorqr<e ;re enorpq. Mnopo6pe vq XplorForrorrloou;re rqvfworo Eoprb Kor vo trtpe Eoprioqre. H pd[]6o5 epov(rq ro6 pero-pfpooe rltrerrprrd <poprio. Htrerr-prrd rpoprio epgoviorqre otqv dtr-lr1 drpq ror rrpordtrror rrlv itr{q oro ogorpf6ro rou e xrpeporjq.(Dqiverqr 6rr q Xdtrxrvrl pdp6o5 entrperpe rq yeraxivqoq r1trercrpxoti

Eopriou pdoo orr' ourrlv. Xprlorponorc6vrog rov ovrxvturrl ;rnopo6-pe vo 6ronrorrirooupe 6rr ro qtrerrprr6 goplio rrou ;rercprpdo'r4reoto Xdtrrrvo orilpo eivqr qrrlopdvo o' 6trq rqv drroorl rou. Av ovrt-rcroorqooup€ rrl 1dtrrrvr1 pdp6o pe dllq o'n6 6rc<popetr16 prirol-tro, ro rparvdpevo 0o errovatrqgOef.

Av dprco5 orrl 0ior1 rrlg perolfurrlg pdp6ot), XpnorForrorqooupre i-vqv rrlqo'rrr6 Xdpora, ro prqvupo rrou rroipvoupe pd5 trdet drt orodtrlo drpo rou rrtroottrod ldporo 6ev ovrlS,srjeror qlerrpt16 rpop-rio. Eivor oov ro rrlqorrrd vo eprro6i(sr rrl FsraKivrloq rllerrprrodrpopriou pioo on6 qur6. Mrq yudhrvrl pdp6og, ivo loprdvr/ ro F€-rd{,r, q nopoetrdvrl, rrcpouord(ouv rrop6pc'ro Ft ro rr}qorrrd ou-prreprcpopd.

Mnopodpre va xdvoupe prro rrp6lerprl ro€rvdpqorl rov ocoprdrcovpe rprrqpro ro ov €rnrpinouv q 6ev errrrpinouv rq preror(vqoq qle-rrprro6 gopriou prioa orrd qurd.

Ta o<6;loro rrou errrrpirrouv rrl ;rerorivrlorl rpopriou, ro ocopo-ro -p€ dtrtro tr6yro- pdoo orrd ro onoic ro r7,\ercrpx6 goprio dyerat,trdyovrcr r1ilercrptrcoi ay<nyoi. Qopr((ovror pc pro orrtrq enorprl o116dva dllo rpoprroprdvo odrpa Kdr ro <popr(o rrou qrroKrodv orrtrc6ve-ror o'6111 rqv irrco4 rou5. To prdroMo, ro uv0pcorrrvo o<opa, 11 yq,eivor crycoyoi.

Movur€q, triyovror rc ocbpcra rrou 6ev e'nrrpirrouv rq prerorivrl-or1 gopriou pioo on6 aurd. Arropovc6vouv, p' dllo trd,yro, ro qop-r-io, 6nou epgovi(eror/ o€ pro rreproX( rou;. To yuotri ro rllextpoKqr rq dtrIo ufurd trou ovacpipcpe eivar ;rovrrrrd5.

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oidqpoq 1otrxdq{ ,l^o \$'rUq-!oryo.s

H 6rdrprorl aurq rov orrrpdrcov oe crycoyotls Kqr Fovorig, rrourrpord04re ya npc6rq gopd rord rr5 opXi; rou lBou orc6vc, orqverropl pog Oe<opeircr orrtrouoreurrrrl. Irlpe po Ai;re 611 6trq ra utrr-rd e;.rcpavi(ouv rdnorq qtrerrprxrl cryoyr;rdlqro. Tc 6rdrpopc utrrrd

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HAE KTPOITATI KEI MAHAE II IAPA: L I :

To l6lrrvo xoppfu ppireror n6vor oep6oq povornr{ ror oppx6 eivorqoprropdvo. To deflver 4 ondxfuo4 rouerrpepo{g-ovrlveurti. Av xdnoroqoroupnfoer pe ro ldpr rou ro pdrollo, rooqorpi6ro rou errpepo0g enovdpleroror4v xoroxdpugrl 060q. Oeoporjpe drrllerrprrd goprio rwf04xe pdoo ond roov0p6nrvo o6uo ||pos Tn fn.

FrropodF€ vq ro xor-ord(oupe pe rprrrlpro rrlvrF4S rrls cryoyrF6rn'rds rous. Oo ilou;.re Fro li-orq, orrl Ftd dKprl rtls oTroros 0c rrpfrrer vo u-rrdpx€r ouooop€uorl qurc6v rrou ovopd(oup€ o-ytoyods €vc6 orrlv di\lr1 drp4 0o ppioxovror olFovorrfs. H oy<oyrpr,5rqro ev6g perdltrou, yronopd6erypo, 0o eivor rrevrdxrg exoroppfpro go-pig peyotrrlreprl cnd sK€fvrl rou yuCIfuod. Ie proypcptr4 percgopdg ro rll€KrprK6 goprio rrveirornotr6 nro edrolq pricro orrd erorovtd6eq ptrrd-l.l€Tpo perolfurod odllporos rrqpd prfoo orrd rotrryc exo'roord rou povcor4 o orrofos lopi(er roodppo o116 rov n6pyo rrou rov orqpf(er. Iropera{6, oro pioov nls li'orqs eprrpovi(ovror ro<rpopepd rror6rd> rqg rllerrpovrxr;g €fiqvdoro-oqs rou 6efrepou pr,rod rou 20ou qrc6vo, ol 4-tildY(|)Yoi.H [q xcr o riv0pornos. H frl eivor aycoy6g drrr<o5

ror o dvOpronog. Aur6 dllore pog epnc,6f(er oe opro;riveg enr6rr6-{erg xor dl}ore pc5 e{unqperei. Av, yro rrcpd6erypc, our6 ro {e1d-ooupr€ rar Oel4ooupe vo rltrerrpiooupre iva roppdrr pirollo rpcrc6-vrqs ro pe ro lipr rar rpipovrdg ro ndv<rl oe 6qooprc, ypqyopo 0ororoldpoupe 6rr eivar pdroro. Auvardrrlro vd nerdlou;re xdrt r{.-roro Oo iloupe pdvo ov ego6rdooupe ro priratrlo F€ prq povorrrqtropr1 ror ro rrrdooupe orr' ourrlv. Av 6ev gpovriooupe vc xdvoupexdrr ovdloyo, q qlCrrproq 0o pororc6veror, yrori ro rpoprio nou<epgcvi(eror) F€ rqv rprpq peroxrveiror prCo<o rou cry<oyrpou oc6pro-169 pog rrpos rnv ay<6ypr1 fr1.O odptrg. 'Evo rltrerrpropivo cvrrrefpevo, CIpyd 4 ypiyopo rrquer voeivar qtrerrprqrdvo. Yne60uvog yr' ourd r;ivor o oipoq, o orroio5 ru-picog drav iler uypooio eivcr cryoydg rou qler<rproproU.

Mnopodpe vo trdpe 6n ra goprio 6porrrerefouv qnd ro rllerrpr-o;rivo ovrrreipevo orov oipo r1 6rr ro ovrrxefpevo exEopri(erat. Ta

goprropivo pog rlAerrpoox6rrro, 6rov oge-0o0v orov oipo, ergopri(ovror.

To 4trerrpoox<irrno. To rllerrpoororr16 ex-rpeprig, ro onoio pog porlOder vo ovrXve6-ooup€ rqv (rropouoio qtrerrprrod gopriou6ev eivor pdpcrc xqvdvq <ipyovo r6roirepoeuoiooqro. To qtrerrpoor.6rro, o yvroor65 o-vrlveurrlg rrou urrdpX€r oro o1ofurd epycx-orqpro, 6ro0drer rrotrf peyoldrepeg 6uvar6-

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rrlr€S. Evvoeiror 6rr rcor qurd eivor oXe'rrr6, 5e6opdvou 6rt orrlv e-nopl pa5 undplouv rllerrpovrrd 6pyavo fiou rl euoroOqoio rougrdver or6pro Kor ro qtre rrpoox6firo vo 6eilver ouyrptrrrd rrprrrrd,yo-vo.

Mro pnxovn yrq rrlv (nol)oycryrl,goPri(l)vArrd ro pdoo rou 17ou orr6vq or Euporroior cippoav rno vo yoqre6-ovrqr crr6 rov rlle xrproprd. Apxtrof qrcv tK€ivor fiou rrpoorrdOqoov

vo KorooKe uooouv pr lxovq rrou 0o prropouoe vonopdysr <qtrerrprop6> oe peydtreg noodrqreg. Hnpcirq Fnxcvi suro6 rou ei6ou5 -qle r<rpoororrrcrl

Fnxov{- roroore udorrlK€ oro 1662 orq [e pprovia o-116 rov Otto von Guericke ('Orro <pov lrdprxe). Boor-xdg rqg rpqpo qrov pro orporpo orr<i Oerdrpr oov K€-cpdtrr rro16ro6, rrou orpeg6rov ytipo crr6 d{ovo rorqtre rrpr(6rov. O n€rpoporrorqg dyyr(e rqv enrrpd-vsro rrpoKotrc6vrog qldr<rproq pe rprprl.H rllexrpoorcrlx{ p41cv{ VVhimshurst, rrou ouvq-0<og 6rcx0irer dva etrtrqvrr<6 o1ofu16 epyaorqpro, eivotorr6yovoq rqq pq1ovr15 rou Crtto von Cuericke.'E1er 66o orpo6ir<'reg or orroior, drov 11 p41ovr1 trer-

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0 "x0tr6$ xriopogu 1su 18ou ortirvo 6r00Ke60(er [s Tov qleKrptold.

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To epyo rou Charles-Augusl in de Coulomb{1736-1806) Xoponq0i(s-ror ond pro evrunororor{ l-oopponio ovdpeoo oro po-S4porrxd loyropt i xor roneipopo.

roupysi, qoprf(ovrot p€ gopri'o 6rogoperrro6 r6nou. Mnopod;revo XprlorFonorqooupe pro r irorc ;rqXcrvq yro vo naipvoupe 6oe5rroodrqre5 gopriou Odloupe, eire Oerrro6 €iT€ opvlrrKo6, Xtopi5 vo

Xp€rdqsror vo rpi'poups yudtrrvo 4 r<eXprpnopdvro ocbporo os Fdl r-vo q pera{cord ucpdo;roro.

O v6pos rou CoulomlbKo0r65 {eruhyeror o lBog orc6vog, o q}er<rpropdg -oe ovriOeoq perq Neurcovrrq 6uvoprrq- Oeorpeiror errrorqpr4 ef rolq Xopfs xo0d-lou poOq;rorrrd. fro rov nol6 r6opro e rvor or6po prcryrx65, e r<Oop-pcorrrdg, 6roore6oorrrd5 ror nopd{evog. Og errrorrlpq nopoprfvero16;ro oro errirre6o FrCIS ouooc6peuorl(; fisrpCIForrrc6v 6e6opivrovKqr rroporqprloeov, or orroieg fipcypor()fiorofvror pre ouoxeui5, 6-rrcrrs or 4lerrpoororrrdg ;.rq1ovfq rcor or rrurvorig.

'Otro ourd rrou ouppoivouv rreproodrepo rreprypdgovror rropdeppqve6ovrcr pfoc o116 fwore5 rrou iXouv oro prera{ri errrvoqOei.H orrouoio ro)v fiooorrrc6v ouprrepoopr,ircov opXf(er va yiveror or-o0r1rq. Kovivog vdpog 6ev iXe r ordpo 6rorurro0ef. Trlv i6ro enoXrlot <puorrof <rrror€6ouv) orov v6pro rrlq noyxdoprrog il{45 nopdlorrou 6ev dXe r pilpr r6re qrro6erl0e f rrrr6loparrxd. H vsur<rrvrrrl ou-Oevrfo rupropXe i rrdvo orrlv €upcrrrrolxrl errrorqpovrr<r1 oriqlr1 xor6ev orpr;ver rrepr0<6pro yro cgrprop4r4orl. Avdpeoo oe 66o orrorro-6rlrrore Hd(eS rrrorerierqr orr orroo6qrore cxore irqr pro itrfr1 ondorr6oroo4 ovdloyrl rrpos ro yrv6pevo rov po(c6v roug r<or ovri-orpoqo ovdtroyq fipos ro rerpdy<ovo rrlg on6oroo4g roug.

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To 1785 o fdtr loq Charles Coulomb (Irrpl Koul6pr) {e r ivqoe rr lvnpc6rq fi€rpopqrrKq rrooorrr<r1 dpeuvo ndvcrr orrg 4trer<rprr<d5 oltrr1-trerrr6pdoerg, q oTroio r<apnogdpqor Kor ri6<ooe rov rrpc6ro v6po rq5errro-( ;rr1g rou qlerrproprorj.

To epdlrrlpa. flprv o116 14 6rarrlrrolorl r;vd5 rpuorrof v6prou undp-

1er ouv(O.u5 dvo epc6rqpo fiou 6ev iler crrd;ro onovrrlOei. Irqv rre-pirrr<oor1 cu'rr1 ro ep<6rqpc qrov: Or nl€.l<rpKi.q aAAqAernipdoeq u-ns,xo6or.tv dpag ot xdnoto nooortx6 v6yo; Ilotoq eivcxt o vdyoq, ao-r6e;

H yl6ooc rorv evvordrv. fro vo o6r1y40c'tiv 6pco5 or rpuorr<oi oe rd-rroro orrdvrrlorl rlrav ovoyroia q 6rordn<oorl rou €porrlporo5 perq poq0ero eworc6v. H 6orcpoopivq iworo 66vapr7 i6elXve rrovq vo

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Eoprio rporv6rov xor ourq rordtrtrr1trq ov Kor nopouoia(e dvo oo-pop6 pe rovdrr4po. To Eoprio ryrav <xdn> nou 6ev eiye ax6pa pe-rpr70ti.

H unor;rio. Aiyo lpdvro rrprv €vspyonor40e i o Coulomb, o Ayylog e-pe uvqrqg Joseph Priestley (T1o1eq l-lpiotre 0) 6rer6ncooe pro rotrpqp4r6do o6prprovo p€ rrlv onoio or r1Aexrgrctg iuvdpeg iouq,va nefiap-yo1oav ot tva v6po avdAoyo pe exeivov rrlg nayxdoltdc, ii{4q. O i-6ro9 o6uvoro6oe vo errrpe porc6oer ourrlv rqv un60eor1. H urrorpiorou, <lporg, evOdppuve dlloug eupconoiou5 guorro65 vo ro €rIIXst-prloouv. O Coulomb qrov dvog ond ouro65

H rrerpoporrr{ ernpepairrro4. To rrp6rurrr), }orrr6v, urrqple ror r1-rov orro6e 116. O Coulomb, e rcxr6 rrepirrou lpdvro ;rt'rd tov Ne 6-r(DVo, XprlorForroiqoe rcr ourdg rqv ivvotrr 66vapr7 Fs rov rpduorrou rrlv e r1e lpqorporrorqoer ror o Nedr<rrv, H nprirq rou errr6i<o{,r1qrov vc epeuvrloer ov or qtre rrprr<dg 6uvdpilrs rrou ovorrr6ooovrovavdpeocx oe 66o prrpi5 <poprroprdvtg oqafpsg nerOoplorioov -6rro5rcr or popurrrdg- oro vdpo rou ovrrorp6rpou 'rtrpcycirvou. Aur6orlporve 5rr qv yro opro;rdvr1, pero{6 rorv rpoprirov, orr6orooq r q6uvopq qrov F, yro o'ndorooq 6rrrldoro (2r') 0o qrav (Fl4) yro ond-oroorf rprrrldoro (3r) 0o qrcrv Fl9 ror, yevrcdr€po yro orrdorooq pr

0 "qlexrpoororrrdq (uyriqmPeueog" rou Goulomb(1785). PdIo duvolrop6rpouxor ;r6trroro triov euoioe[Tounoi(er ro vfpo Ue 14 p6060ond yuoli, 6cpev4 oro xdrtopepoq rou. H p6F6oq edpelpro UrKpri orpoipo peroAtrrx{oro 6xpo rqg. flpdxerror yroTov treydUevo .(uydorprueoq' pe rov onoio oCoulomb rordqepe vounotroyi(er ro o;1err16 perportov qtrerrprxrirv duv6petov.floprigroro ouoreufXpqorponorti0qxc ro 1798ond rov Henry Cavendishyro 14 p6rpqo4 duvripeorvnoyxrjuproq dAEIq.

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0o 4rov Fl1i. O 4ty6q orp(.rpeuq rov onoiov lpqorponofqoe i6erXve<irr xdrr riroro rporvdr-ov npdyparr vo ro;'6er.Xpero(6rcv ar6po va epeuvqoa qv rl 66vopr1 rlrav ovdtroyn rrposrdrroro yrvd;revo ovriororXo pe ro yrv6p€vo m1 m2/ rcDV popurrrcovpc(c6v. H ordq-rq rou (rov 6rr orq 06oq rcrrv;ro(c6v m1 Kdr m2, or o-rroieg rlrov une60uveg yrq rS popurrrdg otrlqtrenr6pdoerg, rinperrevcx Oe<oprloer ro rltrerrprrd goprio q1 Kor q2 ro orroio r1rov, pe rr1oerpd roug, urre60uvo yrq rS rllexrprrdg rrMqlenr6pdoer5.

fro vq rarctrq{er, dp.S, oro avdAoyq npos ro ytv6yevo 1pe ro(d-rqv rroodrqreg rpopriou. O Co_ulonb, yrcr vo ro rrer61er, Xpnorpo-rroirloe pro reXvrr4 9gg'qUrytg_,€_.Ugloy,Kq oupperpicg. A{f(er vorrlv rropoKolouerlooutr..AS ndpoupe p c perolhrq rpoprroprivqorpoipa ru og urroOdoou;r€ drr q rroo6rrlrcr rpopriou fiou rreprdXer ei-vqr q. Av rqv orou;rrrr loouFs o€ pro evrelc6g dporo ocp6prrorrlocpoipo ror ;rerd rqv enorprl rrs ofiopoKptivoupe rdOe pi'o 0o i1e rnoo6r4ro qlz. U ncpo6opl rou o4pepo Oe<opeiror ooorrl. Av orqouviXero orou;rrr4oou;.re rrdfu rrl Flo orr' ourdg rrg ogoipeg o€ Frorpirq ogdprrorq nopdporo ogoipc, pe,<i rrlv oropdrpuvoq 0o i-louv -16oo q pio 5oo ror 11 dllq- <poprlo ql4.

@O=+O @O:+@ O OTo gopr[0, xd0e oqoipog perd rqv ettogi 0o eivor ro proti rou oplrxori

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X6po oroerpd rqr qvqtrtroi<rrro o orroio5 rropapr6ver onc0r15. OCoulomb neprypdcpovra5 16oo rrg r1trer<rprrcd; 6l{erg 6oo r<ct rtg q-trercrprrdg orrc6oer5 rrvrlOqre pfoo orc rrlaitrts rqs v€urc,lvrrq5 o-vril4rgr1g. Kcr yr' qur6v q 6pdor1 qrr6 orrSorcro4 trerroupyef o) oro-prcx(o ror p) ocpqvovros orov nopeppolld;rtvo y6po povdlo dvopdtro Oecrq. Me ovdloyo rpdno ovtrtro;rpdvEror KGr rrg allqtrerrr-6pdoerg payvqrc6v.

O Faraday rcr 11 dvvora re6io. Kord rqv rpirrl 6e roeriq rou 19ouorcirvcx q r6do rou rre6iou errovqtrOe avave<rrpivrl rcor 6prprrirepq. Ironpoorqvro rqv errcvdrpepe o Michael Faraday (Mdrr<tr Oopovrdt,1791-1867), dvos quro6iEqxrog Ayytrog epeur,qrq5, o onoiog ipeMevo e{etrrX0ef oro peyotr6repo fi€rpoporrK6 guorrd, 6trorv r<ov erro-

X6V.H cvcvecl;rdvq ivvora nt6io {,e rivqoe arrd tqv otrlqlerliEpaoq

pro1ruqrc6v, aplrd org rivog evotrtrorrt165 rprirrog rreptypogqg ou-rc6v rov otrtrqtrenr6pdoecrrv. O Faraday rolupr(drov drt rqrd rqv €-rrf6paoq ev65 pcyvqrrl o'rivov d)rlo poyvrlrrl, o ono(o5 pp(or<eroroe on6oroorl, q 6pdoq rrpoXcopder ota6rorcd. M' dtrlo tr6yro pero-rpiperor orov Xrrpo Trou nop€ppdlleror ror oTrotre f 1p6vo Ytd rrlperd6ooq rrls. H r6io opvrdrov ro oKcpraio r r15 <6pdoqg orrd on6-oroon> rsr d6rvs orov 1c6po ivo p6tro <rrpdrcropo>. fprlyopo ene-rrdOrp<e Kor oro dtrtra yv<oord el6r1 cllrltrenrtipdoeov.

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HAEKTPOITATI KEI AAAH^E T'I APA:E :

O Faraday 0ec6pqoe drr o Xc6pog avcipeoc oto oc6poro nou qtr-lqlenr6podv -popurrxd, qlerrprrd, pqru4rrrd- q'rav iva ne6io 6u-vdpeov Kof ro govrdor4re 6n e{utrrlpErEi oro va \nppd(erat 116pdoq an6 €va o<itpa oro dAAo.

H dvvorq nc6fo o{pepo. I-lop6lo rrou rl troyrrrl rrlg 6pdoqg on6 q-n6oroorl 6ev iler qn6truro eyrccrclerrpOei, q r6ic rou ne6iou or;pe-po Kuprqpxef. Idpgcovo pe aurqv, rorri rrlv n€prypqrprl r<ov q}ilrl-lerrr6pdoe<ov, 4 iprpooq 6iverqr orr5 r6rdr-r1r€S rou 1c6pou. H eprpd-vrorl ev6g rllerrprxod gopriou q yro no6rd6erypro, ldpe drr rrpoo6i6erorov Xc6po pio r6r6rqro, rqv orroio 6ev 6rd0sre npoqyoupiv<og. Tove{ouoto6ore f vo aorei 6uvdpre 15 os ofic,ro64nore dtrlo goprio ppe-Oei pioo o' qurdv. X<opi5 ro q o X6poS 6ev 0o erle aurrlv rqv r6rd-rqro. Mnoporlpe vo nodpe 6.n q rapouoiq, rou q aMonbvet ro yds-po rl611 6qproupye i dvo rre6io 6uvdperov. Aiveror enio4g ipgoorloro yeyov6g drr q ctrloi<rror1 perc6i6eror o116 oqpefo oe orlpre(o perrerrepooprCvq T crXdrqro.

Oprop 65, 6r,cp€q Kqr qviXve uoqsv6s rre6iou 6uvdprccrlvOprol.rrig. Aipe 6rr o' i,vc Xd)po undpyu ne6io 6uvdyeuv eE6oovndvu o' iva rcaralilr1Ao un60eya, ro onoio 0a ppe1ei oe onoro\rl-rrore o4yeio rou, aoxtirdt 66vo1t4.

'Vrraptq. fraT 4 guorrrl q 6rrap€q cv6<lne6iou 6uvdpre<ov oyer((t-rcr orrcoo6{rrore

c. pe yn nqyry o.n6 rrlv orrofa e rrroprederor rorp. pe pn oprcytvry \nvuoparrrcq noo6rrTra q orroio ovrrororXf-

(eror oe rdOe or;peio rou Kor ro rreprypriger.H pcpurrrq pd(o onoretref nqyrl ev,5g ne6iou popdrrpog. To n-

lerrprrd rpoprio orroretref nqyrl ev6g q,\errprrod ne6fou. OS nrly4,rdtrog, evd5 yoyvqrrrod rre6iou prropodpe vo Oeorporipe rrpo5 rorrcxpdv eire iva pq'v4Tn eire (o6pgalvo F€ To prlvupa rou rrerpdpo-rog Rowland) rc rllexrprrd <poprio oe rivqoq. Apydrepo, 0o pnopi-oouF€ vo rorovorloou;tr our<j rrou 6eldpoore orqv enoXq pa5 6rroe rdOe Fdl,vrlrrl <xp6povrcrr> 4lerrprrd gopric oe x(vr1o4 Kor ou-verrr6g nqy{ rdOe ;lcryvqrrxo6 rre6iou rivqt ro qtrerrprrd rpoprio, e-<p6oov ourd ppiorovrot -tos npog xdnolo odmqpo cvogopdg- oexfvr;o4.

To 6rovuoprorrx6 pdye0os fiou rreprl,pdger ro rre6io pcp6rrlrc5triyeror iwooq rou ne6fou pcp6rrlrog (d). frq ro qtre rrprrd ror ro

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HAE KIPOITATI KEI AAAHAE N IAPAIE I I

p-oyvrlrtrd ne6io XpqotForrotodvrot ldvrocrrl qle r<rprro6 ne6iou(E) ror 4 ivroorl payvrltrxo6 rre6iou (B), avtiororla. Me rous opt-opo65 Kqr rn cpuorrq oq;rdo'ro ou'rriv r<ov pre'ye0r6v 0o ooXolq0o6-pe opdo<oq perd.

Avf;6vtuoq. H ovilveuorl ev6g rre6iou ouv8ierut pre ivo <rordMqlo>un60qto. Yn60e po yro rqv ovflveuoq ev65 nr6iou papdrqro5 e ivorguorrd, q papurrrq prd(o ev6g onorou6(rrort:oc6porog. fro ro r1tre-rrprrd ne6io ivo orroro6rlrro're <poprio apxeiyrq rrlv ovilveuoq.'Ooo yra rqv oviXveuorl rtov poyv4rrrc6v rre6iorv, 0o oprceorod;rerrpos ro rrop6v orous poyvqte5 rot r6ptc orrl FoYvrlrrrrl petr5vc,yro rrlv orroio floupe errrorlprdver d'rr e(vot rivog r6roirepo euoio0rl-ros ovrxv€urq5 rorv pcryvqrr xcilv oMqtrenr6pdoeorv.

nrprypaq{

'Ewoorl ne6iou poprirpoq

'Ewooq rltrerrprrorj ne6iou

Ewooq payvrprrod nt:6iou

'0rov Ierroupyef 4 pIXovri Wimshursl,oro ltirpo yripo ond rov orpoddrrqepgovl(rlror llerrprxd ncDio. Il4yrirou nediou eivor ro goprio rouoxpoder,r4. To oqotpi6to gepetqtrerrprrrd qoprio nou noi(er ro pdloovrpeut'ti.

fro rn uio ond rrg poprovdneg qondxtrro4 rou erxpepoUg ogeitreror oe

rdnoro rdrdrqro rou ltirpou.

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HAEKTPOITAT KF' AAAHAETI IAPAIEII

Fl , , c,

I leptypogn evos n€olou'Evo npriypoppo. H nepryporprl evd,5 qlertprxo6 ne6(ou 0o rrpfrretvo ovcgdperol o€ xo0dvo ond rq orlpeio rou ollot<o;rivou 1<6pouKor vo pnopei vo 6ivet orrcvrrloe t5 oro tpolrrlporq rou rfrrou'n6oo toyup6 eivat iva ne6io oro or1yeio aur6;xard rq 6pdor7 rou reiiou o' tvs goprlo undpXet xdnon optoy(vqxare60uvorl;n6oo 66orcoAo eivqt va ronolerrloouyt fva goprio mo or\peio aur6

rpiro ep<orqpo.' Ie rdOe, lotrr6v, o4preio ev55 rre6iou 0o ovrtororlf(oupe ;rro i-

vrdoll rot ivc 6uvayx5. Ercr65, d;rog crn6 ro 66o ourd peyi0q, 4neprypccprl rou rre6(ou 0o elunqperq0r:f pioo on6 opropiveS etx6-vrs, or orro(e5 dXouv errrvorlOeiylo vo GlrJerl'rorrot(oouv rov oopororre6rqr6 Xcipo ror triyovror 6ovapx('q YpaHp€s.

- \ , t \ - ' I _ -?tTo rlAeKrptro [qAeKrPoororlKo) n€olo

xrprrd 0o ewoodpe rc r1trer<rpoorortxd.

IF \ , ?,'bvroorl rlA€KrPtKou neolouIuyrevrpc6voup€ rrlv rrpooox{ FoS o' dvo opropivo oqpeio rou 1c6-

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|,||, H^EKTP.:TATTKEI A^^H^Enr^PArEr:

pou, ro M. Oipvoupe mo M ro yrxp6 ogcrlti6ro rou rllerrpoororr-rod errpepods. AS urroOiooulte drt ro ogo pi6ro <piper 0errrd gop-rio q. Arorror<6voupe 6rr oro goprio coreirqr 66vapq, xr ourd or1-proiver 6rr ro M eivor oqpeio qlerrprro6 neDiou. To oXerrrd nerpd-proro pd5 o6rlyo6v oe ouprnepdopdro rrou (xgopo6v ro orlpefo M.

o H 66voFrl, rqv orroio qoxei ro ne6io iler pirpo ovdloyo npos ro6orrpoorrr6 rpoprio rrou Xpqorporrotefrqt etcdorore. M'dMq trdyro,ro rrqlfxo rrlg 66vcprr1s (F), rrou coxeirqt c/ ivq 6ortpoortx6 gop-rio, rrpo5 rrlv rroo6rqro (q) rou rpopriou qurof eivor oroOepd,'

o H 66voFrl rou rre6iou rrdvo oe rdrroto 0ertx6 <poprio dler rrdvro-rr rlv i6ro rore60uvo4.

To oqpeio M epgcvi(ercr lorrr6v, vo XqpoKrrlp(erctr) on6 ivo opropivo nooonx6 orotyeio, cirro5 eivcl ro rrrllfrco F/q

K0rrr) o116 prc oproprivq xare60uvoql Tqv rorvq rareriOuvorl 6pdoq5

dtr<ov r<ov qlerrprr6v 6uvdpeov, nou 0q o<rrq0o6v egdoov oro orl-pe io M ppeOe i onoro6rprore urr60epc -gop'rio 0ert16.

T6oo ro rrqtriro, doo rar rl XCIpoKTnprorrrrl rqre60uvoq 6ev e-

{oprr6vrcr arr6 rrg rrpri5 r<ov Oertxt6v rpopri<ov Kqr r<ov 6uvdpe<ov,otrtrd ouvOirouv rdrroro 1616111ro rou orlpeibu M.

Iupg<rlvorlpe, rdlog ro oto0epd rrrllfr,r F/q va ro ovopd(oupey€rpo rr1s tvraoryq roo ne\iou oro o4lttio ,V, 14 6e rore60uvorl vorri Oetopodp e rcare60uvoq rr1q, tvraonq rou ne\ioo oro o4peio M.

H o6v0eo4 ;rog o6qye i orov oproprd, rou 6rsvuoparrrod peyiOoug€vraory rou ne\iou oro or1;reio M. Ewoe irqr 6rt, ov coXolrl0odpe pedvo dMo o4peio M',0o gOdooupe oro oupnipcopc 6tt ru our6 Xo-porr4pi(erqr o116 prro oproprivrl ivroorl, yevrrd 6tagoperr14 o116 e-refv4 rou or;peiou M.

'Evrooq 4lerrprrod nediou (4, qrrtrd, rltrerrpL16 rre6io E-) o' dvqoqpeio rou oc ldpe ro n4lixo r4g 66vapr4g (F),nou qoxeirct oegoprio q (ro onoio ppioxercr oro o4;reio) rrpos ro goprfo.Xpqorporrorc6vro5 o6pBolo ilou;re,

r iE = ; e{io<ooq opropo6 rqg ivrooq,; qtrerrprro6 rre6iou

Y

Movd6o 6vrooq5 r l lerrprro6 rre 6iou oro Lre0vig l6orr lpa efvqr rol Newton svd Coulomb (1N/C). H povd6c, dprcc'5 nou Xprlorpolror€irqt su-vr10<o5 e ivqr ro ivo Volt wd pirpo (1Ylm), n on()i'G, 6nco5 0a 6odpe, oupni-rrr€r p€ rr;v rrporlyo6pevq.

AEikt vo npooi{oupre 6rr:

HAEKTPOITATI KEI AAAHAE N IA PAIE II

I

o. H xqre 60uvorl 'rrls ivrooqg eivar ove{riprnrn orrd ro np6orlporou rpopriou -urroOiproros/ ro orroio XF)rlorFofiotrloope .

p. H rore60uvorl rrls 66vopr15 oupr-irrrer ps rrlv rore60uvoqrqg ivraorls ov ro goprio -un60epcreivqr 0errrd, evc6 eivor o-vriOerq ps rrlv roretlOuvoq rqg dvrrroqs ov ro cpoprio- urr6-0epo eivor opv4rr16.

H e{ioororl opropod rqg ivrooqg yp<icperor ror F : qE. Auro5o rp6no5 ypoq4s ernoqpoiver drr r1 yv6on rrlg E oe xdnorooqpreio pog enrrpdner vo npoplirroupre rr1 66vop4, rrou 0o o-orr1Oe i oe rdnoro goprio (q), ov our'6 ppe0ei oro oqpeio, oroonoio ovocpep6poore. Mrropotpe, p' dtrlo tr6ylo vo unoloyi-(oupr 6uvdpe rg Xtopfs vo oololoripoorr rcdOe rpopd p€ rnvnqyrl rou rre6iou, ro orroio rrs ooK€ i. H 6uvor6rqro aurq a-

noretrei ivo o116 T o ntreovercrrlporo rqg ne6rorrlg nporrrrq5.

To ne6io evrig o4prenxod gopriou (ne6io (loulomb). H nlo onlq ne-pinrcooq qlercrprrod ne6iou eivor ourq mrp'onoio n finy{ rou eivqr d-

vcx or1;rerord goprio (Q) or<iv4ro. H ivraoq orrlv rrepirrroorl ou-rr1 prrropei e rirotro va unotroyrore i (1,ro r<dOe orlpeio) cprei voouv6udooupe rqv e{rocooq opropoti rqs p€ ro vdpo rou Coulomb.

To gdrpo rq5 eivor:

'Evo rrs8io opoyevdg. Arp(voupe hyrt rq Oeotpio yro vo {cva-yupiooupe oro neipopro. Xpqorporroro6pe 66o dporeg perolfu-ri5 ntrdreg, Kor rrs rpopri(oupre p€ rc)us or<po6ircre5 rrls Frlxo-v(g Wimshurst.

H prio nldro orrorrd Oer-rrd <popr(o ror 11 dl\r1 opvrl'rrx6, aMd ra rpop-rio roug eivor onohjrco5 ioo. M'ivo qlercrprr<6 errpe;.rdg avrlve6ou;.rero rre6io nou 6q;roupyry0ry<e. 'Orqv ro ocpolrpi6ro ppioxercxr oro 16popera{6 rcov rrtrorc6v, ro vrlpo orror}iver orr<i rqv rororcdpugo, evc6 cxv

E:k. '8]' r r

HAE KTPOITATl KEI AAAF]AEII IAPA>E I

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ppeOef i{o ond ou'r6v, ro ogorpi6ro fiopoJsvst orivqro. Odpvoupero orporpi6ro oe 6rdgopo oqpeio rq5 neproXrl5 pero{6 rov rrlorrivror ouyrpivouFr rrs evrdoerg rorv oqpe iov qurc6v. Av 11 on6oroorlrorv ntroxr6v eivqr prrpq oe oxiorl pe rr5 6roordoer5 rou5 11 odyrprorl6eilver 6rro q rrp4 rqg iv'rooqg eivat i6cyc 6Aa ra oqyeia rr1q neptoyqc.o r7 6rc60uvor7 rrTS eivat rcd]err\ orc enftre\,a ru)v 66o nAarcdx.o r7 Eopd rrTS eivat ndvrc an6 rq )enrcr\ n)'drca rrpoq, rqv apvqnx(.

Mnopodpe vo no6pre 6rr oro ne6io nou 6r1;rroupytl0qxe r1 dwo-oq eivor loprxd oraOep4. orqOepi 6lrqqt:l

. Opoyevi5 rre6io prnopodpe vo Oeoprlooup€ Kor royrlrvo ne6io pop6rrlrog oe rreprol{ o4preiov rclv orroiov or ofio-ordoerg qrr6 ro i6crpo5 eivor oe oxiorl pe rr1 yqrvrl orrivo, opxerdprrpfg.

To o4prrox6 goprfo tog unriOe;ro pdoc ori ne6io opoytvdg. Av pi-oq or opoyevig qtrexrprrd ne6io ppeOe i dvcr oqpre rord goprio p€ Frl-6evrrq aplxq rcXfrqro, 0o rrvqOef eu06ylrppo Kor p€ oraOepq e-rrrrdXuvorl.Erpdoov ro rpoprio eivor Oerrx6 11 rore60uv(rrl rrls rivqorlg oupnirrretFe rrlv rore60uvoq rr15 ivroorlg evcir cxv eivor cpvqrrrd e(var ov'riOerr1.

Torroypogiu ev6g ns6ibuAuvc;rrrdg ypaFFdS. H neprypcrpq rou odporou rre6iou 6ev rrepro-piorqxe orr5 6uvordrrlr€S r<rrv 6rcvuopdrcov. H cvdyr<q yro etr6voouv6udorqKs F€ rq govrooio rou Michael Faraday Kor pos i6<ooepro rroparripo 6uvor6rqro.

'Otror pc5 dXoupre cxvdyKn yro err6vo. fro vo rorworlooupe ro dro-po grrdXvoupe errdveg pre nupryve5 ogorp ro65, (<oypocpi(oupe xorypqppis ps rrs rpoxrdg rov qlerrpovitrrv yiprrr orr' ouro6g. H etx6vopd5 poqOdel vo Kqrqvorlooupe ro odpcro. Aurd nou rrpdre tve oFaraday rqv rpirq 6erqer(s rou 19ou orrilvo qrav vo e rrovoypcrprloou-pe ro adporo rre6io pe ypoppdg. H orperqp'o rqg r6iog pprordrov oe

pro erx6vo npcryporrr4. Aurq fiou pos 6ivouv ro or6q-poprvfoprora 6rqv ro pflc,upe ndvor o' 6vo rpfllo

lapri rcu dloupre orrd r<dror fva payv4rq. To prviopo-ro 6rqrdooovror Kor grrd;vouv pro erxdvo ps ypolj-pfg rr5 orroieg o Faraday 6v6rproo€ 6ovayx(.qypapyts.

Kdrr ovdloyo pnopofpr€ vo Korcgipoupe Kqr orrlvrrepirrroor; rou qlerrprrof rre6[ou. Ie yro tre r<dvr1

F€ povtorrKd, uyp5, oro orrofo errrtrtrfouv etrogpoiorrdpor XtrdnS, rorro0erodl.re rordllqtro ivo qoprr-

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IAEKTPOTTATIKE' ONNNN'N'O'O"'' 9

oFivo orirpo r1 dvo o6ornpo goprtopiv<ov ocopdrcov. Aqploupyo6-pe, 6qtro6r1, rrpoDno0ioers, yro dnqp€q r1),errprro6 ne6iou.

Blirroupe drr or an6por 6reuOerofvror rc pog 6ivouv pro err6vo peqtrerrprrig 6uvoprrig ypCIFpis, q onoia liyerar qlerrpr16 gdopo.Aev eivar 6riorotro vo errrprrlooupe 6rr orr(; Tr€proxig drrou ro rre6ioeivor ouyrprrrrd roXup6repo €Figqvi(ercr ror peyatr6reprl nurv6rq-ra ypappc6v. H errfp4orl prog evroXderor r,rr crrr6 rrlv errdvo (d) rroupog 6ive r dvq rre6io o;.royevig oro orroio or 6uvoprrr<ds ypoppis €Fqo-vi(ovror o' dtreg rrg neprolis rou F€ rqv i6ro rrurvdrqro.

Auvaprrdg ypopFds rcr dvrooq. To 6do rrcoqyo6prevo ouprrepdqro-ro 0q po5 rcOo6rlyrloouv oro vo ouv66ooupe rqv err6vo r<ov 6uvopl-rc6v ypoppc6v p€ rrl Oecopio, 11 onoio neprl'pdcper ro 4trer<rprrd ne6io

Xpqolpofiorc6vrog rrlv dworo (,vraory. fro vo rorovorlooupe ourq rqoriv6eoq 0o enrorpirpoups mo qlerrpr16 ne6io Coulomb pe nqyrl0e-rrr<6 rpoprio. Av e ilope rrlv ulropov4 vo urroloy(ooupe rrlv ivroorlrov 6rocpdp<ov oqpreirov Kot vo crXe6rdoorrpe 6vc ivo, rrdvrrr o' ivorpriMo 1opri, rq ovriororlc 6rov6oporo, l)o grrdlvopre dvo oXi6ro,rrou 0q 06pr(e rqv rrporlyori;revq erx6vo (c) r<ov 6uvqrrrc6v ypoppc6v.

Or ypcxppi5 trou 0q 6rlprroupyqOo6v arr6 ro o6volo rcov 6rcvu-oprdrarv E 0a eivqr euOeieg rol 0o ilouv rrxre60uvoq qr6 ro 0erlrdgoprio -rrqyq rrpos ro drrerpo. Ko0cig Ocr onoproxpuv6;roore orrdto cpoprio- il1y4, or ypol-rpig 0c opcrc6votrv Kor ro p6rpo rqg 6vro-oqg 0o elorrc6veror.

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HAEKTPOITATIKE: MAHAEN IAPAIEI:

Av enqvoldpoupre rrlv rrpoorrdOerq p' ivrx dllo ruXoio qlexrpr-16 ne6io 0o 6rorrrorr6ooupe 611 6qproupye irar oXi6lo pe ypo1.t1.ti5rrap6poreg rrpog ereiveg rqg erx6vqs rou rre rgdporog, apre i vo 6e -lrodpe 6rr oe rd0e oqpeio rous ro 6rdvuopo E 0o egdnr€,rot o'qu-ri5. Iro pero{6 or ypcppi5 ouri5 0o dlouv rore60uvoq rrdvro o-16 Oerrxd rrpos opvqrrxd, q 6e rrurv<ir4ro rous (fiopdrotrou0e i>rrg rr;rig rrlg ivrooq5. H o6v0eor1 dl<ov Gur,fv pa5 poq0der vo ou-voqriooups. Or 6uvoprrig ypopprig eivor ypcrgpig pe tt5 orrofeg ar-o)ryronorcirat (.va ne6io \uvdpeuv. Mo5 6ivouv rrtrqpogopie5 16ooyrd rrlv rore60uvoq 6oo xoryrc ro pirpo rq<;ivrooqg.

Or ntrqpogop(eS ourig pcoi(ovror orrs rropqKdr<o nopo6o1i5.o To 6tdvuoFa E(M) rqg dvrco4g egdrreror oe rdOe oqpeio (M)onorao6{nore 6uvo;rrr{S ypqFFrig. Ewoeiror drr qv 11 ypoptp4 ei-vor euOeio, o gopdog ro-u E(M) oupninret p'curr1v.o H rareri0uvon rou E 6ivel Kqr rqv xcreri0uvoq r4g 6uvcFrKris

YpoFFris.o Ee xdOe o4peio rou rrediou q rruxvdr4ro rov 8uvoplxrirv ypop-p6v eivar ovriloy4 rrpos ro pdrpo r4g dvrooqg oro o4;reio qurd.

Ag rpcwoorod;re pra nol6 prxpq errrgdvero xdOerrl orr5 ypop;ri5. 05nuxvdrqro rov ypoyp<6v 0o 0e<opo6pe ro rrrltrfrov rou oprOpori rorvypoppo6v, or onoie5 nepvdve o116 rqv errr<privero, rrpos ro eppc66vrqg enrgdvero5. M'dllc lciyro 11 nurvdrrlro ypopprr6v er<ppd(er rovaprOpd ypopprc6v rrou Gvnororlef otq povd6cr enrgdverog.

o or 6uvqFrrdg ypupydg 6evFvovtor. And rr i0e o4pe iou rre6iou rrepvder pfc pdvo

Krl YpcpF4.o or 6uvqprrdg ypuppdg (exr-

o116 Oerrrri goprfc xcro€ crpv4TrKo.

HAE KTPO:TATI KE: AAAHAE II IAPA:EI:

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tltripru nou <pldrrouv> pe r1)\errprxri rre6iq0propfvo q,6pr0 6r08610uv 4trexrprrd nedio, pe ro onoio ovr;lvcriouv ro ovrrxeipevo rouxriopou rouq ror enrxorvtovoriv. To nedio d4proupyeiror ond 4lexrprro goprio nou un6p;1ouvm4v oupri ror oro reqdh roug. H nopouoio oyt0yrprov ou rrerpdvrrrv dqproupyei oro nediodroropoleq, or onofeg yivovror ovrrl4meg ond ro otopo rou qoprori pe rq poli0ero xordl}rqlovoto04rqpiov. M' 6Mo trriyro r0 {,6pro our6 (6vrog oe pey6tro pri04, dnou ousroorrrd 6evunfpler gtog, uplfnouvu lpqorponortivroq ro qtrexrprx6 rredio roug.

AuvoprKoEivor '1rucoor6 rrcog 6rov or <puorrcoi prloiiv yro rrs otrlrltrerrr6pdoerg

XprlorFonororjv 66o ytr6ooeg 6rorpoperrrf5. Irq pio otr' ourf5 ru-propXe i q ve ur<ovrrq 66vayr7 evc6 orqv d,lq o rrlprog pdtro5 rrepvde rorq oletrr<d ve6repq iwora 6uvayxrl utpyua.

H pdXpr rc6po rreprypagq rou qlerrprro6 ne6iou pooiorqre oroSravuoporrr6 prdyeOog tvraoq ro onofo dler og orperqpfc rrlv 6v-vora 6tivc1.rr;. Irc rropordrro rl fisprypo(pr1 rou ne6iou 0o e;rnlou-rror-ef pre 6vo ordpro priyeOo5, ro orrofo neprypd<per ro ne6io orqyk6oocx rq5 evdpyerog. To pdye0o5liyer<l 6uvc;rlr6 rou ne6iou oexdrroro oqp€io M r<or oe ovri0eoq F€ rlv dvrooq e ivar paOpor5.Mnoporipe rrpororopofur<d vo no6pre 6r excppd(€r rrlv avd provd6o<popriou 6uvoprrq evdpyero rqv onofo Ocr onorrqoer ivo <poprio avppeOe i oro ouyKsKprpdvo oqpe io (M) rou ne6iou cxuro6.

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HAEKTPOITAT KEI AAAHAETIIAPAIEII'

Enrorpigoupe oe ivo rrohd epc6rqpo: I-l6ooc, x6rog anstreiratva oqrcdtooup€ prd papd ntrpa Ko'r vs rq Eipoupe oe xdnoto 6-qog; Irrl ytrc6ooo rrlg guorr<r1g ro epc6rq;.ro'/verar:

tl6oq ev€pyua rpi.net va perappdoottltt orqv ntrpa yru va a-vuteue€f;

H ondvrrloq eivor yvtoor(. H noo6rqro peroprpa(dpevqg evdp-ye rog perprdror l.rs ro dpyo rqg 66vupr1s fior,) 0o lperoo'rei vo oorq-oouF€ ylo vq rrlv qvuq;6ooups. E{unoro6cror 611 6lo ourd oup-poivouv ener6rl urrdpler ro ne6io poprlrqro;.

Oeropodpe rc6po ivo qlexrprr6 ne6io ro onoio nqyd(e r on6 dvo-og urro0iooups- 0errrd cpoprropivo uvrrre ipevo rcr €xreiv€rdr p€-

Xpr ro drrerpo. To drrerpo avqrer orrl 0eco5l11rrrrl ordq.rq Kor ovrr-ororXei oro <i€or on<j ro ne6io> rrls fi€rpCIporrr4g eynerpicg. Iu-yrevrp6voups rnv rrpooopl FoS o€ fvo orlpeio M rou ne6iou. Os-vro(6poore ivo Oerrrd orlpercr<6 <poprio q vo ppior<eror <i{ro> arrdro rre6io qur6.

Avoporr6pocrr€: I-l6ooq, rc6noq ansneirat yrs vs E€poupe rogoprio q oro orly{o M rou re6ioo;

Irq ylc6ooo rq5 <puorrcqg ro epc6rqpro yiverar:116o11 evtpyen rpi.rer va peraB$doou,ue oro Eoprio q yn va

tA?et oro orTpeio M;Xperd(erar trorrrdv vo urroloyiooup€ ro ipyo rqg 6rjvoprlg rrlv o-

rroio rrpirrer vo qorodye r6ore, e{ou6erepcSvovrog rq 6rlvopq roune6iou oro cpoprio q, vq ro gipoupe oro crqpeio M. Eivor dporg o-{roorlpei<oro ro yeyovdg drr I 6rivopq rrlv cnoio ooxef ro ne6io oerpoprio q eivor ovdtroyq rrpos rrlv rrprq ro6 q (F : Eq). Aur6 orlprcxiver6rr ror ro ipyo rqg 0o eivor ovdloyo npos rrlv rrprl rou q. Av ern-

Xerpqoou;-re 6qtro6q vo rdvoupe ro i6ro pre 6rntrdoro goprio orrd rqvi6ro 6ro6pop11 ro dpyo 0o eivqr 6rrrldoro. 'Onrog dpog xcr orrlv rrs-pirrrororl rou rre6iou pop6rqrcg, ro 6pyo €o eivor 6rrrldoro or<6poKor dv 11 preroxfvrlon (on6 ro drre rpo oro oqpre io M) yiver orrd 6rq-cpoperrrrl 6ro6popr1.

Egdoov trorn6v ro dpyo eivar ovdtroyo'rou gopriou ro nqtrirorou 6pyou rrpos ro cpoprio (dpyo ovd povdfia gopriou) 0o eivor prorroodrrlro cve{dprqrq o116 ro preroxrvoriprevo rpoprio oltrd xar qn6ro ei6o5 rqg 6ro6popr1g.

H rroo6rqro ourq crroretreilopoKrrlprorrKd ororleio rou orlpei-ou M rar trdye'ror $ovapxd rou r1Atrcrptxot r,,e6iou oro orlpeio M.

Eivar o{rorrp6oerro <irr ro dpyo rqg 66vopqg rqv orroic rrpirrervc oorrlooup€ yrCI vcr yerogipouFs ro Oerrr6 goprio qrr6 ro <drrer-po) oro oqpeio M eivqr (oo pe ro ipyo rqg 66voprqg rqv onoio 0o o-orofoe ro rre6io -oro goprio q- rard rq prerorivqorl rou q o116 rooqpeio M oro drrerpo. Aur6 orprp<69 ro ip'yo lpqorponorei q quor-

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Iro 6re0vfg l6or4po, povd6o perprloe<og rr15 6rorpopdg 6uvcprrofeivor ro 1 Volt. Iuppol(eror pe 1 V xor eivtn e{ opropod too pt 1 JlC.H ovopooic rou npoipleror o116'ro 6vopo 'rou Alessandro Volta(Aleoodvrpo 86lro, 1745-1827) roo lrolo6 guorxo6, o onoiog ro-ruoxedooe rrlv npc6rq qlerrpr14 orrllq.

Xpe rd(etor vo oqprerciooupe drr qv ro -<oS rfpos ro dnerpo- 6uvoprrrdev6g oqpeiou eivor cpvqrrrd, our6 orlproiver drr yro vo p€roKrvrlOef xd-rroro Oerrrd <poprio ond ro drre rpo o' our6 ro orlpreio, 6ev lperd(erorvo preroprpdooup€ evdpyero. To rre6io peroprpd(er oro <poprio evip-yero. To ovdtroyo pe rq popdrqro eivor drr uv pra poprd nfrpc opl-rd ppioreror qqtrd Kor rlv ogqooupe vq rrr:oer oro i6c9og, ro rre6iopoprirqrog rq5 yeraprpd(er evipyero. To 6uvoprr<6 rou e6d<pou5 eivoropvr;rrrd oe oXioq pe ereivo rou oqpreiou rrou ppior<eror q-rql6repa.

H 6worc/pdye0o5 6uvo;ltx6 q\exrpxot tre$iou

Avagiperor: oe ivo opropdvo oqpeio M rou qtrexrprrod rre6i-ou.

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tuypotrf(eror: pe ro ypdppq V orr6re:w"-

qEivqt: iwotq/piye0og rqv orroio errrvoqoape yro vo neprypd-goup€ ro rre6io orrl ylcOooo rqg evipyercg.'E1er <ug povd6o perprloeco5: ro 1 Volt (1V)

Arocpopd 6uvqHrKodKd0e oqpeio ev6g rllercrprxod rre6iou 0o i;1er -orr1 yevrrcrl rrepinrco-o4- ivc <6rrd rou> 6uvoprx6. Ag urroOioorrpe 611 6rio ouyrer<prpivooqpeic, ro A rqr ro B, ilouv 6uvoprrrd (o4 'npog ro d'nerpo) 14 V rcrr

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9 V. H 6ro<popd rov 66o 6uvopttxt6v, iorl pe ,i V, 0c anoretref Kot roavd povd6c Aopriou dpyo tl'19 66vapqg rou te6iou rord rqv orror-o8rlnore perorivrlorl ev6g orrotou6qrrore <popriou crr6 ro ivo oq-peio (ro A) mo dllo. H noo<irrlro ourrl avcgdperor oe 66o -{uYK€-rprpivqg 6rdro{qg- orlpeio A rot B, triyercr lirogopri 6uvo;rtxod rotouppotr(eror pe Vou rct dler pdporo <o5 povd6o pirpqoq5 ro 1 Volt.

Arcgopri 6uvoprxod (ri niorl) peru(ri 66o or;peitov (A rqr B) evri5qlerrprrori ne6iou ovopti(ercr ro nqlfxo rou dpyou r4g 66vopr1grrou soxei ro rrr6io ot xdrroro goprio, rorrri tr; perax(vqoq rougopriou qrrd ro dvo oq;reio (A) pdlp ro riillo (B) npog r4v noori.rqrc Aopdou rou unoodporog.

laVls=Vn'Vr=+

Erp6oov rdoo ro ipyo W^, doo ror ro goprio (q) eivor Oerrrdg nood-rrlr€S trdpe 6rr ro rre6io (4 n nny{ o116 rqv onoiq e xrropederor) <Fs-raprpd(er> oto rpoprfo evdpyerc Kqr ro ipl,o Fetpd ourrl crprpr6grrlv evfpyero.Kord 14 gopd rou rre6fou rc 6uvo;rxri clorrdrvovrct. Ag (pcrvro-

orofpe, yra ldyou5 onlorjoteuoqg, ivo opoyevdg qtrerrprrd, ne6ioxcrr 6rio orlpeio I ror A rrdvo orqv i6ro 6uvtrprxq ypctip{, 6toreray-

;.rivo o116 f rrpog A rurd rq gopd rq 6uvcrprrns ypotrtr4S. YnoOd-TouF€ 6r-r <arp4voupre> dvo 0errr6 oqperox6 goprio oro oqpeio l-, o-ndre qurd 0o errrroXuvOei pe rore60uvoq lrpos ro A. H oororipevrloro <poprio 66vopr1 iler rqv rare60uvo4 rq5 dvraorl5 orr<ire rcrdrq ;rerorivqoq crr6 l- npog A, ro ipyo 0a e(vor Oerr16.

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o Kard rr7 Ec'pd rr!q, 6uva;nrc49 ypsu-

F4q ra \uvapircd eAanr<bvovrat.

o KdOt.0enn5 goprio nou agr\verotoe r1trercrprcd nt6io yeranveirar r,poq pxpdrepa 6uvayxd.

Auvcprrr6 rcqr 6uvqprK4 evipyeroKo0<69 prro rrirpc rr6grer elef0epo orrd rtirroto orltrreio M rrpog rod6orpog, ro 0ert16 ipyo rqg 66voprqg Fdp<rs pog 6(ver xor r-qv rrprlrr15 pcpurrr(5 6uvaprrrl5 evipyerqs rnv r>rroiq eile 11 nirpo (co5

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rrpos ro d6arpo5) drov ppror6rqv oro orlpreio M.Avrio'rorXo ro dpyo rr15 66vopq5 rou q),errprrori rre6iou rord rrl

perar(vr1or1 evd,g <popriou q o116 ro orlpeio M oro drrerpo po5 6iverKor rrlv (og rrpog ro drrerpo) 6uvoprrrl evdpye ro rqv onoio eiXe rooqperor6 rpoprio drov pprordrov oro orlprrio M rou 4lexrprxo6 rle-6iou. Mnopo6pe, trorrrdv vo ypdrpoupe :

V":StVr: !orroteU=Vmgq' 'qH rog rlpog drrerpo 6uvoprrxq evdpyero rrlv onoio <dXe r> dvcr gop-

rropivo orlpreror6 ovrrreipevo 6rov ppioxrror or oqpeio M 4lerrpr-ro6 neEiou e ivor iorl pre ro yrv6pevo rou 6u,voprro6 rou orlpsiou sfiiro rpoprio rou cvrrrerpivou.

A{i(er vo npooi{oupre 5rr q 6uvcprr<r1 evdpyero cvocpiperor ororpoprroprivo ovrrrefpevo evcir ro 6uvoprrr i avogdperor oe or1;rrforou rre6iou.

Mnopo6pe vo no6pe drr ov dva rpoprropivo or1;.rerord o-vrrxefpevo ppe0ei oe rcdrroro oqpeio M evdg qtre xrprxo6 ne6i-OU

cr) H fvroorl rou qtrtrcrpxot ne\iou oro oqpeio M eivar o ou-vretreorrjg p€ rov onoio 0o Xpe rooref vu rrollorrloordooupero <poprio rou ovrrK€rprivou yrq vo rrporrlper r1 6rlvopr1 q o-rroio 0o oor<qOe i o' qur6.

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p) To 6uvoprrrc6 rou qAtrcrptrcot re\iou oro oq;.re io M eivqr oouvretre orrlS p€ rov orroio 0o Xpe roo'rei vc notrlqrrloord-oouFr ro cpoprio rou ovrrKrrpivou yro r,o rrpordrge r q 6uvo;rr-rcrl rou evipyero.

g=Vmg

McxyvqrrKo rre6ioTo 8rrivuopo (Foyvnrrxri nc6io lir, H ttopouoi<r evd5 poyvrlrq otr-trorriver ro lcirpo. Adpe drr r<dOe payvqrqg 611;rroupyei pcryvqrrxd rre-6io. H ovriororXq rrpos rnv dvroorl E 6rovuoprorrr<r1 rroodrrlrc/ rl o-noio orro6i6tror ot rcdOe oqprio rou pcryvrlrNo6 rre6(ou Kor ro rrr-prypdrper liyeror tvraorl payvrynxo1 neiiou B. Orro5 ror q dvrooq4ler<rprro6 ne6iou ergpd(er r<or ourq rqv rre6rorrl S6voprq uvd po-vd6q uno0iporos.

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Tr eivcr, 6H<rrS, yro ro pryvqrrro rre6io, urr60e-po; 'EXoupe q6q ovocpipe L 6rr o 20og orc6vog 16-oo crls nqyrl doo Kor rrls u-rr60e;ro ;rcryvqrrrori ne-6fou 0e <lpe i ra xrvo6;.re ' , ro qle rrprxt i rpoptfo.flpo5 ro nopdv, Ocr opxe<rrodpe orqv nopo6olqproyvqrrrcilv rr6lrrlv Kor rov cvriororXtov rrooo-rqrov pcryvrlrroporj (m), rrrg onoieg 0o Oecopoti-pre drr ooreiror q 66vaprq rou poyvlrrr<od rre6fou.'Evog rrpooroprvdg opropdg yro rnv fvrooq roune6iou 0o 6o0e i orrd rqv e€ioororl B : Flm, o6lt-

gcovo ps rrlv onoio q oor<o6pevq oe p6pero ndlo (m>0) 66vopq 0odler rrlv rore60uvorl rou poyvrlrrrorj rre6f<lu evc6 q aoxotipev4 oevdrro rrdtro (m<0) 66vapr1 0o dXer, oe oldor pre ro 6rdvuopro B ovrf-0err1 r<ore60uvoq.

H avrrprercSrrrorl ourrl po5 pol0de r vo 6c6ooup€ pro eppqvefoorrl ouprr€prgopd rns Hoyvqrrrrlg peldvo5, q onoio, drrorg {dpou-ye, crrorelef yro ro pcryvrlrrrd rre6io dvqv ovrlveur( r6roirepo euof-o0qro.

Oecopo6pe dr-r oe xd0e ;rayvqrrrcq peldvrr undpler dvo o6orqpro66o ovriOercov rr6lcov,

'Otov q petr6vc ppe0ef o€ FrorfvrlrrKd, rrt6io (ro orroioorrlv rr€proX{ rnS pnope f vo Oe<opr;Oe i opoyevig) oe rdOendlo rqg 0o oorrlOei pio 6rivopr1. Or 6rio 6uvdpe rg eivornopdtrtrqtreg pe iocx pdrpa xor xoreu06vorrg ovrfOeregr<ar q eniEpooq roug reivsr vo rrpooovorotriorr rr1 petr6vorcord rq 0ior1 rrlg euoro0o6g rorpponio5 rqg. Kor ourrle ivor 11 0dor1 orrlv orroio q rorr60uvoq o116 ro vdrro 116-lo rpo5 ro pdpero ouprrirrrrr p€ rrlv rcre60uvorl rou po-yvqrrrori rre6iou B. H pel6vo ouverrc6g 6p p6vo ovrXve6erro pcryvrlrf Kd ne6io otrld rcqr 6rav ooppon{ p(.oa o' ou-16 anoreAti xard rcdroro rpdro ytd K:puroypacpia> rqg

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Be}6veg rrpooovorotrf(ovrcrr. Hqoroyprrqiq rrou rropoOdroupeeivor e6yAcorr4. Mog e;rrpovf(er i-va odvo,\o arr6 ypc;rpiq. A5 prlv

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oovorol(o'rrlKov p€ rpdno rrop6poro p€ rr(; Fcryvqrrx6g pel6vss rourrporlyo6pevou nerpdporo5.

l-loporqpc6vros rrlv e rKdvq pre ro prvfoproro (poyvqrrrd rpdopo)rcr yv<opi(ovros npoKoropofurd o€ rror€S rreprolig ro rre6(o eivot I-oXupd,repo, 0o pnopiooup€ vo rprdooupre cro ouyfidpoopo 5rr orrgrreproli5 ourd5 epgovf(eror peyotrfreprl nrrrvdrrlro pcryvrlrrrc6v 6u-

vOprK(l)v Yp0ppov.'Olo ro rroporrdvco prro6ro6v vo 6rrorotroyrloouv

rq Oe<opqrrx4 npoodyyrorl yr(r rrs Foyvrlrrrig 6uvopr-r<i5 ypoppd5o To 8rdvuopo rou ;rayv4rrxod rre6iou B egrirrreroroe rd0e o4pefo onoroo6rino:re 6uvc;rrr4S ypqFFiS.o H rore60uvo4 rou B 6fvrt rqv rorr60uvon rns

Moyv4rrx6rprioyoneroloerDotiglroyvfrq. ypottptis.

:i,:,1',t'Jilllir||.:'ro,',1'fiXil,lTJl,'u1n,. I o''o"n"r'xds ypappds oleorri(ovr.'r dror c6ore 11' nuxvdrryqroug vc eivar avciloy4 npos ro pdrpo (B)

rou Fqyvnflrod ne6iou B.'Orro4 ouppaiver Kor Fs rr5 rller<rprr<d5 ylnppiq or Fc(yvqrrKi5 6u-

voprrrig ypoppds 6ev rdpvovror. Ie ovriOeoq, dporg, ;re rrg 4trer<rprrdg6uvoprrig ypoFFiS, or orroieg eivor ovorXrf<;, or ;rayvqrrrig ypoppigeivor <rtrerord9. Byoivouv qrrd ro p6pero nrjtro rou pcqrur1rr1 - finyr1ror rqrru0Uvovrqr fipos To v6rro rr6tro orov orroio ero6plovror.

Iro Are0vi5 o6orrlpro, 11 povd6o prirpqorl5 rou peydOous trroyvq-rrrd nedio B ldyercr Tesla (Tfolo) ror ouppoAf(eror pe 1T.

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Ie 6lq rq 6rdpre ro rou 6drorou dvorou orc6vq 16oo 11 dpeuvo yrorq 6opri r4g ril4g 6oo rsr q ipeuva yro rrl grion rou 4ltrrprqrof6ev erlav rorogiper vq 6c6oouv ouyrporqprive5 Oecopie5, rxoviq voeppqve6oouv dlo ro ouvorpq rr€rpqpcrrKd p4vriporc.

H 0e<opio drr q 6111 orroretreirqr o116 dropq rorqxrodo€ ouv€-

1<og i6ogoS, X<opiS 6prog vo pnopei vo 6ooer prc ondvr4orl oro e-porqpo: 'Yndpyet dpaye xdron eoutreptxrl 6oyq yta xd)e dropo;To dropro rou 19ou orcOvo rlrov 1.rio Oeyefucrxrl noo6rrlro 61119 oe o-6rdronrl rivr1or1, qvrr ptrorri(ovrov 6prcrrg rupr otre rrt rd olg dropo,6qlo6q og ;.rio oldrrlro o6rdoncorrl.

Avcrrdvrrlro ep<orqporo urrrlplov Kor r/ro rq <p6or1 rou q.lexrpr-ro6 <popriou. H ovriXqgq, rl onoio e{crolou0odoe vq ruoropXei o-vrrperorrr(e rov rlhexrprop6 ro5 ivo ouveXrlg peuord.

Kord rrg c{pxis rou €rKoorod qrc6vq q ouooc6peuoq fierpoporr-rc6v 6e6opivov 0o orrprir{er rou5 0e<rlpqrrro69 <puorro69 rrpog 66orolupro;rodg. Ifpgcovo p€ rov npc6ro, rcr riropo d;1ouv ontoo6ri-noro xdnoro totorsprr{ 6opti ror pd}roro rroldr}oxq. Idpcpcovo

F€ rov 6e6repo, n rrny4 rou qlerrprroti qropriou 0o rrpdrrer vo o-vo(4r40ef o' ourriv orprpr65 r4 6op{.

To <poprio eivcr xpavrropdvo. Iro pero€6, orro(poororrrd rrerpd-

Forq -yro ro orroio 0o ;rrlrlooup€ rno rdror- iOeoqv e 1165 pdXnSrrlv drro!.rq 6rr o rllexrprop65 eivor ouve;iq peuor6 ror evioXuoovprio urrorpio evrel<rrg 6rorpoperrrrlg loyrrrl<;, 11 orroio erle ergpooreircr rrotrr6repo. Ifpgovo 1.r'ourqv, ro 4lerrprrri qoprio unrip;1trprivo or oouveXei5 noorirqreg. Iqprepo, '/ro vq neprypdrgoup€ ou-16 ro yeyovdg, lpqorponorotipe rr1 6rorfrrcoorl ro 4krrprxri gop-rfo efvqt rpcvrro;rdvo rqv orroic 0o npo<rrrcOrlooupe vo 6rooacprl-viooupe .To qlexrprrd <poprio eivor ivo piye0og rrou 6ev pnopei vo rroipver6treg rrg rrpayprorrrd5 rrpi5. Yndpler rrp<irro orr' dtro dva eldloroorrg rroo6rqreg qtrexrprrod rpopriou. E(vor ro treyd;.revo ororlercS6egqtrerrprrd <poprio, ro orroio i1e r errrxpor4oer vo ouppotri(eror ps roypdFpo e. H g6oq <poiveror vd (oncryoprrjer> rrlv 6rrop{q rpopriourrou vo eivor prrrp6repo o116 aurd. To ororleu66eg goprio perpqOq-K€ Kdr ppdeqre ioo pre e: 1,6O210"C.H onoro6qrrore, lorrr6v, noo6rrlTo rltrexrprxod cpopriou (q) efvor o-

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Kiporo notrlontrdoro rou ororXerr66oug cpollriou e (q=ne). Mro rro-odrqro cpopriou pnope i vo eivor 80e, 81 e, ti2e,6ev prnopei 6ptrt5 voeivor 80,4e. Me ro gopr(o ouppc(ver rord xdrroro rp6rro 6,rr xor pero vdprropo pro5 1c6pog, ro oroio 6ev prrropci vo rroipver 6leg rrg rr-tris.To ororlet<66e9 rllerrprrd goprio urrdpler <re 66o r6nou5. Yndpler<o5 Oerrrd (*e) xor oS qpvrlnKd (-e).

Hlexrptivro. Ie rdOe oXofu16 epyoorrlpro undpXer ivcg ocotrrlvagr<o0o6rr<r6v orcriv<ov. Tov tr6pe rar oarlrlvo Crookes. Av rov pdtroupevo trerroupyrloer 0o rorovorlooupre xolfrepu doo rropcrxdror 0o e-nrlerpriooups vo lrsprypdq.roupe.

Lra 1879 ivog oqprovrrx6g Ayytrog enrorqpovos rls erroXrlg, oWilliam Crookes (foufirap Kpour5) petrerofoe rqv r1tre rrprr<r1 cryoyr-pr<irqra fiou €Fqqv((tran pdoo o' dvo rleror6 oollqvo uq;qlo6 r<e-vod. Ira drpo rou ootrrlvo unrlplov 611o perotrfur<of oyoyof-qle-rrpd6ro, orous onoioug eqdppo(z Sracpopir 6uvcprro6 peprr<<6v 1-trrd6<ov potrr.

Kord rr1 6rdprera rns oy<oyrpdrqro5 ivonopd{evo <pOopf(ov,:pos oro qrrivovrr qrrdro opvqrrxd qtrer<rpi,6ro (rd0o6og) roixtopotrpd6r6e rrlv ficpouo io -pdoo oro oolrlvo-pro5 6iopqg c6porq<;. H 6iopq f6erXve va d-

1er rore 60uvoq crr6 ro qtrerrp66ro - r<dOo-6o5 rrpog ro orr€vovrr roiltrlpo xor eu06-ypoppn 6rd6oo4, dnog ro gc, ls, oe or lpreiofiou p€ rqv nope;.rBotrq o6racpovo65 yr' ou-T r lv ovrrrerpivou, vcr 6qproupyefror oro o-rrivovrr roilcopo orrd. To dvopro rrou 6d04-

Ks orrl 6iopr1 rlrov ra0o6txi.g arcriveq. H <p6o4 rrlg nop6preve ivo q(-vrYF0.

'Hrav dpaye pn 6i.oyr1an6 otuyari\rc; Alrlncnq, rlrav xdron a-xrwopoAia avdAoyrl y€. ro Eus r7 xdn dtrAo e'ntA<bg 6nEoputx6;

Or neptoodrepor Ayylor errorrlpov€S/ or: ovr(Oeoq pe roug dl-troug Eup<onofoug, unoorr lpr{qv 6rr q 6i ,rpq orroretrefror o116orrrprorfbra. To ;rrlv6poro rrls dpeuvc5 d6e rlvov drr or Ayylor e f-

1ov 6frro. Mdlroro, 11 orr6rtrroq, rl orroio qrav 6uvordv vo errr-plrlee f rrdv<o orrl 6fopq e{orriog r[g nopcruoio5 payvqrrrcod nr-6iou, evOdppuv€ rnv oyyfur<r1 er6op1, alld ror i6erXve 6rr ro ocrr-pori6ro ourd rrpirre r vc eivor ocoporf6ro pe rltrerrprrd, gopr(o.(AS pnv {eXvdpe drr ro poyvr lrr16 rre6io errr6pd oro rrvot ipevo<poprio). H rsre60uvon rrls 6dopqg oe ouv6uqoprd rcor ps rn qo-pd rord rrlv orrofo orrirfuve, qrov oopapd errrlerprlpora unip

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rls drro'{ng drr ro oorporf6lo ourd erlov <poprio opvqrlr<d''' Ae roolrc6 1p6vro cxpy6repo ivog dtrtro5 Ayyloq cpuorrdg' o J'J

Thomson i6er€e drl ro oorPor6rooltrd ror pdla (m)' MerPr6vroS,6dopr15, ro nql(rco rou <popriou nonorotr6qrer xdrt rrotr6 filo orlP0

fru. to i6ro, ove{dptrlto ott6 tr1 <p6or1-t<ov ;'rerotrtrrrriv rltrerrpo-

bi'cov, ave{dPrrlro sn6'ro ei6o5 rou oep(ou oro oolqvo' ovefdprq-

ro on6 orr6rlnore. fto ro xd0e ocopcxri6ro rr15 6dqrqg rrpdrerve dvo

6vo;to, rrou errp6rtlro vo rroi{el dvov p6trtl fip<lrrcrYcovtorq orqv e-

rnorrlpovrKq e{dh{q rou olc6vo rrou qKolc'60qoe' flp6rerve ro 6vo-

po r;terrp6vto (electron).

0rro0o6rx6gorriveq6not|ovolpovrtrdpritroornvovordlury4rountreKlpoviou.Bi90|0,0I0-1879'inprn, uo dtog6rst Kdn0t0q enroinlovrxri qovrooio Yt0 v0 np09ltdq,0l rirt rdroteg 4herrpovtrfqddoueq oro pellov 0o pnoporioov vo llpnotponoroUvrot oe rpopoxrtrd po(lx{ rtr(pox0 yto voporrboiOiqouv Iro rpgopi(ouoo o0tiv4 ror vo 6qproupyo(v rtg etr'dveg rnq r[tre6po0nq

Irrlv e{dtrr{,n rtov npcrypdrov ono6erl{)qre dtt ro opvqrrrd <pop-

rio rou r1trer<rpov(ou rlrov ro ororXer66eg <poprio Ylo ro onofo, prlq-

ocxpe . 'Evre ro Xp6vro'opydrepo (1908) o A;reprrov6s R' A' Millikan'

p' iuo .lrrru.rolriuo'nerpopo, xordrpepe vo perprloer ro qoprio rou

qler<tpoviou pe peydlrl orpfpero.

To rllerrptrr5 goprio orrl6op{ rou ardyrou' Anci no6' ti;rol5' rrpo-

iplovrov ro qtrerrP6vlo;"

H cl",dvrqoq 6dOq<e orrd rov i6to rov J'J' Thomson' To rl^er<rp6-

vro erprdpnovrov <xn6 ro ;rirotrtro rqg rcr0d6ou, o'noretrodoov 611-

lo6ri ouoro'n16 rr15 6trqg rou perdllou, t'ire qurd qrov orlo Xafu<6'

eire srrd oi6qpo, eite cln6 orroro6qnore dllo prdrotrlo' Totrpc6vrog

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Frq rropofiipo yevireuorl roXup(orrlre drlro rllerrprivro eivot ou-orqflxd dlarv rov arriprov rqg rilqg.

TIJ J(HMEIA TIT EAA. TJKEI IAIOTHTEI

Ero provrilo rou or6pou rrou rrpdrerve o i6rog, otrtrd ror orqrno (rrrrorrrd> provrftrd, rrou rrpordOqrcrv rr1 6e6rep11 6eroerforou qr(6vo FoS, ro qlerrpdvro undpXouv Fs ro opvrlrrr6 goprrorous Kqr qrrorelofv ro povo6rrd <popio opvqrrrod qtrerrprr<o6goptiou pioo oe rd0e dropo. Otro rc 4trr:rrp6vro rou x6opou ei-vor i6rc, p€ rrlv ivvorc drr dlouv ioc cpvrlrrrd <poprio rcl ioeg pd-(eg (qpepiog).

'Evo or6pr1 ocopori6ro, ouororrrd rou ar6pou rr our5, eivqr opovc8rxrig gopdo5 Oerrxori gopriou. Eivcxr ro rrpordvro (p) rrougdper ro morlerc66eg 0errr6 rpoprio (*e). B\fnoupre, 6r1lc6q,6t'roqtrerrprrd <poprio 6ev ppioreror p6vo rou, l3pioreror rrdvrq oro u-116-oro;rxd orrrpori6ra, ro rlle r<rpdvro Kqr ro rrpor6vro. A{i(e r varoviooupe drr, rropdlo rrou or rroodrqreg <popriou r<rrv 6rjo ooFo-rr6(orv eivor anoldr<rrg ioeg, rl pdlc rou rrl)oroviou eivor €vrufio)-orcxrd peycldreprl -2000 nepirrou qopis- orrd rq pd(o rou r1tre-xrpoviou.

Zrs 1932 rl 6o1i4 rou ordpou ou;.rntrqp,c60r1re ond, ivo ox6poooport6ro pe pd(o fuyo peyohireprl Kot onri rr1 pd(c rou np<rlrovf-ou. ToT piro our6 ooprorr6ro 6eldpoore <irr 6ev iler qlexrprrd,gop-ilo. Z' cur6 orprpc6g ro yeyov6g paoi(eror Kor n ovopqoio rou. Ei-vqr ro verp6vro (n) neutron, 6qlo64 ou6erep6vro.

H 6rcr{p4on rou 4lerrprxod gopdou. Av gipoupe oe orevrl eno-gq 66o ovrrxeipevo, opropdvo qlerrp6vro t)o peroBrpoorodv qtr6ro 6vo oro dllo. Kdrr riroro ouppciver, 6'rrrv rpipoups rqv enrgd-vtro rou orutrd rrdvo oro pdtrtrrvo noutrdfiep FGS Kqr ro qlexrpi-(oupe.

flpdrrer e606 vq rro0pre drr aur6 fiou rr€T(,Xoivoupe pe'ro rprrpr;.roe ivor ;rto rrotrf orevq erracpq rtrrv €rrr(pove rirv rcov 66o ovrrrerpi-vorv. Eivqt 6uvqrdv vo peroBrBooro6v perpiiorpeg noo6rqreg CIpvn-

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rrKod gopriou pe ro vq rrriooupe pero(6 rou<; 6rio 6rorpoperrrd uh-rd. Aev eivor, enopdvco5, crprpig vo tripe 6rr rq rllerrprxd goprio<rrcp&yovro r1 <yivovror>. ilro ocoord eivqr vo tripe drr ro qlerrpl-x6 rpoprio <eprpovi(erqr). Aur6 rrou ouppoiver eivqr ptc dvdKdrdvo-pq rtov 66o e66v Eopriou, rrou undpXouv crro 6rdgopo oropcro,rirora rirore ro otrrx6 goprfo vo 6rorrlpeiror crro0ep6.

H undOeoq rq5 6rcrrlprlorls rou gopriou enrpeporc60qre rdooo€ FoKpooKorrrrd rrerpdpcrc 6oo rqr oe oroprx6 Kor rruprlvrKd en!rre6o, lcopig va iler pilpr orlpepq, rrqpouorooref rdrroro e{ofpeor1.Og ofur6 goprio 0eopodpe ro olyepprr6 d0poroprc rcov gopricovrou ouorrlporog. Avcrpepdpevor o€ ofiopovorl.rivo o6orqpo, oe o6-orrlpCI 6qlc6q ro onoio 6ev qvrqltrdooer ritrq pe ro neprpdtrtrovrou, prropotipe va nodpre 6rr:Orroreo6{nore ;rerapoldg xor vo ouppoivr)uv or dvo orropovro-;rdvo odorqyq ro ofux6 goprio rou ntrpoFdver, or xriOe Xpovrr{firyFri, ora0epri.

H np6roorl ourrl orroretref rqv qpx{ rq5 6ror{p4o4g rou gop-rfou.'Evcg dltrog tp6no5 vo 6rorunrirooLrl.r€ rq 6rcrrlpqorl rougopriou eivqr vq rrorlpe 6rt ro Eoprio 6ev \r1ptoupytirat o6re xo.ro.-orp(.Eerat.

Av Tpi{,oups rq y6ro !e pn po0proo, q y6ro8o elvor 0enx6 gopnopdvq ror 4 poUprooopvqrrx6. E[unoxoderor drr ro 4lexrprrdgoprio 6ev 64proupyriBqxe. Ms T0 rpi{,rUodyrve onl6 dyoq dtoyt'rprogrig 0errrof roropuqnxo0 gopriou, rov onoio pnopoUpe vorcptvpdt;,oupe l6yowoq drr ond 14 y6ronpog 14 poUproo peroFr96srlxou4lerrpdvro.

Hlexrp6vro eled0epo. Or rrro ouvrlOropfvor oy<oyoi 4trerrpropotie ivor oorpakirg or percltrrrof. 4116 FrKpooKonrrrl dnorpq ourdrrou 6rq0irouv rq pirollc ror 6ev ro 6ra€tirouv or Fovcorig e ivorrc etre60epo qtrercrp6vrc. 'Orr<rrg rrrorefercr oqpepo, orous F€-roltrrro69 ay<oyo6g, e 1169 qrr6 ra 6€opn qlerrp6vro rrou <ovq-KouvD oro dropo, urrdpXouv ror qlerrpdvro eAe60epo, 'ro orroiorlvodvrqt ovd;.reoo oro dropc Kor ro rdv'rc rou prerdtrtrou. Arro-relodv 6vo ei6og <rltrerrpovrro6 oepiou>, r/rori r; xivrloq rou5 iler

Xcpcrrrlpo droxro, cvdtroyo Hs rrlv rivqc'r1 r<ov popirov rd0e qe-piou ocdporo5.

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Or neproo6repor dvOporror rrls enol(5 pog dlouv opxeri5 gopisaololqOei pe rdrrorov nurvcrrrrl rr iXouv chlri{er rrl XoplnK6rqrdrou 1<opig vc dlouv eniyvroorl yto ro rr oxprllc6g rdvouv e re ivrl rqorryprl. I-lotrtrof liyor {dpouv 6rr pre rqv rivqorl nou rdvoull€ o' ivopo6rocpovrr<6 r<ouprni (our6 ro orrofo yupf(oupe r{dXvovrag yrooro0pr6), peropdMouF€ rn Xcopnrrxdrrlro rdrrorou rrurvcorq.

O rrurv<rrrqg ppfoxeror pioo oro po6r6g(Dvo Kl door 6ev ro d-Xoups cvoi{er, iorog, 6ev rov iloupe 6et rro'rd. Ar6po rrlo }ryor {d-pouv rr oxprpolg efvcrpprlrr1614ro Kor rr fiL,KVor{S.

Or nuKvordsO r rru rv<orig ouyrcoroldyovro r cxvd;.r eoa orou(; paor rori g fi porcryovt-mdg rrlg qle<rpovxqS, rl onoio ) /cop(€r ourrl rqv 16oo evrurr<oororqror olporr66q e{dlr{r1. Xolpig ouro65, ioo5 ror vc Fqv unqpXe n o6y-

Xpovrl 4lexrpovrr4. H ncrpcryroyrl ror 11 lqrpq rltrerrpoptryvrlrtKc6v ra-lcxvrdroe<ov, rl p€rogopd oqprdrov, q oroOeponoi4oq rqg rdoqg rpo-<po6ooiog rov qler<rpovrr<ov xurclalprdr<ov eivcxr opro;riveg pdvo orrd,ttg ecpoppoyeg rrou ilouv fipcyporofiorq0ei pe rq po4Oerq rrurvor<rrv.

Tr eivor, 6FtoS, rrurvolrqg; Mrropotipe rrp<lxoropofurd vo rro6pe6rr e ivqr dvo orjorq;rc 66o yerrovrrc6v cfycrlyr6v/ or orroior 4rlpig voouv6dovror ayriyrpo, eivsr 6uvor6v vc rpopri(ov'ror o ivcq tls qop-rio Oertrd r<or o dtrlog pe orrotrrirrrrg ioo goSrrio opvrlrrxd. Mro pc-orrrl r6rorrepdrqrd rou eivol drr orroretrei dvo ei6og <6e{opev4g) n-tre rrprx6v <popricov. Ie 6rogoperrrrl ytrc6ooo prroporlpe vo rro6;re<irr oe rdOe rrurv<orq eivor 6uvor6v vo orroO4xederqr 4lexrprrrigoprio ror evipyercx qlerrprrco6 rre6iou.

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nhoporl triyeror ror goprio rou nuKvorrl (q).'Evo5 rpdnos ytO vc 1Terfxoupe 11 <p,dprrorl rou eivot vq oKou-

pnqooupe rdnoto 0errxd cpoprroprivo otirpo orov dvq onhop6, evr6

o dMog onhop6g 0o eivotyeroprivoS. To orrorileopo 0o eivot:

o) O ivoq ontrrop65 vo epr<povioet Oerr16 rpoprio neproo6tepo o-

116 d,oo 0o eprpdvr(e cv qrcv ctol'lovto1.ltvos cryroy65.

p) o yerotpivoS orrtrrop65 0o ep<povior:r opvrlrrrd <poprio anofui-

rcoq ioo.Mero€6 rcov 66o oyaly<-'3v utrdpler €ro<popd 6uvoprrrod rrlv o-

noio trdpe rdorl rou nurcv<orq' To rreipoprtx pd5 6e iXver drt: -

To n4liro rou gopriou (q) npog t4 6rorgopri 6uvoprxod (V) dler

yro *.iet nurv<orti ;rro rr;r{ ora0ep{, uvefriptqr4 64146{ arr6

rrlv trio4 Kor ro rpoprio.

To tqliro curd }iyeror lopqnxrirrlro (C) rou rruKvo)t4' C = $

rot drro5 0c 6odpe e{oprdT ol crr6 rct yeoperptxorruxvorq rot orrd rr1 <p6oq rou 6rqtrerrpr rof ro orro(oro(6 rcov orrltopc6v rou.

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Eronriplc trro FrroPtro 1829, yro rrg loikdg r6t,etg, o llerrptopdg eiv0tdvo np6yuo poyrxd.'Evo n6oep r4g lpovt6g ereivng6rurg4pi(er r4v eniiier(4 qlerrptxt0v (UoYtK6v> igorvopdvtov ond r,inotov r[plo Piroopwq, o onoiogrotrei rov rdopo vtr nopoxotrou0rioet -pe eronfpto-rlv nopouoioo4 ;rrrrq nov6rprp4q qlerrptr[q Pnxoviqror evriq pey6lou tturvor{.Avdpeoo o' 6tlro unrigleror qlerrptrdg el[elq rotontloerq pe rrg onoieq 0o 06oer ovnxeipevo oe xivt1oq'xoudorivto nou purt6ve rot lomd xot lom6. Kt ox6;toundolerot qlerrprr6 ntordlu nou 0o 6ei;pet r4v orio roure9ouvoti, llrenprn69 Xopeurrrdq gtYofpeq rot 6I^0.Eioodos pe 16oo otwg. fto ro notdtti ptod etotr{pto.Erqrripto 8o Ppeire trTo UnoP.

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Arrigopor rfnoro4peprv6v nurvor6v.A{f(er vo ouyxpivoupe rop6ye0oq rorv prxptirvnuxvtrrrtlv pe ropdyeOog rou poluprc0rqg goroyporpioq.

O6pnorl Kor eKgopnorl1. Ei6ope <irr qlerr6rf(ovrds pe enogq rovivo p6vo onfuopd rou rruKvorq ror 6ro-rrlp<6vrog rov dltro yeroprivo pnopod;revo ner6loupe cp6pnoq. O rp6no5 ourdg6ev e ivor, piporo, o provo6r165. Mnopodpevo gopriooupe ivo:v rruxv<ort1 crouprru6-vros o€ xq0dvo orr5 roug ontrropotlg ivcvorpo6irrq rrlg pr11uvrlg Whimshurst, r1 voouv6iooupe oyc6yrpo roug orrfuoporlg peroug rrdtrous prcs rllerrprrrlg or4trqg roryevrr6repo, pre 66o oqpeio xdrrorou qle-xrprro6 rurlc6proro5. Mio noo6rrlro qtre-rrprxo6 qopriou pnopei iror xor cno04-xederqr.

2.'Orov or 6rjo onfuopoi orouprrloouv ( ouv6e0o6v ayc6yrpo/ o fiu-rv<otr15 ergoprf(eror. H oplrrl 6rogopd fiuvoprxo6 etrqrrcoverqrpiXpr vo pr46evro'ref. Aur6 rrpaypororrorei:or F€ FsroKivqoq Oerr-r<o6 goprfou o116 rov ontrro;r6 peydtrou 6u,roprro6 npo5 rov orrlr-op6 prrpod 6uvoprrco6 q p' dhlo l6yro, pre ;leroxivqorl etre60epovr1tre rrpovirov fi pos rqv ovriOerq r<cre60uvrrr1.

FrrtEVePYero 9oPnop€vou rluKv6)rrl'Orqv rpopdpe g<oroypoqio ye gldg, ro q,rDS rrou pyoiver ouv6de-rdr p€ evipyero rrou rlrov orro04reupivrl oe rdrrorov rruxvorrl. Ko-0c6g rpopdpe rn qoroypogio o rrurvorq5 ono6i6e r rqv evdpyerdrou KGr exrpoprf(eror.

Ko0r6g o ocpdprloros rruKvorrl5 perorpdfi€rct oe <poprropivo,erreleiror rdmoro ipyo orroo6rlnore. Ano6erxvdercr drr ro ipyoour6 e ivqt ioo pe CV'12, n rrFr4 rou 6qlo6r1, e{,cprdror arr6 rrlv rro-odrqro gopriou rrou orro0rlre6rr;re oro ()uyK€Kprprivo rrurv<rrrr1rar dXr qrr6 rov rpdrro rrou iyrve 11 gdprtorl. Mrropodpre ouvenr6gvo rcrxuproro6pe 6rr o goprropivos nuKvcorqq orprp<rlg errer6q eivorrpopT roprivog, iler evipyero, evdpyero 6uvoplrrl trls fipos rqv r<ord-orcorl orrlv orroia qrcv og6prtoros. H evripye lo ourq orroOqre6-rrlK€ oro rltrexrpr16 rre6io rou fiuKv(Drr1 xor d rr1 6rdprero rns g6p-rroq5 rou F€ rn Fopg4 (6uvc;rrr<r'1s) evipyero5 qtrexrprxo6 ne6iou. Ei-vot 6uvqrdv vc qrro6o0ef orrore6rlrrore ouppei rdrroto exgd,prroqror 4 rrpq rrlg eivor

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,= l*-4> Ta loporrqprorrrcd ev6g nuxvortq - nou r<o0op(ouv Kct rrl Xtrl-

prlrrrdrqrd rou- eivqt :o H yecoperpio rou (ox4tro, pdyeOog ror olerrrq Odoq r<lv 66o o-ntrropr6v) roro H <p6on rou 6rr1trer<rprro6 rrou ppiorce ror ovdpreoo oroug oltrt-o1-rorig.

AEGtt vG rrpoosx0ei 6rr n qdoq rou perdtrlou ro)v 66o onh-oprirv 6ev oupperiler orqv 8ropdpqoorl rrls XoprlrrK6rqroS. Av, 611-lo611 cxvrrrorcor4ooup€ rous Xdlrrvouq ontrroporiS ev65 rrurvor4pe 6rio dtrloug orrd, oloupivro, lcrrpig vq ciltrorcilooup€ ro Y€opsrpt-rd ororXsio Kqr ro 6rr1ltrcrprx6 rrou rrcxpsppdlleror, 4 ltopqrrr<drr1-ro 0o rlopol-ttivr iorl pe rrlv fiporlYoti;revr1.

Enine6os nuKvcorrlsIrqv rrro onl4 popcpq rou o rrurv<orqg eivot trrirre6oS. Anorelei-rcxr 6qtro6r1 ond 66o nopdllqtre5 yerotrtrrr<dg nldr<eg, ot onofe5ppfor<ovror q prfc arrdvovrr ornv dltrr1. >uv(Orog, ot rrldrcs5 dlouvfoa eppo6d ror 6poro oplporo (rurfurcd ( op0oyc6vro). Irqv nepi-rrroorl rord rqv orroio q orrdoroorl ro)v ovrtxptorc6v €rrt(pcvtt-

rilv rorv rrlcxrc6v e ivor rrolti trrr-rpdre pq ond, 6leg rrq 6toord-o€rs n.ou roOopf(ouv ro e ;rpo-66v roug, ro r1tre r<rprr<6 rre 6iorrepropi(erat rrporrr<d oro 1dr-po ovripeoo orrg rrlcireg ror e i-vor oproyevdq.

T

h

F]AEKiPO:IAT KEI AAAHAETIiAPAIEII

Xcoprl rr rdrrl rq errirre6or-r rru rvolrrl'EXoupe firrrrpoKoropohrd drr q prlpqrrr6rrp'o rd0e rrurcvorrq rcoOo-prltro; orrd rq <cyecrlperpio rou Kor orrd ro 6rr;lexrprrd rou. Irq rro-pordrol 0o enr6rc6{ou;rs vo epeuvrlooupe ro dtro (rlrqpa o'rr1v nepi-rrroorl fiou o rrurvcorrlg eivor errirre6o5.

1. H ntrpaporrr{ dpe uvc. Iuv6dope rov it'ov onfuop<i enine6ourrurvorrq pre ro (yercopdvo) nepfptrrlpo rou 4trerrpooronfou. O dl-log orrtrrop6g ouv6ierqr ps ro 6ioro rou ql,:xrpoororriou. H o116-rfuoq rov gri)rltrlv pog 6eiXver rr1 6rogopd 6u,vaptro6 r<ov 66o onlt-opcbv.

o) Arroporp6voupe roug onfuopro6g, on'5re ro qle rrpoordntopcrg 8eiXver -evvoeiror ippeoo- 6rr 11 6rogopd 6uvoprrr<od cu{r1Oqrerqr rord ouvirre ro q X<opqrrr6rq'ro etrorroiOqre. Arprpe i5 Fsrp{-oe rg 6eilvouv 6rr q lorpqrrr<d,rqrq eivqr cxvr(6rrpoqo ovdloyrl rrls q-

ndoroorlq 0 rcrrv orrtrropc6v (rl 'rou rrdlou5 rou 6rr1trexrprro6 rrounope ppdlleror).

p) Xprlorponoro6pe, rdrpo, rrurvcurrl pe ;reyctrfrepo e pBo6d,v o-rrfu o;rc5v. Arornorrirvou;.re drr q Xorpqrr r<6111 ro ou{dveror. Arpr pei5perprloer5 dlouv 6ef€er 6rr 11 Xolpqrrrdrrlro evdg enine6ou nurvorqe ivsr ovdloyn fipos ro e ppa66v S rov ontrro;rciv rou.

1l) Irc npoqyodpevo rrerpdporo 6rqtrerrpr16 qrov o oipog. Av,rr6po 6rorrlpqooupre orcxOepq rqv orrdorooq rtrrv orrAroprc6v Kor roeppo6dv rous Kor <ye;riooupre>r ro Xc6po ovdpeod rous p€ ivo dllo

;rovorrr16 o<rrpro, ptrinoupe efxolo 611 4 6rcrrpopd Suvoprrorj elor-rriveror, npdypo rrou oqpoive r drr 4 Xcopqrrr6rqrq rou rrurv<orrlou(r10qre .

Or crprBri5 perprloe rg orqv rrepirrrcoorl o:urq orrorolfrrrouv 6rtro nSoec, gopts 0o ou[qOef q lopqrrr6rqro 6ev e{oprdror on6rov ouyKrKprpfvo rrurvcorq. Ko0opi(eror orrd 14 <p6oq ror p<ivorou 6rrltrerrprrori. Av, 611lo611, Xprlorpofiorrloou;re yra 6rr1le rrprx6porelfrq, 11 lopqrrr6rrlro rou rrurvorrq pog 0o yiver 4,8 gopig pe-yctrrjrepq o116 r4v opprrl. Ero&yovrog, orq ouviXero, poretrirrl o'i-vov ofiolov6rlnore dtrlov rrurvorrq 0c 6orjpre drr q ltrlpqrrrdrqrdrou yivercr xor rrdtrr 4,8 <popig peyoldreprl. Aurd o4poiver drr o o-prepdg 4,8 ogopd qrroKlerorrxd ror pr6vo rr> poretrfrrl. Arrotetrei p'dllo ldyrc, pro guorrrloroOepd ouroJ rou utrtro6.

Kd0e yovor(g loporrqp((erat on6 prcrrdroto guorrrl oroOepd,q orofo ldyeror &r1Aexrprcr1 ora)epd roo pov<nrr1 ror ouvr1O<os oup-polf(eror pe ro ypdppo <e>. O opropdg rqg 8ivetcr arr6 rqv e€ioor-orl s : C/Co, 6rrou C q Xorpqrr1614ro evdg onorou6rlrrore rrur<vcotrlpe ourd ro 6rr1trercrprrd rot Co q lcoprlrrr6rqro rou (6tou nurvcorrl

I

e

I-lAEKTPOITATIKT: AAAHAEIIIAPA:EI:

pe 6r4lerrprr6 ro rev6, 11 rcrd ;,reydlq rrpooiyyroq rov oipo. l-rq roxev6, 6qlc6q, wy6er, e{ opropo6, € : 1, r:vc6 yro ro dMq 6rqlextpr-rd eivor e>1.

2. Oeoryqrrxd qrro6erKvderqr 6rr yrq rrl ;lcopqrrrdrrlra ev<ig er'ir'e-6ou rrurv<orrl roXfer:

Ie ne pfnrooq, piporo, f iou u-ndpler rdrroro dMo 6rqlerrprr6 -6p revrj- 0q dloupe:

c = tloS Xrop4nxr5r4rq errine6ou nuxvtor{

uEcpdoov ro goprio nopcpriver oro0ep6, q rropouoio 6rrllerrprxo6 e-lorrcbver rr1 6rogopd 6uvoprrod errer6q e{ooOevf(er ro rre6io.

Mnopodpre rcopc va {ovcypdrgou;.rt: rqv e{iocoorl rou v<ipouCoulomb iror <6me vo roXder yrc ollqleni6pooq gopri<ov rropou-oio orrorou6rlrrore 6r qlexrpr rod

t = I + rcr ener6rl kqr :

c=T

14reo

I Itqti ;1oupe f =+rrrr"-T-

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e

E H^EK'P.>TATTKE: AMH^E' r^PA:Er:

Arqlerrprr(rl qvroxnAv errrpreivoup€ vo <popri(oupe oAoivo Kor rr€-proodrepo ivcv rrurvo.rrrl, ro qtre rrprx6 rre6iorou 0a preyclc6ver rruve1c65. Aur6 6ev prrropefvo e(orolou0qoer en'drre rpov. Ee rdrrorqorryF4 0o er6rllco0r:f onrvOqpcs Kor o rruKv(D-rqg 0o €Kgoprror€r'qrro6i'6ovrqs rrlv orroro-preupivrl mo rllexrcrrd ne6io rou evipyerc. Hepgdvroq rou orrrv3{po qrov dvo prqvu;ro 6rrro 6rrllexrprx6 irrcnpe vc trerroupyef pov<orr-xd, rrcpouoiooe, 6r1trc6r1, cy<oyrpdrrpo. KdOe6rqtrerrprxd iXer opropdv4 <crvropl), rrou p€-rpriror pe povdOeg ivrcoq5 qlexrprro6 ne6iou. H awopl ourrl avrrororXef ar4 pdyorrl i-vrqorl qlerrprro6 rre6iou pflpr rqv orroio ro6rqtrerrprr6 srrorelef ivo pov<orr1. 'Orcv 11 rr-pq aurq {,errepcoref ro 6rr1trerrpr16 orrd(e r(rpurrder) rar lerrorrpyei cyciyrpa.

H 6rqtrerrprr{ crrnopl rou oipo eivar 8000V/cm. Aur6 0c rrer drr yro dvqv rrurvcotq pe oipo, rou orroiou ot o-rrfuo;rof orrilouv 1cm, {eorrder rlkerprx:d5 orrrv0rlpc5 orrlv rdoq

r<ov 8000V, sv6 yro ivav ncpdporos y€<opsrpria5 rrurvorq pe 6r4tre-rrprr6 ro 1opri, o onrvOrlpog (eonde r ydp<o oro 140000 V. Irrdorpo6rrllerrprrod ouppoiver ror xord rrlv rrrc6orl r'<rrv repouvt6v.

O Benzamin Franklin rlrov o npr6ro5 dvOporrog rrou <ei6e> rov K€-pauv6 trls Fro errpdprroq ovdpeoc oro o6wego Kor rrl fq. O i6ro5avardluqre 6rr ro qlexrprrd goprio nporrprir rrg ori6e5 Kdr rrs qrx-pig xor lprlorponoirlos Fro perotrtrrxrl pdp6o, yrq vo rsrooKeudoetro npcbro otre{rripouvo.

[livcxrcg pe rrg oraOepig

Yfurri Ar4loxrprr{ Arqkrrprxrioro0epri owoXri

or kV/mm

Yfurri

K€VO 1 <i'ne rprl

odpog 1,00054 0,8 nopoelovrl

vegl 80 yuoli Pyrex

Xapri 3,5

pfr<a 5,4

1A

160

pcrelirr;5

noluqr0uldvro

Xolo(iqs 3,8 8 lel lon

oproprivrrrv 6r qlerrpr rc6v

Arqltrrprr{mo0rpti

ArqlcxrprxriowoX{oe kV/mm

13

To qlerrprKd goprio

1. Eu06verat yrct ns qAexrpooranrctq aAAr1,\tn6pdoerq,. Aoxei o-nwo\qnore 66vapr1 -eire eAxnxrT EirE crruortxq-oe qAexrpx6goprio.

2. EpEavi(erat ye 66o r6nooq,' 0enx6 xo't o,pvr1nx6.

3. Eivat 6uvsr6v va ytrap$aarei aTr6 6vc otispa o' tva dAAo.

4. Meraxueiru pi.oa oe aytbyrpa uhxd.

5. Oeapeirot roo6r4ra r4v oroia pnopo6pe va ptrpqooupe.

5. Eg6oov ppioxerat ot xivr1or1, a))qtremDptl pe payv4rtg.

7. E(vst xpavnop€vo, eivar 6r7Aa64'rrdvrorl ax(.pato noAAanAdotou 5q oro tye tclrdouq Eo pr iou.

8. f)q, ororyercb&eq, yeraE€perat sn6 66o ouyrexpry(.va ousyori-6n'ro r1),ercrp6vto xu ro np<ur6vrc.

9. Aev \rlptoupyeirat o6re xaraorp(.guat.

10. Eivat 6uvar6v va ano9rlxtttru.

12

o. Oeopo6vror yvroord:H oroOepd rou v6pou Coulomb kqr = 9'10'Nm'/C', 11 ondlurl6rrllerrprrq oro0epd rou K€-vod eo = ll4rkny =8,85.10'" C'/Nm', ro ororXerdr6eg goprio e = 1,6.10'" C, 11 pd(o rou qle-rrpov(ou m" = 9,11 .10o' kg, rl Fd(q rou np<.oroviou ffio = 1 ,67.10'" kg rar q popurrrcq enrrd-

xuvonS=10m/s' .p. Kd0e rpoprropdvq orpoipo nou XopcKrqpi(eror prrprl vo ileorprl0ei orlpe rocd rlle rrprr<d<poprio.y. Orov yro ro 6rrller<rprr<6 evd5 nurvorrl 6ev ovogiperor rirrrro, Oeolprlore drr undpXcr od-po$ pe e=1.

1.1. l-loro e ivor 11 opXrrq orlpooio r1g 16(119qkxrptop6q;

1.2. Avogipere riooe po rporv6pevo nop6-

Foro H€ ourd nou ouppoive r drov rpipoupeto r1trertpo.

1.3. IE rr pag e{unrlpsrsi ro rller<rprrd e rrpe -Pis;

1.4. l-loro goprio ovopd(oupe Oerrrd; lloro o-vopd(oupe opvqrrrd;

1.5. l-le prypdqre ivo ne rpoyo ond ro onoiovo pnoporipe vo oupnepdvoupe drr pro XdI-rrvrl pdp6og enrrpiner rq ;rerar(vr1oq r1tre-rrprrorj <popriou pioo ond, ourrlv.

1.6. Ie rr po5 e{unrlpereiro rller<rpoordnro;Ie rr r1 rllerrpoororr14 UnxCIv4;

1.7. H nopeio rou Coulomb ;rd1pr rr1 6ror6no-on rou oXerrro6 vd;-rou qrov ivog ouyre po-opdg 0e<opqrrr15 unoq,,iog ror nerpcyorrr45 e-nrpepoioorlg. floro rlrw 11 Oeopqrrrq unorl.rio;I-lrrr5 xcrdrpepe vo perprloe r noodrrlreg qtre-rrprrod gopriou; f1rr4 6rmunc6veror o v<ipog;

1.8. To irog 1600 rr6d0qre ro prpl io rouGilbert 'De Magnete', ivo op6oqpo yro rrlv s-{,ifu{4 r<ov r6e t6v ndvo orov qle rrpropd rarro Foyvrlroprd. To nro oqpovrr16, oqpe iorou e ivqr 11 drogrl yro rrlv orrio npooovo'ro-hopori rns poyvnnKqg petrdvog. floro eivor 11dnoqq our4; noro nerpopo npayporonoirl-or yrq vc rqv ,lnoorqpi{e r;

1.9. l-loreg €iv(n or poorri5 r6rdrqre5 rtrlv po-

lvrlrcirv;1.10. Tr triyer,r qlertpr16 ne6io; l-lo5 6qpr-oupyeiror; Me nore5 iwore5 neprypdgeror;

1.11. Tr l iyerer ivrooq r l lerrprxod ne6iou;florq eivqr q povd6o pirpqoq5 rou ;.rey60ou5;1.12. Ic5 4qro6pe vo ne prypdq.rere ro 4tre-rrprrd ne6io rrou 6rlproupye iror ond orlpao-rd qoprio.

1.13. Or 6uvoprrig ypqFpis evd5 qlerrprrodnebiou ;rdg 6rvouv nlqpogopfe5 yro rrlv f-vrool rou ne6iou. Ie nore5 nopo6olig po-oi(ovror or nlqpocpopieg ourig;

1.14.I1e6rdore rrg 6uvoprr i5 ypoppiq ev6grllerrprr<ori nr;6fou ro onoio <n4yd(er> ond66o or1;rerord rpoprio +3pC ror -1pC.

1.1 5. Tr tr6yer<rr 6uvoprrr6 qlexrprrorj ne6iouoc dva oqpe(o rou; floro e(vor 11 povd6o pe-rp4oeo4 rou peyiOoug;

1.16. Kord rr1 <popd ;rruq 6uvoprx4S ypoHU{S

HAEKTPOITATIKE: AAAHAETIlAPAIEI:

T

o

ru 6uvo;lrrd elortcbvovrar. flto5 qno6e t-rvderur;

1.17. tloreg onovr4oerg i6rvov ot rpuolxoirou 1880 oro eptor4poroo) Yndpxer dpoyt rdnoro eootreprx4 6opqpioo oe rd0e dropo;

9) flora eivor q cprio4 tou rllerrptroti <popri-OU;

[1ore5 onovr(oe rg i6rvov ot <puotxoi rou1920 ora i6ra eprrlrrjparo; Tt ewootioov lf-yovros drr ro rllerrpr16 rpoprio eivot rpavrr-ouivo;

1.18. To 1879 o William Crookes cvordlurperrg ro0o6rxri5 orrive5, rl g6on rctv orrofrovonorileoe ivo oivrypc. flora qrov q ond-vrnorl fiou d6ooov or epeuvrlrd5 xcrd tc e-ndpevo Xp6vro; floro yeyov65 eve0dppuverqv ondvrqorl ourrl;

1.19. Av rprrgoupe prc ydro pe prra poriproaq ydro 0o e ivqr 0ettr<i goprropdv4 ror 11poriproo opvqrrrd <popropfvq, Io5 (qto6peva oXofudoere rr1 6tortinororl: <Aqyroupyq-Oqre rllerrprr<6 goprio>.

1.20. Tr eivor ro ele60epo qlerrp6vro; [to5eivor ro rllerrpdvra nou 6ev eivor ele60tpo;fkog pnopoJpe pe rprrqpto rov opt0p6 roveleriOepolv qtrerrpovi<rlv vo 6rorp(voupe taotilpcra oe ayoyorig, oe ;rovordq Kol o€ n-prcry<oyori5;

1.21. And rr onoreleirqr ivog nurvorq5;

1.22.Tr ldyeror lcoprlrrrdrqro ev6g rruKVo-rrl; And rr t{aprdror;

1.23. flc65 ;rnopodpe va goprfooupe ivavnurvorq; l-kog pnoporjFs vo rov ercpopri-oouF€;

1.24. Me noro el(oooq 0o pnopodoqp€ vqonavrrlooupe mo tpr6rrlpo <und r e[oprd-ror rl XcoprpKdrqro ev6g nurvcorq;>

I[c cvcptrl$orilre...

1.25. Oeopqore rrdvre goprropivo orirgoroA, B, f, A, E. Av eivur yvcoor6 drr ro A dtrrel toB, ro f fke r ro E, ro B on<lOef ro E, ro A fl'rer ro B rot 6rt ro A eivor Oerrrd cpoprropdvo,rr eiboug <poprio qripouv rq dl a oc6poro;

1.26. frjpro orq 1 730 oStephen Cray rpoono-0o6oe va epeuv4oet ovro ov0pc6nrvo oc(tpa ef-vor ayriyrpo. Aiyerct d-rr Kdnorq pipa qlirrpr-o€ Hrc yudfuvq pdp6oKcr rrlv orodpnqoe mon66ro rou unqpri t r lTou/ rov onoio eiXe

npoqyoul.rivcog <xpepdoer> pe 66o yepd yerd-lrvo rop6dvra qn6 ro ropdvr. H p6rr1 rou u-nrlpirq rpdpq€e t6re prrpd Xaprdrro nouppioxovrcv ndvor o' ivo rpond(r. Mnopeirtvo e(qyrloere ro <2otvdpevo;

1.27. Kpaftr€ Fr: ro Xipr pro perollrxq pd-p6o ror rqv rpfpere ndvor oe pdlhvo 6<po-opo. H npoond{)e ro oos vo rqv <poprioereonoruyXdver. frcrrf dpaye; Me notov rpdno0o pnopo6oart \/0 r0 rororpipere;

1.28. Mnopefre vo6 rro rotroyr loe reourd nou ouypai-v€r orq polrfud rq5ronitroq;

1.29. A6o opvnr-rd o4perord rpop-r fo q, ror q, Ppi-oKovror oe opropi-vr1 ondoroorl rot

I

A

e

HA E KTPOITAT I K E: AAAHAFN IAPA: E I:

ollqlenr6po6v. Iog (rlroripela rdvere dvo

oXqpo rar vo orlperr6oere rr1 66vopr1 nou o-

oxei ro q1 oro q2 rot oe dvq dltro oXrlyo vo

oq;re rcboete rq 66vopq nou sorei ro q2 oro

gr. Iupqc,lveire q 6rocptlvefre ye ro 6rt <qv

ntrrlordooupe ro 66o rpoprio oro yrod tr1s.

nporlyotipevrl5 ondorooqS 0o 6tnlootoore(

11 rrprl rqg 6rivoPr15>;

1.30. Iu(qrrlors rls opordrqre5 xot rt5 6to-

eopds cvdpeoa oto v6po rqg noyroopto5

ftrlr1q ror oro vdPo rou Coulomb.

1.31 . l-loreq ond rt5 nopcrdr<o npordoe r5

0eopeite oorri5;o) Or pcryvrlre5 ikouv pdvo or6epdvro ovrr-

re fyevo.p) Av rpepdooupe rordtrlrltro fvo pop6oyo-yv4rrl rl pfa rou drprl 0c 6efXver ndvrore

rov poppd.y) 'Evo5 Fcrl'virrls ynopei rot vo onoOef 'ro

prviopcrc or611Pou.'6) 'ruos pcrl'v4rrls pnope i vo payvrlri(er opr-

o;rivo ovrtreipeva e ire pe enog4 e(re rst

Xcopi5 enocpq.

1.32. Or ;royvrlre5 ollrllenr6poriv pe qle -

1.34. Me nolous rp6nou5 pnopoupe vo nt'

rfXoupe rqv ondrltorl ;rrog lenrrl5 6doyqg

qtrerrpovicov;

1.35. EnrBeporc6ore 4 onoppitl-rre rou5 ar6'

trouOouq roXuProPo65o) H 6rlvayrl'nou oore( ro rllerrpr16 ne6fooe ivo or1;teroxd goprio iler ndvro rr1 <popd

rqq dvrco4g.

9) 'Euo Oerrxd <poptropdvo otlpori6ro nouppioreror opXrrd orivrlro 0o peroronrotefrord rq rpoPd rq5 iwoor15.

]) 'Evc qlerrpdvro opXrrd -orivrlro

0o pero-'rontorei rcrd rq <popd o6[qor15 rou 6uvopr'ro6.

1.36. Io5 (qroriye vo ouyntrqgiuere to revd:

H ivroorl evd<; .... '....... '.... rllerrprxod ne6iou

eivot oe dlo t'r oqpe ia ioq ye 40 N/C' re 66o

oq;rtfo A Xc,tpiS roXdrrlra 11 66vapr1 fiou 0s

oorrlOefo'ourd 0o dXer rqv rore60uvon rns

........ Kqt 0o eivor iorl pe '.... '.... ' Kcrd tq pe-

rorivrlorl rou orlFtlGKoti goprfou-cnd ro A

oro B ro ...... fns 66vcpr15 rou ne6iou, 11 no-

odrrlto 64lot;q rr15 peroprpo(dpevqg """"'on6 ro ne6io oro orlperord <poprio, 0o eivot

1 20pJ.

1.37,Ltivo o;royevdS qlerrprxo ne6io <oqq-

voup€) 0ertrti <poprropdva ocrlpcrf6ro' Iag

6ova1txr1 tvi.PYen.

1.38. Ie fvs c,Poyevi5 ne6(o <orprlvouF€D pl-

rpoorontrd5 []eldve5. Tr 0o ouppef;

1.39. Me nort:5 ond rt5 nopordtol npotd-

oetg ou1.tg<oveire;o) To ldorrXcr dXer prrp6rcprl oYttlYrporrlroqrr6 ro oloupivro.g) Le rd0e rupr16 erqroor6 [6trou unop-

Xouv fieplooc,r€po €tr€6eepo qtrerrp6vto o-

trO doo oe rdt)e ruprrd eraroor6 opytipou'

y) Ie rdOe rupr16 erotoord Xakof gtdp-youv lTtplooc,rspo t^€deepo rllerrpdvta o-

trO Ooo oe rct0e ruBrrd tKoroord yuotrrod

ror ourd epprrlve6er ro drr 11 rltrexrptxq ayo'l-

yrp6rrlro rou Xatrrori eivur ;reyol6tepq and

exeiv4 rou yurrho6.

1.40.'Evoq nr,'xvotr15:q) Efvqr oforrlpo 66o yerrovrrcov crycoytilv ot

ono(ot XcopiS vo ouv6iovror oyrilyryc, e fvot

6uvordv vo <popri(ovrot o ivo5 pe Oertrd'

I

e

tr B^EKT'.:TATTKET A^^H^EntApA:Et:

qoprio Kor o dI oS H€ qrroldros ioo opvrlrr-16 goprio.

B) Ileprop(er dvc roXupri rllerrprx<i ne6io pri-oo oe prrpd dyro.y) Iuvrord cno0rSq qlerrprrrlg evipyerog.6) Eivor oriorrlpc 6do cnopovr,lpdv<rlv oyto-yriv.6) Ko0toS <poprf(eror ou[dve r q lrrpqrrr6rq-rd rou.Me noro ond qurd oup<poveire;

1.41. To goprio evdg nur<vror(:q) loodrqr pre ro dOporopo r<r.lv gopriarv torv66o ontrropc6v rou.

9) Eivar ovdtroyo rrpos rqv rdo4 rou.

|) Eivor ioo pe ro nqliro rrlg rdoq5 npo rrl

Xropqrrrdrrlro.6) Au€dve r rord rr1 gdprroq.e) Arorqpe iror rord rq gdprrorl.Me rrorc and ourd ou;rrpoveire;

1.42,H Xropqrrrdrr l rc ev6g enfne6ou nu-rvcorrl odpo:o) Arnloord(eror egdoov 6rnlqorqoref ro<poprio rou.p) Yno6rnlood(erat ecpdoov 6rnlooroore i 11rdorl rou nurv<orr1.y) Eivor avdloy4 npos ro eppc66v r<ov onlt-opr.riv.6) Elorrcbveror ov yera(ri rcov 66o onfu-opr6v nopepplrl0e i 1opri.Me ilors snd ourd ou;,rrprrrveire;

1.43. Av ouv6ioou;re oyr iyrpa roug onlr-opodg ev6g nurvorrl:o) Elorrc6veror ro goprio rou.p) Elcrrciveror q Xoprlrrr<drqrd rou.y) Elomrivercr 11 ono0rlrtupfv4 evdpyero.6) O nurvolrrl5 ercpoprf(eror.Me noro snd ourd ouyrpcoveire;

llc f,0ooupe lpopLlpctc

1,44. Loo prrrpi5 ogafpe5, pe ioo goprio,ppiorovror oe oprogrivq ondoroorl ror oMq-lenr6po6v 4lexrprri. Tr 0c ouppe( mqv lpqrqg 6dvoprlg nou crore i q pio orrlv dtrlr1 ovo. Arntrqordoouy€ l rlv andmooq roug p. Ar-nloordooupe ro rpoprio rdOe prrog y. Yno6r-nlcordooupe r4v,:ndorooq, 6rnloord(o-vro5 rour6Xpovo rc Aoprio rdOe pro5.

1.45. Iro pdpro rou NaCl ro rdv rou No* d-niXer ond ro rdv rou Cl- 2,3' 10''o m. lldorleivur q perc{6 rouq ooxotipevq 66vopq;

1.46. I-l6o11 sivor 11 ,1nd,s1ooq pero{6 6rjo q-lerrpovirov, drov 11 perc{,6 roug qtrerrpr14oncoorrx4 66vcpq civor iorl pe ro pdpog rouqtrerrpoviou; (g=9,81 m/s').

1.47. Lro povrilc, rou Bohr yrq ro dro;rorou u6poydvou 11 <lrrivo r4g rurtrrrr15 rpo-

1d5 rou rllerrpovirru ydpo on6 rov nuprlvoe ivor 5,3'10-" m. Yrroloyiore rq 66vo;.rr1 nouoore i o nupqvog o'ro rllerrpdvro.

1.48. Tpio ioo orlpr;roxd goprio rono0ero6-vror or rperg ond,rrq ropugig ev6grerpaycdvou, Av 1166vop11 ;re ro16rcDv q1 Kor q, oivorF,, rcr pero{dr<ov q1 Kor q, eivorF,. . noro ond rr5nopcrdr<o rrp65

roo6ror pe ro ldyo F., rlF r r; t. 1 12 p. 2 y. 1 l^'126. {t.1.49. To Gymnarchus miloticus eivor iva qd-pr lTou (e r oro n<xpdfuc rr15 A<pprrr1g. Iroregdtrr rou (A) cpiper 0errr6 goprio 10-'C e-v<ir orrlv oupd rorr (B) cpiper onohlrcog ioogoprio opvqrrxd.'fo <poprio aniXouv pero-

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HA E KTPOIIAT I KE> AAAHAE N IAPA' E I :

{,6 roug 20 cm. Ynoloyiore ro pfrpo Kor rrlvrore60uvorl rrlg 66vop45 nou qore irar oe i-vov r6v u6po[utriou (OH'), nou pp(orerororrl peoordO€ro rou AB xor oe cn6oroorl1m. Tq 6rr1le rrprrq oroOepd rou vepod 0orr1 ppe ire oro oXerrr6 nivqro,

1.50. 'Evo or lperord ovrrrefpevo dler pd(o0,04 kg 0errrd,goprio 3pC ror ppioreror oeoqpe io A 4tre xrprrod ne 6iou. H oorodpevrloro ovrrreipevo 66vapr1 eivor 6.10'N. Ia5(11ro6pe vo npoo6ropfoere a) rrlv ivrooqrou qlexrprrod ne6iou oro oqpeio A ror p)rqv enrrdXuvorl rou ovrrrerpivou ror-d rr1mryprlereivq.

1.51. 'Evq oqperord avrrreipevo I dXe r <pop-rio 3pC rsr oorsi 66vopr1 F oe ivq dllo o4'perord ovrrrefpevo I' rpopriou 1pC ro onoiopp(oreror oro orlpeio B oe ondoroorl 12 cmono ro L Eo5 (qroripe o) vo npoo6ropioererr1 66vopr1 F p) Oerrrp<ilvrcq ro I nrlyq rou 11-le rrprrori ne6fou vo npoo6ropioere rrlv i-vrcorl rou ne6iou mo orlpeio B.

1.52. Lt pro prrprl oroydvo veporj undple r<nepiooero> 50 qlerrpovicov. Av q orcydvoppe0ei oe rorordpucpo opoyevd5 qlexrpr16ne6io 50Vim e ivur 6uvor6v vo 6rorqpq0e i o-rivqrq; Mnopeire vc npoo6ropioere rr1 pd(orrls;

1.53. 'Evq np<ordvro e ivor ele60epo vo rcve i-ror oe oHoyEVi5 qtrer<rprr<d ne6fo E=200 V/m.Yrro0droupe drr oro np<rrrdvro ooreiror p6-vo q rllexrprrrj 66vopr1. I' fvo oqpefo A roune6iou 4 roX6r4ro rou nporoviou eivar pr1-6iv. Ynotroyfor€ rnv roX6rrlrd rou o€ orl-pe io B nou oniXer ond ro A 2cm.

1.54. O nurvcorqg roug glag FrqS groroypo-grr45 prlXov4q dXrrlop4rrr6rqro 150 pF ror<popri(eror ye rdorl 200V. q. Ynoloyime r4vevdpye ro nou ono0rlre6erqr orov rrur<vorr1

0. Au n crrpdprroq nopdyeror oe 'l ms, uno-troyime rr1 yiorl roXd nou qno6r6erur.

1.55. Kord r-qv e rrptiprro4 evd5 nuxvorrrj c-

neleu0epriveror evdpyero 3'10') .1, Av 11opXrr<r1 rdorl rou nuxvorq rlrav 2 '100V, u-noloyiore rov cpr0p6 rov qtrerrpovitov nouperorrvrl04xuv.

1.56. 'Evo odvverpo enrcpdve rcg S=1 km'?ppioreror oe 6qo5 h=500 m ror 611;.roupye ipe rq l-q nuKvrllr4, rov onoio pnopodpe vaOeopqooupe enine6o. H 6rogopd 6uvopr-ro6 pero[6 ofvverpou ror fq5 e ivor 5 ' 10sV.u. Ynoloyirrs rrl Xtrlpr1rrrdrrlra rou fiu-rvorq ror rqv rllerrprrrl rou evdpyero.p. He rcpriprro4 nporole i re pouvri nou 6ropre i1O-us. fldoq eivar q pioq roXrig nou ono6f-6eror;

1.57. Ot ontrropoi e v65 enine 6ou nurvcor4eivqr ruKfuxoi 6ior<or orrivog 5 cm rct on6-

Xouv 1 mm o. Ynotroyfore rq Xopqrrr6rqrdrou sv ro 614lerrprrd eivor pira (r=8). p. Avq rdorl ;.reru{6 r<rrv onfuopc6v eivor 500 Vnoro e fvcr ro qoprio rou f iuKvorn; t . Hnpoqyo6pelq rdorl 6rorrlpeiror oroOeprl xorpyd(oupe ro 6r4lerrprr6. To goprio rou nu-rvorrl percrpdlleror; Av vcr, noro efvcr 4vfc rou rrprl; 6. fldoq evipyero fXer rc6po onurvorrqS;

1.58. To ov()p<6nrvo oc6po onoretreirqr qrro10" ne pirou rdrrcpo. Kd0e rdrropo p'rTo-pei vo 0eopqOe f org enine6o5 nurvorrl5, e-g<5oov q 6rciperp<ig rou e ivor nol6 peycl6-repq and rr ndXog rqg pepppdvrl5 rou. Oronfuopof rou 0q eivor ond oyc6yrpo peuordutrr16 nou []piorceror pioo ror i{o ano ror6rropr,. H rurroprrrl yepppdvq e ivor ;.rd-rpro 6rr1le rrprrd. Zqre fror o. ro ouvoh16goprio q d)t<ov'r<ov rurrdpcov rou ov0prr;-nivou oc6prrros Kor p. 11 ouvotrrrrl ono04-reupdvrl o' rxurd qle rrprrr'1 evipye ra. fro rd-0e rurropn:q ;repppdvq 6iveror, r<ord npo-oiyyror l , ro eppo6dv rq5 enrrpdverog(1,8 ' 10' 'm'r , ro ndloq (8' 10' 'gm), 4 6ra<po-pd 6uvoprrod (9mV) ror q 6rqlerrprrq oro-0epd (8).

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,Kd9e xoypdn lrdyvrpou tyet 6uo noAoug, eig loug onoioug eivatr7 peyaAurEpa i)xuortxrT 60va1ng,xoi ro0g yvcopi(et nvdg xtvcbwagtva yayvrTrrl on-otov8rTnore eig pt-viopara o6r7pc,u, 6Ao rd p6pnrrbv ptvtoydrav otro1 npooxgA-Acbvrq cig qurovt 6rcu00vowatTrpos r6v tvav i np6S r6v dMovnoAov, xqi it':eivq oro0 eivqttrdva eig 16 Aom6v oayta rou, oq-xcbvovrat op9d cbg ayxd9n. flpo-otrt rd neptoo6repa ptviopararpa0o0vrat yt neproooripav ra-y0rqra eig rou5 n6Aoug, napd eigrd oAAa ptpq rou.

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aurq ro0 payvqrou (16 vd trl roAous) dvat tstQu'rog eig oAoug to09

payvrTrag,' inti4 xcxi qv toi r(axion nvds eig oo<t xoypdna xqi dv'0tAr1,'naAw oi 6uo roAot 7tAouv upe1rl tavta etg xa9e xopydn'

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aQr1ptva eig vePov otro} va r1Pe1aAAd )tAouv rPaBtY?rl aPotBaiog,oov 'ro0 ipoltou ro:v, Sti rqv \nQopav raurqv 6Sta9,,6n o apxnx6g

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>T6 "Hkxrpov (xeyptStnap)elvar q opuxr6v, 11 prltlttvovano rryv 9dAsoosv eig 16 ne-prynh. 'AltQorepa tlvat ei6ogpu(ivryg 11 vaQ9q; rqyyivryg,r1ng rpiyouoa eig rrTv 9dAao-odv, dQ' oi anoxrqorl yiavroo6rqra aAarco8ci;v po-p(av, nq(et. Eupf oxerat eigrd neprytdAru rrlg llpouofag,oi iyxdrotrcot 6rqv eivot

Qoupro1va nryyalvouv rai16 pa(6vouv tpo6o0ltevot vaprTv rpaBifet nfoa q 9aAaooard xoppdna, ono1 tppttpwtf,o eig rryv fr1pav, 16 opuxr6veuyaivet navro}, eiE rqv 'lra-Aiav, eig rrTv lloAaviov, tisrqv fepyaviav, xcl eig rryv Aa-vrltdpxa. T6 xaAAirepov xoineprco6repov ebyaivet eig rqvIlopepaviav inapyiav r4EIlpouoiag, aQ' o0 oxdrpouvrqv yfiv xoltpdn.

>'H rTAexrpxry bAq Qaiverat vd dvat ixeivq orro0, orav rpi$apwtva xoltltdn xeygltndg eig tva ocopa tbg t,d (ema91, xai rpaSQrpiya r7 ayupov. Eivat yia riArT'peumordrq xai Aerrrordrq, 6nQope-nx4 an6 xd9e aAAqv 6d rq aM6xors ncpelropevq onol tyet, elvat

ixavr\ va iva1fi yt 6Aa oye,ov td o6pata, nAtlv yt' 1vd ptv neprc-

oorEpov p6. nv:d 6i 1Atycbrepov. Td raper6pevd rt1q ivepyolwal pt

nona piydAr,v ray1rqra 66 feyapordg airlag, airweg mroreAo1v

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peupdr<ov ror poYvqr<6v o H OstlrPiayo ro qlertptrri Pe6;ro o OoPd rou

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o;rnepd;rerpo o l6rdrrlreS rq5 ivro-orls . H 6ru<popd 6uvoPrxori o Mf-

rprlon rns rdor15 e l6rdrrlre5 rq5 rd-

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orrrrl ovriorcorl . Avrtordrrls Kol rl-

t rerrprrcq evipye ro ' EqqPFoYdS 'I6v6eor1 ovrtorort6v o H Ysvv{rplumo 4lexrptxri xrixkrpu o Hlexrpe'yeprrrrl 66vopq . O tv€pYtrord5 p6-

tro5 rq5 yew(rPrag o HEA rqt 6ro<Po-pd 6uva;rrrod o KrirlolFo pe yevvrl-rpro Kot ovrtordr4 o liv6eorl nqy6vo Nq ouFn0oripe o Nu ovcPtorq'0o6pt o No ldoouPe nPoPl{Pura o

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Z4xtu gttXr1 pou 66oe pe6paArov6oq5 Iopp6noutrog

O xdoprog ;.rog e fvor r1tre rrpo;.royvqrrr<ig 'H routrdlorov rar rlle-KTpopcryvrlrr rd,g. To rele urqio e xor6 1p6',,ro o nofu rrop6g or1 po6e 6-erqr qrrd ro qtrerrprrd pedporo Kqr rS <rtrtrr1trenr6pdoer5 ovdpeooorous pcyvrpeg ror o' ourd. Irlpepo or ayoyof rrlg AEH 6racrXi(ouvrr5 rrdtrerq Kor rrlv 6rror0po perogfpovrc(S ro ayoOd, evr6 or Koro-vql<orrxoi loyoprcoprof rrlg evoltrodv ro pqvrofo po5 e rod6qpCI. Hrorqvdlororl qlerrpropod cnorele f nror ;.rdrpo yro rrlv rrordrrlrorrls (<o4S. To 4lerrpr16 pedpo epr<pavi(errxr orrg rccOqpeprvi5 roupi-vr€S pqs rr iXe r rrro nepdoer F€rCIgoptKdr, orcipc Kor orrlv rroirlorl.Tr eivor qtrerrprrd pe6po;

A{f(er rov rcdrro vo rprdooups o€ prd otroxlrlp<opivq ondvrrloq.fro vcx ro rorocpipoupre 0o {errvrlooupe <rrrd ro gcxrv6pevo. flopo-pepi(ovrag fipos ro rrapdv, ro rltrerrpo',,rrd oS errrlerprlooup€ vqouyrevrp<6ooupr rqv fipoooX4 pcS oe yeyov6rc, orrd rq orrofonpo6i6eror 11 fncp€rl qtrerrpr rorj pe6;.rorog.

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Bpo6drr orrl Aeog6po Apalia5 rr15 rrpor-erjouoos. Op.S rurlogo-prorqq orXF4S. To trecrrcpope io iXouv ovdrpe r ropeooio <pc6ro roug. Tc' i6ro orcprpc6g ror ro ro(i.'Olo perarrvofvrcr opryd err6g o116 ro Frlxovd-Krq/ rrou rorocpipvou'r/ Kdr yfuorpofv cvdpreoo.'Evo oroporrlpivo yr<r:ro1f rpoiveror rrcog iperveo116 prnoropfo rcor ro 6rpog rou o6rlyod npo6(-6er orr6yvcoor l . 'Evo,rr<6pq oKrvnrorrorqpdvorpdlei 6uoXepoive t rq"' rordoroorl.

Iro rrporrooitrr6o rtov ofioy€uporrvcilv e-<pqpepi6cov o Odvoro< ond, rllerrporrlq{ia rouveopo6 gorrrlrq. <To pe ripa ordrooe 22ypo-vo>. H (ror1, dpcrl5, rrF,oxorpder X(l)pfs vo oltrd-(e r o pu0p6s rrls o€ 'rirrorq. Tqv f6ro r6po oeorrirrc, pcyc(rd Ksr r:pyoordorq erccxrovrd6eg

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roorripes, qtrerrprrdg orodrre5, or€Yvo-14peS polhcov, propqXovtxo6g t<tvqrr l -pe5, rou(iveg, aoovoip, loprrrrrlp€S gtrr-rropro6, {uprorrxig prr11ovd5, r{uye(o, qle-rT prxd xotroprgip, pntror evr vrire p,r6pvoug, qtrexrpr<d of6epo, qtrexrprrdnluvrqpro. H notrrreio (er pioo ond rovqle rrpo;,royvrlrr o pd. E{opr11 pivrl otr6qurdv {elvder Kqr vo ro opoloyqoet. To

Oupdror rdOe gopd rrou rl FIdPn oe rdnot,l unoorc0p6 rrlv ovo-yrd(e r vo ro 0uyr10ei.

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polr, ivog 6ror6rrrqg, prro oerpd o116 rq-k66ro, ivo prrp6 traprrdrr ror ivo qle-rrpolurx6 Drdlupru OetTxod o{fo5 ouv6io-vrqr oe oelpd rcr Sqproupyo6v 4trertprxrirdrctr<rrpa. 'Orcrv o roOqyr;rr]g rtrefver to6rar6nrq, rpia 6ragoperrxd pqv0porcrnpo6i6ouv rlnop€r1 qtrerrprr<of pe6;rarog.To lopndrc cvdptt, rl FcyvqrrKrl peldvo,nou ppror6.rov rrirco qrr6 ivo xotr<66to,peroxrveiror Kor roopporref oe prcv dllrlOdoq, oro 4trerrp,rlurrrd 6rdlupa rroPq-

rr;peircr rltrerrpdluorl' cvrXverlercr o{uy6vo otrlv dvo6o xor u6po-y6vo or4v rd0o6o.

Oo pnopofoe roveig vo prtrrloeryro Hrq rrol6 peydlq rrorrrtrio rf-rorov yeyov6r<ov, rrou eivor ouvugcopivd H€ Trlv xaOqpeprv4 po5(ror1. And pro dllq dno{rrl, 6lr.5, q rrornlio eivot <potvopevlrrl. I'dlo qurd ro yeyov6ra undpler ivog roulrrXtorov rotvds rropovo-pcrorr]g. Aev lperd(€ror vo rov ovo(qrr1oc,upre. Tov {dpoupe. Eivot

ro qlexrprx6 peri;rc.1-o yeyov6ro eivor, dlrrs,rrotrtrd xr ilouv ovdyxq qrrd rdnoto opo6o-noi4or1. Oo rqv errrXerprlooupe.

Ap6rq opri6a garvopdvov.Ie pto rotvrlopd-6o ouyrorctr€yovror rporv6pevo, drror5 11 ler-roupyio rou Oeppooirptovo, rou oi6epou, TrlSroorripog, r4g rou(ivos Kol rou rltrerrprrodrctroprrpip. Itrlv i6ro opd6c ovtlrer rqt ourdrrou ouppoiver 6rqv ovdq.rouv ro gr6ro rovcurorrvq, ov, ro troprrdKl oro epyoo'rrlpro rcror Aopnr(pe5 ruporrc6o€os ors orrirtq rqtoro poyo(rd. Arorpfvovrqt/ pdporo, orr<i r-o

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fipoqyo6psvo Kord ro drr o'ourd nopdyeror Kql qos.'Evo t<otv6ororXe io, dF-S, ro 'ronoOeref 6tro orrlv i6rc opd6o. Aqproupyo6vrcloe perotrfuro65 cryolyods Kor ot dtro er61lk6vtror Oep;roxpuoluxtiori{qoq. AS pn FrsS 6rarpedyer 6rl 11 nopaycrry4 cpcor6S oe r1trer<rprr6lopnrqpo rruporrc6oecog npoUnoOdrer pro o6{11o11 rq5 Oepporcpo-oia5 rou vqporog, rrou 61er o5 ouvdrretc 'rr1v rrupdrrcoorl rou.'Otro, lorrr6v, ro gorv6psvo rrls npr6rr15 ourrlg opd6o5 pnopodpevo ro laporrqpiooul.rs <oS gcrvripeva OtSrplxri.

Aerirep4 opri6a <parvopdvov. Ie pro dtrlrl opd6o ovtlt<ouv gorvdpe-vc, drrog 11 qle rrpontrq{io, ro d6eroolto ptcs Frroropiog r<or rl qI€-rrp6luorl Oeiirod o{io5 nou dyrve oro oXolrr<6 epyoorrlpto. To ouv-6der ro yeyovdg 6rr r<ord rqv e{6fu{r1 roug 6qproupyorivror yqprxdgovn6pdoerg oe opropdvou5 -6Xr prerclfurodq- ayoyo65. Mnopo6pevo ro Oecoprlooupe gulvri;revo p1;.urd.

Tpfrrl opri6o gorvopdvtov. Iepro rpirq, rdlog, opd6o pno-po6prr vo rorro0erqooupe <por-v6pevo, 6rrrog 4 lerroupyio rouooor,oip, rqg oxourros/ Touprrrlar evr vr6rep, tou rrtruvrrl-piou, rqg {uprorrrr lg Fnxcv(S,rou [ ] ropr11ovrro6 rrvqrr lpa,rou q-ruyeiou Kol rou rp6trel. I'6la clurd urrdpler ivog xrvrlrrl-pog c onoiog 6ouleder pe pdorlrqv crll4treni6pooq qtrerrpr-rr6v peuprirc)v Kur goyv4rt6v.Irqv i6ro opd6a rrpirrer v0 K0-

rord{oupre Kor rrlv errponq rqs poyvnrrrqg petr6voS, cporv6pevooro onoio er6qlrSveror q prio dr4rq ourq5 :r45 otrtrqlenibpooqg.

Mrropo6pe ouvoqf(ovros vq rrorjpe 6'rr urrdpXouv rpas rould-Xrorov opd6eg <porvoprdvcov, crrd ro onoirr rrpo6i6etcr q rinop{q 4-trerrprro6 pedporoq.

o. Arl{qoq rqg Oepporpooio5 rcov pe'rolhrcc6v cryroyr6vp. Xq ;r r rig cvrr6pdoer5 rov r1trer<rpotru'rc6v raty. Allqtrerrr6pdoerg peupdrcov ror pcrp,qrc6v.

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A An^€nroPoo€ts P€uH()rovKor poYvrlTov

To 4lexrprxri peripa 64proupyei poyvrprxr5 nt6io. H pio ,iq,l ttlSollqlenf6poons.

Eq,rrlv @pdvr(av (.r,eoe xepauv6s ec ivaonin... xot rivraq exei tva oevro1xt 1tt

payoipn xu rrlporjvtct, pepxd pev avtAuoav,yepxd 6e anr6xrryoav piav payvqnxrlv

66va1tu 6noo t:oir<uvav yovrpd xapgd.

Priyo Beleorrvtrq, tOuorrrlg Arrdv0ropo, 1790

Tr oXiorl 0o prropofoe vo iXer o repauv6g pe rq pcryvrlrrorl Kot ropalarponrlpouvq; Zra 179O o repouvdg il1er ndqer vo Oeope i'rotpoyrrd <pcrvd;revo r1 r{, oupovo6 rordpc rcov Oetiv. O BenjaminFranklin iler rrro rreioer rqv avOporn6rrlto 6rt eivqt percrivqoq qtre-rrprrod <popriou avdpeoc orc ofwerpo Ko rrl Fr1. Koptd oXdoq, d-pro4, ovdpecro orov qlexrprop6 Kqr rov prcryvqrrop6 6ev 6Xer yiver o-x6pro o116 rqvivsv arro6errq. Aixc 1p6vro opy6repc prc nofui oq-

;rovrrrq avordlur.prl orppdyroe rrlv rrqpqrrtpo e{flt{q T tuv yeyov6-r<rrv. 'Evog lratrdg xoOqyqr4g Ouorrq5 oto flovenror(pro rqg l-1c-pio, o Alessandro Volta (Meoodvrpo Bdtrra), nirule vc rcrooreud-ou rnv np6r4 qtexrprxri or{14, pro 6rdrc{q, 6r1tr46q, r; onofopnopo6oe vo 6rarqpef q6rdrorrq pro 6rorpopd 6uva;rrxof avdpeooorous 66o nd,loug rr15.

H <polroirrl> orr1trr1 {rcv oe 0ioq vo npopq0e6oer pe drpOovo,rrtriov, pe6po roug Eupconaioug epeuvqrig avoryovtdg rou5 tror c-npdplenrou5 opi(ovres orrs rr€rpoForrKd5 ova(qrrlo€rS rous.

To neipcpu Oersted. To rcpiorpo yro rrlv e{r1trr{q rou qtrerrpopcq,vn-rr opo6 rre ipcpo fi pcrypqronor q 0 11 rce oro fl uverrrorrl pr r o rrl g Korrey-

Xcrt nS efroor 1p6vro opy6repo. To rolorcfpr rou 1 82O, 1t' fva orj-vroplo refpev6 rou ypoppivo oro trctrvtrd, o Aovd,g Hans ChristianOersted (Xcvg Kpiorrov'Eporevr, 1777-1BIi1 ) avqroiv<ooe ro srro-rileopo ev6g trerpdpcTos, ro orroio i6erlvr:6rr ro qtrerrprx6 pe6poouvo6ederor on6 pcryvqr-rrd cnorelio;rorrr. To rreipa;ro 0e<ope(rcrroropr16 yrori dvor{e ro 6p6po yrCI rnv evonoirlorl rou rllercrproprod

l-rs rov pcryv4rroy6, nou prilpr r6re eilcv'npo1<rlprloet oe povorrd-rro evrek6g 6racpoperrrd.

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Avopvqonx{ nI6ro, ornv oroionopror6ucror o Hans Christian Oerstedvo errelei ro roroprrd neipopo,

Koneyldy4, 21 louliou 1820

To npdro nerp6poro [6vo) oro({r4po, nou onorclei roovilK8lpevo 0uroli Toupv4pouiou dyruov ro16 14drdpxero po0qp6rtuv nou6rouo rov ncpoo[duo XerI6von6vo orov qlexrpropd, rovyol0ovrold |(or rovlroyvqnop6, H poorKri Touqouvdnelo eivor dn 4 poyvqrrcipeldvo peroxruri0qre on6 r40604 roopponioq rqq [c ill6p604 14g Folroixt|qouoreu{q ror dr our6 roonordleopo nop6yeror drovro xUxlrrl;ro eivor xlerfid xorrilr drov eivor ovor1rd...

Hans Ghrislian 0ersted

Aev e ivor 66orotro vo ovqrropdyoupe ro rrsfpcpq sfr€ orooXotrrr6 spyoor{pro eire ror p6vor po5. ).pqorponotooriFs pio rlle-KrprK4 orr1trq Kor ivd HoKpd rclc66ro, rr<; drpe5 rou ofioi'ou qKou-prndpe orous 66o ndtrous rn5. Av 6rs€irouF€ Kr ivcx 6rar6rrrr1oro r6rtrorpq, eq eivol oxdpc Koldrepo. Tevrr6voupe r<opo ropeupororp6po KCIIc66to Kot ro rorroe€rodpe ndv<o on6 ;.rfo pro-yvnrrK4 pel6vo, nou pilpr €Ksi'vrl rr1 orrypr; r1'rov rrpooqvoro^t-oFivn rcxrd ro y4rvo prayvrlrrr6 rrs6io IJ. Ararrrorc6voupe 6rr ovpdtroupe rov cryoyd oe Oioq nopdtrlrllrl rrpos rov d{ovo rns p€-tr6vcg, 4 peldva 0a errporre i on6 rrlv crplx( rrls edorl, 0q exre-lioer opropiveg orpogrrd5 rolavrciroelg xor 0s roopponqoer oe

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HrCI edon 6rogoperrrrl. To pqvupo €fvor oorpig. To rlAerrprrd pe6-po enr6pd r-rdvar orrl Fqyvrlrrrrl pel6vo. Eivor q pfa 6qq rqg oI-trqleni6poor15 pe updrorv Kqr poyvlrc6v. lvlnopo6;.re vo rrlv rr€pr-ypdrl-roupre triyovrog drr ro qlerrprxri periyc 64proupye i pqyvn-rrxri rre6io.

To poyv4rrx6 ne6io enr6pri oro qlexrpuiri pedyo. H dff4 dqrtlrqg allrlleni8paoqg. H qvqrofv<r>orl rou Oersted igrooe orollopior prio p6oprd6c cpydrepo rar ovipooe rorordpugo ro ev6ro-gfpov r<rrv fdll<ov cpuorrcOv yro rov qtre rlpopoyvrlrrop6. Arrd rr;lpovrd exe ivr; ol errrgoviorspor guolxoi rrlg follfcg ef're p6vorroug eire o€ ouv€pyooic pero{6 rou5 0o rrpol<opqoouv o€ fiopc-nipo nerpoporrrrlg ipeuve5 ndvo oT rlv q,\errpopcryvrlrrKr1 alfrl-leni6pooq, 0o ovc(qrrloouv rrs sqopgo'yig, rrou unooldrov qvdo ourq ovordlurpq ql ld rqr 0a enrlerpqoouv vo 6rlproupy4-oouv prq 0eropqrrrrl pdoq yro rrlv xorvo6f)yrd trnorr;pq rou r1tre-Krpopoyvrlrro;rof. Avdpeod rous o Andrt! Marie Ampdre (AvrpdMcpf Apnip, 1775-1836) urrrlp{e , rord rdrroro rp6ro, o €firKs(po-lq5. T4v eni6poorl evd5 gayvr'1rrl oE p€upolog6po oyroy6 pnoporj-F€ vo rrl 6ratrror6ooupre edrotro oro epy<xorrlpro. Xperd(eror vo6qproupyrlooupe iva qtrexrprr<6 r6rlopo, rirolo c6ore 6vcg crr6rous cy<rlyofg vo Bpe0ef oe Oioq rrou vo prrropei vo p€roKrvriror e-tre60epo.

Toto0erodpe 6vov neroloer6rl Hoyv4rn oe Oioq rirorq c6oreivo rprlpo rou crytoyof vcx Bpiore'rcr prioor o€ pcryvqrrK6 ne6io o-poyevig Kqr vo e ivor rdOero rrpos rrg 6uvoprrig ypoppig rou.Peuproro6ororlpe ro rdrlopro ror opio<o5 Sronrorc6vou;re drr o o-ytoy6s perarrvefrol, iv6er{,q 6rr ro prcryvrl'rrr6 ne6io errr6pd errd-v(r) Tou.

H eni6poorl rou Fcryvrlrrrod rre6lou oro qlexrprx6 pefpo eivaryeyov65. H 66vopq, F€ rrlv onoic ex6qlc6veror, iXer errrrporqoer voliyeror drivopq Laplace. Oo rrpoXroprlooupe oe pc06repq petrdrrlTrlS os dva arrd ro err6pevo regdtroro.

Mnopodpe, lorr-r6v, yrCI rnv ovilveuoq rltrerrprro6 pedporog vailoupe ivc oxdpa rprrqpro. Trlv erri6pcorl/ Trlv orroiq ucpiorcror a-116 ivq psl,v4rn. H 6iopq rllexrpovirrlv, q orrofcr 6rlprroupyeirar ;.rioao' dvo ocotrqvo ro0o6trc6v Gxriv<rrv, orroretrei rltrerrprrd, pe 6po erre r-6q ucpiororor eni6poo4 and payvrlrrr<6 rreiiio. H trerroupyic rtov rl-trerrprr<<iv r<rvqrqpcov pcof(erar o' cur4v crprpc6g rrlv erri6pco4.Mioo oe rdOe rltrerrpr16 rrvqrrlpa pp(orercrr orcoo6qrore 6vog pa-yvrlrns ror ouppdrrvo xrvrlrd rrloioro rd c,lTofd, erp6oov p€ul.rdro-6orr;0ofv, Eilovror 6uvdprerg Laplace qrr6 rov poyvrlrrl on6re irorouvr4peircr rl rr€prorpogrrr] roug rivrloq.

To 6e6T epo rcecpdlaro {erivrloe, ouoroorrrdr pe ro epc6rqyo; n eivatqAexrprcd pe6ya; H orrdv'rr1orl, rqv orroio errrlelprloopre vo 6c6oou-pre <e i6e> ro (qrrlpo p6vo orrd rrlv ntreupri rtov gqrvo;rdvarv. IrqouvdXe ro ro opo6orrorqoape eorld(ovroS rrlv rrpoooXq pog orofilo orlpqvrxd orrd dor6, rrou eivql q qler:rpopayvrlrrrq oltrrllenl6poor1.

Aeiner, dpolS rl evorrolqrrrq Oeurpia. H ondvrqoq, 6r1tro6q, oroepc6rrlpo: non Oeupia aord(ero; oqpepa r7 enorrTprl yt' curd rouooypaivet orqv 6A17 xd1e gopd rrou -lrsKp'oorconrcd- ercir1Ati:vuat4Aexrpxd pe6pa; H orrdvrqoq aur4 0o 6p0er e 6rcolq opre f vo 6c6-ooup€ rreproo6repq npoooXrl oe orcdprrre(; rrqpCIrrlprloerg, orts o-noieg iloupre r16q cvorpepOe i ror ov errrlerpqooup€ vo ouv0ioouperc ouprrepdoporq.

H rrp6r4 nupor{p4oq. Iro epyao-rqpro ro rller<rprrc6 peripc 6q-proupyrl0qxe errer6rl

o. Avdpreoo orous 66o n6trou5 unrlple pro p6vrpq 6rarpopd 6u-vaprro6.

p. Iuv8iocp€ rous 66o n6troug r4g orr17rr1g pe ccyc6yr;ro utrr16.H dedrepq nopcr{p4o4. Kord rrlv ergr6prroq ev6g nurvorq q

preroxiv4oq qtrer<rprro6 <poprfou ouvo6etieror, ev6e16p€vo, ondorrrvOrlpa, eire o116 dvoppo rou <pldg rrls qoroypocprr<4g FnXovqSe ire rqr o116 rqv o6{qo4 Oepprorpooiog ror-r perdllou, pre ro onoioouv6ioopre cyriyrpo roug 66o onllopofg. Mro roXuprl, rilog, er-gdprtoq, dn<o5 o repcuvdg, 6qproupye i rcll prayvqrrr6 rre6io loXu-p6roro.

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IO HAEKTP]KO PEYMA

Eivor, 6r1la6r1, yeyov6g drr q perorivrloq qlerrprrod gopr-iou,rrou ouppoiver xqrd rqv ergd,prrorl T(l)v rrurvorr<ov ouvo6e6erql q-116 Oepprxd KCIr pcryvrlrrrd gorvdprevo rroptiproto pe ereivo rrou ou-vo6e6ouv ro qlerrprrd pe6poro.

H rpir4 napor{p4oq. Errrorpigoup€ o'ro rreipopro Rowland, roonoio pog i6er{e drr ro rrvofpevo qlerrprxd cpoprio errr6pd os Fo-yvrlreg.

-errvc6vrag o116 ro prlvupc rou nerpd;rord5 rou o i6rog o

Rowland unotr6yroe nr.u5, drov ivo oqperorr5 goprio e rrelef ruxhxrlrivqoq, o€ Fro prrpq payvqrrr<r1 peldvo, nc,u ppiortror oro rdvrporqg rpolrds rou, 6q;rroupye iror ercrponrl rrop6proro pe er<e ivq rrouDqproupyeirqr o116 ivq ruKfur6 peuporogdpo orippo, ecp6oov 11 pe-trovo ppeOeioro rivrpo rou.

Or rper5 ourdg uopcrrlp4oer5 onorelotiv opropivo o116 rq errr-lerprlporo ro orroiq pog o6qyotiv vo 6elroripe 6rr:

To qlexrprrri pedpc efvor xcreuOuvripevq xivqoq qltrrprx6vgopriov, q onoia ougpofver pdoo oroug aytoyo65 e{ orriog xri-rrorqs 6ragoptig 6uvoprxori.

Aur6, 6qlo6r i , r rou ouprBcfve r p iooorous ;rerolfurori5 ay<rlyorig, drov erpop-p6(oupe 6ragop<i 6uvoprxori xat au{dve-rar 11 Oepprorpooic rous/ ndpouord(er rd-rr rorvd pe our6 rrou oupBoiver oe xdOtoyoryd Kqr rov rdver vo otrtrqtrenr6pd pepcryvrlreg, alld r<sr p' curd rrou ouprpaivsrr<ord rrlv qtrerrp6luoq. Eivcxr 11 rivrloq 4-trerrprrcod rpopric,u pe opropdvrl rore60uv-oq. H rivqorl yivr:ror prioo oro qlexrprrdrre6io, ro orroio {iqproupyriror oro €oor€-prx6 rorv oy<oyd,v arr6 roug n6troug r4g

rltrerrprxrpg orrltrqg r1 ond onoro6rlrrore dtrl4 orrio.Oopef5 rou rcvoupdvou goprfou oro pdrotrlo eivor orroxlerorr-

xd xqr pr6vo rc etrerj0epo qtrer<'rp6vra/ orous r1trerrpotrdreg eivor rcxr6vrcx, orous adproug oyoryo6g prrope f vcx eivqr Kcr rdvrq ror qtrr-Krodvrq.

Oopo rou rltrerrprKo0 p€uporosErno'rpigouF€ oro gorv6pevc.'Orqv av'rorp6gcps rous n6trougrrls trrlyqs, eiSope drr q ercrpon4 rnS pcryvqrrrq5 peldvog dyrve ro-rd rqv ovri0e'rr1 gopd. Av rdvoupe ro i6r,r rord rrlv rpogo6drrlorl6rotr6poro5 Oerir<of o{dog 0o 6orlpe vo eArr0epc6veror u6poydvo oroqle r<rp66ro qrrd ro orroio nprv dpyorve o{uy6vo. Avri0ero, o la-

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Frrr4pos q<oropo^sf ro i6ro, ove{dpr4ro rrnd 'rqv notrrrdrqro rr15rpocpo66rqoq5. =ipoupre 6rr F€ rrlv avrro'rpogq rqg notrrrdrnros,ovrrorpd<poup€ rq qopd rou qlerrprrod :re6iou dpo ror 14 rpopdrivr1or15 r<rrv qtrerrprrr/rv gopfrov pioo orous crycoyodg. To oupni-poopCI eivqr 6rr opropiveg ex6r1trc6oerq rou rllercrprrod pe6poros (rop1 p r rd gorvdprevo ror q 4le rrpoFcryvrlrr Krl ollrlleni6pqorl ) srrrl ps -d(ovror o116 r4 gopd xord 'rqv orroio rrvrlfvror or rltrerrprroi go-pe i5. Aoyrr6, trorrrdv, eivqr vq Oecoprlooup€ ytd ro 4le rrprxd pedpordrroro gopd. Oopd rou qlerrprxo6 pedprcrrog 0o prrropodoe vq ef-vor eire n gopd xivqorlg opvqrrrriv <poprfov on6 prrpd 6uvo;rrrdnpog peyoldrepa eire rqr rl gopd rivrlorlg'r<ov 0errrc6v rpopri<rtv o-rrd peydlo 6uvaprrd rrpo5 prrrp6repo.

'E1er errrrpor4oer <lg gopd rou qlercrprxof pefporog vo 0ecopei-rcr 4 <popd rivqo4g rou Oerr106 <poprfou. H odppaorl our4 eiXerrporoOei qrr6 r-ov Amp6re. Eivor pro enrtro1,q, 11 onoio opy6repo o-rro6eilrrlre <orup15> yrori orous fito ouvq0ro;.rdvoug oyoryodg,rou5 peroltrrxod5, n qopd pefporo5 eivqr ovriOerq o116 rq gopdxivqoq5 rrov <popirov, or orroior ouppciver '"'o e ivor rllerrp6vra. Bi-poro ov or <puorroi rou l Bou src6vq r1{epov'yro qtrerrpdvrq 0o e rXov,io<o5, rrpo'reiver ovriOerous opropofg ror 0c ov6po(ov Oerrrd rocpoprio rou epovirq Kor opvrlrrK6 ro goprib rou yuotrlori. I' ourrlrqv rrepirrr<ooq 0o erXope orlpepo apvqrrrd cpoprrqrdvoug nupqvegror Oerrrd <poprio oro rllerrpdvro rqr 0o trro5 rlrov rrro pofu16 q rpo-pd rivrlorlq r<ov rllerrpovi<rrv orc prirotrlavc ou;lrrirrr€t p€ rrl qo-pd rou pe6poro5. Ewoeirsr 6rr yro rcr garv,5pevq 6ev 0o dllo(e ri-fioro. Oa 6rorr1prlooupe lorrr6v rq ofppoorl rrou iXer errrrpcrrloerKor trlg gopd pedparog 0a OeopodFs rnv ovr(0erq onri 14 goptixivqorl g rov rllexrpovirlv.

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'Orov ivoq perrrlfur<i5 oycoy<ig ouv6e-Oef pre roug ndloug plag qlerrprrrlg rrqyrlg,oro €o<or€ptr<i rou oytoyod xct oe xdOeorlpeio rou 6qproupyeiror rltrerrprrd, ne6io.

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ro6, drrcog pe ovdloyo rp6ro, yn avrlia t,tpo1 o' i,va u6pauNrc6xtx)utpa 6ev rapdyu vep6, o.AAd Xprloyteder yn va i'orr1pei xdnots\nEopd nr€oeuv Ko; vs, rporcaAei rrl po4 rcu r16q urdpyovrog ve-potj. Avrbrorxo, 4 qAexrpxq nqyrl \r1ptoup,yei \ngopd \uvayxoircar nt6io ptoa oro onoio yiverat n po4 ruv 11617 unapy6vruv eAt6-0 ep<uv r1trexr pov ituv roo p erdAAoo.

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To rltrerrp6vro ouyKpo6ovrqr (otrtrqtrerrr6poriv) pe ro 6oprrcd ou-orqrrrd -rdvrq- rcov pe'rotrtrrrcc6v cyoyc6v, pe ouvirreta 11 rrvqrtrqevdpyero rtrrv €firrcxuvdprevolv qtrerrpovi<ov (ourr1 rrou 0o qrro-

xro6oov enrrrldov ov 6ev unrlple ro rovrr16 ntriypo) vo ;rerotpi-rrcTor oe ev6pyela rotrdvr<rroqs Tov r6vrrorr KGr vo ex6rltrcivercr pc-rpooxorrrxd q o6{qor1 rqg Oepporpooicg'rou prerctrtrrxod crycoyof.To 1ru<oor6, 611lo6r], <0epprx<i> gorvdpevo rrou ouvo6e6er rr1 6ritreu-or1 qlerrprrod pedporo5 orrd, roug prerol,Trrro6g cryoryo65 ror trdye-Tor KcIr cporvdpevo Joule. To arrordleopc yrf rq rltrerrpdvrc e ivot ro-Oivo ond ourd vo pnv €rrrrdx6veror ouvrrXrig olld vo rrveiror peoroOepq (oprorq) <peugcrrr(> rcrXdrrlro.

Evo cxrlpo orlpeio rrpirrer vo npooelOei r6rairepc. l-lprv crr6 rqv

p€rpnrrls rrqpoxns v€pou

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TO HAEKTPII .O PEYMA

Kqr€6euvon rrls n^€KrprKrlS 6rivopqg

€Fgdvrorl rou qlsKrprrorj ne6iou rCI €^sdespo qlerrp6vlq rou ps-rdllou -qlexrpovrxd oipro- €Ktvodvro drorro, Xopi'S 611lo611, <voex6qk6vouv rdrroro nporiprr;o4 ) rrpos o6rropivq rore60uvoq drorrrou qv os Fro 6roroprl Xdlxrvou o6pprorog nepvo6v opropdvo qtre-Krpdvro, rrvodpevo fipos optopivq rcorerlOr)vorl, rrlv i6ro orryprl rod-prOpo qtre rrp6vro rrepvofv o116 rrlv i6ro i5roropq rrvorjprevo rpo5rrlv avri0errl rore60uvoq. Mnopod;re vo ro6pe 6rr ouvotrrrd q rivq-on ralv qlerrpovirov -oro qle rrpovrr<d oripro- ovorpe iror nopdtrorrou or rcrxfrrlrss rov qtrexrpovi<ov eivor rrlg rdEns rov km/s. AS orl-prerco0e f e6ci 6rr or rrpig rqg rcrX6rrlrcq oXerf(ovror p€ rr1 Oepporpo-oio rou perdtrlou, yr'our6 ror q rivqorl rov ele60epcov qherrpovirovIfyeror ror <0epprrry> xivqoq.

'Orov, rc6po, eprcpovroref ro

4trerrprr<6 rre6io, ra rllerrpdvrorou periporog 6ev <Xdvouw rqvrrporlyof pevq ro16rqrd rou5,alld o' ourqv rrpoori0eror 6ra-vuoporr<d -odprpcovo Hs rrlv CIp-

Xn rqS rxve{oprrloio5 rov xrvrl-o€ov- r,rr q prrprl peuporrrrl ro-

16rqrc'rq5 ;-rercrivrlorl5 roug.Aurrl 11 e{orperrrd <6rororr-r-

rcrl> 6ro6rrooio, orrlv orroio rroip-ver pipog fvoq rpoporrrrcd peydlog cpr0p65 etre60epov qlerrpovicoveivor ro qlexrprr<6 pedpo 4 prdMov rl (FlKpo-uKdvo> rrou iloupe cprrd-{er yr'our6. Mro opyrl, 6qlo6r1, perorivqo4 rou r1}errpovrrcof oepiou

;lioa orov ev6ooroprrx6lc6po npog opropivq, rdOe orrypq, rore60uv-oq. To rllerrpdvro, lorrr6v, ;rioo oro perolfux6 o6ppo 6rv;.rerarrvo6-vror F€ repouvopdlo roX6rrlrc. Mdtrlg xlei<roupre ro 6rordnrq our6rrou rc{r6efa Hs rpop€pd peydlrl rcrXfrqro q onoio pnope f vo nlq-ord(er rqv ro1611110 rou cpcor6g, eivqr ro <<r4po ylo rnv ocprirrvroq>roug, 6r1lo6q ro qtrerrprr6 ne6io, rrou 6ro6i6rtror pioo orov cryolyd.

Xperd(eror, iorrr5, vo ouvoqrfooupe. 'Orov iXoupe qtrerrpr16 pe6-

Irc orous perolfuxo65 oyroyori5, prrroporipre vo 6rarpivouy€ rp€rs6ra<poperr rig rcrX6r4reg.

1. T4v rcrXrjrqro rqg Oepprrrrlg rivrloqg rov ele 60eporv 4lerrpo-vi<ov, q orroicr 6rorqpeiror/ trrs ouvrorr6oc, rur prerd rqv epgdvrorl q-trercrprr<od rre6iou. To pdye0og rqg e ivar r4g'rd[qg rcov km/s.

2. Tqv nol6 prrxpq rcXdrrlro -;.re piyeOo,; rrlg rd{qq rou 1mm/s-

F€ rnv orroio perorcveiror ro qle r<rpovrrd rripro rol 6qproupy€frolro qtrertprr6 pe6gc.

3. Tqv rpopepd peydtrrl rcrl6rqro, F€ rn\/ onoio 6ro6i6eror ro q-trerrprr<6 ne6io prdoo orov cry<oy6.

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TO H^EKTPIKO

'EYrqoR rou rller(rprxofP€uFqrosIkioo pedyc; A116 rq *'yF4, trorndv, rrou 6e X6;,rcme 6rr ro qlexrpr-16 pe6po eivqr roreuOuv6pevq rivqoq rltrerrprxori <pop, iou, eivor loyr-16 vo ouprgovrlooupe d,rr ivo pdyeOog nou 0o pnopo6oe vo perpderrqv nood,rqro ped;rorog eivor q avd povd6o 1p6vou noo6rqro rpop-riou, rrou rrepvder o116 pro 6roropq rou cycoyo6, ro rrqlfro, p' dMctr6yro, rou gopriou (q) npog rqv ovrfororlq XpovrK{ 6rtiprera (t).To piyeOo5 triyeror dwooq ped;rcrog q orr)rd pefpa. Iuppoli(erorpe ro ypdppo l. O opropr6g rrou pcg 6iveror on6 r4v e{iooorl

r=t

l'

rcrX6er yro rrlv nepirrroorl fiou ro nqtrfro q/t iler r4v i6ro rrprl ylo o-rroro6rlrrore lpovrrcq 6rdpxero, orr6re li;re xcrr 6rr q ivroorl eivor 1po-vrrd oroOepr1, loporrqpr(ovrog ro peri;ro co,; ouvsxis xcr orc0ep6.

- - iIrq yevrrrj nepirrrooq 6rrou ro pe6po eivur Xpovrrd peroBoM6- iFsvo n ivroorl rou pe6pcroS (l) orpeiXer lro ovo<pipe'rol oe prio

Xpovrrrl orlyp{.O oprop6g rqg poo(erorons iworeg ororyerifir1snoo6rqra gopriou xan orotytttit8rlsytowrci fil,rfprcen. Me crvdloyoT p6rro prropodpe vo opiooupe xcr dMe5 ivroreg nou worpipowcr

! oe 1pour{ onyp4 6nco5 rlror;6rr1rc, 4 enrrdXuvorl rar q roX6g.

I ro Are0vdg 16o111po, 11 dvrooq peri ; roro5 (pe6po) arrorelef0epefuc66eg pdye0ogpe povd6o perp4oe-oS ro ivo Ampire(14).

loXrier 1 Ampdre:l Coulomb/1seconde.H e{focoorl ourq o-rroretref rqv e{iooorlopro;rof rqg povd6ogCoulomb. 1C:1As.

Iulvd Xpr lorFo-rroreirqr ro- l mA :10'A.

TO

Ynori0eror drr 160e poyov6xr ovrrurorlei oe dvo Coulomb gopriou, 0 rorolerpnrriqgerp6er ndoo Coulomb gopriou nepvoriv ond 14 6roropti ovd 6suTspdlenro, perp6er,64Iod{, ro Amp0re 4lexrprrod pedporog.Ewoeiror drr 16rorou ei6oug xoroperpqrdq dev un6p1ouv. Onog 0o 6oripe opdooqnopor6rto rqv ewoorl rou 4herrprro0 pe0porog 14 perp6pe Poo(0peuot oro 0epprrd ri

i sfo poyvnnK6 rporvdpevo nou ouvodeUouv rqv epg6vro{ rou,

III

To oprnepdperpo

Xpero(dpoort Kor 6pyovc rrou vo prog perpodv ra Apndp rllexrpr-ro6 pe6;rorog. Tdroro 6pyovo undpXouv c'e 6ldcpopou5 rdnou5, 6-trc, 6porg, ilouv ro i6ro 6vopo. Apnep6perln. flcpeppdtrlovrqr oroqtre xrprxd xdrtr<opo, oro oqpe fo orprp<69 nou 0iloupe vo perprl-ooup€. Aror<irrroupre, 6r1lc6q, ro r6rl<opro oro orlpreio cur6 rcqr ro66o drpo rrou 6rlproupyo6vror ro ouv6iouFr Ll€ roug 66o orpo6i-

KT€S rou opydvou. 'Erot, cn6 ro oyrrep6p€rpo 0c 6rdpXeror qle-rrprrd peripo i6rag* ivrooqg pe ourd, rrou eilope nporlyoupivrrtg.To o;rnepdperpo, 1.r' ivo 6eirrrl rrou 6rq0drer, <6eiXver>, trorrr6v, ropedpa (Tou)). H orrdrtrrorl rou 6eirrrl eivcr ouvirero rdrrorou rpor-vol.rivou, ro orroio er6r1trr6verar 6rov rr€pv,i€r pefpc prioo o116 ro

* H napouoia rou opydvou aAAotdlvtt Aiyo r7 noA6 ro peipa noo onrlpye nptv anrd rr1vtapeppoAfi. H aAAoiuorT ntptopi(tar, 6tuq, Oa 6oiye, av 4 eaurtprr.rl avrioraoq rouopydvou eivar oytAqrta oe oy(.oq ye rqv avrimaoq rou ayayo6, roo onoiou ro pc6pa9tAouy e va p erprlooupe.

I

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IO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

CIprr€p6p€rpo/ o€ rp6rro, pdtrrorc, <6ore q crrr6rtrrorl vo eivol ovd-troyr1 npo5 ro pe6;,ro (l) qur6. To gorvdpevc eivor ivo srrd €reivo,rrou ouvo6e6ouv ro rllerrprrd pe6;.rcro. Iuvrj0og eivqr eire Oepprrd<porvdpevo (0epprrd oprnepdperpo) eire oMqtreni6poorl rou pedpo-ros l-rs rdnoro Fcrl /rlrn. I' ourqv rrlv rrepinrorrl prioo oro oprr€-p6;lerpo undpler Fcrl,v4rns oxivqrog rct orSre<pdpevo rrtroioto/ rtououv6deror ps rov 6efxrq. To peripo, nou 6ro;lerederor oro opnepd-

Fsrpo peuproro6orei ro orpeg6pevo nlq(oro orrdre orrg ntreupdgrou qoro6vror qrrd ro poyv4rq 6uvdperg l-aplace Kor ro rrtroioroorpdgeror. Mo(i rou orpigeror rar o 6e irrrlg rov orroio ptrfnoupee{orreprrd. Evvoeiror drr ovocpep0qrope pdvo orrlv cppl lerroup-yiog rou opydvou. H ouvofurrl trerroupyio rou €ivcr, piparo, rrotrdrrro oriv0er4.

Yrrdpler pro nopd6oorl, fiou OfAer ro oXqpcro, ;re ro onoio no-prordvovror ro 4lerrprrd rurlc6poro, vo ilouv co5 oretrerd rd-

rroro opOoyrivro no6nll4tr6ypoppo r(cr vorupropXo6v or euOeir;g ypoFFiS.Tr;v nopd-6oo11 0o rq 6rorqprl)oul.rs. Om6oo 6ev 0or1rov, fo<og , rr'epn6 vo Oupfoou 1tt 6rt raoXrl Stara 6ev anrer xcl i(ouv Euroy paq xdrrlv npdypartx6rryra, altrd rrl. oultpoAL(ouv. H rrpdyporrKdrqrc evdg epyoorrl-prcrorl rur<trc6;roro,; pe rltrerrprxr'1 or4tr4,6rcx6rrq xor lcpn'rr1po ncprordvtror Ft

ro oXrlpo ro onoio FoS rropqrrdprrer o'orrrrlv. To 66o duoq rqrnopdMqlo eu06ypcppa rpqporo I noprcrrdvouv r;Ierrprxq rrq-yq oroOepq5 6rc9opdg 6uvoprxori. To ;re yol6, epo otr6 ro 66oouppotr(er rov rr6lo ;re ro peyolfrepo 6uvoprx6: Av ro 66o rpq-proro rlrov ioo ll 0q rropiorovov dvov olorov6qrrore rrurv<rrrr1.To oXrlpo @ rraprardver qtrerrprr6 tropnrrlpo -ovrXveurrl evrir ro/- 6ro,x6rlrrlcvor1r6. Opropdvo ox6po cr6Fpolu eivor:

-!ru0, nnv(o-)'F- peroBtrrlr6q nurvonlq

ri H owrordr4q

-"FLf-] pooqrornq

C]L4trerrpo^wrx4 ouoxeu4

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s-n : Iopnqpog

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Yeroorl

opnep6petpo

Bo116perpo

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TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

l6rorqr€S rrls dvrooqE1. To rrp<6ro prlvupo rrou Ffiopodpre vcrcDV oprrtpopirporv eivcr q <rorvrl> rtpq,

ndpoupre orrd rrg ev6ei{erg-rqv orroro iler ro pe6;ra oe

pra opropivq onyFl1 rord pqrog ev6g cryroyod. Erpdoov, 6qlc6r1, oedlo ro F4roS rou ayoryod 6ev undpler 6r<xrld6<rloq, ot rourdXpov€Sev6ef{erg oo<rlv6rlrrore opnepdperpcrrv 0rr ouprrrirrrouv. H rodrqror<ov ev6ei{erov crnoloyeircr pe rqv appl r'r1g 6rctrlpqorls rou gopri-ou. 'Ooo <poprfo 6rqrrve(ror ovd provd6o Xp6vou pioc ond rdrroto6rcropq, dllo 16oo -ioo- goprio 0o 6rqxrveirqr cxvd povd6o 1p6vouxor prfoo o116 prro dllq 6rorop4, orroro6rl'nore. Ag rrpooi{oupre e6cidr 6ev prldpe yro ro<irqro rcov rcrXurrlT(D'v rrrlv rllerrpovi<ov (rou 11-trerrpovrrod oepiou). Irr5 prrpiq 6roropriq or toldrqreg r<rrv qle-rrpovirov eivcr ouyrprrrrd peyolOtepe5. A4rldpe, 6FrS, yro ro6rqtaorrg rroo6rrlte5 qlexrprrod gopriou/ fiou 6roruvodvror avd povd6a1p6vou trrioc orov ryroy6. Kord

6ev OUT€

2. To npdyporc eivor 6rocpopertrd egdoov urrdpXer6rortrd6c,roq (x6ppog). Iro rixlorgo rou crXqprcrog, yronapd6erypa, or ev6ei{er g rorv'rprrirv oprnepopirprDv eivqtI : 330 m& lr : 110 mA Kor l, : 220 mA. Mog 6ei1vouv,611}o611, 6rr l,+1, : l. To yeyo'v65 otrroloyeiror -rqt rrd-fu- ond rqv apXq rqg 6rcrrlprlrrrls rou 4trerrprrof gopti-ou Koryevrrefercr p€ rrlv noprxdr<rr npdrco4.

To dOporopo rov peuprirov rrou <nlqord(ouv> o'dvcv x6;rpo eivor ioo ;re ro ri0poroFo rtov peu;rrirovlrou (orroporpfvovrar> qrrd qurdv.

rot rov6vcg errrg oMd avcrpiperar o€ Fro reXvrr{, rqv orroio prrro-

podpe vq Xprloryonoro6pe drqv rdvoupe unoloyropoU5 mo ruxlc6po-rcr. Xaporrrl pGer q n p<irog erre r 6rl oupr pcxive r vo urrdpler ivo5 ord;.roravdvog Kirchhoff o onoio5 ovc<p6peror orr<; 6ragopig 6uvoprxo6.

O Gustav Kirchhoff (l-ro6orcp KipXorp), tdlog, o onoiog 6rar6-rro)or Kor rous 6rjo rccrv6ve5, urrrpp€e ivcA ovopromdg feppav6s qu-orr6g nou iQlot orrd ro 182a ptypt to 1\ti7.

HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

I

FI Sraryqp* Suvtlprxoti

Merpqorl rrls roorlsAvd;reoo oe 6rio oqpeio ev65 ruxlcirliqros urrdpler -orrl yevrxrl rre-pinrcoorl- prc 6rocpopd 8uvoprrro6 r;, 6nors <ruvqOi(erar vo tripe, rd-rrora rdor1. A6o qrr6 ro 6pyovo pe rc orroi<r 0o prrropo6oopre vaT qprerpqooupe eivor o qtrercrpovrrdg notrpoypoqos Kqr ro polrdperpo.

O natrpoyp,igos onoretrefror rupirog crn6 ivo ocolqvo rtvo6,pio gOopi(ouoo o06vr1, prio 6rdro€n yrq 6rlproupyio qtrerrpovrrrlg6iopqg ro0c6g xor 6rord{ers yro rrlv errporrq rr15 6iopqg, drro5 eivor, nopc6eiypcroq ldprv, ivo (edyog ond opr(6vrro rrlcri6ro, ro

orroio e rrpinouv rr1 6ioyr1 roror6pucpo r:r ivq (eriyo5 qrr6 xcro-r6pucpo rrlqriEro o116 rq orroio q 6iopr1 errpineror opr(6vrra. Avoro rrponyofpevo rdrl<rlpo 0elrlooupe va gerprgooups rqv rdoq o-vdpeoo mo orlpre(o A ror l-, ouv6ioupre 1c{ ciqpeia ourd pre ro rrtrqr<i-6tq rqtqK6puqns orrdrfuo45, orr6re orq'u oOdvr1 ro opXr16 ilvogrr15 r1tre xrpovrxrl5 6iopr4g Oo percrrv4Oe f rcrrd pric crn6oroorl rrlv o-rroiq e6xolo pnopodpe vo ovcrydyoupre oe Volts.

To polr6perpo. O rllerrpovrrdg nolpo'ypdcpo5 eivar orprpq5 otr-ld eivar Pcp6S r<xr 6tiorotro percgdperor.Arrd our(, trorrri,v, rrlv dnorgq ro Botrrd-Ferpo ntreoverrei. Aev 6rogdper ond ro q-pnep6perpo ofre oe trerroupyio orjre oeepcpdvroq. To rccvrpdv rou €ivor, piBoro,poOpoloy4pivo <re Volts (V). To rorv6 Bol-r6prerpo 6ro0i'rer orivrp-o Ftr!'vnrn Kor q-yc6yrpo rrtroioro. To rrlcioro peuproro6o-to6pevo otrtrqtrerrr6pd pe rov pcryvqrrl rororpirperor, orr(rrt orpdrperor xor o 6ei-Krrls rrou ouv6ierqr p' ourd. H er<rporrrlrou 6eirrq eivot ,rvdtroyrl rou pe6pcrog pe

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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ouvirrsro -o6l.rgovCI Fs rov v6po Ohm, rrou 0o pelerqooupe opy6-rtpo - vo e ivqr ovdtroyq Kor npos rq 6roqropd 6uvoprxori.

To polrdperpo, lorndv, perpde r rr1 6rrxgopd 6uvc;.trxo6, rrou u-ndpler avdpeoo orous 66o orpo6iKTrs ('rou)).'Orcxv Oelrlooupre voperprlooupe rq Orocpopd 6uvcprxo6 ovdpeoo oe 66o oqpefo A, B e-vdg rurlc6porog, ouvEioupre oycSyrpro rcu5 axpo6fxreg pre rq on-peia ourd. H rdoq ovdpeoo orous 66o ar<po6iKrss -rnv orroia 6ei-Xv€r ro 6pyavo- 0q eivor ioq ror ps rrlv rciorl ovdpeoo oro A rol B.H o6v6eoq aurrl rou potrrdyerpou triyercrr oriv6eo4 oe 6lsxild6o-oq. Arrd ro polr6perpo 0c rrepdoer, pipcrro, peripc rar r1 rdoq rqvorroio Oitroupre vo perp4ooupe 0o ollorcrr0ei. To oqdlpo reprop((e-Tor ov 11 ovriorooq rou polropdrpou eivrrr -oe oxion pre rrlv ovrf-ordorl rou ayolyorl AB- oorlpovrrl.

fro vo perpfoouye ro pedpo o' 6vo oqpeiorou xurA6porog, Xpe16(eror vo (K6{,ouUeDro rdrlopo oro o4peio ourd xqr vonopeppdloupe ro opnepdperpo.

fro vo perptiooulre rq 6rogopd duuopnodov6;reoo oe 6do o4peio rou ruxhrlporog,ouvddoupr oydryrpo rouq oxpo66rreq roupolTdpoTpou pe ro oqpeio, lr,rpig vo6roxdrl,oulls ro rfillopo,

TO HAEKTP KO PEYMA

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Iuvorpi(ovrog prnopodpre vc nodpe drr:Iro qlerrprxd ruxfuiprqrq rl rdorl (6rcqopd 6uvoprrof) ovogi-

psrqr os 66o oproyivo oqpeio rou rcurl6;rc{Tos To orroiq orror€-lodv rqr drpo rdnorou rprrlprorog. Eivor piyeOo5 olyepprr6, pnopef6qlo6q, n rrFrn rrls vo eivcr Oerr14, opvrlT rrrl r1 pr16iv. Mnopodpe vorqv prerprlooupe, efre pe notrpoypdgo eftt pe potrr<ipetpo.

lSrorqr€S rqs roorls1. Arlpiroupyo6;.re ivo 16rl<opo trrr: r1tre rrprrq orqtrq, 6ro-r6nrr1 ror 66o lopnrqpeg, roug onoioug ouv6ioupe oeoerpd. Me rcordtrtrqlo potrr6perpo perpdps rrS rdoetgVor, Vrr, Vor, Kor pp(oroupe V^u = 2,9V, Vr, : 1,45 V rotVo, : 4,35 V. To o6prrepoops civor drt V^, : Vor+V*ror yevrreferor p€ rqv e{q5 6tortincrlorl:

H rrio4 ora rirpo evdg ouv,flou cytoyr6v -o€ o€r-pri- eivor foq ge ro ri0poropq r,tllv rdoetov rrou urrrip-Xouv o€ xoOdvav orrd aurods rous oytoyodg.

H npoqyoriprevq e{iocooq ypdcpercr xct Vr,r+Vur*(-Var) : 0. Er-ret-6(, 6pcog -Ver : Vro, 0o roXrier rot Vor+Vur* Vrn : 0. Ie pio YtvrK€u-pivq 6rordrrooq Ffiopo6pe ouverrc6g vo r-rotipre 6rr:

Karri trr{rog ev6g xlerorori rurl6parog ro olyepprrri riOpor-oFtr rtrrv 6rogoptiv 6uvaprrori efvar ioo pe pq6dv. H np6roorl o-rrorele i rov leydprevo 6erirepo ruvdvs Kirr:hhoff. Xaparrrlpf(erorxav6vaq -ror dXr <og vdpo5- errer64 cvacpipr;rar/ ouoroonKd, oe ptorelyrxq rrou FoS porlOder vo rdvoupe unotroyollodg oro qAerrprxdxurlc6poro, X<opiS vo qrrorelef rdrrotov ove{dprrlro v6po rqg <pu-orxrlg, yrori <rctrdfir€rdr) arr6 rrg yevrri5 rxp1i5 yrq rrl 6rarrlpqoqrou rpopriou Kqr rq Drcrrlpqoq rrlg evipyerrrg. Ei6ope 6rr rdrr ovd-troyo ouppaiver ror Fr rov npc6ro ravdvq Kirchhoff, o ono(og ro16-rr€ror arr<i rrlv opx4 rrls 6rorr1pr1oq5 rou gopriou.

2. Orrdxvoupe ivo or6pcx r6xk'rpo pe r1fu;xrprr{ ot{In 4,5 V, 6to-rdnrq ror 66o tropnrrlpe5, ro drpo r<rrv onoicov ouv6iovrqt cvd 6tio

cry<rryrpo drr<rr5 mo crX4po.Arl;rrcupyorjvror iror 66o 6ro-rdo6c6oerg, 11 A xor 11 B. Eivcr au'rovdqro 6rr, cxv 0etrrloou-pe vo perprlooups rrgTdoerq orc drpo rdOe troprrrrqpo,

B OCI rrdpoupe ro i6ro orrorfleopo/ yro rov orrlodorcrol6yo 6rr or lcpnrrlpeg dlouv rorvd drpo. H odv6eorl cu-rr1trdyeror nopriltr4tr4 odvdeorl tos rrpos xrinoro triorlKor rq XcpcKrqpcer q ro6rrlto r<ov rdoeov. Oo pnopo6-oope,6qtra6q, rq odv6eorlqur4, vo q lipre rcan oorcoxrl.

(3,5 v)

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

HlerrprKri KriKlollo r[AEdpoonq

To rlAer prrc6 rcirtrclpo

Ego6roopdvor r<opo pe 6pyovo fiou prropo6v vo ;.rcg prerpodv qtre-rrprrd pedprorc ror 6rorpopig 6uvoprrod prnoporipe d1r pdvo vo (o-

vrrrpiooupe> ouvofu xd ivo rllexrprrcd rdrtr<rrpo,olld ror vo ro pelerrlooupe. To rrpc6ro rrpEpqrrou 0o rrpirrer vo r(ivoupe eivor vo ovoyv<opi-ooup€ dvo iva rc 6rdrgopo rprqporo (ororleio)rrou ro arroretro6v. Irrl ouviXero 0o e{erdoou-pe rcdOe morXeio Xcoprord, crrd ororrrd sv€py€r-orr1. Oo neprypdr.poupre, 6qlo6r1, rq lerroupyiorou orrlytrc6ooo rq5 svdpyerog.

<Erorlero> ev6g x url6Fqrog. Avoyvt6prorl.An6 rq m4ln rou Alessandro Volta pilpr ro otro-rlqpcopivo xuxlc6pror c rq g oriyXpovqg rlle xrpo-vrxq5 urrdpler pio <arr6orooq> 66o rrepirrou or-c6vrr;v, mq 8rdpxero r<ov orroi<rrv q iwora rtirlo-

1.ro yvc6proe ;rro onor6qrror€ rvrurrcoororcrl e{ifu{q. Irlpepo, o dpo5qAercpx6 rc6tcAapa cvogiperor o€ pro peydlq rrorxrtrio ororleiov roorroia ouvoppotroyo6pevo ro qrroretro6v.

'Evo x6rtropo pnopei vo rreprile r troprrrrrlpo ,ovrrordr4, oyo-yo6g o6v6eons, rruKvordg, qtre rrporrvrlrrlpo, pooordrrl, qlexrpo-trurrxi5 ouoreuig, polrdprerpo, 6io6e5 lulvfeg revo6, rpuoroltro-6io6eg, 6io6eg Zener, thermistor, rrlvio, qle xrprrrl orr1trr1, yevv4rpra,

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tn To Fr^EKTPTKo PEYMA

'Evo onld xdrlouo oro epyooripro

ouooopsurrl rr ivo ocop6 dlleg 6ro'rd{e rg pre ov6poto nou io<rr5,6ev 0o dXer rovei5 ouvcvrrloet rrori.

Airrola. I'durd, 6FtS,'ro orotleic rou r:url6poros rlou ovo-rpipope urrdpler rdrt rotv6. Ko0dvo rou5 dtr;el 66o drpo (orpo6i-rreg, rr6loug) oro orroiq urrdpler -yevlrd- xdrrotq 6rarpopd 6uvq-

;.rrro6. Aur65 eivot rqt o trdyoq rrou ot qtrerrpovrroi rq l6ve 6irro-lo.

H Xaparrqprmrxri ro;rndlq.'Evo 6inotro eivqt 6uvor6v vo tret-roupyei pe norrfie5 rrpi5 6rogopdg 6uvoprllo6 (rdoqs) oro dr<porou.H roptdlq, I orroio orretrovf(et rr1 ouvciprrloq rdorl5 -pefpo-rog V : f(l), trr{yeror XCIpqKrnptorlrrl ropn6,\r1 yra r<dOe 6inolo. Hpetrfrrl rns HdS poqOder dp p6vo vo 8rcrpivc'up€ ro 6rdcpopa 6ino-Ao pero{6 roug, otrtrd Kqr vo npop}dq-roupre 'rr1 }erroupyio roOevd,5orrd ourd, 6tov ro rrcpeppdtroup€ os rdrrotc, r6xlolpo.

i i lXoporrrlprorrxrl

v : f ( r )11trexrprxrl5

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Htrerrprrrl eveflyeroo€ rHrlFo KuKncDporosA5 rpovrco'ro6yte, r<bpo,, fva peupro'rorp6po r6rlcopra rt ivo rti4porou ro orroio srroretreirot orrorletorrrd ond 6inotro rpogo6orori-prevc. Oc prropo6oe yro rropd6e rYPq vo rrepriler ivc truprrrrlpc Kolivo qlerrprrd por6p. 'Orrog rot rdOe 6irrotrr lcoptord, ro rpqpo e-v6g rur<Ico;rorog

o. iXe r 66o drpa (A,B), pe ro orroio ouv6ferot ye ro undlotno16r<lco;rcx. Avdpeod rou5 urrdpXe r prro 6to<popd 6uvoprrod (V^r).

p. 6roppderor arr6 4trerrpr16 pedpo lor.y. rpogo6oreirot pe qtrerrprrrl ev6pyero.ArolouOc6vros rrl Oecopio ;rrroporlpe va <prdoouprs o€ Flc e{roco-

orl, Hs rrlv onofo q ovd povd6o 1p6vou peroprpo(6pevr1 ev6pyero

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peroll rori

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ouoxrrf(€ror 1600 p€ ro psdpo Inu 6oo lior p€ rq 6rorpopd Suvcprr-rod Vou.

=errvdpe qrr6 rov oprop6 rr lg ivvorog \ tagopd 6uvaptrco6.'Eloupre 11611 rrar drr oro qlexrprrd ne6io q pero{6 66o oqpeiarv(A,B) 6rocpopd 6uvoprxo6 eivsr e{ oproprod ioq pe ro rrqtrfr<o Wo/q,dnou W^u ro dpyo rov 6uvdpeov rou nr:6iou rord rq peraxivrloqrou cpopriou (q) orrd ro ivo orlpefo (A) oro dllo (B). Av rc6po rodpyo Wou ovrrKqroorq0ef ps rov dpo <pe roprpc(dpevq -piocrrrou ne6iou- qtre rrprr<r1 evfpyero> pnopc6pe vo xorotrdpoup€ yro-ri 11 6rogopd 6uvoprrrod (rdoq) orc drp,a rou rpqporos (A,B) 0e-opeiror <og q ovd povd6o rpoprfou evdlryero rrou peroprpd(eroro'ourd.

'Orqv trdpre, yro napd6erypa, 6rr cvirpeoo oe 66o oqpe io pe u-porogdpou r<urck6porog urrdpXer rdoq 6 Volts, evvooripe drr ororF(Fq rrou oproOere fror orrd ro orlpe fcr a,or6, oe rd0e Coulombperorrvor iprevou r lAerrprrod cpoprfou preroprpd(erol evipye ro 6Joules. H peroprpo(oprdvr1, lorrrdv, o€ , f ,propivo lpdvo evdpye ro(W) oE r<dOe rpqpo (AB) rurtrc6poros Orx eivor ioq pe ro yrv6prevoVne'Q rr ls Ero<popdg 8uvoprror l err f r4v noodr4ro cpopriou rroupercrrv4Orlre xord ro lpdvo qurdv. Erp<ioov ro pedpo e ivor ouve-

1dg -oro0ep6, yro ro rpqpcx AB Ocx roX6r:r IAB : q/t, 11 q : l^rt o116-r€ KGr W : Vorlort . To r lqtr fr<o, r i t roq, rqg peroprpo(dpevqg -oe

1p6vo t- evdpye ros npos ro 1p6vo qurd (t) qrrorelef rrlv ro16 (P).Oq eivar

^orrrdv p = Vnslrs. p(Watt) : rl(Volt)xt (Ampdre). H e{f-

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AB

/y'K60e poyovdrrnoprm6ver qoprio cv6qCoulomb. H Tdon oro6xpo rou AB erqpd(err4v ovri lrovti6o rpopriouevdpycro nouperoprpf(eror ororp{po AB.

P=Vl

pog 6iver* rqv rltrexrprrrl roX6, rrou preroprpdZeror o' €vc rpqpo ru-xlc6prorog ove{dpr4to ond rq g6oq rov rpogo6otofpev<rlv 6lnd,-tr<ov, rrou rreptiXovrot o'our6.

Kord rr1 lerroupyio, lotn6v, evd5 6rn6lou oTrd ro (euydpr rdorl- pe6po prnopo6;re vo unoloyfooup€ Kor rq peraprpo(6pevq rlle-rrprrq roXrj. Mnoporipre, errioqg, on6 rr5 rrpri; ro1uo5 xor rdoqg yrorr1 trerroupyio pro5 ouoreuqg vc rrpoo6topiooupe ro pe6;ro tretroup-yio5 rqg. 'Evo5 Oeppooig<ovo5 4000W 6rsv Letroupyei urr6 tdoq**220V 0q 6rappierar cnd pe6po | : 4OOO1220 V : 18,18 A.

Hlerrprrd pedpo (l)

Htrexrprrq rdoq N)

Hlerrprrq royrig (P)

Hlerrpr16 goprio

ovd povd6o Xpdvou

Meropr pc(<ipevq evdplrsrctavd ;.rovd6o gopriou

Meroprpo(opdvq evfp'1eroovd povd6o 1p<ivou

Wq

Irov rrivqro yrrope f xovei5 vo 6rorpfve r 6r-r {errv<ovrog arr6 rpiopey60q, goprio, 1p6vo, evipyercr rot rroipvovroS r<dOe cpopd 66o c-n6 ourd Xri(oupe rpio dllo peyiOr1, rqv fvrooq psfFloros, rrlv rd-orl Kol rrlv roX6. Arrd rer ror rrfpo q e(iocooq P : VI ipXerot cos ou-virrero rorv rptcirv oprop6v.

* YnoAoyioape q yioq o11j P = Wlt yn rqv ntpintwory ora9epr1i rdor1g xar ora9tpotjpeiycroq. Ano6erxvierar 6n 11 i6ro efiocooq P : Vt toxtet yn rq (orryynia) petap$a(6-yevq rcyi ot xs9t nepirnu:oq.** Or oxnxf.gaooxeutcrpoEo\orolvrar ye perjpa evaA)ooodyevo. E6xdynnqOepya-vrxtc ouoxtuiq, pn oytorl rqq popcpfis P = vl lJds 6ivet n1 yfo1 4Aexrpxtl toXrj t96oov,6yutq, toq V xat I Xptlotltonoul1oriv avriororya ot tworcg e rcpy5g tdoq xat evepydq, tvta-or1, nc onoftc 0a oovavrrlooultt oro xeEd/.arc Yd rs evatr\aoodyeva pajpara.

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYM

Ag unoOiooupre drr iXoupre rpsrs cryoyo65, drr oeroOivqv qrr6 quro65 ecpapp6(oups rrlv i6ro rdo4ror 6rr rq qvriororlo pe6poro eivot lr : 400mA,lz : BmA xot l, = 1mr\. To ougrrdpoolio eivot drto npc6rog nopouordiler rotrrirepq oyroyrpdr4roarr6 roug dltroug 66o evrir o rpfro5 <ovrrorire-ror) fi€prood,repo rqr orrd rous rp€rs or4 6rdtreu-oq rltrerrprxof pe6polo5. Ooiveror troyrr<6 enioqg

vc 6e10oripe 6r-r o rpirog crl,toyds epgo'ri(er orrc6 gopig peyoldre-pq ovriorcorl orrd rov 6e6repo ror rer6nr6oreg <popig preyotrrireprlcvriorooq orrd rov np<r5ro.

Or rpuorrof orro6eldpevor ourrl rq tr<lyrxrl nporeivouv dvo povd-p€rpo priyeOog, ro orroio vcx <pcOpotroyei> rrg cxvrrordoer5 -q ovri-orpogcx trg cryoyrpdrrlr€S- rov 6rorp6prrrv cryc,.ryc6v orq Sritreuoq q-Aerrprro6 periporo5. To piyeOog trdyer<xr qltrrprr{ ovriorooq a-yroyod rcr opi(eror rog nqlfro r4g rtio45 U) nou e;rgcppri(erarorc rirpo rou, rrpos r4v dvrooq (l) rou peri;roro5 rrou rov 6rop-pder. fra ro ou;rpoho;.r6 rou peyiOoug )(pr1orFrorroreiror 6re0vrig roypdypo R, oplrd rqg trd{qq Resistance.

VR = T e{ioroo4 opro;rod r4g qlexrprrrig ovrforooqg

T

Iro Are0vig lforrlpro, povd6o perplloeotg rrlg ovriorooqg eivorro 1 Ohm (Opr). Iuppolf(erar pe 1O. lo16er 1C) : 1Vl1A. Aurd or1-poiver 6tr 6vog ffl,ary6s eprrpovi(er ovdpeoc oe 66o oqpe io rou cxvri-ordorl 1f Ohm, erpdoov, rord rqv erpcl>proy4 oro oqpe ia qurd rd-orlg 1 Volt, o ay<oyd5 6rappieror orrd perjpo 1 Amp6re.

To avriorpoqo rrls r;ler<rprrcqg ovrioroorlg trdyerar qler<rprrcr1 c-yroyrp6rqro (G).

To rrpciro epcbrqpo tfuor; An6 n e€,aprdrat q avrioraory evdqouyrcercpry€vou uyu;yori; Enqped(eror d6rcrye arrd 14 6rcrpopd 6uva-prro6 rrou 0o egcrppdoou;re; Av Oilouprr: orrdvrqorl oro rpc6ro ou-16 epc6r4pq 6ev iXou;re dllq enrtroyrl o116 ro vo npoorp6youpeorrlv (€rupqyopio rou €pyoorqpiou, ecpo6roopivor, p6parc, pe potr-r6prerpo (11 nolpoypdgo) rcor opnep6perpo. Xpero(dpoor€ or<d,propra 6rdra[q rrou vcx ;rag 6iver rrorrrtr(q rrpc6v rdoq5. Mra xordtrtrqtrr1rir-oro 6rdro{q e(vur ro rrorevor6perpo.

Hlercrpr Kq uvri'oroorl

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1. O oytoy6g - 6inotro (AB) eivor ivo roppdrr odppo 1dfu<rvo.Eg6oov 6ev 6roppierqr o116 pefpo, 4 rdorl oro drpo rou eivorpq6iv. Egopp6(oupe rdoq 1 Volt Kqr ro cpnep6perpo FdS 6e rXver83 mA. Zuvelf(oupe p'our6v rov rp6rro Kcr Kortrypdcpoupe ro o-roretrio;.rcro o€ rrivoro. AvrrorpigouFs rllv rdoq, orr6re qv'rr-orpirperor Kqr ro pe6po. Iuprrtrqprivoup€ Tov rrivoro Fs rd orro-relfopo,o rov vitov perpqoecov. Mrropodp;t yro rrlv rdoq ror ropedpo vq XprlorForrorrloou;re rdpa opvqrrxig rrpig.

vn, (v) 0 1 1,5 2 2,4 3 3,6 4 -1 -1 ,5 -2 -2,4f^, (mA) 0 83 125 167 200 250 300 333 -83 -125 -167 -2OOR(O) 12,05 12 11,97 12 12 12 12,01 12,05 12 11,97 12

Vae(V)

4

Kord rq 6rdprercx r<ov perprlo€ov gpo-vri(ou;.re vo 6ror4po6;.re yro ro pe6po ri-rore5 rrpig c6ore q 3epporpcoio rou o6p-

Fqros vo fiqpouor,i(er qo4Fqvr€S H€ro-polig. Aur6 ro rdvou;.re yro vq crroprovc6-oouF€ ;.rc rrrOcvrl e {dprqoq rrlg avriora-oqg orrd rq Oeppor<lrcoio.

Kdvoupe rq ypcrrprrrl nopdoroorl rd-ons - ivrooqg. Ei ' ror 11 XcpCIKrr lprorrrr lrou 6rrrdlou rrou petrerrloope. Btrinoupe6rr eivor euOeio yp(rpp4. To ouprnrpdopo-ro rc6pcx. Ta 6pyovo r<ov perpqoecov i6er-€ov 6rr 11 ovriororrrl rou ofpprorog eivorove(dprqrq o116 rrlv rrpq roi rrlv notrrr<d-rqro rns rdor;g r fou €gopp6(oupe . M'dMc l6yro 11 ivracrq rou pef;roros €Fgq-vi(eror ovdtroyq rrsos rrlv e<pappo(dpevq6rcrpopd 6uvoyrxoti.

2. Enovotroprp<ivoupe ro rreipopo peor6epfvro odppo rur dorepo ndfu pre o6p-po on6 xpdpo 1oi\xorl-vrreliou. Tq qrro-retrioprcrcx 6e ilvouv 6rr rqr orous dyto-

yorig ouro65 epgovf(eror 11 ove{apr4oia rrlg ovriorooqg o116 r4vrrprl rrlg rdoqq.

3. Aorrpd(oupe rc6po pe loprrqpo rrupro6lifo€os. H 6rogopdqrr6 ro npoqyof pevo rre rpdpoto iyre rror oro yeyovdg 6rr oro o-yc6yrpo roppdrr rou troprrrqpa 0c er6r1tro0ei peydtrrl Oepporpooro-xq o6{qoq. KoraypdgouF€ ro onoretrioprrro o€ rrivqrq. I1e6rd-(oupe Kol rq XCIpoKrrlprorrrq rou lcpnrrlpcr.

xqPoKTrlProrrKrlev65 ldkrvouofpparo5

- 300 - 200 - r00

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Vn, (V) oln, (mA) 0R (O)

0,1 o,2 0,536 61 812,8 3,3 6,2

0,8 1,5 2 2,5 4 6100 132 155 17s 227 2858 11,4 12,9 14,2 17,6 21

To oupnipoopo sfv(xr drr orqv fi€pfrrrtooq rouIoprnrrlpo rl ovri'orqorl 6ev nopo;river oroOepr1. Hc6{r1oq rrls e€ppoKpqoiss €nqp€d(er rrlv rtp4 rrlsorlFrqvrrKd.

4. floipvou p€ CIvdlo]'ss Fsrp{o€r S Xprlor l-rorroro-vrqs rlkKrpovrKis 6r6{iou5 6rorp6pcov rdn<ov. OtxcpoKTrlprorr Kis KoFfi (,tres Trou rrpor6rrrouv eivore6ylorrreg. Mog live dlr ro p€6pCI 6ev eivqt ovdlo-yo lrpos rqv rdoq 4 drr q ovrroroorl rous -ro Trrl-trixo V/l- 6ev eivor CIv€qdprrlrn arrd rqv rdorl rrlv o-rroiq erdorore e<popp6Z,oupre.

O vopos rou OhmOr perprloers HoS o6qyo6v oe ouprrepdoForo ro onoio pnopo6pevo yevrre6ooupe. H ovrimooq evrig polulfurod oyoyof -ma0e-p{g Oeppoxpooiog- eivor aveQriprnrq 'xrd rnv rdo4 rrou €gop-pri(oupe. R = V/l = orq0tp6. To ouprrrip,oopo orrorelei ro ley6pe-vo vtipo rou Ohm yro rous prerolhro69 <ryoyofg. Mrropod;re vo ro6rorurrcboouF€ Kor 6ro<poperr xd.

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Egrioov 4 Orpporpcoio evrig peralhxod cytrlyof 6rorqpcirarorcOep{, 4 dvrooq rou periporog (l) nou rov 6roppder efvqr qvd-loyr; npo5 rq 8rogopri duvoprrori (V) 4 onoio egcppri(ercr ortIdxpu rou. l-pdrpoupe:

t=*U psR=m,uoepd

O v6gog rou Ohm 6ev eivqr yevrx6g v6pog yra dtrou5 rous cryo-yo65. Or lupfe5 r€vo6, yro nopd6erypo, 6ev rrerOaplofv o' qur6v.H crvriorooq rou5 e{oprdrcr c'nd rqv rdoq rrou egoppd(oupe. Toi6ro roXder Kqr yrq noModg dtrloug ayoyo6,1, roug orroious Xprlor-pronorei q qtre rrpovrrrl oqpepo. Or xpuorotrhrof ovopOotriq, rotransistors, rq thermistors, crrorelodv oproprrvo;r6vo orrd rc fidpo-6eiyporc <ovurrororlg>. H oriyXpovq rltrerrpovr14 Kdr o€ rdrroroBcepd Kqr o Xopqxrripo5 rou odyXpovou <rllerrpovrrod> rrofurr-opo6 oXeri(srqr Ft rqv cneiOerd rrou OeiXvc,uv oro v6yo Ohm 6loroutoi or crycoyof. A5 orlprercoOe f e6ril drr 4 e{ioooq oproprori rq5 cvri-orCIorls (R : V/l) 6ev ouprrrinra p€ ro v6;.ro'rou Ohm. loXuer or6poKqr yro rous (crvufirixooug> rrpos ro vripo cyoyorig.

flrt6o4 rrioeorg. Ie xd0e rF4Fo xurtr<6pcro5, ro yrvdpevo roupe6poro5 (l) etri rqv <oprr{ ovrioroorl (R) trou napouord(e r ro rpq-pc our6, triyeror nrc6orl tdoeoq. Av ro rFnpq rurctrc6poros ufio-roder mov v<ipo rou Ohm, ro yrvdpevo ourrj eivqr ioo pe 14 6ro9o-pd 6uvoprrorl (V) rrou urrdpl€r oro drpo rc,u rpqporog. H rodrrlraV : I ' R 6ev rqXder rrdvrore . Irrlv rrep(rrro)cir"l, yro rropd6eryFd/ rroumo rprrlpo ruxkripcro5 undpler ivcg rrvrpf;poS, rl 6rogopd 6uvo;rr-ro6 orq drpc rou efvar peyatrdrepq orr<5 rrll'nrr6or1 rdoeog.

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To H^EKTPTKo PEY*,f l f

H qvrioraorl rou vrlpcroq ev65 tropnrrlp<r 1A0Wl22O V, eivor484 A. To ofppa qrrd ro rolc66ro prag trdpno5 dler avrioraorlprrpdreprl rqr qrr6 1 O, evcb rl cwimaorl rou crv0p6rrvou orir-poros prropei vo rupov0e( o.n6 100 O, prilpr 500.000 f), cvd-troyo pe rrg nrprmdoerg.

0prroi oytoyof 6v0oro

Avnmdreg. Or aycoyoi nou rrsrOqploriv oro v6po rou Ohm triyo-vrol, qwtmdrcq (ovrrordoerg q co;rrrig ovrrordoerg).'Evo roprprdrrodppo eivor o rrro ontrdg avrrordrqg. Av'nori Xperooro6;.re crvttord-res F€ oproprivrl avriorooq npirrer vq rS ovo(rpr'looupre oe pcryo(rdnou rrouldve qlerrpovrrd. Opropdvot qrr'ouro65 eivot perotrtrrroic-ycoyoi pioo oe prrrporl5 rcepoprrodg ootrrlveg rr ilouv e{<oreprxd lpco-prorrmi5 trcopi'6eg grrcryprive5 o116 opdlro.

An6 rq 1p<6poro, pdtrroro, pnopei roveig -egdoov {dper rov rc6-6rro- vo rdvet av(ryvoorl rrls rptlg rq5 ovrt-orqorls oe Op. No perorppd(er, 6r1tro6rl, orrdlpc6pora oe oprO1.ro0g. Yndplouv or6po o-vrrordoerg on6 rcrrdMrllo pryporo oe peyd-lr1 rrorrrtrio rrprc6v rwrioroorlg. ETo ofyXpovcolortrq prrlpdvo ru rlc6Fcrq Xprlot porrot oti-vror ovrrordreg <1116 rrotr6 lerrrd oyc6yrpogrIP.

Ag npooi{oupr: Kor rr1 6ro<popd ovdpreooorous 6poug avnc,rdrqq xol avrioraory. O o-vrro'rdr45 eivor o oyory65 evo q ovrforco4

eivor ro piye0og. Kdrr avdtroyo ouvcvr4(Iop€ Kor p€ TouS 6pou5 rru-taxur r7 c Kat Xu p qn K6r qrc.

Ano n e(oprdror rl ovriorooq;'Evo o116 ro rrpoqyodpevo rrerpdporc i,Ser{e 6rr 11 avtiorcrorl ev65ouyrercprpivou cry<oyo6 e{oprdror on6 rq Oepporpcoic rou. Ytdp-1er Biporo crdpra ro ep<orr1po. [-lo,n orc,tytia enr1ped(oov rqv npr1rrls avrioraoqs ev6s ulttxoti ayuyori; Irqv crvtioT otpl epc6rrlorl YtCIrn XtoprlrrK6rqro rou rruKvor4 orrovr{<ropre 6tt n rrpr1 rrlg 6ropop-<p<6veror on6To ye<o;re, prrd ororleio K(r ro nopeprpoM6pevo 6rq-lerrprx6. Irqv rcoprvrl rrepinr<ooq rqg o;rimoorls, or nerpopro, 1165perpqoerg pdg 6eiXvouv drr q avriorooq e(oprdrar qrr6 rq ytop€-rprxd ororXeio rou oytoyod xor ro utrrr'i rou. Er6rrd yro xufuv6pr-ro65 q rrprol.ronKo6g aycoyorig oroOepq5 6raro;.rr15, ro rretpoportrd;rqv6;roro po5 trdve 6rr q ovriorcorl

o) eivur cxvdloyrl rrpos ro pnroS (0) rou cryc,ryod,p) eivor ovriorpogo ovdtroyq rrpos ro eppo66v (S) rns 6roroprlg

TOU,

y) e[oprdror o116 rr1 Oeppor<pooic rou cryoryod.H oXforl

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Er6rr4 cv'r(mcoq (p) peprrr6v,ufu rc6v

Er6rrrlovrimoorl (p) oe Omorous 2D'C.

MdrqllqApyupoqXolxd5ApyiXroIi611po5

1,6 . 10'u1,7 . 1O'E2,8.1O'u9,5 ' 10-896.10"

50.10"

100'10"

42.10.8

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10'o ro5 10"10" <o5 1Ott108 rog 10"

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ergpd(er ouvohrd rrlv ordvrqon. O ouvrdreorrls, rrou ouppoli(e-ror Fs ro ypdppo p, ldyercr er6rx{ ovriororoq rou uhrod Kqr Fs-rpriror oe O'm. Evrir q ovrioroorl qvqgdperrrr oe cry<oy6, r; er6rrq o-vriorcorl ovog6peror oro ufu16 rou oyDlc6. Adpre, yro napd6ery-prc, 11 ovrioroon rou vrlprorog rou laprrrrjF,o, tv(6lfpe 4 er6rrrl o-vrio'rooq rou Botrrppcl.riou.

Me rprqpro rrlv rIprl rqg er6rrrl5 cxwiarcxorl5 prrroporipre vq rcrcrrd-{oupre ro ufurd oe cryion F€ rrlv crycoyrp6rrpd rouq. Iro oXerrx6 rrivo-Ko Ll€ rS rr;rig rcrrv er6rrriv qwrordoe<ov, e(vor o{roor1;reicorrl rl rrCIpou-oio oopdr<ov, 6no4 ro {rilo Kor ro yuqli rc rlrroiq rc eryopre rqrqrd-

Y6pdpyupo5

KpdporoKovmavrdvq(Cu, Ni)Xp<oprovrrelivrl(Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn))Mu,6ycrvivq(Cu, Mn, Ni)

H;royaryoiIlupirrofeppdvro

ArqlexrprrdKepoprrdFuotri:unO

Av0pr6nrvo o6paAipoflve6povcgAinogkelerdg

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(er oroug provorri5. Eivor our6 nou erlope fier oro npc6ro recpdlaro 6-rr, 6qlo6q, q 6roipeoq oe ay<oyo65 Kor pcv61f5 eivor <Xov6poer6r1g>.'Olo rq ufuxd ilouv nenepoopdvq, plrcprl 4 F.yolq, er6rx4 awimoo4.

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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ru()proilKrlovTioroonH qv"rio'rqor1 ev65 opoyevorjg ru-trrv6prrod ay<oyo6 eivor ovdloyrlfipos ro p4roS rou. lldvto o' 0u-rr lv lqv ovotroyic pooi(eror q

trerroupyio rqg puOprorrrrlg ovrioroons, rou opydvou 6qtro6r1 noupog errrrpirrer vo <puOpi(oupe> eire ro lledpo rou ruxlc6poro5 eirerrlv rdo4 oro drpo ev65 6rnd,lou. Avdloyo Fe rov rp6no rrou rro-peppdlleror oro rfxkopcx ro 6pyavo cturd, 0o lerroupyei e ire rrlgpuOprorqg rqg rdo4g, orr6re rcr 0c ldyt:tor norevotd;rerpo eire o4puOprrorqg rou pefporog, on6re 0a liytrar poomdt4g.

'EXou;re rrer dr dvq qrrd ro <rouprrrd> rou po6ro<pcbvou ouv66e-rdr F€ peroptrqr6 rrurv<orq.'Evq dllo <rouprri>, cur6 pe to o-rroio <6uvopr6voupre rq <p<rrvq>, arrorele i rp4po evdg rrorevotol.ti-rpou. florevordprerpotdrorou rfrrou rr-opouord(erol rropcrdroo€ crxrlpsrrKq rapdoroorl, o€ qxDroyp<xcpio Kor Fs ouppoltop6.

flrlrevord;rerpo. To dr<po rouoproyr:vo6g rufuv6prrof o6p;.rorog(AB) <ruv6iovror aycdyrpro F€ rousrrdlo.rg rns rrny{S (oXqpo). Or c-yoyoi o6v6eoqg iXouv opetrqrioovriorooq yr' our6 Kor Vo, = Vr*: V. To drpo A ouv6deror F€ roviva orrpo6iKrrl rou 6rrr6lou oroonoi'<r 0iloupe vo erpoppdoouperr1 pu0pr(6pevr1 rdor1. To dtrtro d-Kpo rou 8rrrd,trou ouv8ierot pe roxutrrviipr16 o6ppo priocrl rou cryo-yof l -A ro dxpo A rou onoiouppior<erar rrdvro oe errogq pre rorutrrv6pr16 o6ppa ror prrrope f voperor-orr(eror rrdvcrl rou.

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H rrvqrq currl<enagrp A ovopd(eror6poprda5. Yno0droupre dr rordrlopo AAI-Z eivor cxvorrrd* ror 6rr ro APNB eivor rlermd. Av erpap-p6ooupe ro vd;ro Ohm

o) yrc ro 6irrolo AB, 0o iloupe Vas : l'R16p) yro ro 6inolo AA, 0o dloupre Vra = l'Rea

f, on'orcv* = v^ i.5rroux:AAr0r U:AB.

H retreurqiq oxion pog lie r drr pe ;reroi<ivqoq rou 6popic 0oprropofpe vo noipvou;.re 6rdgopeg rrpi5 rd,JrlS perold rov rtpriv

;rq6iv ror Vr*. To 8irro\o AA rco8uvapei, ooven<bg,Fe rqy4 pu1pt(6pevqq rdorls.

Pooorrir4g. Av ouv66ooup€ rov ivov rrd,lo rqgtrny4s pe ro drpo rou opoy€vo65 ruhv6prro6 odp-

R Hdros KGr rov dllo ndtro F€ lov 6popio, nape;rpdl-lovra5 oe oerpd ro 6inolo ro onoio Oitroupe vo rpo-go6oro6;re pe puOpr(dpevo p,e6po, q puO;;rorrrrj o-vrioroorl Oo le rroupyef o4 pooordrq5. flp6rerror, d-n<rrg rorotrcBoivou;re, yro odv6eoq Xopfs 6raxld6o-oq. Eivor gcxv€pd 6rr q pe'rorivqoq rou 6pogdo 0o i-X€r ors ouvdrrero 14 peropotr4 rqg avrioToorls rou

ondre V,na : vas k

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rurl<6pcros dpd Kdr rou pefporog rrou 6roppier ro rdrlcrrpo.

Avrrororrls Ko r rll€Krpr r:q evdpyerq=ovopl6yoore rc6po orov ovrrordrrl yra vo petrerqoouH€ rrl ou-pneprrpopd rou o116 rq ororrrd rrlg evipyerrg. Ario eivor ra orlpcx-

*'Orav ro ruitcAu.l,pa AA|Z eivan xlent6, ra ryfipara rou xul\wipxorj orjpparoq 6e 6npp(.-ovrar qn6 ro i6ro perjpa xat ro tpdpAryta yiver,q xdnug no atv9ero.

Kd0e ourorrvrlrdrr iler ivopr rpd r1)rerrpr rd rrvqrrypo.'Evag pooordrqg pu0pi(er ropedpa rF'oqo$ooias rou Klvrl-rrlpc pe onorileopo vcx puO-pi(er rar r4v roXdrrlTs rouprrpo6 ourorrvrlrou.

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vrrKdr€pd y€yovdrq fiou ouypoivouv olov ;.rrrpdroopo ev65 ovrr-ordrq drov rov peuporo6orrlooupe.o To dvo eivor 11 erribpcoq rou qlerrprxc,d rre6iou mo ele60epo 11-trerrpdvro roro ro dMo q cMqleni6pooq rcov rrvouptdvov qlexrpovi<ov ;re ro 16-vro rou oycoyo6 rrlv orroio pnopo6pre vo gavro(6poore oov o6-

YKpouorl.To rllerrprxd ne6io qoxef 6uvdperg oro qlerrp6vro ro ripyo rcov

orroi<ov perpder rr1 peroprpo(dpevrl evdpyero. An6 rr;v dtrlq, or ou-yrpo6oerg rov qlerrpovf<ov pe ro rdv'rc 'ppsvdpouv ro qlerrp6vta,yeyovd5 rrou FoS errrrpirrer vo Oecopodpr 6rr rcvofvror l.r€ ora0epqpeuporrrq rcrXfrrpc. Kdrr avdloyo oupfloiver xor rqrd rqv rrrcforlrou ole{rrrrorrrorrl o orro(o5 svepyofiort rot orrd ro rre6io pop6rrl-rog, e{orrioS, 6ptoS, rr15 ovriotoons Tou oipo, rricpre r refurd peoraOepq rcrXfrqra.

Iro0eprl, 6p-S, toldrqra orlproiver x.ot mo0eprl rrvqrrrrl evip-yero. H np6o0err1 nvqrrx{ evipyerc rrolr orroKro6v ro qtre rrp6vrcovdpeoc oe 66o 6ro6oXrrdg ouyrpodoers ovoKorovdperor ovdpeooo'qurd Kqr ro rdvro rou crycoyod pe ouvrirrero n F6on rrvrlrrrrl evfp-y€rq rrls raldvr<ooqs r<ov rdvr<ov vo cu{dveror.'Eloupe 6r1lc6{ u-nopriOproq rng opydvopfvns evdpyerrrg nou noipvouv ro 4tre-rrp6vra (qnd ro ne6io) oe cvopyrivtorrl 0epprr{ evdpyeru. To ye-yovrig ex64l6verqr F€ rnv od(qo4 r4<; oeppoxpcoiog rou cyo-yori.

- Ag ouv6udoou;.re rc6po rq 66o r6roir,:po yvropioporo rou ovrr-ordrq orq orroio dXoupe q6q cvcrpep0e(;

c) Yrroro0er oro v6po rou Ohm. H orrioroorl rou (R) eivqr qve-

{dprrpq rou pe6poros (l) rar rrlg rdorpg (V). l-ro ora0epq 0e ppo-rpooio roXder R : V/l q V = lR.

p) Merorpirr€t rq peroprpo(6prevq o' qur6v evipyerc e{ oloxlrl-pou oE evipyero Oepprrr1. l'lp6rerror yro'nl{pq evepyerorrl unopdO-prorl yr' our61p4or;.rorroro6pre rq gpdoq <<O cvnordr7g rcarcva\tb-vet rr7 yerap$a(6yevq o'dur6v ev(.pyen>.

Oupi4oupre 6rr q ovd povd6o lpdvou peroprpo(6p€vrl orov qvrr-ordrq evipyero (roX65) 6iverar crr6 rrlv t:{io<oor1 P = Vl

Av ouv6udooupe rrs 66o ourfg r6rarr-epdrqr€S Kdr rr5 ovr(oror-1eg e{roc6oerg 0a rrporfq.rer q e[iocooq yrq rqv avo ;rovd6o 1p6vouqlexrprx{ evdpyero rrou Kqrovolt6ver dvo ovrrordr4g.

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Iqpefooq. Av o'rr1v e{io<rlor1 P : Vl o"/rtKoroorqooupe ro I pe roioo rou (odpgovo F€ rov v6po rou Ohm) 0q npordr.1rer 11 enio4g ev-

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6rogdpouoc e{io<oor1 P = \P/R yrCI rrlv roX6 nou rorovq}c6vet 6vogcvrrordtqg 4-_H <cuor4pri> ytrriooo r4g 0tppo6uvo;rxrig. To 4trercrpr16 ne6forrou eyrcOiororor oro €ocor€ptx6 rou peu;lcrog6pou oycrryod o-ore(, 6rr<o9 einope, 6uvdperg oro qtrerrpdvro. To ipyo our<6v rcov6uvdpeorv e ivor -yro r4v rrepinrooq oro0,spo6 pe6poro5- ioo peW : Pt : 12 Rt rqr orroretref rqv noodrqro yeroprpo(6pevr1g rlle-rrprxrlg evdpyercg. Ag npooi{oupe 611 4 evdpyera ourri 6ev ono-04xedercr mov uyaryri rina4 q evdpyero or'dvav nuxvtor{, olldantrri peraprpri(ercr urrd ro ne6fo orov oyoyri pio<o dpyou. Irqytrc6ooo, 6r"11c6r1, rqg 0ep;ro6uvo;rrrr15 qrroletre i ivo fpyo.

Or ouvdrrereg ourr15 rqg peropipcorl5 eivat vo ou{qOei rl €oor€-prrq Oepprrrrl evipyero* rou cytoyoti Kor ro'yeyov65 er6qla6verar pecri{4o4 r45 Oepporpcroic5 rou. Aur6 dler <rg onordleopc vo F€To-fupd(u o ay<oydg 0epp6rqrc oro neprpdtrtrov rou. Irrl ouv(0r1 rre-pinrcrlorl 6rou 11 Oepporpaoiq tou oy<rryoti ncpopdvet orc0epq 4percprpo(riprvq orov oytoyri evdpyera (unri popg{ qlcrrprxoddpyou) efvcr foq pe r4 0epp6rnro rnv onoia o oytlyrig percprBri-(er oro neprprillov rou.

foule. O 6p6pog rou netpdporos. Kord 'ng CIpXfS rr15 6eroerfo5rou 1840, o James Prescott Joule orcotrouOr6vrcg, 6no5 irove rrd-vrq, ro 6p6po rou rrerpd;roroq rordlrl€e oe ou;rnepdoporo ncpd-Forq ps qurd rrou rreprflovrar orrlv e{io<o<r1 P = l'R. Eprnrmeudpe-vos rrs ouoxeud5 rou Kor rr5 prerpqoers Tou crri6er{e 6rr:

Kcrri rq peupcrodrirqoq evrig cvnmdr4 r<or ecgdoov q oep;roxpo-oio rou rrupo;rdver oruOep{, ro ovd ;rovri6a;lprivou rroori Otppti-rnrqs rrou €Kxopeimo neprpdllov rou eivqr c) cvdloyo rrpos ro

" Xptn(erat, ioutg va ouyiooupe rq 8nEopd avayeoa croug 6pooq Oepyn<4 evi.pyen ranOtpydrrya. Me rov 6po 1epprc1 evtpyen xrppd(ou1tt ro pipog ueivo rrTS to<orepxrfg e-vtpyenq,, or percpoAiq, roo onoioo avravaxAti.tvrat o tg 9€pyoKpaotax(.q perapoA(.q.Mnopoipe oover<bq va Atye 6n au{r19qxe 4 tAanu;91xe 4 9eppxtl ev€pytn tv6q ouo'ri-paroq,. Avrioera, o 6pos oepp6rtya tyer v6r1pa y6vo og evtpyeta yerappc(6yuq an6 roo6orqya rtpos ro nep$4l\ov rou 11 avriarpoga.

TO HAEKTPIKO

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rsrpdyovo rou p€riForos, sgdoov or Frrpiosrs yivovror Fs rnv i-6ru qvriorooq Kqr p) uvriloyo rrpos rqv ovrfmcoq, egdoov or Fs-rp{oerg yivovrar ;re ro i6ro pedpa.

Ta ou;.rnepdo;roro curd, ouvroro6v rov treydpevo vripo rou foule,o onoiog eivor, orrlv ouoio, ivo5 ox6po rlfrro5 yro vq neprypdqou-pe rq 6rorrlpnon rrls evipye ra5 orqv er6rrrl nepinr<loq rrls F€ro-rponq5 peroprpo(6pevr1g evipy€rqs o€ evripyero 0epprrq.

O vdpog rou Joule qrrorele i <vdpo> rcrrd rrlv i6ro iworo rrou o-norelei ror o v6;ro5 rou Ohm. Avcgipelcr rcr ourd5 oe oproprdvopr6vo ufurd rqr 6ev ouvrord ivo yevrrd vdpo rq5 96orlS. E{dtrtrou,rcd0e utrrrd rrou rre rOap1e f oro v6po rou Joule ner0apXe i rar orovvdpo rou Ohm.

H rrerpcparr14 enalqOron rou vdpou, pcoi(e'rorrrdvor oe perpqoers rrls Or,pprd'rrlrcs rrou e rlopef opeuporocpdpog ayroy6g rrpos ro rreprBdMov rou.

Ti'rorou ei6oug prerpqorlr5 prropod;re vc rdvoupreKor Ft d,pyova rrou 6rq06r-er ro oXotrrrd epyoorrl-pro '

Ocrvdpwo Joule. To gorv<ipevo rqrd ro orroio ro q-trexrpr16 pe rlpo 6qgroupy:f o6{qoq rr15 0epporpc-oic5 r'cov oyroyc6v i1e r errrrporrloer va trfyerar gor-v6pevo Joule. A,ev epcpovf(eror prdvo orous ovrrord-re5. Epcpavf(tror Kor orou(; crycoyofg rcrrv rltrerrporcr-v4rrlpov atrtrd xcr oro €oorrprr6 rurv r1trer<rprrc6vnqyc6v. Er6rr<d, 6F-S, yro rous ovrrordreg ro garv6-pevo Joule orrorelei rov trrovo6rr6 evepyeror6 perc-olqporropd rrou ouppoivrr o'ourofg drov 6roppio-vrcr o116 rltrerrprr<d pe6po.

Aopm{pog rou 1910 pe v{po ondpotrqpdlro

Eqqppoy€S rou gorvopdvouJouleO Aaynr4pa,q, rupcrcrdto€oq cfioretreiror arrd yudfuvo rrepi-

Flqpo, pioo oro orroio undpXer pre'rotrtrrrd vrlpo rutrrypfvo oeoneip<rlpro. To vq;.ro eivar rrol6 lenrd rr iXer p4roS rrou prro-pei va <pOdver Kqr ro ivo pirpo. 'O'rqv pe upcro6orrlOei rpOd-v€r o€ Oepporpcoio roopporr icg 2,200"C pe 3000"C orr lv o-rroio exrrfpfi€r ro yv<oor6 rpotg.

O npc6rog qle r<rprr<d5loprrrrrlpo5 rruporrcbo€rrrs Koro-orceudorqre rord rq Serceriq rc,u 187O sr6 rov Thomas

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Aopmdpog nou rorooreu6mqxero 1879 on6 rov Edison

Edison. To npoplqporo rrou XpsrdorrlK€ vo dvrtF€rrorri'oslyro vo lrpoxoprlo€r o116 rqv opltrrl rorooreurl orrlv fiGpo-nipo pelrioon 4rcrv rrolld xct opto;.rivq orrd crsr6, drr<og 11rr1{q rou peralhro6 vrlporog ror q c,{ei6oor1 rou, epgovi(o-vrov o{erripooro. E{urraxoderor drr yro rqv reXvoloyio rrlgerroplg prog rirorou ei6ou5 npoplqyorq ovrperoni(ovrorerixolo. H rq€rl rou vrlporog orrogedyeror p€ rrlXpqoporrolqor'1 66orrlrrou ;rerdllou, 6rrorg e ivcr ro polgpdpro rrou fXeroqpeio r4€rlS 3650"C. H o{ei6<oo4 rou perdtrlou uvrtper<rrrri-(eror pe ro vd prlv urrdpXer pioo oro 6o1eio ofpcq ql d fvao6povi5 oipro dnog eivot ro opy6, ro rpurrrd 11 ro d(crlro.Iro pero{d 4 nopouoio rou oepiou e ivor cvoyxoio, yrcri e-pno6i(e r rqv eloip<oon fiou 0o urprbroro ro pirollo, edv1rioc oro yudtrrvo nepiptrqpo un(p1e andluro revd.

Eivor 1rucoor6 drr ro <parv6pevo Jor"rle 6ev o{rorroteiror pd,vops rous tropurrlpe5 gorropo6. H r;tre xrprrrl rou(iva Kqr ro rl-trexrprrd of6epo arrorelo6v XopsKrrlprorrrd rropo8eryporoorrrorcirv ouorcucfv, orrg orroieg p6riore r erpoplioy4 ro i6ro<porv6pevo. To i6ro ouppoiver Kor p€ rov qtrexrprx6 Oeppoof-(p(Dvq.

Ie rdOe Oeppovrrrq ouoxeuq cxvmlpdgovror 6rio ev6ei{erg.Eivor ro trey6pevo ovoyaonxd orotyeb rr;9. To ivq orrd qurdovcgiperar orqv rdoq (Vo) rrls Ko\/ovrKrlg lerroupyio5 rrlgKor ro dtrlo orqv rltrerrprxrl roX6 (Po) rrou 0c rqrqvqtr(6vtt e-g6oov 0o lerroupyei pe rrlv ovopor:rrrr1 rdoq Vo. Av q ou-

Irjyxpovoqtrolm4poqley6trnq orceuq lerroupyqoer pe rdoq prrp6rtpq o116 rqv ovopoorrrqto;tiog(5KW) noulp4otgonoteirot qrro6i6er roXf plrcp6repr; o116 rqv Po, 11p&ypq oorlprgopo. Avoe Krv[P0T0YpogrK6q li{'erq' To ,,dtrr tre rroupyei' pi rdorl'preyctrrre pq o116 rrlv ovopoorirrl, o-v{po rou eivor ond polep6Iro.' no6i6er ro16 peyoldrepq an6 rqv Po, otrld perc6v€ror olpo-

vrrxd q 6rdprrro rns (o4S rrl5 q rorcxarpirperor.To 66o ovopoorrrd ororle io oleri(ovror p€ rqv cvrioroorl (R)

rou crvrrmdrr; o6prg<ovo F€ rnv e{iorooq Po: V6lR. Mrropofpe, ou-verrcir5, o116 rq 6rio ourd ororleio vo unoloyf(oup€ rrlv ovrioroorl.fro 6vq Oepprooirp<rrvc22OYl2O00W, 11 avricnaorl 0s eivar R : V|lPo,0o eivor 6qla6r] 24,2 O.

Irrg orxrcxis syKdroordoer5 6leg or qtre rrprrig ouoreui5 ouv6f-ovrcr dror c6ore vq lerroupyodv F€ Trlv i6ro'rdoq q orroio ouprri-rrra KGr p€ rnv ovoprcorrrcq rdorl xoOeprdg.

Ie rroMi5 rreprrrrc6oer5 ro rporvdpevo Joule iXer ouvirrer€S TrS o-trofeg rrpfrrer vo orrorpedyoup€. Mfq orrd aurig e ivor q unepOip-povon rcrv ayoryc6v, r; orrofo prrropef vc rrpoxotrioer ord;.ro Kor rrup-rcryrd. Irou5 cryolyo6g perccpopdg orous crrroioug, yro tr5youg orro-vopiag, XpqorForrorofpe odp;raro grrpqg 6roroprlg eivar 6uvqrdv vo

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oupp€f ufi€peippdvoq. fr' ou'r6 rov tr6yo 4 qtrerrprrr; eyrord-orqorl ev65 orrrrrod oge iAer vo rr lpef ouorrlpd opropdvegnpo6rayporpd5 oogcleiog. Edprpovr pe rr1 voproOeoic, q rrprqpedporog nou 6ruppier rdOe crycoy(i 6ev npiner vo uneppoi-v€r rrlv rrpq oproydv<ov Apnip qvd rnm'rq5 6roroprls rou d-yoyo6. flipo dprog on6 our6, rc ql,errprxd ruxlc6paro rrpo-orqrefovrcr Kqr Hr oogrilereg q lerroupyio rov orroi<ov po-oi(eror mo garvdpevo Joule. Kd0e crorpdlero loporrqpi(eroron6 rq ;riyrorrl rrprl pe6pcroS, rl onoio 6rlproupyef 6roxonrlrq5lerroupyic5 rou rurlc6porog. H rrlrdpevq cogdlers eivordvo edrqrro ofppro prrpof prlroug, ro orroio tropeppdtrtreraroro xdrtrropa. H ourdporrl oogdfu:ro eivor ivc5 ourdporo56rcr6rrrqg, ro poorr6 rpnpCI rou orroiou e(vqr ivo 6r;rerotrtrr-rd itroopo. 'Orov ro itroopro 6roppderor o116 pedyo Oeppoi-

vtrqr Kor 6rqoril eror ovopordpopgo, 1.rc orro'rileoFq vo rdpne-ror. Egdoov ro perlpc uneppei rrl XopcKl-qprorrrrl pdyrorrl rrp4, rlKdpqrl rou etrdoporog yivercr r6oq c6ore vq 6rcrdrrr€ror rl cnc6yr-pr1 errccpq dpo ror q peuporo66rqorl rou r:urkirprorog.

Or qlexrprrig eyroroordoerg rcuv onlrrc6v oge iXouv vo rrlpofvcuor4pd oproprfveg rrpo6roypcrpdg. Irov rrivcrq oqpe rr-.ivovror or6roropig r<ov cry<oyc6v o€ mm2 rar q rrprl rtdOe aocpdtrero5, cvdloyope ro ei6og rrlg xoravdloons.

\ - , c .zuvo€orl ovfloToTovOr <6p6;.ror> rqg <puorrr19 eivcr ndvrore 6rio. O ivog eivor o 6p6pogrou nerpdporog. Mdocr ond our6v 11 ipeuvo yivercr pe oprnep6pe-rpo, F€ polrdperpo, fiortvoroperprrig 6rord{er5, perprloerq, erre-

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{epyooio rov 6e6opivov Kqr e€at'oy4 ouplr€poopldrov.O dMo5 eivcr o 6p6po5 r45 oeorpqrrr45 oriq;qg. E6c6 rrproray<o-

vrorodv or yevrxdrepor v6por rqg guorrrlg rour; onoiou5 -pe rq potl-0e r q r<ov poO q ;rorr rc6v- egoppd(ou p e, ova(q rcirvro5 orrovrrl oe r 5o€ ouyK€Kprpivo npoplrlporo. Tq qnoretrdoporq yivovror qrro6e-rrd p<ivo eg<ioov ror or 66o 6p6por pcg o64yr'1oouv oro i6ro or;peio.

Eriv6eo4 o€ osrpdTo ne(ocpa. Arc0iroupe 66o cwrordreg, rov (Al) Fe Rr : 17,5O rotrov (l-B) pe & : 11,5O roug orroioug ouvbriopt oe oerpd. To odmrlpc(AB) rrou rrporfnrer qrrorelei 6vo 6inolo. Avo,lrlrofpe rn XqpCIKrlpr-orrrrl rou. Me rr1 porlOero fior€vorop€rprrrlg 6rdro{qg egopp6(ou;re6rd<popeg rrpig rdorlg oro drpo rou orrdre nporfrrrouv ror swioror-Xeg rrpig dwooq5 pedprorog. Koraypdcpoup€ r(r onoreldoprora oe rri-vqKo Kor lapdoooup€ rrl XopCIKrqprmr rr1 ropn-dtrry rdoqg-pe6porog.

v*(v) o,24 o,4o 0,60 1,2o 1,go 2,2o -{,3 {,6 -o,g -1 ,4 -2,2

I^u(mA) 9 14 21 41 61 ,6 75 -1 0 -20 30,5 47 74

Blirroupe d'n q loporrqprorrxrl eivor 1.rio euOeio rrou rrepvder an6 rqvcppl r<ov a{dvrov. Aurd 0o rrer drr ro 6irrolc (AB) oupneprgipercroqv qvrrordrrl5. Arrd rrl XqpoKrrlprorr r( prrolrodpe va unotroyiooupreKor rrlv cxwioroorlrou (R). Eivar iorl pe29pA, rrepinou io4 6r1lc64 pero dOporoprc r<ov 66o qvrrordoeov. fpdgoupr: R 3 Rl+&

O 6gipog r4g 0eopicg. Kard rq odv6eoq 6rjo 6rn6trov (Af) rcr(l-B) oe oerpd roXder lo, : lr, : l^u Kor Vo, : Vn *V* drrou Io, eivor ropedpc rou 6rn6trou (AB) xcr Vo, 11 rdoq orc <ixpc rou.

Egoppd(oup€ rrlv opxn rls 6rorrlp4oqg rr;5 evdpyerc5. I6pgo-vo ;.re ourrlv 11 4trexrprxrl roxriS (P) trou prerol}pd(ercr or-o orjorqpoeivor ioq pe ro doporopo r(l)v roX6<rrv fiou r(qrovol<6vouv or ovrr-ordreg. Ecpdoov 6roppiovror qrr6 ro i6ro pefpc pnopofpe vc ypd-t{ouF€ P :l'Rr*l'R, : l'(Rl+R2). O crvrtorcirrls rrou 0c prrropotloe

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vd ovrrKoroor4o€r rous Rr Kot R2 F€ rrlv iwoto vo Korqvolc6ver p6-vos Tou rqv rcrXd rrou Korovolcirvouv or i56o pc(i 0c inperre vo ilerovrio'roor1 riroro c6ore vo rcrX6er P:l't,o.H qvr(oroorl our4 trdye-rqr roo66vqpq ovrioroorl rou ouorqpror-og xor ouppoli(erot F€ R,..Atrd rr5 npor;yodpeveq oXioer5 yiveror gavepd drr

&o = R,+R', 'Blinoupe, 6qtrc6q, drr 11 roo66voprq ovrioroorl rou 6rn6lou rrou

rrpox6rrrer orrd rq odv6eoq rov R' ror R.r. fevrredoupe.Korri rq oriv6eo4 Tov ovrrorqrtiv,oe osrpd rrporfrrrel ovrr-

ordrqg r; ovrimcoq rou onoiou eivcr ioq pe ro ri0potoFo rtov c-vrrordoeuiv

Ro = Rr+Rr+R3'r +R"

l-l aprillrplrl oriv6eorlTo ne(oupc. Iuv6ioupe rc6po roug i6rou5 crwrcrrdreg (R, : 17,5 Qror R" - 11,5O)rrcpdMqtra. Xp4orponoro6pe rrdfu rror€vorol.r€rpr-xrl 6rdro{r1 ror ovo(4ro6;re 14 XcpqKrnprorrxrlrou 6rncilou rrou6rlproupyry0rlxe.

vo, (V)0,1 0,2 0,3 o,4l(mA)14,4 29,8 43,4 57

Eivor <pcvepd 6rr ro 6inolo rrou rrpordtrrer orrd, rq odv6eo4 eivotovrrordrrlg, pe crvrioroorl q orroio prroprei e6rolq vo urroloyrorei,crr6 rq XcpqKrqpro,rxq. Eivor R - 6,90. Arorrror<6vou;re 6rr rl too-

0,7 -0,2 -0,3 -0,599,O -28 42 -7O,5

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66vopq ovrioroorl rou 6rrr6trc,u eivor prrp6repq Kor o-rrd rr5 66o ovrrordoas fiou Xl)rlorFofiorrloope .

O 6p6pog r4g Oetlpiog. Av efvor l, ror l, 'ro pe6porarrou 6roppfouv rous 66o ovrr<rrdreg o6;rgcovd Fs rovrrpc6ro xqv6vo rou Kirchhoff r,rXder | : I,*1, (oX4pq).

To loporrqprorrrd pdporo o'rorleio rqg nopdllrltrrlo6v6eor15 e ivor 11 rodr4ro rco'v rdoecov (V) oro dr<pcr<ov 66o ovrrororc6v. Erpoppd(oup€ rr lv opx4 rqs6rorrlpqoqg rrlg evipyerog. H rllexrprrrl rcrX65 rrou ps-oro oforqprc eivor iorl pe ro dOporopo rcDV rol6orv

fiou Kordvotr<ivouv or 66o ovrrordre5. Egdoov or rdoerg eivor ioegprrropo6 p e vo ypdt,t roupe

VV2P:&+o4e : u',+ * *,E<p6oov yro rrlv roo66vcprq ovriorcorl - rrrlpcpcovo Fs rov opro;rd

- lcrXfer P : V'/R,o e6rola outrlrrepoivoupe 6r-r

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Korri rrlv nopdAlqlq ofv6eorl uvrrorrrr(6v npoxdnr€r ovrr-mdrqg pe aytrryr;rrir4ro (liR) io4 pe ro dOproropo ro)v ayoyrpor{-Tc)v rc)v cvrrorurr6v.

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H ycvvrppro (nqynloro qtrerrprr6 xrtrlopo

Oo oolol4Oodpe rc6po ps rrs qlerrprrct:g yevvrlrpreg, rt5 onoieq0o lipe ror rrqyig qtrerrpeyeprrrrlg 66vcrpq5 I qlexrprxfg nqyfg.f1po5 ro rropdv 6ev 0s e{erdooupre o6rt rrlv eooreprrr; roug 6o-pq o6re Kor ro <puorrd gorv6pevc pdoer r<ov orroftrrv tretroup-yo6v, otrld Ocx rr€proprorofye orrlv nellrypog4 rou pdtrou nouprropo6v vo rrai{ouv oe ivs rllerrprrd r6rlopo. Oo oo1otrq0o6-pe npc6ro F€ rrl XCIpcrrqpro'nxq V : f(l) prog yevvrlrprqs Kor orrlouvi le ro 0o e{erdooup€ rr l oupnsprqopd rr lg otrd evepye ror<qororrrd.

t l , ,n xopoKrrlProilKn pro() yewrlrPros'Eloupe pnpoord FoS prCI ouvrl0ro;.rivq qlerrprrqorrltrq <nlqKi)) crr6 ou'rig rrou urrdpXouv oro €-prrdpro pe ro 6rio yvtlo'rd eldoporo fiou orror€-lo6v rou5 n6loug rr15. Enr6rc6Koup€ vo lopd{ouperrl XCIpCIKrrlprorr14 rqs'fr' our6 ror 6rlproupyo6pe€v0 Ko-rdl l q lo11tre xrprrdrdr lopc

pe opnep6;rerpo, poomdrqrcr potrr6perpo. Merarrvci-vros rov pooordrq rroip-voup€ 6rdcpope5 rrpdq pe6-FCIros. Trg xcroypdgoupeoe rrivqro pr:.(( yt rrg cvri-ororx€S rrpdg rdor;g prera{6rrov rrdl<ov rrls orr1lr15prog. Kctrd 0o e ivqr ro pe6-F0 v0 prrlv {erre pdoer rc500mA. Ie o6orqpo opOo-y<ovirov o(<ivcov, Xopdoou-p€ orrl ouviXera rn X0p0-xrrlprorrxq V : f(l).

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V"*M 4,5 4,35 4,2 4,05 3,9 3,75

| (A) 0 0.1 v,a na 0,4 0,5

To npr6ro rrpdyFo rrou rropqrrlpodp€ eivot drtrlxqpcKrnprorrK4 riFvr:r rov dq,ovo r(l)v rdos-ov oro onp€io (4,5V,0 A). Bldnoupre 6qlo6r16-rr X<opfs q orqlq vo 6rrrppderor o116 p€6Fd, rlrdo4 orouq n6louq rq< eivot 4,5 V xot 6rr q rr-pr1 ourrl ouprinre r F€ rrlv iv6er{q 4,5 V, q o-

- rrofq ovoypdgerqr oro runorpivo Xoprf trourreprpdMer rr1 orrllq pcrg. To (4,5 V) eivot 4 rt-prl e v65 peyiOoug, ro ,rrro(o qrroretref ytCI Trlorqlq ivo <ororXe io rour6rrpds) fiou triyerolqlexrpeyeprrx{ 6rivapr1. Errer6rl 11 npr6trl li{r1eivqr notruo6Mop4 ouvrlOi(eror n ouvropoypo-gic HEA. To o6pBolo rrou 0q lprlorponorodpeyro vd rroprordvoupe ro pfyeOog eivor ro E. Kd-

0e rltrerrprrrl yewqrprc (nny4) ouve1o65 pe6porog lcpoxr4pr(ercrorrd prro oproy6vrl HEA.

Hlexrpeyeprrr{ 6rivop4 prog n4y{g eivar q rrio4 oroug nri-loug r4g drov 6ev 6rcppdercr an6 qlexrprxri pedpc.

Eivcr q rrprirq yvoprpia FoS Fs ro rorvorjpro piyeOog. l-lcpcrd-r<rr 0a 6odpe rros cxvrrper<orri(eror ro i6ro ;.r6ye0og crr6 evepyeroxrlororrrd.

Errrorpigoup€ orrl XopqKrrlprorrxrl V : f(l) rrls rltrerrprrryg orq-lqg. Erirolq 6rqrrorcirvoup€ 6rr,6oo ou[,dver ro pe6po, q rdorlorous ndloug rr15 m(trr15 (rrotrrxr1 rdor"1) €l(rrrcivtror. Mdhoro yrorrlv rr€proxrl -roul6Xrmov- o116 pq6dv pdlpr 500 mA q loporrqpt-orrrrl eivcr euOriypopyo rp4po.Av ro npoercreivoupe, pAinoupe 6rrq rrpoix'roorl rou ripver rov d{ovo'r<ov pe updrov oro oqpeio 3 A.Aur6 ro <3 Aur eivqr ivc oxdpro ororleio fior) FcS neprypdrper rrl ou-yrerprpiv4 qtrerrprrcry rrrlyrl. E(vor -Oeoprlrrrd- ro pedpc nou 0qrrepdoer crr6 rr1 or4lq cv BpcrXururl<o0o6v* or 66o rr6lor rns, cw,6r1trc6r1, orroxrqoouv ro i6ro 6uvoprr6. Eivor ro ley6;revo pef goppcluxuxl6oetog (lp).

No ernlerprlooups ropo vo ouoXerioor-,F€ rrlv rrohxrl rdorl rorro qvriororlo perjpo yro dvo orroro6rlrrore oqprio lerroupyio5 rrlgrrrly4s. Mnopodpe vq ro rrer6xouF€ errrxalo6pevor Kor dwore5 yeco-

+'Orav Ai.yt 6t ppayoxut<kbvoupe 6rjo oqyeia xuxlti;,yoroc, ewoo6ye e[re 5n axouytr6-pt ro tva ye ro dAAo tire 6n ra ouv\touye pe aywyd ap,eAqrf.aq avriorao4c onSre trorn aMt<bS anoxroiv ioa 6uvapxd,

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psrprKiS. 4116 t:vo ruxdfo orlpsio M (V,l)rls xopqKrrlprorrK4s -rrlv orToiq es(D-podp€ €ue€fo- rpdpvoupre rts Kde€r€S MfKCIr MA orous c(qov€S V xar I cxvri'ororxo.To rpry<rrvo N[tt/ eivor 6poro pe ro NOH,ouvenc6q roXrie r (NI-V(NO) : (|M)/(OH).AMd (NO) : E, (Nf) : E - V, (OH) : lBKqt (fM) : l. O<r eivotlotn6v

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To mr1tr(ro E,'lu ro orroio iXer 6roord-oer5 ovrioroorlS, orrorele i dvo ordproororXeio rourirqros rqs rrny4g. Adye-ror €oorsprx{ rrvriorcorl (r) rns rrqyrisrcr qrrorele f rrlv oprrrl cvriorooq r-oucry<oyrpou rprlprrrog rrou urrdpXa oro €-oorreprrd rqg. Mnoporipe trorrr6v vo

ypdrl,roupe

v'=E-lr

ror yevrredovros vq rro6pe 6rr 11 rroArrq rriorl prrc5 nqyrlg efvor iorl

F€ rrlv qtrerrpeyeprrrq rr15 66vop4 pe iov -rqv nrriroq 'rdoecoq nouSrlproupye irqr ornv eororeprxq rq5 avriorrxo4 rard rq 6l6leuoq q-lerrprro6 pe6;rorog.

O evepy€roKoE potros nls yewqrprosNo prlrlooupe rcirpo KGr orrl ytrriooo rqg evipysrag. H yevvrlrprooro qlerrprxd r<rirtrorpo rrpirrer vo trerroupyei iror <6ore vo peropr-

pcr(erol 6roprc6g evipyeroorous gope ig qlexrprrofqoprfou rrou <pOdvouv o'ou'rqv. Na prerogipovror/

;re dllo ldyro, ond nepro-

1d; Xopqtro6 6uvoprrorj oerrtproldg Snou 'ro 6uvopr-rd eivor peyotr6repo. Aur6pog rpipver oro puotr6 prro

Fnxqv4 rrou prrop€i vo a-ve 3d(er vep6, vo prerorpf-per 6qtrc6q vep6 o116 o4-

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tr€iCI XcFqlorj (yqrvou) 6uvoprtro6, oe oqpeio pre 6uvoprrx<i peycldre'po.

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ivcq cvepyetardg percrpondog. Korovotrr.6ver evfpyeto rdrrotaS

ro6;re vo e{erdooup€ rrl oxion otrrxr15 rltrerrprrqg evipyerog Kor rl-lexrpeyeprrrrlg 66vopqs Kot vo rcrolq(oupe oe ivav <evepyeror6>

An6 rqv dtrtrq, q rroodrq'ro l'r orroretref rrlv qlexrprxrl ro16 rrouroravqtr(6veror ldyco gorvopivou Joule orrlv eooreprrrl cvrioro-on rns rrnyns. Eg6oov 6eldpoore 6rt oro r6rtrorpa 6ev 6rlgroup-yeircr evipyero, e ivor troyrrd vo unoorrlpft;oupe 6rt ro dOpotoltoV.l * l'r prog 6ive r rqv otrrr<r1 qtrerrprxrl roX(i (P.^) rou rurtrcOproro5Kol vd ypdtpoupe Po1 : V.l * l '?r 11 Po1 : (V, + lr)l on6re, o6p<p<o-

vo Kor F€ rrlv rrpo4yodpev4 e{fooo4 V' == 5 - Ir, rototrrlyoupe

ornv

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H e{io<oor1 pd5ldel 6rr q ofurq rllerrprr( roX65 rou rurfuirpoto5eivqr qvdloyrl rrpos ro pedpo nou 6roppd€l rrlv nrlyq xor 6tt o ou-

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vrsl€or4s cvcloyiCIS eivcr q HEA rqg nrly4s. Mrroporipe, rr6po, vc6rcrurrcbooups Kor rov (€v€py€rcr6> opropd rq5 HEA.

Hlerrpeyeprrx{ 6rivopq tlos lrqyris ({ evrig ruxl<6pcroS) fg-ytror ro nqlfro r4g ollrrig 4lerrptxlig lo;6o9 Fs rnv onoia rpo-go6ore iror ro rf r lopq npos r4v 6v'rcoq rou pedparog nou6rcpp6er rqv nqyrl.

P.l-pdcpoupe E =T .

Htrerrprrrl roX6g eivor n qvd povd6o Xpdvou ovriororlq qlerrpr-rq evipyero evc6 ivrooq pefpcrog e ivcr q ovd povd6o lpdvou no-o6rrlro 6rorrvo6prevou qtrerrprr<of <popriou. Mrropo6pe, ouverc6gvo ypdcpouF€ E - W.^ / q Kqr vo lipre 6rr 11 HEA ercppd(er rrlv ovdprovd6o gopr(ou rroodrqro ofurr1g evfplero5 F€ rrlv orro(o rpoqo-6oreiror ro r6rlopro.

iffiffiffi|+bdb-or b-diK60e poyovdn nopror6ver goprio evdq Coulomb. H qlexrprrrri nqy[ dev d4proupyei 4lexrprxdqoprfo, otrl6 onodider oe r60e Coulomb qopriou opropdvq rroodr4ro evepyeroq nou ro0opi(eroron6 rqv 4lerrpeyeprrrti r4g 6rivop4, Av q nlyt| eivor yro nolr66erypo, 4,5 V oe r60e Coulombqoprfou 0o 0r06ider 4,5 Joules qtrerrprxrig cvdpyerog.

Htrerrpey€p,nKq 6 uvo p 11KOr oro9oPo ouvoprKc)u'Orrog ror 11 6rogopd 6uvaprro6, q 4ler<rpeyeprrrrl ;rerpri'ror ;leVolts. Avdproo o' qurd ro 66o roo6rdorcrro preyiOq undplouv 6ro-qopis rrg onoieg 0o npoorroOrlooupe vo ouvorpioou;.re. Ag unoOi-ooup€ drr ovogep6proore oe rdxlopc ;.re pio pdvo rrqyry.

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1. Avacpipercr rrdvror€ o€66o -6rqrerayprivo- oqpeforou ruxl<6poros, 6r1la6r1 oeiva ouyxerprpdvo rprlpo rou.Exrppd(er rr lv ovd povd6ogopriou qtrerrprr{ evdpyero qorroio e ire rrpoogiperor ororp4FCI efre orro6f6erqr orrdro rp4po o'ro urrdlorno 16-xl<rlpo.

2. Er6rrd q 6rogopd 6uvcpr-rof prerc{6 rov rr6l<ov rnsTrrfy4s (rrotrrrr1 r6oq, V") FoS6iver rqv ovd povd6o rpopriou4lerrprrq evdpyero rrou fiq-pilercr oro <e(coreprl<6> p6-vo rp4po rou xurtrr6Fdros.Aev orroretre f rdrroro (oror-

1e (o rourdrrlros) rq5 qle-rrprxrl5 rrqy{S. H rrpq rrls e-{oprdror o116 rrlv nqy{, ol-Id rqr urr6 rq urr6trorrroororle(o rou rurlc6parog.

3. To yrv6p€vo <V, ' l ) ( rnsrrolrrrlg rdorlg erri rqv dvro-on rou pedprorog nou 6roppi-sr rrlv rrrly4) pc5 6ive r rrlv rl-lerrprrq roX6 nou npoogipe-Tqr oro <e{orepr16> -;.rdvo-rp{Fq rou ruxlc6;.rorog. H r-oX65 ourq eivor prrp6rsprl d-116 rqv olrr4 rcrd rqv rrood-rrlro rltrerrprrqg roXdo5 rrourqrolioxeror, l6y<o rporvopd-vou Joule, orrlv €o<oreprrq o-vriorooq.

V,l : Po1 - l2r

HEA ev6g xuxilcityoros Kqr €-ner6q cDS rrrlyn rq5 HEA rouxuxl<irparo5 Oeorpodp€ rr lyewqrpro-nqyr1, ouvq0f(oupevo ldpre xu HEA rqq nqy4q.Exgpci(e r r r lv ovd povd6cgopriru rroo6rqro qlerrpr-r4g evipyerqs F€'r4v orroforpogo6oreiror ol6rtrqpo rordrlcrrpro e{ orriog rr ls rrq-pouoicrg rns rrrly4s.

2. Arroretref fys 6rysn1e io rcu-rdr4r,r5 rns rrny4s ro orroio6ev efoprdror qnd ro urr6-lorrrq ororXeio rou xuxl<6yo-ros.

3. To yvdpevo <E . l> (rqg HEArls nqyr lg err i rqv dvroor lrou pr:fporos rrou rr1 6rcppd-e r) po5 6iver tqv otrrrr ; q le-xrprxl; rcrXd rou ruxtrc6paro5.

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H e{io<ooq V, : E - lr enrorlpoiver drr rl }{EA FtoS rrny4s €ivqr Fs-yctrdrepq o116 rrlv nohrrl rdor1, erpdoov n rrny{ 6rcppfror o116 qle-xrplr<6 pe6po. H HEA ou;rninrer pre rq prirrrorrl rrofurrl rdoq rroupnope i vo epgcrvioer q nqyr1. Aur6 ou;.rpoivtr d'rov n rrny4 6ev 6rcp-pieror ond, pe6po. Mnoporipe vc Oecrrporipe enforlg 6rr or rrpi5roug ouprrrirrrouv erp6oov rl €otrlr€prxr1 ovrioroon rrls nqyrlg Oeco-pr1Oei-oe oxion F€ rrs urr6lorrreg ovrrordoer5 rou rurtrriporos- o-orlpovrq.

Kur,\opo p€ yewqrpro ror owrororrlMnopod;re vc <npoptr6qroup€) ro pedpo nou 0o nepdoe r o116 dvqrdrtropro yvororr6v ororXefcov rrptv vo ro ,JuvopFotroyrlooupe. H6ro6trooio }iyeror eniAuorl rou xuxAuparoq. Ie nepinrcooq fiou ror6xlopo onoretreirar orrd qvrrordr4 yvororqg ovrioroorls (R) rorond yewrlrprCI p€ yv<rrord ororXeio rour6rrlrog (E, r), prnopofpe vodloupe rq nopoxdro rp€rS npooeyyioets o1'o np6ptrqpo.

o. Ipagrx{ npoodyyrrrq. Xopdoooup€ o€ Kor-vd o6orqpo q€dvtov rrl lqpqKrrlprorrrrl V : f(l)rns rrrly{s Kor rrl XopoKrnprorrrrl rou oprro6 o-vrrordr-r1. To oqpreio ropns 0o pog 6c6oer ro pe6-F0 rrou 6rappder ro xrixlo;ro.

Av ro ororleio rcur6rnrcs rrls rrnyns e ivor E: 4,5 Y, r : 1,5 O ror 11 cvrioroo4 rou ovrrord-'rn R : 12 (1, ro pe6po Ocleivqr | : 0,33 A.

p. npoodyyroq ;rdoo r4g 6ror{pqorls rqg €-vdpyerog. I'dvo rdxkoprcr rrou ofiorele(ror arrdnqyrl r<or ovrrordrq, rl pr(rvq evepyerorrl 6ro6rro-oio 0o e ivor 1.rro o6rdronrl perarporrq rr15 evip-y€ros, p€ Trlv orroiq rpotpo6oref n rqyn ro 16-r.lc,-rpa, oe 0epprrq evdpyto Kor orrlv ovrioroorlR clld Kor orrlv eo<oreprxrl ovriorcoq r rrls ysv-

vqrprog. I6prcp<rrvc p€ rrlv qpx{ rrls 6rorqpryrr15 r45 evipye rcs Fno-po6pe va ypdrpoupe.

Avd ;rovd6o Xp6vounpoogep6uewl oNKn =

ev6pyero

Avd provd6o 1p6vouev6pyetonou roro- +voJ\(oxeror qrrlv

owlorqon R.

Avd ;rovo6o Xp6vouev6pyero nou Kovoro-)rioxerot orrlv eoorreprnq

owforoorl r

lrrEI l rR

orr<ire | =

+E

R+r

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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H releurqiq ourrl e{io<loq ovocpiperor Kor og e{ioroorl roo v6-pou Ohm yn xAetor6 xtjrcAuspa pe ovrrmdrq rcr nqyrl. Av rq oror-

Xe ic rour6rrlrqs r4s rrrly4s eivor (4,5 V, 1,5O) ror R = 12 Q rdre a-nd rqv e{io<oor1 noipvoupe rqv rrprl rrlg ivroo4g I : 0,33 A.

y. Ilpoodyyro4 ydoro rou 6e6rrpou xsv6vo Kirchhoff. O 6edre-po5 xovdvog rou Kirchhoff prog lier drr xo'rd prlxog ev6g rtre rororirurlc6porog ro d0poropq r<ov 6rogopc6v 6uvoprrorl e (vor pr16dv.Tov erpcpp6(oupre: VAB + VBN + VNp + Vr : J (en6pevo oX4po),

AIld VBN = VpR : 0 (or cryoyof ouv6ioeorg dlouv opetrrlrdo ovr[oroorl).

Vo, = lR (o oytoyd5 AB eivqr ovrrmdr4g).Vrp : -Vp^r : - (E - lr) (H V^ eivor rrotrrrfl rdoq rqg yewrlrprcg).Iuven<69 lR : E - l r r ] | : E/ (R + r) .Btrdnoupe 6rt, tfte orolou04ooups ro l.rovorrdrr rqg 6rorrlpr1or1g

rqg evdpye ro5 efre orolou0r;oouF€ ro\ ' 6e dre po rqvdvc rouKirchhoff, grdvoupe oro i6ro onordtreopc.

0o npdner vo npoodfoupu drr or oyoryoi PA xor l,l8 nououvddouv roug ndloug rlg n4y{g pe ro 0rpo rouovrror6rq eivor oyroyoi ouvddoeog pe oo{povr4owioroo4. Aur6 o4poiuet dtt V' = 0 f Vr = Vr T0 ollpsio6nlo6{ rou xurl6poroq A xor P eivor rooduvoprr6. Tofdro roXUet Kor yro ro o41eio B xor N. H rdo4, Iorn6v,orouq rdlouq r4q Uyt|q eivor onoldrog i0q Ie rnv 1600oro 6xpo rou owrmdrq.

IuvSeorl nqycbvl. hiv6eoq oe oerpdrAvoiyoupe rqv <rrtrorcd> rllerrpr14 orr1tr4 rcov4,5 V. Blfnoupe 6rr oro eoorre prxd rqs u-ndplouv rpio rutrrv{iprrd rltrerrprrd ororXeiorrou ouv6fovrqr p€'ro{6 roug pre ;rerolfurdorjpporo. l-'lopcrqpo6pe drr o Oerr165 n6tro5rou rrpr6'rou ororleiiru ouv6deror cry<6yrpo ;rerov opvrlrrK6 16lo 'rou 6e6repou, rou orroi-ou o Oerrrd5 rrd,log,ruvSderor Frs rov cpvnrr-16 rou rpirou. Kcr'qur6v rov rp6rro fiopo-

;rfvouv 6rjo ndtror <ttre60epor>, o Oerr165 rourrporou Kqt o opvrlrr169 rou rpftots, yro voqrrorel{ioouv rous n6troug qtrerrprrrlg orq-lqg. flpdxerrsr yro c'6v6eoq rrqy<6v oe oerpd.

TO HAEKTPlKO PEYMA

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Me potrr6perpo 11 ye qlerrp6prerpo 6rorrro'rr6vouF€ enioqg drr 11 rd-oq cvdpeoc orous ndAou5 rdOe morleiou, 6rcrv 6ev 6roppier-ar cn6pedpo, eivqr 1,5 V. Eivor 11 rllerrpeyeprrrrl rou 66vopq.

Me rov i6ro rpdno ouvOiovr-or 6ixo ouoo<rrpeurig Nrrelfou - Ko6-piou rcov '1,2 V rcr 6qproupyeiror ivag ou(roop€urq5 <6<o6erdpol-TOS).

H ouv4Oropdv4 "6rol,ex60olrq, pnoropio(ouooopeurrlq pol0ll6ou) rou ourorrv{rouonoreleiror ottd 6[t rrot1eio, Ko06vo rouq 61er E = 2V, r = 0,01 0 xor eivor ouvbedeuduo oc oerp6.Ewoefiot 6r o lopotn4ptol6S (6odeK600lllDovogdperor qrqv qkrrpeyeprr{ r4g 6rivoIr1.

--l}-]l--

-t---'

l-l .

Mnopodye vc ono6ei{oupe 6rr ro-rd rr1 ofv6eorl nqyriv oe oerpd ro o6-orrlpq rrou rrlloxdrrre r roo6uvopei peqlerrprrrl rrrlyrj rq5 onofcg:

o) q rltrerrpeyeprrxq 66vopr1 eivqr i-orl F€ ro dOpcropc rrov HEA rov n4-Y6v.

p) q eoore6rrrq rq5 crvriorooq eivctiorl pe ro dOporopo rttrv eocoreprrcirv o-vrrordoecov rorv rr4y6v.

E,o = Er + E2 + Er t. . . * E"xotf ,o=lr+12+13+.. .+r, .Av or yewrlrpreg eivar <i;.roreg,

0c roX(iet E,o : vE Kqr rE : vr.

2. Ilapdllql4 odv6eoq ripor-ov yevu4rprriv

Av ouv,5iooupre aycbyrpo <itrougroug 0r:rrro69 n6trouq evdg ou-vdlou yevvrlrprc6v xqr ouv6f-oouF€ -orr1 ouvdlerc- cyc6yr-po 6troug rous dpvrlrrro69 rrci-loug r,:rrv yevvrlrprc6v qur(6v0a iXoupe nopdltrrllrl o0v6e-orl.

E{erd(oupe rr1 o6v6eor1 cu-ro0 rou rdrrou yrc Trlv nepi

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

trerrprr( lrrlyrl rrls onofoS

") I tllt*ipeyeprrr( 66vcpr1 eivcr ioq p€ rnv qtrerrpeyeprrr( 66-

vqpq FrcS o116 rt5 nrlYdS'pi'q

tocoteprrq ovriorooq e(vor ioq pe ro xtrdopo r/pr dnou p ro

nlr10o5 r<rrv nqyc6v.

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TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

Oe<upe iror yvomd ro morXerc66eg qlerrprrd <poprio e = 1,6 1[r" C.

2.1 . floreg e ivor or rpe rg opd6e5 <porvopdvovqnd ro onoio npo6i6eror q 6nop(r1 qtrerrpr-xori peuparo5; Avogipere 6do <porv6;revoyro rdOe opd6o.

2.2. H ollrlleni6poorl rou rllerrprrorj pe6-

Foros H€ Hq1 /4rr1 iXe r, pdporo, 6do 6rpe rg.l-loreg eivor ourf5;

2.3. To ralororpr rou 1820 o Aavdg Oerstedqvqroiv<rloe ro qrrorileopo ev<ig ne rpdpa-ro5 ro onoio Oecopeirar rmoprrd. floro rlravro ne rpopo; frorf 0eopeitor roroprrd;

2.4. Tr orprp<irq e ivor q Erivoprq Laplace; florouhrd 0o Xp€rooroulls c6ore, ov ro ouvoppo-loyrlooupe, vo er6qtrco0ef q 66vopq ourrl;

2.5. fleprypdrl,rre 66o garvdp€vo rq onoio e-vrcrXrjouv rqv rupiapXrl dnoqq drt ro <4tre-xrprr<d pedyo eivct ruteu0uvdpevrl rivrlorl 4-lexrprr<ori gopriou;> floro ocrrpori6rq e ivor or<pope i5 rou gopriou quroJ;

2.6. Tr Oecrlpeiror gopd rou qlerrptrod peri-p0ros;

2.7.'Orsv fvog ;rerollrx6g aycoydg 6rappfe-rqr snd qlerrprrd pedpo <undpxouu) rp€rs6rocpoperrrdg raX6rrlre5 o) q ro16111ro rrlg0ep;rrrr15 r<ivr1oq5 r<ov ele 60e polv rltrexrpo-vfov p) 11 roXdrqro peror<ivrloqg rclv qle-rrpovfrr.lv ror y) raXrirqra 6rd6ooq5 rou qle-rrprrod ne6iou pioo orov crYtrly6. florq on6rr5 roli 'rr1rc5 auri5 rfvar 4 peyoldrepq;floro eivqr 11 prrp<ireprl;

2.8. Tr liyeror ivrooq rllerrprxod psdporos;flcog rq F€rpitrs; floro eivor 4 povd6o pe-rpqoe<o5;

2.9. l-l<o5 6rorunt6veror o npc6rog xovtivogrou Kirchhoff; l-rori liyeror rcovcivog xor <iXrv6yo9;

2.10. flrr;5 pnrlpotipe vo perprlooupe rq 6ro-cpopd 6uvoprr,rod pero[6 66o orlpei<ov evd5rurlc6porog;

2.11. Ikog 6rorun6veror o 6edrepog rov6-vos rou Kirchlroff; frorf liyeror rovdvoq ror6yrvdyoq;

2.12.H peroprSo(dpev4 o'dvc rp4yo ruxlc6-

;roro5 rlltr<rprrrrl roX6g eivor forl pre ro yrv6pe-vo r45 rdorlg oro drpo rou qrq;luroq enirrlvivrooq rou peri;rorog. [lro5 ono6crrvderor;

2.13. Tr triyeror avriorooq evdg ayoyo6;

2.14. tltlg 6rqrund)verqr o v<1po5 rou Ohm;

2.15. An6 rr e(aprdror q ovrimoorl evd5 ru-trrv6prro6 ayrrr1,o6;

2,16. Tr p6lo rroi(er ivq rrorevordperpo; Ierr 6racpiper onri ivov pooordrrl;

217. Tt e ivor ro gorv<ipevo Joule; Avogipe re66o 4le rrprrfg ouoreuig xmd rrllerroupyiotov ono(cov ro cpcrvdpevo ourd nof(er opvq-rrrd pdtro;

2.18. fkog qno6errvderqr Oecoprlrrrd drr rc-rd rr1 orlv6eor1 66o ovrrororcilv oe oe rpd 11 r-oo6rivoprl ovrioroorl eivcr fo4 pe ro dOpor-oyo r@v 66o orrrrordoecr.lv;

2.19. I-lcrlg ono6errv6e'rqr Oecoprlrrrd 11 oXi-orl rrls roo6dvCIprls ovrimooqg pe rrg 6uo o-vrordoerg rorri rrlv nopdll4lr; odv6eo4;

IO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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2.20. fko5 eivar 11XopoKrrlprorrrrl ropndlrlprog yewrpprog; l-ko5 pnoporipe vo unotroy(-ooupe cn6 rqv roprrdlrl ourrl rrlv rrprl rr15qtrerrpeyeprrrq5 66vopq5 Kor rnv rry4 rouperjporog ppaXururlc6oeog;

2,21.fr trfyeror qlerrpeyeprrrrl 66voyq ;rrogyrw4rprc5;

2.22.Tr evvooripe liyovroq drr q yewrlrproeivor rivoq evepyerord5 perorponio5;

2,23.fpd,qm rqv e[iooroq nou errppd(errov<ipo rou Ohm yro rle ror<i xrirlurpro. fkog c-no6erxvderor pdoer rou v<i;,rou 6rcrqpr1or1grr15 evipyerog;

I{c cvcpoarl$oipe...

2,24, Yndpyouv rp€rS, rouldXrorov, opd6eggorvopivrov on<i ro onoio npo6i6erar 11 6-nop{q qlexrprrod pefporog. Eivor:o. ............. rq5 0epporpooio5 rcrlv yeroltrr-xc6v cryoyr6vp gorvdpevo, tinc,rg ...........y. ............. qlerrprrc6v peupdrovTo <porvdpeva, dpols, nou rrErltrcbvovror o-n<oo6qnore eivor ourd rrls ....... opd6o5.Io5 (qroUpe vo ouynlqpc6oere rq revd

Xprlorponordlvro5 tri{,erg ond rr5 nopcxdrro:o OdpJ.rqvorl o Au€opeicoorl . Tpirrls o A6-€qor1 . H rltrerrp6luon . Kqt oyoyrirv oOepprrd o Kor Hcryvrlr6v . np6rns o Xrlpr-xd o Allrllent6poorl.

2.25. Me noreg ond rrg nopordro npord-oerg oupgcuveire;o. Ta Oepprrxd gorv<ipevo - onorileopo rou

qlerrprxof periporr6 - o6rlyrloov rr1 0eopq-rrrrl oriq,rq orrlv enrvdrloq rrlg iworog goptirou r1Aexr p xod p ed p, a7sq.p. H gopd rou qlerrprrof periyoro5 eivor o-vri0erq on6 rr1 cpold rivqoqg rov rllerrpo-viorv ev65 peu;roropdpou perotrlrxori oyro-Yo6.y. H gopd rou rllerrprrori pedporo5 xo0opf-(eror cn<i rqv nofuxdrrlro rrls rporpo6dr4-oqs.6. To qltr<rprr<6 peripo npor<olei e rrponqrr ls poyvr lrrrr l5 pskivo5 npog opropivr lnleupd. Av oMd{,er 11 qopd rou, 11 payvrlrrrrlpeldvo 0o e rrpone'npos rqv dtrlr1 nleupd.

2.26. Me nore5 onri rr5 nopordro npord-oer5 oul.rgoveire;o. 'Evrooq qlerrprro6 periporo5 liyeror ron4lfro rou goprior,nou nepvd an6 pro 6ro-roprl rou ayoyo6 rre opropdvo Xpdvo npo5rov Xpdvo ourd. Ct opropdg roXde r yro rrlvnepfnroo4 Xpovrrd mo0epou pe6yorog.p. Iuvrl0oq prerpdpe rqv dvroo4 rou pedpo-rog poor(dpevor mrlv cMrlleni6poorl rou Hrxdnoro pcl,v4rrl.y. Iuvq0og perpdpe rrlv ivrooq rou pedpro-ro5 poor(riyevor orov opropd rqq. Merpdpe6qlo6q ro rlle rrprxd <poprio ye er6rrd <ipyo-vo Kor ro Xpdvo pe ;povdperpo.6. H povd6o ;.rerprlrretlg rou peyi0oug ivro-orl peiparoq eivor ro 1 poAr.e . H povd6o perprlcre<rrg rou gopriou (1 rou-trdpn) 6ev eivor 0epetrr<ir6r1g olld opi(eror o-nd rr5 0eyefuc66er; povd6eg dvrooq5 r1tre-rrprrof pefporo5 xor Xp<ivou.2,27,'Eyooye ro 6pyovo r45 oeli6og 80.o) Bpeire rrlv rdorlr) 6rsv o peruyoryi5 e(vor mr1 0ior1 30 ror o6efrrq5 mq 0dor1 rou oXqporogrr) <jrqv o peraycrrl<ig perorrvrlOef orrl 0for110 rqr o 6efrrqg orrl 0ior1 rou oXrlporog

TO HAEKTPiKO PEYMA

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p)Oilere vo perp4oere fioq76Y. Tono0e-T rlme rov perayoyri orrlv firo xcrdMqlrl 0i-or1. floro 0o eivqr 11 iv6er[r1;

2.28. Ynoloyimr rrlv cvrimcorl

2.29. floror ond rou5 nopordrrrl cryoyodq u-noxodouv mov v<ipo rou Ohm;c. Xdlrrvo rotr<ir6ro p. lulyio revod y. xtitrrv-6pog onri oloupivro 6. Kpumulfurd5 ovop-0<rlr115.

2.30. Ie noro cpuorxti yiyeOo5 ovrrororXe fxcOeprd on6 rr5 ncpordr<o povd6e5 p€rp{-o€(l)s;o.10 p.1V \ .1) 6.1C e.1A.

2.31. Iq AEH nlqpovoups yro nopoXq rlle-rrprrori goprfou, qlexrprrrlg roXrio5 11 qle-rrprxq5 evipyero5;

2.32. Lvo pre roMrrd opoyev( o6pparo A rcrB iXouv orprpc65 rrlv i6rc ovriorcorl. Av roprlxog ror 11 6rdperpo5 rou oripporo5 A eivor6rnldorq rov ovrfororXcov peye0<6v rou B,noro ond rr5 nopardro oXdoerg pero{6rov er6rr<ilv cvtrordoeov pA Kor pB eivor qoomn;

c) po = psl,i F) pt = p,l2 y) pn = pe6) p^:2p, e) pn = 4pa

2.33. floro< iXer peyolUrepq ovrforcorl, i-vog lopnrrlpos rtov 60W 11 ivc5 rcov 100W;E{4yr1me.

2.34. Aopnrrlpe5 ouv6iovror oe oerpd rorpeuporo6orofvrcr pe opropiv4 rdoq.o) Av ivo5 :n'ouro6g (Ko€i)) rr 0o ouppeimoug undlornouq;p) Av npoore0odv oe oerpd neproodreporlcynrr lpe g, rr 0o ouppe f Hs rov gorropdrov }opnrf prov;

2.35. Iro onirr oog or lopnrqpeq ouv6io-vror or oerpd 11 oe 6ruKld6ooq; Arxoroloyrl-ore rrlv an(vrr1or1.

2.36. Kqrd rq odv6eoq 66o ovrrororc6v oeorrpd.o) H peroBrl3o(6pev4 oro odorqpo rllexrpr-rq roXri5 ei'ror ioq pe ro d0poropo rtov r-oXriov nou rqrwoliorouv or 66o qvrrotd-rrsp) H roo6dvrprl ovrforoorl eivcr prrpd,reprlqrrd ro d0poropo rorv 6uo qvrrmdoeovy) H rdoq o'ro drpa rou evd5 eivor oncoo64-nore ioq pe rqv rdoq oro drpa rou dMou6) Or 6rjo ovrrordreg Eroppiovror on6 pe 6-poro iotov e'ndo€rovMe noro onri ro nopondvo ouprptrrveire;

2.37 . Kuru r-qv nopdtrlqlrl odv6eorl 6rio o-vrroror<6vo) H peroprf]o(dpevrloro ofmrlpo rltrerrpr-14 roXrig e ivor iorl pe ro d0poropo rtov r-oX6cov nou r:qrwotriorouv or ovrtordreg.p) H roo6dv<rpr1 ovriorooq eivor prrp6rep4on<i ro dOporopo rov 6uo cvrrmdoeovy) Or 6uo avrrordre5 6roppdovror ar6 pfi-pcro iorov e'ndoeov p6vov eg6oov or ovrr-ordoerg rou<: efvcr ioeg.6) H rdorl oro drpo rou evd5 6ev eivor ioq ;re

HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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rrlv rdorl or0 dKp0 ro dl ouMe noro cn<i ro nopondvo oupgoveire;

2.38. H peraprBo(dptvrl o' ivo rprlya ru-rlciporog qlerrpr r<r1 roX6go) Eivor ndvrore iorl pe ro yrvdpevo rr15 rd-orls oro drpo rou rpr;parog enf ro pe6pc (l)nou 6roppier ro rprlpo.p) Eivor oe xdOe nepinroorl iorl pe ro yrvdpe-vo lR <inou R 4 ovrimoo4 rou rprlporog.y) Eivor r; avd povd6olp6vou peroprpo(6pe-vrl 0ro rprlpo evipyero.Me norc and ro napcndvcrl oupgroveire;

2.39. Ilofudme dlo doc noprmdvovror ro-0c6g rcr doq unovoodvror ps rq oriroc rsrro oXqporo, rq onoio nopoOiroupre.

y) Eivor rvepyeraxdq perurponfo5.6) 'EXe r co5 oror'1e ia raurdrrlrog rqv rlle-rrpeyeprrrrl 6rivcrprl Kor rrlv eooreprrrl ovrl0r00n.

Me noro ond ou'rd oupcpovefre;

2.4l.Iuvappoloyoripe ivc rrlxl<rrpo pe rlle-rrprrrl nqyrl, 6rcrrdnrq ror ovrrordrq. Iog(rpodpe va ouprlrlprioere ru revd:'Orav o 6nxdn.qs tivat cvorxr6g \ rdorlorouq n6Aooq rrlg TTrly4q tivu ......... rqv qAe-xrpeyqnx7 66vryq rqg rrrry4c,.'Orsv xAei-oouyE ro \nxdrrry 4 .......... eivat iory pt royrvdyevo rr1g tvrctorlg rou pe1yarog eri rqvHEA rqs rqy4q, q nohx4 rdoq rqc nqyr1g ti-vst ........ rqv rdorl ora d,xpa rou avnordrrl.H HEArrlsnqyr1<; eivat ........rr1v nohxrl 16o11ev<b r7 ..,..... eivat iorl pt. ro rtrpdywvo rr19 t-vrdonq rou pilyaroc, eni rqv np7 r1q avri-orsong,

I{a }r0ooupe rpcp}.f1patc

2.42. IqXpovrri orrypq t = 0 rleivoupe rov6rordnrrl rou rl'rlc5pqros.q) fldre 0o ovdtl.ret o }opnrrlpog;p) l-loro 0q e ivor rl qopd rq5 riv4or15 rtov rl-lerrpovirov orouq uyrrryo65;y) Me rd ndoo Xp6vo dvo r l }e rrpdvro 0qgrdoer mo lop'nrqpq, ov rn Xpovrrrl orryrqt = 0 Fpioreror orrlv neproXrl rqg nqyrlg; (Hondvr4orl oog 0o 6o0ei npooe1ryrorrxd).

t

MU€n dirt-l \:==J

ffie

2.40. H rlle r<rprrrl nqyr1 o' ivo rf rlcopoo) flapdyer rllerrpxd goprio.p) Eivot nr1yrl evdpyerog und rrlv dvvoro 6rrncpdyer evdpycro an6 ro pq6iv.

l:-----"**/.

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2.43. To peripo rrlg 6iop49 qlerrpoviov oepra r4ledpoorl e ivor 6;.rA. fl6oo qlexrpdvraovd 6e urep<ilenro <Xrundve> orrlv oOdvrlrqs;

2.44, Zro xdrlopo rou oX(parog e ivor yvco-ord drr | = 2A, lr = 1A, l+ = 0,5A.Ynoloyiore rrg rrpi5 12, 13, ls rrov ovrforor-

Xorv peupdrov.

2.45. Oecoprlore ro xdrlopa rou oXrlyorog.Aivovror or rrpig lr = 10A, l, = 4A, l, = 2A,

L= 6A d,rov rleivouF€ rov 6tor6nrr1. Yno-troyiore rrg rrpig ror npoo6ropiore rrg go-pig rtov un<jlornorv peuprdrov.

2.46, Zro onirr fXouye ovdqe r rourtiXpovorpe r5 ldpne5 r<ov 220Vl100 W, rov Oeppoor'-govo 220Vl4000 W rr dvo oreyv<rrrrlpo potr-

fuc6v 220Vl800 W. fldoo pedpa nepvder urr6rd0e pro ouor€uq; tl<ioo rrtroporarprc rlle-rrprrrl5 evfpy:ro5 0s rqrovotro0o6v qv orouoreudg ourt5 lerroupyrloouv rourdXpovoeni 20 trenrd;

2,47.Lc; (qrodpre vo npoplirgere rrlv ivro-orl rou pedporog nou 0o 6rappder dvw svrr-ordrq 2kO ov oro dxpc rou erpappdoouprt6oq24 V. fldoo rlkrrpdvro 0o 6ripXovrorond pio 6roroprrl rou oe rdOe 6eurepdlenro;

2.48. Arorpdpc:v rrpcfv oyrrof cvrrordre gouvEiovrqr nopdltrqlo. Arxoroloyrlore rovroXupropd: <H oo66vapq wrioroo4 roug i-

Xer rr;rr1 prrpdrcprl ror ond rq prrpdrep4 o-vrimoon>.

2.49. 'Eva Xdkrvo odppo iXerpr1xo51m rore ppa6dv 6rcropr15 1mm'. I rs drpo rou e-rpoppd(eror "raoq12V. Ynoloyiore rov opr0-pd rov qlerrprvirov nou nepvoriv ond ;rio6roroprl rou oe lpdvo 1min. Aiveror 11 er6rx4ovrioroorl rou Xolxod iorl pe 1,7.10uOm.

2.50. 'Evq opoyev6g roppdrr XatrroJ iXeroX4po op0oyruvfou nopol l r l lenrni6ou6rqordoetllv 2(t cm x 30 cm x 60 cm. Kd0egopd nou 6roliyoupe 66o qrrdvqvrr i6pe5Kor rrs Oeolpor-pc <dr<po> rou, npordnrerivcl 6inolo, q crvrioroo4 rou onoiou e{ap-rdrqr o116 ro Z,euydpr e6pc6v nou 6rold(o-pre . Ynoloyforr: rnv rrprl r4g ovriorooqgoe rdOe pio nrpinrooq. Oeope fror yvrll-ord 5rr q er6rrri cvrforoo4 rou Xakod e f-vor 1,7.1OuOm.

2.51. To o6po po5 eivor ayorydg rou qlerrpr-opoti. Oopefg rou KrvouFrvou rpopriou eivorrq r6vro Norprtu, Koliou, Xltrolpiou ror Mo-yvqoiou. Anr5 ;.rerpqoer5 ppf0qre 6tr 11 er6rrrlovrimoo( rou e ivor nepira 5Om. Exrpqmerrlv qlexrprrrl cnrfmoorl rou 6eirrq rou X€pr-o6 oog. Irq our,iXero, unoloyiore ro pedyo

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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nou eo irepdoer ov €gqppocn{raoql?Y.

2,52, fts ro Xdtrrrvo oripporo rtov €otorspr-rriv eyraromdoecov ro piyrmo enrrpendpe-vo pe6pa e fvor 11 A svd mm' 6roroprlg, yrarioMor65 or cryoyof pioo orous rorXou5 unep-0eppoivowar. Or aycrlyof rou 6tl;rariou oog i-

louv 6roroprl 1,5 mm'. I-16o11 e ivor 11 ouvofurqpfyrorq roX6g rov ouoreur6v, nou 0c pno-poriocv vo trerroupy4oouv pioo oro 6oydro;

2.53. H XopoKrrlprorrrry evdg 6rn6lou nopr-ordveror oro crX4pa. To 6inotro ouvforqrorond 66o roprro65 ayoyo65 rar o dvog on'qu-rodg dXe r ovrforcorl Rr = 3000. Me noto

rp6no ouv6iovror or 611o uyroyof; floro eivorq rrprl rrlq orrrimoo4g rou 6edrepou ayoyori;2.54. Tper5 ovrrordreg R, : 20C), Rz = 40,R: = 1 6O ouv6iovror oe oerpd ror 4 rdoqoro drpo rou ouorqpcro5 eivcr 12V. Io5(r1ro6pe vc unotroyioere o) rqv ivraorl roupedporog rcr p) r4v rdorl oro drpo rou R,.

2.55. Atjo ovrtord'reg Rr = 140O rqt R, ouv-6iovrur oe oerpd. l-lopeppd),lercr dvo opne-pdprerpo o;relr1r6o5 ovrioroorlg ror oro d-Kpo rou ouorrl;roroq r; rdorl e ivor 20V. l-ldor1eivor 11 rrprl rr15 R, ov ro apnep6;rerpo 6ei-

Xver 50mA;

2.56. Tprrg ovrrmdreg ouv6fovrur dnorg mooXrlpo xor mc drpo rou ouorrlporos €qqp-p6(eror rdo4 30V. Iog (r1ro6pe vo unoloyi-

oers rrlv ouvohrd roravolrordyevrl roX6.

2.57. Aro0irouF€ dporous ovrordrts rcov10 O. Me noro rprino 0o inpene va ouv6i-ooupe oprol.rivou5 on' ouroti5 c6mt va 6qpr-oupy4oouye ovrrordrrl a) 15O p) 32,5 O y)120-.

2.58. Ara0iroups rpsrs ovrrordre5 dporou5(R), rou5 onoiou5 ouv6doupe pe 6lou5 roug6uvorodg tpdnou<;. floro 0o efvor 11 uvrioru-orl rou ouorqporc5 or rd0e nepinrcoorl;

2.59. Tpetg ovrtordre5 Rr = 120, R2 = 60,R: : 12O ouv6do'rror 6nco5 oro oXrlpa raronoreloriv ro 6inrllo (AB).Ynoloyiore ro pe(,paro nou 6roppfouv rou5ovrrordreg ro016g rcr 14 6rogopd 6uvapr-rod pero{6 rov oqpei<ov A ror f, qv oro 6i-nolo erpcppooref rdoq Vr = 12V.

2.60. Mru r1tre rrprr<q Oeppdorpo 600W110Vouv6ierur oe oerpd pe qlerrprrd lcpnrrlpo52W6V. Iro o6cr11;.ro erpop;rd(eror rdorl110V. No e{erdoere ov o lopnrqpc5le r-roupye( xqvovrrd.

TO

600 sl

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HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

2.61. A6o ypoFpds perogopdq qlerrprrq5 e-vipyera5 perocpipouv r4v i6ro roXri orrlv i6roon<imcor1. Er4 pio 4 perogopd yiverar undrdoq 200V evr6 mqv dMq yiveror un6 rdoq10kV. To ndXo5 rorv ayoy6v prerorpopd5 ei-vorriroro c6ore or ldyrrr rou gorvopdvouJoule oncitrereg vo tivcr f6re5 ror orr5 66oypopH6s. Ynoloyfore rov ld'yo nou npdnervo fXouv or 6rdperpor rolv cry<oytov rorv 66oourriv ypo1.r1.rov.

2.62. Tperq ovlordreg R: = 10f), Rz = 20Oror R, : 30C) eivor ouv6e6epivor oe oerpd.BpaXururl<ovouy€ ro oqpeio A rqr A rcOrir5rqr rq I rqr B.Ynoloyfore rqv roo6rivo;.rr1 ovrioraoq rou6rndlou (AB).2.63. flp6rerror vo 6qproupyqooupe dva qle-rrprrri r0xloryc ye oumoryio 4 onoio dXer r1-trexrpeyeprrxrl 6uvopq 24Y xur eooreprrq o-wimooq 1O, rper5 cwrmdoer5 R, = 20O, R2= 3C) R: = 160 or oe rpd xqr Cvq cpnep<jpe-rpo aprlqric5 eo<oreprrrj5 avrimaorl5. Icg(qro6pe vo npoptriq.rere o) rqv dv6e r{r1 rouopnepopirpou p) rrlv rdoq oro dxpo rq5 R.y) rr1 peraBrpo(dpev4 or4v R, 4lexrprr4 r-oXri ror 6) rqv o6{qor1 rrls €oor€prKr15 Oeppr-xrlg evipyero5 nou ouvretreirar orrlv R, avd6eurepdlenro.

2.64.Ic ororXe io proq yewrjrpro5 eivcr E :6V ror r = 0,5O. Av or n6lor rr15 ouv6e0o6vcry<6yrpo pe ra drpo avrrmdrrl R = 1,5O, u-noloyiore a) rov opr0p<i r<ov rllerrpovitovnou 6rdpXovror srr6 pra onoro6rlnore 6roro-pri oe Xpdvo 10 6eurepolinrov p) 14 6ro9o-

pd 6uvuprrori orou5 ndloug rrls nny4s y)r4v evdpyero TTou Korovdliorer o ovrord-rr15 oe '10 6eu'repdtrenro.

2.65.'Evog ovrrordrrl5 (R = 12 O) ouv6derqrpe 4lerrprx4 rnqtrq. Ofloupe q rdoq oro d-Kpo rou wrrcrdrq vo e ivur 1,38 V. l-lore5 rr-pdg npdner vo iXer q HEA xar q eo<oreptrr; o-vrioroo4 r4g orqlqg; Aiveror drr 11 ivroorlrou periycrog ppcrXuruxlc6oeos rrls m4lqSeivcr 1,5 A.

2.66. Tiooepo ripora qlexrpxd morXrio ouv-6dovrqr oe oerpd. Tperg riroreq oerpdg oror-

Xeicrlv ouv6iorrar nopdMqlo, or<1r€ xor 6q-proupyeiror pro ouororx€io 666e ro dporovororXefcrrv. Or n<ilor rqg ouorotXic5 ouv6do-vror F€ potrr<5rerpo eooreprr4g avrioroorl519C) on6re 6runrorr6verct 6rt q rdorl eivcr5,7V. Ynoloyirrre rqv HEA rdOe morXeiou weivor yv<oor6 drr or eotoreprrdg roug ovrt-mdoerg eivcr 0,750.

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| | j | To H^EKTPTKo PEYMA

H Bo)raixq orq)qTo xavohpto nou tEtpvt 11 or4A4 Volta, r1rav aoEaA<bq, r7 rccv1'rqrd rqs vd 6ivet qAurpt-xd pe6ya, 6nwq xat o nuxvwrr1s kpnAq Leyden) xd)e Eopd noo utbvovrav pt otippa ra66o dxpa rr19. Le sx(.o\, 61ttug, ye r7 gdAq Leyden 6ri0ere oopa,pdraro nAtovtxrr1pa.Mtrd rryv ayd)ypq o6v6eoq nnv 66o dxpwv rqs, q \ngopd \uvapxoti 6e v iderXve vo e -{acpavi(erar

L' tvaypdpya orov J. Banks, np6e6po rqS BaoArxrlS Erapti<xq rou Aov6(vou, o i6toq oVoltaypdEer

20 Mdprry1800<<...11 ouoxtu1, yn rqv onofu

oaq, yi\dto, tivat avaltgipoAo 6-n 0a, cctg xarar'Arlfet. Eivu tvao1orqpa aywyrilv nou f,Xouvrono1erq)ti xsrd (.va,v tt6tx6rp6no Eixoor, oapdvra, efrlvraxoltpdna XaAxoi (r1 xaA|rtpaapY6p''ou), xu}€vu a'nd ra o-roia ' t pooapp6(erat o e i .vsxoypdn xaoonf pou (r1 xaAhe-ps VE $cpyipou) xat av61teod,roug crputStara yapno1 4 6tp-paroc,, tpnonopiva pe ay6yr-lro uyf'6. H v(.u ouoxturl pou 1tt-peirctt ro anoriAeopa rrlC Ad-Aqq Le,rden.

2e tva opt(6vno rpantQ ro-ro)et<it i.vs peraAAtx6 6ioxoxcrt rtcivu,t o' cturdv npooapp6-(u tv<x 6bxo an6'4,ttu6dpyupo.[ldvu rou paQu tva orpbpa e-Strortop(.vo pe uyp6 xat apt-outg perd ivs,6ioxo arr6 dpyu-po, xt ,jorepa €vav at<1pa \iorco

'peo6apy6pou, rov onoio 6,o'6tXtrat i.va ax6pa epronop(.vo np<itpa.\uveyi(ovrctg perov i6to rp6no oXr'1pari(erar yn orrlArl 16oo ,gqAr1, 6oo vs, pnopti vs ouyKpsrsircx y<u-pig va ni,gru. Me xapn uxooapd (e6yr1 perdAAu;v r7 orqAq dvcn xavrl va npoxaAti ri.-vsyHq o€ 6trorov ayyi(tt rc 66o dxpct rr1g Ste ra y(.pru rou...)).

(Aroonaoya)

-

itlTC HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

H vi,d, ouoxtuq npoxdAtoe pqd-Ao uEaE(.pov orqv entorr1povtxrlxotv6rrla rrls troy7q. To No(.1tpprorou 1800 npooxaAeopi.voq oro [7a-piot, o Volta, exrtAti netpdyara ptrrlv <txnArlxnxrl> orrlArl rou. O No-noAiur,, rapayy tAv et v d, Kdrdo K€.ud-orei pru pqdArl ouorotyia (pnara-pis) sn6 600 orrlAtq, rqv onoia npo-oE€.pu xqv Ecole Polytechnique (t1o-Aoreywxrl oyoArl rou l1aprcto6. Mnax6ya fiXup6r€.pl ouororXia xcra-oxeudQ:rcx oro Aov\ivo ar6 rrl. RoyalSocie{z iBaofuxrl Eraryeia). Ot ouvt-rrereg 6rodiXovru rl pfa rqv dAAr1. H(.peuva rrdvu oro qAexrprc6 pe6paapyi(et n ntpoioreirat. Zrqv AyyAiao Humphry Davy (XdltEpu Nrfipu)1epefu <hv et rqv rTAt xr poyqpeia, ev<i.teixoot r:epinou yp6vrc apy6repa oOersted Erdvet oro xpiotlto ntipalta,pt. ro or:oio spXGu q moy7 rou qAe-xrpopayqnopo1.

TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

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TPITO KEOAAAIO

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. Eni6pqoq FoyvrlnKori ne6iou o€ psuFqrogripo cyoTi . I-l 66-vcprq Laplace o H eni6poon poyvrpKo6 ne6iou oe peuparoqrdponluioro o Hlerrprr6g rrvqr(pog . To qlsKrprxri pedyu og rr4y{pcyv4rrrori ne6iou o Mcryvrlrr16 ne6fo euOrjypCIpFou peupurogd-pou uyroyod o Mcryvnrr16 ne6io ootrqvoer6o65 o H iworqpsYvqrt-x6 iino\o r O lruyvrFroprig xor q 6op{ r4g 6149 o H rivrlorl rovqtrerrpovirov nqyq rou poyvrpropod o H 0eopio Weiss o To ga-yvqrrxri ne6io r4g l'qg . Na Oup4$oripe . No ovop(')r4goripe oNa fuioou;re npopl{poro o NroxouFdvro.

Ie npoqyofpevo re<pdAcro 6d0qre q eurcrrpio vo prlryoou;re yro otr-trrllenr6pdoerq rlle xrprrc6v peupdrov Kor pcryvqrc6v. H iworo;.ro-yvrynx6 ne6io p6g porlOr1oe ncpd ro16 xord rr5 mpr6re5 rrsprypd-rpig curc6v rrov otrtrqlenr6pdoecrlv. Eino;le 6rr urrd Tn prq ro Fto-yvqrr16 ne6io enr6pd orous peupororpdpous crytoyofg evr6 on6 rqvdltrq ro qle xrpr16 peripa 6qproupyef neirio poyvqrr16. Iro regd-loro nou opli(er 0a errr6rc6{oupr vo epp<r06voupre fuyo neproo6re-po orq 66o ourd (qr4poro Fe ro vq ov,r(qrqooup€ rous vdpougorous onoioug unoroder I 6pdoq xor q 6rlyroupyio rou pcryv4rrxo6re6iou, rou rre6iou, 6qlc64, yro ro onoio ro qlerrprrd pe6pc, orro-rele i rqv nr1yr1 olld Kor ro und0epo.

F(IYvqrrKori neEiou(r€ P uF(Irogopo (|Y(DYo

H 6uvopn LoploceT6oo ro rltrercrprrd por6p 6oo ror ro aprrep6pr€rpo ps orpecp6prevorrloioro lerroupyo6v pdoer rrlg eni6pooq<; pa1rurlrq oe peuporog6-po aycoyd. Iro rrpoqyofpevo regdlcro cvagepO1rcope o'aurq rrlveni6pooq rar einope drr pnopo6p€ vd l'rlv neprypdgoup€ Fs rrlporlOerd TnS vsurolvrr<45 iworag66vo'pr1. Ero rropcxrcdrcrl 0c petrr-r4ooupe rqv emi6pooq aurq 6re{o6rrd.

Ero epyaorripro. Xpqorporrororipe iva po-yvqrrl nerotroer6r1. =ipoupre 6n orov 1c6porrou oproOer€ir,fr orrd roug 66o n6lou5rou, ro pcryvrlrrr,l6 rre6io eivor opoyevig pre<popd an6 rov p,5ps1e rr6tro npo5 ro v6rto.O eu06ypoppog ayoly6g eivor rprrlpo evdgxuxlc6poro5 pe rrrlyrl ouve1o65 periporog,pooordrq, oprrr;p6perpo Kor oy<6yrpro u-ypd. Tono0ero6pe rov ayroy6 oe 0ioq ro-roxdpugrl iror rou dvo rprlpa rou vo ppGoK€rol <pioc> o'fo pcryvrlrrr6 rre6io. To d-Kpo rou eivor Bu0ropdvo oro ay<iyrpo uypd

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iror c6me q ev6eldpevq 6pdoq xdrrorog 66vopqg vq eivsr 6uvsr6v vqer6qlco0ei. l0eivoupe rov 6rqx6nrr1 rar plinouf € rov crl,oyd vo p€ro-xveirqr o€ Fro vio Oioq.

H rare60uvon rqs ;rayv4rrr{g 6rivag4g Lap lace. O rpdrroq nou;.reraxrv40rlxe o cry<oy6g npo6i6er rqv rore60Lrvorl rrls ooro6pevrl566vopqg. Eivor prro rore60uvorl oouvr10rorq. Ct prcryvqrrlg epgovf(e-ror vo 6po - piocrr rou rre6iou- orov crl,<rryd pt: rdrroro 66vopq nou6ev dler o6re rr1 6rerl0uvor1 rou ne6iou o6re rr1 6re60uvoq rou cryo-yo6. H oororipevrl 66vopq iLrr 6re60uvor1 xdOerq Ko, orov crl,<rlY6r(q, orrlv ivroo4 'rou ne6(ou B. Av ovoorpirpoupe rq <popd rou Fq-

yvqrrrco6 ne6iou 6rorqpc6vrog ro pe6pc o-perdptrqro, plfnoupe <irr q rpopd r4g 66vo-pqg Laplace ovaorpdgrerqr. H ovcorpogrl6rorrrorc6veror Kor orrlv rrepirrroorl fiou o-vcorpirgoupe rr1 <popd rou pe6proro5 6ro111-p6vrag ro puyvrlrq orrlv op1rrl 0ior1 rou.

To vo neprypdr.;,rouFs rrl <popd rqg 66vo-pq5 Laplace 6ev eivor .16oo edrcotro. Apiotrrgnopoxdrco erc0drou;re 'rp€lS r€Xr/tKig yro rrlvnepryporprl rrls Kor arprlvoupe orov crvcryvc6-orrl rrlv errrloyrl ourrjg rrou 0o tcrrprd(er

rreproo6repo orrl 6rrq rou orirprl.1. H npc6r4 cn' ourfg eivor o leyd;revo5 rov6vog rou Maxwell. fro

vo rrl Xprlorporrorqooupe rrpirrer err65 o116 ro i>rdvuopo B vo Oe<oprl-ooul,r€ rqr ivq 6rdvuopo le rrdv<rr oe rprlpo pqxoug U rou peuporocp6-pou aycoyo6 pe gopd rq rpopd rou qlerrptro6 pedporog. Edpcp<ovo ;rerov rsvdvq rou Maxr,vell I rpopd qg 66vo;.rqg Laplace eivor 11 rpopd ro-rd rrlv orroic 0o peroxrvq0e i o 6e{rdorpogos r,rxlios (pro pi6o 11 ivaovorXrqpr), rov orroio <pwro(dpoore vo mpirpr;ror rord ro ouvropd-repo rpdtro l0 npog B. Av dXou;rt Kdrofiroorei pe raroopibro Kor p€rrppnouodv eivor guorrd vc 6e f{oupre rrporipqoq orov rov6vqMaxwell.

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MAIN HTI KEI AAA HAE tI IAPAIE II

ME IO ANOINHTITIATI OEAO NA ME-

AETHIQ HAEKTPOI",IATNH.

l i r , r ii ' \ .

- - . ,\ - ' /

2. H reXvrrq rqg 6e{rd5 ncldpns Frrop€i vo FCIS govti'rreproo6-rtpo Korsvorlr4. Oovro(6poore vo rc,'rroe€rofpe tr1 6e{rd rrotrd-pn, Fs r€vroPivo rov ovrix€tpo/ o€ TF,6rro <6ore ro riooepo 6d-

Xrutro vo sfvor op6pponCI rrpos rrs 6uvuprri5 ypoFpds evo o ovri-

Xerpos opdpponog rrpos ro p€6po. H 6i'voprl Laplace rdOerq oro €-rrirre6o rrlg noldpqg pag 0o iler <popd orrd rqv noldprl FqS nposTo €otrrrrprr6 rr1g, 6rrrog rpoiveror oro crXrlpo.

3. YndpXer ordpro o rovdvoq rorv rorc6v 6o1r6lcov rou 6e{ro6leprori. Mord(er oprerd F€ Tov rrpoqyodprevo. T€vr(6voup€ rov o-vriXe rpa, rov 6e ixrrl Kor rov 1lioo rou 6elrod pog leprod oe rpdrrorirore vo cxvrrororloriv oe ivq rproop0oyrilvro oriorrlpo c{6vov. Avo ovrile rpos ovrrororxei orrl qopd rou pe 6porog Kor o 6sfKrrls orqgopd rou FcryvqrrKod ne6iou, o pioo5 l)o pog 6eiXver rq cpopd rqgpcryvr;rrrqg 66vapq5.

To pdrpo rns Fqlvqrrx{g 6rivop4g Laplace. Errrorpigoupe r6pcorrlv rr€rpcxprcxrrrcrl 6rdrc{q yro vcx epeuvqooupc rr orprpc6g ouppoi-v€r ps ro ;rfrpo rr15 66vopqg Laplace.

To epc6rqpo {van: sn6 norcus rrap<iyovreq rca9opi(erat ro pt-rpo rqq,66vsprls Laplace; E{aprdru and rrl, E6or7 rou ayuyo6; a-16 ro p4xoq rou uytuyo6; anr6 ro pdpog rou uyuyoti; EQaprdrar a-n6 r4v i.waoq rou peiparoc; Kar non yopEry €yet 4 oyenrcrl efo,p-rrloq; Ava<pepdpoore piporo orqv erdrr<rl nepirrroo4 rrou o prupd-rogdpog crl,oyds eivar euQfypCIpl1os.

Trg arrcvrqosrs orc rropcrrrdvo epcorrlpraro pd5 rrq 6ivouv orfiapopqrlKi5 dpe uveg opref oe rdOe ;rio o116 aurig vc Oiroupe ivcror ;r6vo ouyrercprprfvo ep<rrrqpo. Or qn'cvrrloer5 rrg onoie5 noip-voup€ ouvoqrf(ovror oro e{r15:

c) fro rqv rrepirrrcoon rrou o psuFcxr(xp6pog aycoyS5 eivor rdOe-ros ors 6uvaprrig ypo1rpis rou poyvn'rrxof ne6iou ro pirpo r-r1g66vcprr1g Laplace 6iveror on6 rqv e{io<rroq

F=Bl 0I

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B MAf NHTTKET AA^H^EnrAPArEr:

orrlv olroio ro B rroprordve I rqv 6-vrqorl rou Fol/vrlrrxof rre6fou, ro Irqv ivroorl rotr pedporos Kor roA ro

F4roS rou eu0tiypqFFou peupcrocpS-pou ayolyori.

F) frc rqv nepirrrcoorl rrou o psu-parogdpog oyoydg eivor nopdtrIq-lo5 pe rrg 6uvctprrrig ypoppi5 6ev o-ore frqr poyvrlrrx( 66vopq. Iro yevr-x6, 6qlo6r1, g<xtv6;revo rrls eni6po-ons pcryvnrrrorl ne6iou os psuForo-g6po oy<oy6 rropouord(erot pio e-[oipeo11.

Av, ritrog, cruv6udooup€ r0 fisr-po;.rorrrd curd 6e6opivo pre tq Oeco-pia yro rqv ovtttruoq evdg 6rcv6opra-rog 0o o6qyq0c6pe oe ;rfo yevtrdre-pr1 e{ioooq.

l-ldv<o oro errirre6o fiou opi(er pero ld avoldoupe to 6rdvuopo B oe

66o ouvrorc6oe5 B, ro, B* o":d t'g orrofe5 11 pria d"vo e(vqr nopdtrlqtrq npos rov eu06ypappro ay<oydxor q dtrtrq B* (B* : Bnpq) rdOerq o'ourdv. I6pcpr,l-vq ps doo efrropre/ ro poyvrll 'rrc6 rre8io E, 6ev errr-6pd orov peupro'rorpdpo cryo'1r6. H eni6pcorl/ ouvt-rrc6g rou B npoiplerar prdvo rxrr6 ro rre6io E-. loX6-er, lorrrdv F : B*10 11 F = Bl04pg.

'Evroorl poyvqn Kori ne8ircuEivor yvcoord 6rr rdOe prrpq petrdvo pr6oo oro poyvqrrrd ne6iofipoodvqrotrf(erar rard rqv xore60uvoq rrg ivraoq5. Iro npc6-ro, enior15, re<pdAoro 6e10r1rope yrCI rrlv iv'rooq rou proyvrlrrrodne6fou ivov opropd -B : Flm - poor(6pevc, orrlv urro0errxrl ;.ro-yvrynxri roo6r4ra. AlId r1 iwoto Lroyvrltrrcrl rroo6r4rc 61er eyra-rotrerrpOei. Og urrdOepq yro ro payvqrrr6 nc6io pnopo6pe vq 0e-<opoOpe rov p€uFqrorp6po oycoy6 Kor vs 6c6ooupe ivov oproprdrou peyi0otsg i.vraorl payvrTnxorj ne\iou poor(dpevo orq 66vaprr1Laplace.

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rprlpcxrc rrlg 61115 -rc p<ipra 6rrcog rrior€r'e- undplouv xlerord ;rr-rpoororrrrd pedparo ra orrofq eu06vovrcrr yro rrs prcr,pqrrrig 1616-TrlT€s.

flcp6tro 6pr<o5 ro qvoyvcrlpro;rCvo xdpo5 rou Ampdre 11 erroplrou 6ev rjrov <6prp11 vo uroOerrlo€r Flo rriroro drrorg4. AS pn FcS6roge0yer 6rr rqrd rq 6eroerio rou 182(l 6ev urrdpler orire v6{qyrd €o<or€prr4 6opr1 r<ov ordporv Kot yto rrvoripeva rllexrpdvrc. H r-

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l,tt9 MAf NHTTKE: A^^H^Enr^pArEr:

6iq rou AmpEre a1ruoqOqre cMd 6ev {e1dor4re evrel6g.

H dworq payvrynxf ponf. fo rr; ouyrp<irrl(T FraS Oecopio5 yro rovpoyvrlrrop6 XprlorForrorrlOqre err6g crr6 rrlv iworo payvqnrc6 6i-rro.lo rqr 11 iworo / priyeOog yayvqnxrl poTri, q onoio orrorelei roororXeio raurdrqrog rdOe paprlrrrof 6rrrcilou. Eivor pdyeOog 6ro-vuoporrxd. H rore60uvo4 rnS opiorrlxe €rot riote, xo0<65 ro 6irro-lo npooovoroli(eror ;rioo oe payvqrrr6 rie6i'o q payvqrrrrl ponqrou vd reiver vq orrorrrloer rrlv rorerjOuvorl rou pcrprlrrro6 rre6i-ou. H ;rcrpqrrrq pon4 ev6g pap6opcrl,vnrn llo ix€r ouvencir5 rored-0uvoq orrd ro v6rro n6lo rrpos ro pdpero ev<6 11 pcryvqrrrrl ponrl e-v6g peuporog6pou ayoyod 0q eivor rdOer-q oro errine6o rou 16-xlou ror pre xore60uvoq rdroro <oore vo ov'rorrorpiv€rql orov rrpo-ocvorotrrop6.

H ohxrl pcrprlrrxrl porrq ev65 ouor4polog 6rrr6tr<ov eivor io4 trrero 6rcvuopcrrx6 d0poropo rov pcqrurlrrxc6v pon6v.'Evo o6orrlpro66o xuxfur<ov peupdrov rov orroirov rq errirre6s eivqr nopdtrlqtroiler ouvofur4 pon4 p46iv erpdoov or gopCg r<rlv 66o peupd'rcuv e ivorcxwipporre5.

H rivqo4 rorv r;lerrpovicrv n4yri rou Fqlvnrrspod. Kctd rq 6e6-repq 6e xcerio rou qrc6vo FoS or <puorxof i;1ouv rrro 6e10ei pro €oo-reprrrl 6opq yro rd0e dropo rr iXouv uroOerqoer ivo opropivo po-vrilo yr' ourd. Iro oroprr6 povrfAo, rcdOe qtrexrp6vro rreprgdperory6p<rl orrd rov rrup4vo oe rtre ror( rpolrdr evcrr rour6xpova rr€pt-orpigeror oo <opo6po) ydpto on6 rov eo;ur6 Tou, oupl-l€rf1er 6q-Io611 ror oe pio rivrlorl ovdloyrl pr rrlv rlpepqora rr€prorpogrxq xf-vrlorl rou rrlavrlrq pa5.

Aplxd 0e<op{Or1xe 6rr q neprcpopd rorr rllerrpoviou y6po on6rov rruprlvo, roo66vo;r4 pe <xleror6 pedp<x> -6qlo6r1 pe ;.rcryvr1rrr66inolo- qrov une60uvrl yrCI rr1 6qproupyio rrov prcryvrlrrxobv ne6icovrcov Fcryvrlrc6v. Aurd 6;ro5 6ev eivor nopd 6vo prxp6 FipoS rns orl-peprvr;g drrog45.

flol6 o6vropo erre rpdrqoe q r6io 6rr 11 rdpro n4y4 rou Fcrl^,nrr-opo0 rlrov q r6rorreprorpoq{ rorv qlerrl:ovicov 4 orroia iler 6re-0vco5 errrrporrloer vo liyeror spin (onrv).

Kord rrlv 16ro,reprorpogq ev65 4le rrp,oviou, q xivrloq rou qle-rrpovrro6 gopriou prropei vo Oecopr10e f roo66vopq pre orrerpoordxurhrd pe6poro. Ko0ivo o116 ourd rooiiuvayef pe prrpooxorrr16poyvrlrr16 6inolo orr6re ror ol6rtrr1po 'ro rrsptorp€gdpevo rlle-rrpovrr6 goprio roo6uvapei Fe Fcrl rrlrrK<j 6fnolo Kor XopqKrrlpi(e-ror o116 opropdv4 poyvqrrrrl porr4.

BCpcro ro povritro ev6g rylerrpoviou rrou rreprorpigeror y6p<oorrd rov eour6 rou e(vqr nol6 prlXcvrorr 16 xql 6ev yivercr qrro6e-

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116 on(r rq odyXpovrl rpovrrrcqguorrrl. Oordoo q 6nop€q Fa-yvqrrr4<; porr{S orc ororlerr66qcurd oopdrtq efvot orlpepo eu-priroro orro6exrrl rar Oe<opeiror6rt oyeri(eror pe rcdrrorq ev6oye-vrl rreprcirporpr rr1 rivrloq.

Ee ivu rulcio ufur6, dnoq eivor, ldyou 1dprv, o 1otrr6g q oy6lup6og, rdOe ivo crr6 ro r1tre-rrp6vra ncpouord(e r opropivqpcyvrlrrr( pon4. Or xrv4oer5 6-F<rrS ro\/ qtrercrpovicov ilouv r-i-Torous rfpooovorotrropodg c6ore

pdKpooKonrrd 4 ouvohrq puyvqrrrq ponrl vq eivot ioq pe pr16fv.Aurd dya4 6ev roXder yro rous p6vrprouq payvqreg. Or pcryvrlrrrcig

pondg Kor rs payvrprrd rre8io rrou 64proultyo6vrcr rupi<rl5 crrd rqspin ror,,r rlle r<rpovi<ov roug 6evotrlqloovorpodvror atrtrd ouvOd-Touv Trl proyvrlrrrcrl porrq ror ropcyvqrr<d rre6io rrou ouvo6e 6e trd0e poivqrq pr6vr;ro.

H Oeopic Weiss. Kdrr ovdtroyoouppaiver Kor o€ 6lo ra or6rlpo-pcryvqrrrrd ufurd. H 0eopio dpogour4 6ev prrrope i vo e {qyqoer c-rrdtrurq rr5 16rorrepdrqrdg tou5.

H r6roirepr l oul . I r rsprgopdr<ov or 6 q popayvqrr rr6v utrr xcbvepprlverieror rotr6repc pe rq le-ydprevq l)eorpia Weiss (BdrS). Ei-

vor firo Oeorp(o fiou ufioorrlpf(er drr rcd0e orSqpopayvqrrr<6 utrrr<6-oe Oepporpaoia lopqtr6repq orrd rr1 XqpcKrrlprorrrrl rou Oeppo-r<pooio Curie- qrroreleiror arrd prxpooron'rxi5 neproldg rrou ldyo-vrqr ptryvqrrri5 rreprold5 (domains) Weisr;. To dropcx r<d0e nepro-

Xrlg iXouv pcryvqrrrig ponig <ouorqpd> rrpooovorotrroprfve5 npogprro opropdvq rore60uvoq.

'Orqv ro or6qpopcrpqrr16 orirpro ppeOef prioc oe rdnoto <e{ote-pr16> pcryvqrr16 ne6io, or FcryvrlrtKig pondg rdOe rreprolq5 reivouvvq rrpooovorohorodv pre onoritreoFc ro rr<6;ra vq qrrorrd pcrl,vn-rrrcq porrq Kor vG prayvqrf(eror. Ie opropivc ufurd o rrpooovcxrotrl-opr6g e{orolouOe f vo ucpior-crat rot perd rrlv orroprdrpuvorl arrd ro

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MATNHTIKEI AAAHAEIIIAPA:E :

ef<oreprrd ;rcryvqrrrd ne6io. Tq ufurd qurd t,ivor or 1ru<oorof pqs Fd-vrpor prcyvqreg. Ie dtrleg dp<og rreprrrr<6oer5, arr6 rq orryprl rrouna6er vo errr6pd ro e{<orepr16 ;rcryv4rr16 ne6fo, r1 Oepprrrl rivqoq i-Xsr oov onoritreopo rq ufurd vo encxvfplo\rror orqv rrporlyofpevqrordorooq.

Or ypc;-rprrdg 6roordo€rs rtrrv rr€-prolcbv Weiss i louv piyeOog rr lgrd€nS rcov 10-: pdXpr 10-'cm, rrptrt-

F0 fiou oqpoiver 6rr yivovror opc-ri5 ror pe prrpoor6rrro.

'Olo qurd qrrorelodv ropprdrro

;rra5 Oeopiog 11 orroic 6ev i1e r pr{Xpror lpepo avorp,eOei. Evvoefror 6rr yroro n<i tg 0o ovrr loppovdpoor€ r0rrpdyporcx or ipro 6ev prropot ipe vcxdvou;;e rcoprrri np6Btrerprl. H e€tfu€nrr1s enrcrr1ylS eivar yn evrurutonxq

6 rc& xao ia a p g rc p qr r7 o Eev / 6 nq) €.6 o etuv, e',r aA q o e 6 o xnv, ev on o r q -o€u)vt e6parcboeuv Ko,t svdrpordsv q onoia 6ev oraltcrd,et nori.

No ouvor}riooupe :1. OAo ro l.royvqrrrd ne6iq oge(lovror or 4lexrprrd gopria

xrvofpevc.2. H rfvr;oq rri0e 4lexrpoviou pdoo oro riro;ro xor xtipto 4 t-

8rorrrprorpog{ rou 6qproupyei dvc moryr:r66rg pcyvqrrxd 6fno-lo rar euodverar yto rr5 ;rolruqnrdg r6rrirqreg rtov drugriporv ufu-xr6v.

3. Or npoocvorofuopof Tou rropouorriiiouv rc morlertir6n Fq-yvqrrrri 6inola orov prxp6KooFo rou rd0ri o6;rcrog pnopodv vapog 6rroroloy{oouv rrs FqKpooxorrrxdg ;r<:yvrlrrrdg rdr<irqreg rouoriporog.

4. Irrg ofyXpoveg onrirper5 yro rov orliqpopoyv4rropri sFrrs-prdlerar xcr 4 Oetopiq Weiss. AeXripuore cirr rq or6qpopoyv4rrrriufuxri orrorelodvrar qrrd ;rayvrprrdg rreproldg oe xdOe pia clnrirrg orrofeg u<piororcr dvog <ouornpdsD lrpooovqrofuopdg rtovmorlero6t6v Fqyvqrr Kt6v 6rnriltov.

MATNHTI KE: AAAHAEI'IIAPAIE II

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Mro pcryvqrrxq petr6vo rcpe;.raopivq pe raror6pucpo vrlpo o116 ro xi-vrpo pdpouS rlS, rrpoo-ovorotri(eror ror(i rrlv rore60uvoq rou yqr-vou Fcyvnrrrorj ne6iou B, erp6oov piporo orqv rr€ptoxr; rrlg 6ev undp-louv dMe5 rrnyis pcryvqrrxr6v rre6i<ov rrou vcx errr6podv rrdvot rqg.

To yeopoyvqrrrd ne6(o oe rcdOe oqpeib rou Xcipou ror oe rd0elpovrrrl oTlytr4 neprypdgeror Fr ro morl:io rou 6rov6oporog B. To6rdvuopo B rdOe rdrrou ovqrer oe ivo ou6s6p,U5uo rorar6pugo e-rrine6o nou l6yerot yayvrynx6q, peor1pppu6qroo r6nou.

Arrd ro rilog rou 15ou orc6vq or Euponoior y,'<6pr(ov 6rr 11 pcryvq-rrrrl petr6vo 6ev 6eilver orprpcig rrpos rov (i6pero ndlo. To rcrox6pu-rpo errirre6o (;rcryvqrrr6g preoqppprvdg) crro orroio toopponef o;qpori-(er pe rov yeoypocprr6 peorlppprv6 rou r6nou pro 6ie6p4 ycovio 4 o-noio ldyeror pcyv4rrx{ onrirfu oq. Kd0e srr6Kltorl XqpoKrqpi(eroro5 cvorotrrxq q 6urrrr1, ecpdoov wriaroryo o pdperog n6log rq5 peld-vog ppiorcercr qvorofurd q 6urrrcd rou ystol/pogrro6 peorlppprvod.

Mro or6pro rroporrlpqoq fiou frqvqv t:rriorlg or Eup<oroior rordrov err6yevo crc6vo, rlruv 6rr rord rrlv rortpporrio rq5 q pel6va 6ev

qrrxv opr(d,vrlo. Irq ytrc6ooarou rre6iou prrroporipe varrodpre 6rr oe rd0e rdrro ro6rd:vuopo B oXrlpori(€r p€ roopr(6vrro errine6o prio y<oviorrou tr iyercr poyvrlrrx{ d-

1x,tro4. 'Orqv ro 6rdvuopoB r.oreu06vsr0r fipos ro rd-rcr -6rro5 ouppoiver orrlvEup<6rrq- 11 dyrfuoq 0eorpei-rc 0errrrl. Ie ovriOerrl rre-pfrrroroq q iyrfuoq 0ecopef-rqr opvnrrK4. Iuvq0og qvo-16rupe ro 6rdvuopo B oe66o rdOereg ouvrorr6ors K0-rd rp6ro c6ore rqr or 66ovo avr l Kouv oro errfrre 6o

rou Fcryvrlrrxod peorlpQprvod. H pio o116 rrg ouvrorrrioeg (8") eivoropr(6vrro* ror q dllr; (B") eivor, piporo, rc<r'roxd,pugr1,

* llpdrrer vo or1;reroOei6rr q polvrlrrr<( pel6vo rqv onofo ouvr10<o5 6ro0droupe eivororperrrrj rrepf xcror6pu<go d{ovo. Aur6 o4poiver 6rr rtxrd rqv rfvqorl r45 6rorrlpeircr oeopr(6vrro erri,re6o. 'Orcxv, ouven<og, roopponei pcg 6ei;1ve r rrlv opr(6vrlo ouvtorooc rouye<opcryvqrr ro6 ne6iou.

MAINHT] KE: AAAHAEN IAPA:EII

Ee rdOe lpovrrrl orrygrl Kdr oe xdOe 16-rro ro yrlrvo pcyvrrr16 rre6io npoo6ropi-(eror orrd,ro rpio ;.rcqrurprrd ororleio: o)rqv Foyvnrrxrl orr<ixlron 9) rrl proyvqrrxqCyrtrroq ror y) tqv opr(dvrrq ouvror<lroqB.. Or rrpig xor r,:r lv rpr<6v poyvqrrrovororXeicov ncpouor d(ouv nepro6rxi5 olldror orr6ropeg peropold5. Or nepro6rxd5peropolig efvcr rlpeprlor€S Kor erqoreg. Ororrdropeg peropoT'ig ouvo6e6ouv opro;16-vo guorrd <porvdprevc 6ncog eivor or qho-rdg rr1Af6eg, ro noh16 oitrog Kor or o€r-opof.

To 66o oqpeio rrrs orrofo 11 iyrfuoq ef-vcr iorl pe *90' rcrr -90' ro orlpreio 6qlo-611 oro onoiq 11 rpripoopivrl pcryvqrrrrl pe-tr6vo yiveror rorqr6pugn qrrorelo6v

rou5 66o pcrlruqrrro6g n6trou5 rrls fns. Or 66o aurof rr6tror ppioro-vrqr rovrd orous y€oypogrKo65 ndtrous X<rrpfs dp<og vc oupn(-rrrouv pe ourodg. Iro pdpero rlprogcipro xovrd oro popero6urr16dr<po rq5 l-porvlcv6iog ppioxeror o ivog yso)Fcryvrlrrrd5 116lo5, o o-rroiog o6pg<ovc F€ TouS opropo6g rrou iXoupe 6eX0ef qrrorelei ivq<v6'rro> pcryv4rrrd ndtro.

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trsl11y*:t1^ryapa:rr: .l

Ie pror rrp<6rr1 npooiyyroqro yea)Fcryvqrr16 rre6io 0u-;ri(er ro ne6io nou 0o 6r1pr-oupyo6oe ivog pcp6opa-yv4rrl,; o onoio5 0c ppror<i-rov o'ro rivrpo rr15 Fq5 rcr0o oXrlpdrr(e pro y<lvio rre-p(rrou 1 1,5' pe rov yrlrvo d-(ova rreprorpog4s.

3.1. o) Tr orprp<i5 ewoodpe Hs rov dpo 6tl-valtrl Laplace;p) Ie roro oupnepdopora, oXerr(dp€vq H€rr1 6r1vap11 ourq, ;rd5 o6r1ye i 11 ne rpoyorrx4ipeuvo;

3.2. flc6g opr(erar 4 6rerj0uvoq rou ;leyiOougtvrao 11 yayv qn xoi n e6iou ;

3.3. q) florq eivar 11 ouprneprgopd evd5 peu-;.rorog<5pou nlqroiou prioa oe opoyevi5 po-yvqrrxd ne6(o;p) ndtg epprlvtrieror Oeopqrrrd rl ouFnspr-gopd ourq;

3.4. Peuporo6oro6pre ivo peroMrrd ntrqiororo onoio ppforeror pfoo oe poyvqrlrd ne-6io. floro eivor ro epnd6ro nou 0o qvrprro-nfooupe nporerpdvou vo 6rlproupyrloou;re d-vov rllerrprr6 rrvrlrrlpa; l-lc6g {enipoow roepnd6ro our6 or reXvrrof rqg enoX45 rouAmpdre;

3.5. Kd0e peuporocp6pos cr),tlly6s 6qproupyeipayvrlrrr6 ne6io. And rr e{oprdror q ivroorlrou HcryvqrKorj neEiou o' fvo oqpe io roua) orrl yevrxrl nepinroorlp) oe nepinr<ooq nou o ay<oydg eivqr eu06-YpCIl.rpos;

3.6. fleprypdqrrs ro pcyvrlrrr<5 ne6fo evdgeu0uypdpyou peuporo<pdpou oyroyo6. Kd-vr€ Ksr ivo xordtrlqlo oX4F0.3.7. Tr liyeror nrlvfo; Tr ro r6rofrepo ev6rq-<pdpov ncpouord(er 6vo o<olqvoer6d5 nqvio;

3.8. lleprypdqrr€ ro poyvqrrrd ne6io evd5pe u ;rurogdpou ocolrlvoe r6orj5.

3.9. florq e ivcr 4 eliooloq opropo6 rou ;reyi-9oug yuyvryrtx4 6nnepar6rqra; \ noprord-ve r ro rdOe odppolo o' ourrl rqv e[fooorl;

3.10. l-loro eiva 11 r6rorrepdrrlro rorv or64po-prayvrlrrr6v uhrr6v;

3.11. l-loro uhrd lcporrrlpi(ovror o) 6ropo-yvqrrrd p) nop,rpayvqrrxd;

3.12, Atr6 r q'rorelefror o rllexrpopoyv4-rqg; l-loro r6r6'rqro a{ronoreiror rord rqvrorooreuf rou;

3.13. No ovogripere riooepr5 egoppoyd5 11-Ie rrpo;rayvrlrciv.

3.14. H rivqoq rdOe 4trerrpoviou roo6uvopeipe puyvqrrrd 6fnolo. Ie norq rivqoq ovoge-p6poore;

3.15. Tr eivqr or neproXdg Weiss;

3.15. Tr liyercr poyvrlrrrrl ondrhoq; fldreXoporr4pi(eror ovorotrrrq;

3.17.Tr triyeror pcryvqrrr( dyrfuorl; l-ldre Xo-porrqpi(eror er rrrrl;

I{a cvcpool.l}o0pe...

3.18. l-leprypdqrre 66o rp6noug H€ rous o-nofou5 pnoporiye vo ovrXvedooupe rrlv 6-nqpqri pcryvnrrrod ne6fou.

3.19. H 66vo;.rr1 Laplace 11 oorodpev4 oe eu-0fypappo pruporo<pdpo oyrrlyri o ofiofosppioxeror oe op,ryevrig payvrlrrrd ne6ioa) 'E1e r rr lv rore dOuvorl rov 6uvo;rrr6vypcppc6v rou rrt6iou

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lg*Tr KEr A^^H^E'l1iE rr

B) fivor rdOerrl mov cyroyri ar6po rc ov o o-ytr ly6s 6ev eivor xd0erog orr5 6uvoprr i5ypoHHiS rou ne6fouy) E€oprdror qnd ro ultrd rou cryoyoti6) EFgavf(er rr1 peyol6rep4 rrprl erprioov ooyory6g eivor nopdllrllo5 pe rr5 6uvoprrd5ypqppds rou ne6iou.Me noro sn'ourd 6rogoveite;

3.20. Mdoa oe opoyevi5 yoyv4rr16 ne6io

Bpioreror ivo peuporocptipo ntroforo. Tr 0oouppef ov avrrorpigoupe rour<iXpovo rrlqopd rou poyvqrrxod ne6iou ror rq gopdrou qlexrprrorJ ped;rorog;

3.21. 'Evq Xdtrrrvo e uOriypcppo ofpyo pno-pef vc rrveiror oe rorordpugo enine6o yri-po on<5 ro orl6vqro drpo rou, 6nco5 oroox(pCI.To dl lo drpo rou efvcr pu0ropivoorov u6pdpyupo HrqS lerdvqg. To xdrltopo6rcppierar on6 oroOepd pedpo (l) evc6 rou-rdXpovo ppioreror oe opoyevi5 poyvrlrr16ne6io (B). Tr0c ouppeiov (d) | = 0, B+ 0' (p)l+ 0,B=0'(y) l* 0,B+ 0.

Tr 0o olld{e r ov ovrro'rpdqroup€ roug n6-lou5 rq5 nly4S;

3.22.'Evog rpoXd5 onoretreirqr ond Xdlrr-ve5 roopqre rg orriveg rorcveprlpdve5 o;rord-

FopgCI -dnrr lg gaivtror oro oX4po- rcrpnope f vo orpfgeror ydpo on6 opr(6vrro d-{ovc (A). Or orrive5 ipXovror oe eno<pr1 perov u6pdpyupo rrlg tre xdvrlg. O d{ovog nepr-orpog(5 ror o u6pdpyupog ouv6dovror ptnqyq orcOepr15 rllerrpeyeprrrrl5 66vopqg.Av ro orlorqpo pptOe f oe opolevig Hcryvrlr-rd ne6fo opXf(er vo neprorpd<peror. E{qyr1-

oTr ro gorvoP€vo

3.23. flc65 pnopcdye vo ovnlTopo0doouperrl ouprrrprgopd nou nopouord(ouv pdoooe opoytvig payvrlrrxd ne6io pro payvqttrrlpetr<5vo xor ivo peuparorpripo ntroioro;

3,24. M(sa oe opoyeviq ;ruyvrlrrrd ne6ioc) 'Evq peuporog6po nloioro npoocvorotri-(eror iror <6ore rr enine6d rou vo eivqr no-pdllqtro npos rS 6uvoprrig ypCIFpis.p) 'Evog eu0rlypcppog ptupororp6pos oyto-y6g 6ev npooovar-ol(erary) Mro payvrlrrrrl pefuivo npooovaroli(erardror c6ore o d{ovri5 rrlg vo eivor nopdM4}o5npos rS 6uvcprri5 ypcHtris.Me noro 0n' ou, (i ou;,rrpo.lvoite;

3.25. H palvqrrrl petrdvo oxivqrq 6er'Xver ro

Poppd. Eivor 6uvardv vo (ouyKrvq0e i> ovntrrlordoou;,re q)

'jvov I,rCIyv4rl, p) ivo peu-pororpdpo rql66ro xd0ero orov d[ovd rr1g,y) fva or6epfvro noprpf. Mts notq qn'ourdoupgove ire;

3.26.'Evo5 euOriyp op po5 peuporocpdpos crl,to-y6g onefpou pqrcoug snoretrei nrlyq pcryvqrt-ro6 ne6iou. Avo<prlprrd pe ro ne6io aurd,:o) H ivroo4 rou rre6iou oe ouyrerpr;.rfvo oq-pe io efvor avdloyrl npos rrlv dvrooq roupe 6;,raroq nou 6rcppier rov ay<oydp) H ivrooq rou rrE6(ou ora Erdgopcx orlpe ioeivor ovtrorp<icp<r"5 ovdloyrl npos ro rerpd-ytovo rns an6or<ror1g rou orlpeiou on6 rovoyroyd.y) Orcv o peupcrog6po5 uy<oy65 efvor opr(d-wros or 6uvoprri5 ypotrpis eivor xurtrrxof oXrl-

Lroros ro enine6o rov onoitrv eivor opr(6wro.

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ullMAINHTIKE: AAAHAEI] IAPA:Ei: I

Me noro qrr'ourd oupgolveire;

3.27.'Evc5 euOdypoppo5 peupcroq6pog o-yoyds oupneprgdperqr cos ycryvqrrrd 6ino-lo; Arroroloyrime r4v crnovrrlorl.

3.28.'Evq peuparogdpo ocolrlvoerDdg pe p{-rog U ror n one ipeg onorelei nr1y4 Fal'vnrr-ro0 ne6iou. EXerrxd pe ro ne6io ourdu) Ero eocoreprxd rou ool4voer6oriq ro ne-6io eivqr opoyevdgp) Or 6uvoprxdg ypolt;td5 rou eivot rurfuxodo1{porogyi l-ie{iooo4 B = 4n lg k/0 pcg 6iver ro pd-rpo rls dwcoqg oe onoro6{nore or1;reio yu-ptr) cnr6 ro ool)\qvoer6i5.Me noro crr'qurd oupgoveire;

3.29. Av mo eo<rrreprrd evdg peuparog<ipouocofulvoer6odg Bdloupe dvo roypdrr pclordoi64po:a) O oi64pog 6ev 0q pcryvqrrmei

B) Iro drpc rou or6epdvrou roypmrod or 6u-voprrCg ypqppds 0q nuKv(6oouvy) To 6rr <q ivroo4 payvqrrrod ne6iou 0qau{r1Oei p qopdg 0a o4poiver 6rr q papqr-xri 6rcneporrirnro rou pclaxori or6{pou ef-vorfor lye p.Me notc cn'qur6 oupg<oveire;

3.30. s) Er6rlpopcryvqrxd ufurd eivo ;rdvo ooi6npoS rorro ropdlrn.

B) O oi6qpo5 ror ro ropdlrro 6rorrlpofv 14or6qpopayvqrrrdrrpd roug egdoov q 0eppo-rpcofc roug eivcr prrp6repq cnd Cvw 6pro.Me noro cn'ourd oupqorveire;

3.31. q) Av Oeppdloupe pro xopgiroo Kqr nOeptrrorpooic rqg (enepdoer dvo 6pro, 11 rop-gfroo Xdver rq or6rlpopcryvrprrdrqra rr1g.p) !6rlpoycryv4rrrd ufurd eivor pdvov o oi64-pos Kor ro xopdrlrro.y) H poyvqrrrrl 6ronepor6r4ro rorv 6ropo-yv4rrx6v utrrrdlv eivor peyotrUreprl on6 rr1povd6o.Me rroro crr'curd oupqoveire;

3.32. A6o napriMrllor cyoryoi 6roppe6pevor

cnd o;rrippor<r pefpcra cnor0ofwor. florgpnopodpe vo rfqyrlOoritrre Oealpqrrrd o' ou-16 ro oupnCpoopc;

3.33. q) Tc q),errprivrq ralv ordp<uv evdgldlxrvou 6iorou 6ev i;1ouv rilo poyv4rrx{porr4.

9) 'Ols rc 4lerrp6vro rov ordporv ev6g pd-vryou pcxyv{rr1 dXouv payv4rrrrl ponrl.y) Or rrvrioerg -ulv nlexrpovi<rrv turv ordpovevrig pol6B6n'ou oortr{vq i;1ouv rdrorougnpoocvmofuopoug r6,ore 11 ouvofurci payvrl-rrr( pon{ vc eivcr iorl pre ro pq6dv.Me norq qn6 crurd ou;.rgolvei're;

3.34. Me noro rrn6 ro ncpcrdro oupg<ovef-TEi

c) To pcryvqrxr5 6inolo npoo6rop(eror ulTo-

lpeorrxd crnd rr1 popg{ rou.p) H pcryvqrrrri peldvo oupneprqdperqr ttlspcryvrprri 6inc'lo.y) Kd0e peupotog6po oail4voer6Cg ouprrrpr-gCperor <rl5 payvrlrrxd 6fnolo.6) Kd0e eu06ypcppog peupcrog6pos dl'ol-ydg oupneprgdpercr o4 prxyv4rrrd 6inolo.e) To ;rcryv4rrni 6fnolo npoo6rop(eror ulTo-

lpearrx<i crnd rr1 oupnepqopd rou.m) H xi'uqoq rcrOevdg mr6 rq qkxrpovro ev65

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ordFou Kor KUpitoS rl r6rofisprorpog4 rou 6n-proupyei ivo morXe rr66e5 payvqrrxd 6motro.

3.35. No oupnlrlp6oere ro xevd enrliyo-vrog on<i ro nopcxdrco:. fstrlypogtKd,S . Bnpe o Korqrdpugo .Andrhoq o Opr(dvrro . Bouve o Apvrlrrx4o Mayvrlrrrris o'Eyrfuorl

Meoqppprvdg trCyeror ro ........ €-nine6o oro onoio ppioreror q ;rayvrlrrrq pe-l6vq 6rsv roopponei. Mcryvqrrrrl .......... tri-y€ror rl yovfc nou oXrlyorf(er ro 6rdvuoyorou yrlrvou payvrlrrrori ne6iou ps ro ..........enine6o. Av eivqr B,o 11 opr(rivro ouvrorc6oorou yrlrvou poyvrlrtKou neEiou B ror e 11 i-yrdroq roXder Boo . H iyrdrorlorrlvneproXrl rq5 Amrr{5 rivor .............

I[c ].0ooupe npoptrfipctc

No 0ecoprloere yvoorrl r4v rrprl rqg orc0e-pd5 lt (ior1 He 10'N/A') Kor rrlv rryq rq5 po-purrrqg enrrdXuvoqg I = 10 m/s'.

3.36. 'Evog e u06ypoppo5 crl'coydg pqroug 14cm 6roppirror cnd pe6;rc 5 A ror ppioreraroe opoyevig ;rayvr lrrrd ne6io 0,03 T. Nonpoo6ropioere rq 66vopq nou qorei ro pq-yvqrrxd ne6io orov cr)'oyd egdoovo) eivor rdOero5 orr5 6uvoprxis ypCIppdsp) oXqpror(er yovio 30 porp<ov ye rrg 6uvcpr-rdg ypoppdgy) eivor nopdMrlloq pe rr5 6uvoprri5 ypop;ri5.

3.37. 'Evog eu06ypappog crl,trlyds dXe r prlrog40 cm, 6roppieror on6 pedpo 12 A ror ppf-oKrror oe opoyevig pcryvrlrrrd ne6fo. Aronr-orc6veror rirr av ppe0e f oe oproyivrl 0ior1 6evqoxeiror o'qurtjv 6dvopr1, evr6 sv orpogefxqrd 90" q oorodpevrl 66va;rr1 eivor iorl pe

1,6 N. Io5 (qro,ipe vo unoloyioere rrlv i-vroorl rou payvrlrrrori ne6iou.

3.38. KdnoroS TTrirpopororrlg dXer pnpoordrou ivqv rorordpu<po peuporocpdpo crl,oydprlxoug 80 cm o onoiog ppioreror oe opr(d-vno FcryvrlrK6 ne6io 0,4 T pe xore60uvorl o-n6 6e&d rrpos ol)ror€pd odpgovo F€ rrlv o-vrinqrgrl rou ficiporrlp4rq. To pe rjpo nou6roppier rov oytuyd eivor 8 A ;re rpopd on6rdro npog ro fi,ivttl. Io5 (r1ro6pe vo fipoo-6rop(oere rq 6rivuyq nou ooKti ro payv4rrrrine6io orov peuprro<pdpo cryoyd.

3.39. Oovroore fre drr ppioreore o€ Frq n€-proXrl rou lorlpeprvof dnou 11 ivrcorl rou Fo-yvrlrrrod ne6iou rr1s fns eivar opr(dvrrc xorfXer pdrpo 3.10u--. Iro Xdpro oag rpordre i-vov opr(dvrro eu3rlypoppo crl,coy6 rov onoioKor f ipooovoro\f(ere rord 14 6redOuvorlAvorolrl-Atioq. Iloro 0o eivor ro pe6pa nou0o npfner vo 6rrrppder rov aycoyti, c6ore vopnope i vo roopprlne i; Oecopqme drr ro ofp-yo iXe r pd(o 5.1t)' kg cvd pirpo pr6ou5.

3.40. O pruyorrlcpripog uycoy6q fiou lTopr-ordverqr oro oXqyo ppioreror ;rioo oe opo-yevdg proyvrlrrrci ne6fo ror oXqpor((er ivoop0oyr6vro roooxetrdq rpiyrovo. flpoo6ropiorerr1 ouvofurrl ycryrqrrxq 66voyr1 nou ooreiroro' dvt6 rov ayoyd.

3.41 . Ara0irou;rr: dvo ouppdrrvo nloforo op-0oyr6vrou oXr'1pruro5 6roordoe tr lv 10cmx30cm ye 100 one fpe5 rqr qvriorooq 2 O, roonoio peuporo6cro6pe ouv6iovrcq ro drpo

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MAf NHIKE: A^^H^EntAPArE #l

rou p€ nny4 nl€Krpsy€prK{S 66vopr15 E =2,5 V rur eooreprrqg avrimaoq5 r = 0,5 O.

o) Ynoloyiore rrlv ivrao4 rou 4le rrplrodp€uH0ros.p) To nloioro rpiperor qnd rov ivq 6ioxo(uyof dnrrlg oro oXqp@ evri ro rordrreporyqpo rou ppioreror pdoo oe opoyevd5 po-yvqrrx6 ne6io B. Mrl6evi(oupe ro perlpa r<arplinoupe 6rr yro rrlv roopponiq onqlro6-vtar opro;.rivo oro0prd. Orov pe uporo6o-rodpe 6runrorcivoupe drr ylo vo undp(e r r-oopponic lperd(erar vo npoo0ioouF€ oro6iorco orc0pd 1td(ag 1 ,02 g. Arroroloyqoreyrorf ouppoivrr ourri, xor unoloyiore rrlv i-vrqorl rou pcryvrprro6 ne6iou B.

3.42. fldvtrr orou5 opr(6vlous Kqt nopdllq-loug peralfuro65 ayolyo65 xx'rcr yy'roro-

Oereiror pra perotrtrrrrl pdp6og prp<ou5 10 cmror svriorqons 1 O. To drpo rrov perclll-rr6v uycoyr6v ouv66ovrqr H€ rous n6troug q-tre rrprrrlq nly4s rqg onoiag rc <ororXe forourdrrlrcgl eivsr E = 10 V Kqt r = 1 O. Hpdp6og pnopef vo percrrvefrcr ndvo orou5

cryoyo65 lapi<; rprpfg xor pre rpdno rilore qyarvia nou 0a rrXrlyor(er pe ourori5 vc eivqr8roprcog op0r1.'Evo5 nerctroer6q5 pqyv{rns6qtrrroupyef orqv neproX4 r4g pdp6ou opoyr-vi5 payvqrrrti 'ne6io 0,2 T pe rpopd npo5 rordr<o. H pdp6o5 pnopefvc nupopiver urivq-rq eg<ioov oro 6ioro nou noprmdvrrqr orooX{FCI ronoOe rq0odv opropivr lS pd(oSoraOpd. yn6|6ryiore rr1 pd(o rrov onorrou-

;rivov oraOydl'r.3.43.'Evo5 eu€rlypappog cq,oyds ppioreroroe rorordpuqrq Ofoq ror 6roppieror ondpe 6po 10 A pe rpopd npos rs ndvo. Io5 (q-rofpe vo npoo5ropioere rrlv ivroo4 rou Fo-yvrltrrcod ne6ior-r oe on6maorl 2 cm urr<j rovoyrrlyti Kqr vo (ruyKpivere rqv rrpr] rrlg pe e -r<eivq rq5 opr(rivrro5 ouvlorc6oc5 rou yrtrl-poyvqrrro6 nr:6iou 11 onofo orrlv nepoXqnou ppioreror rl ayoy6g efvor 2,5 10'' T.

3.44.'Evog eu€6ypoppoq oytoyd5 A ppiore-ror oe opr(dvrro Oioq pnpoord oe rdnoronoporrlpqrrl rrrr 6roppieror ond pe6po 20 Aqopds on<i 6e{rd rrpos ro oprmepd. IuS (q-rodpe va npooiiropioereo) rrlv dvrooq l'ou Hcrf/lrKo6 ne6iou oe oq-peio A ro enei6, ppioreror oro i6ro opr(dvrroenine6o ye rov ayoly6 ror oe cn6mqorl 5 €-rqrooT c6v grrd gurdv

p) rr1 66vopq rou 0q cor40ef oe ivav dtrlocrl,oYd prlrou5 | m, o onoiog eivor nopdllq-lo5 npo5 rov y', <rrepvder qr6 ro oqpeio A>ror Eroppieror ond pe6po 4 A op6ppono peereivo rou syo'fod A.

3.45. Or 6do nopdllqlor oytrryof 6rappio-vrot srrd pedptxrolr = 100A t<ot lr= 50A o-vriororlo. Ie rrorq neproX4 ppiorcovror ro

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MAINHTIKE: AAAhAEIIIAPAIEI:

onp€id oro oTroiq ro FcryvrpKd ne6io pr16e-vi(ercr; (o) p6vo mqv A; (p) pdvo ml B; (y)orqv A Kor on1v C; (6) oe roprd ond ourf5;

3.46. A6o peydlou prSoug napdMrllor ayo-yoiondXouv 10 cm ror 6roppiovror an6 o-pdppona periparalr = 4A xot lr= 2A. t-lpoo-6ropime rrlv ivroo4 rou FcryvrpKof nr6ioumo orlprio P ro onoio ondXer on<i roug 66ocryoyo65 (oX4Fq) 6 cm ror 8 cm cvrimorlo.

TTou TTopouord(er ro orlppo rou eivor 1,5C).To dxpo rou our\qvoer6o65 ouv6dovrdr p€rou5 n6troug nq1'{5 oraOepr15 HEA 12 V rqreo<oreprxrl5 ovriorooq5 0,5C). Ynoloyiorerqv dwaoq rou F,4ryrpKori ne6iou nou 6qpr-oupyeiror oro €o(DrrprKd rou oolqvoer6odg.

3.51. To otippo n,riq o<ol4voer6o65 500 one r-p6v iXer crvrimc,rrl 0,9Q. Era dxpu rou oto-lqvoe r6orj5 egopp6(eror rdoq 9 V o) Ynolo-y(me r4v dwooq rou pedporog nou ro 6rap-pder. p) Iro eo<oreprrd rou ootr4voer6odg u-ndpXer or6rlpopayvqrrxdg nuprlvag o onoioge p<povf(e r poyvrlrrrq 6ronepordr4ro F =1000. Ynoloyiore rqv dvroo4 rou pcryvrp-xod ne6iou oro rotrlr€prr<i rou oorlrlvoe r-6o69 cv eivor yvalmd rirr ro pr;xog rou eivcrioo pe 40 eroroo'rd.

3.52. 'Evs oup;ro'rdvro nlsioro iXer rerpdyo-vo oXrypa pe nleupd 10 cm 6roppierorundpeupo l'= 20A rcr 0e<opeiror cBopd5.'Evogeu06ypappog peuprorogdpoS (l) oyroyds ri-rrerpou prixoug lonoOerriror oro enfne6orou nloroiou nopdMrllo npos rrlv nleupdAD rot oe opropdv4 ondmoo4 b = 5cm ffrdourrlv. o) fleprylldVr€ ro Foyvnrrrd ne6ionou 6qproupyei o eu06ypappog peuporo<pd-po5 ayorydg oe rriOe o4peio rou nloroiou. p)Ynoloyime rr1 ouvrmcpivrl rtov pap4rrr6v6uvdpe<ov nou <roxorivrqr oro nlqioro ov| = 10A.

10 cm

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5cm

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3.47.Lrs drpo ev65 oolqvoer6orig 500 oner-pdrv ecpappri(ercr 6rorpopd 6uvo;rrrorl 24 V.Icg (rlrodpe vo nepryprirpere ro payvrlrrxdne6io oro eoorrprx6 rou oortrrlvoer6orig. Toprixog rou oolrlvoer6o6g eivor 40 exsroordror q rllexrprrrl cwimoorl rou 3f).

3.48.'Evo oolrlvoer6dg pe 4.000 onerpe5 dXerp4rog 60 cm. fljoo npiner vo €fvor ro peripcfiou ro 6rcppder cilme mo eotoreprr6 rou vs6q;rroupyeiror payvrlrrrti ne6io 0,1 T;

3.49.'Evo oorlqvoer6ig 600 onerp<6v dler prrj-rog 50 ercroord xcr roprr( uvrimco4 2,5O.To drpo rou ouvbdovror ps rous n6lougprc5 rl}errprr4S trny4S pe eooreprrrl ovrimooq 0,5O. Me er6rrti pcryvqr6perpo 6ronr-orc6veror drr q dvrcorl rou Fq'f/rpKod ne6i-ou oro eooreprr<i rou oolqvoer6orig eivor4,52 1O'3 T. Eog (4rori;,re vo unoloyioere o)ro peri;ro rou rurk6;roros Kqr B) rqv rlle-rrpeyeprrxrl 66vopr1 rns nny4s.3.50. 'Evs oollrlvoer6d5 fler 200 onerpe5 rorp4xog 25 cm, evc6 11 rllerrpr14 ovrioroorl

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3.53.'Evog perollrrd5 sl,toY6s AB, yqrou520 cm, 6rorrlpeiror ;re rr1 po4Oera 66o dpol-ov etrorrlpfolv oe Odoq opt(6vrro. Ero i6ro

xcror<ipurpo enine6o rqt oe qrrdmooq 5 cmrdror an6 ourriv ppiorerot dvog eu06ypo1t-pog oytoydg dnerpou p4rou5. Peuparo6o-rodpt rou5 66o ayolotiS pe l, = 294 Kot l, =

50A (oXrlpo) on6re 6rlproupyeiror prc vdo 0i'or1 roopponic5 rou AB,2 cm Xop4tr6rspq o'n<i rqv nporlyoripevq. Ynoloyime rrlmoOe-pd <b raOevdq on6 to etrorrlPro.

3.54. H paprlrrr4 iyrfuoq ev65 rdnou eivot-30" ror 11 opr(,jv11s ouvtmc6oo rou Y€oFo-yvqrrrorj ne6io.t eivor 0,2 5.1 0'oT. flpoo6ropi-or€ rrlv dvroorl rou ysoPcryvqrrxoU ne6(ouB- orov r6no aur<iv. Kdvere ivc oXrlpo oroonoio vo noptcrtdvete ro payvrprrr5 P€onF-Bpv6 rou r6nou xst ro 6rcv6oyoro rns opr'(tivrrog Kor rrl(; rcroxdpugrl5 ouvtot6oogrou B-.

3.55. Mra pcryvlrrrrl pel6vo -nou pnopei vaneprmpdqeror ydpto ond rorox6pu<po d{o-vo- roopporT€i xord 14 6re60uvor1 rr15 opr(d'vn oS ouvlorrircro5 ( Boo) rou YEoFcrYVrlrr xori

ne6iou. Arprpc6g and ndvo rono0ero6pe d-vo rewopdvo xulc66ro nopdMrllo fipos rovd{ovd rq5 oe o:n6orqoq 4 cm' Peuporo6o-rofpe ro rql66ro ror 11 peldva orpdqeratxsr622' .l-l<io1 eivor q dvraorl rou peripo-rog; Aiverat 6rt Boo = 2,5 10'' T rot 6rr e9220= 0,4.

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MAiNHTIKE> AAAHAENIAPAIEI'

Ke pouvoi ouBewles Kor grXooogrrro r<tripo(An6onoo;.ro on6 dpBpo Srlpooreupdvo oro neprolirro @uoxoE xooltoEl

And ro ydoo rou 17ou orcbvo dpXroov vo epgov(ovror or npcire,; yponri5 poprupfe5 oXer-rd pe dvo <pumr1prci6e9 <porv{.revo nodXe ouppei encve rlqptrrdvo orrl 6rdprerc vourrrc6v rs-{r6rc6v.

Avogep6rcv orqv eni6poorl rtov Kspouvc6v ndvro oe nu{i6e5 rropoBrc6v nou ro{i6euov.To yeyovd5 e rXe npo(evrloer rordnl4{q oroug vourrro69 nrlu drule vo ro noporqprl-

oouv. To Oe<oporloov puor4pro6eg ror ave{rlyrpo. Enovertrrl;rpdvo erXcv (r1rrloer r4v e{qyr1or1rou cnd rou5 enror4povrs rrls enoX4g Xropig vo ndpouv rdnorrr ondvr4orl. Tr oXioq pno-po6oe vo iXe r 11 nrc6orl ev6g repouvori ;re rq ycryvqrrrrl petr6va prog nu{i6o5; E6c6 6ev 0onprintt vo pos 6rocperiye r drr 4 enoXrl 6ev yvopf(e r oxd;ru nog rr repauv<ig eivcr qtrerrprxdpe6po. 'Evq rirorou ei6ou5 epc6r4po onivovrr oro onoio I enror jprl rrlg eno14q i6erXve ovi-oxuprl vo ovrcnorpr0e i npdner vo FoS gdprr mo pucfui rc ovrimotXc <pum4pl664 gcr.v6;rwo> nou unripXouv orqv rnoX( pag xcr pdvouv ltopig xaprri xrilurp4 unri 14 onF€pr-v{ trrrorripq. Or rnrdpevor 6ioror, ro rprycovo rolv Beppo66crlv, r1 rqlendOero, eivcr opropdvopovdXo on' ourd. H petrirrl rqg roropia5 r4g enrorrlpqg eivor i',ro5 noki raldg rp<inoq vapog Borl0qoer va ouver6qronorrloouye drr 4 enrm{p4 nord 6ev riivur xdn nou dler reler6-oer, I enrm4pr; rd0e enoXqg 6ev rivor r(nore dMo and fvo o4pe io o' ourq rrlv 6r<ilou eu06-ypqyFn rpoXrd nou rdver 11 av0pc6nrvrl ordqq ;rdoo orrlv roropio Ag [ovdp0oupe, 6pcog, orcpfoo rou 17ou orrirvo Kor oro np6plqpo rov nu{i6tov.

Mro und, rrg nolrdrepeg poprupieg ndvo o' ourd ro npdplqpo neprdXeror os Hrq E'noro-lrl Xpovoloyrlpdvq oro 1676 tl onoio mdl0qre qn6 ro Aouplivo orov er6<irq rou €nrorrlpo-vrrod nepro6r xotl <Philosophical Transactions>,

Irqv enrmotr4 cvc<piperor drr rord rq 6rdpxero evd5 ro{r6rof npos rS Barbados vrloougror evc6 ro xopdpr ppror<drcv mov peoqppprv6 nou nepvder on6 n5 Beppo66eg dvog 6uvor65repouv6q pdnrloe ro ropdpr ;re pro nol6 nopd{evr1 ouvine rq. Aprioorg ;rerd rrlv nrcioq rou4 nu[l6a onolTpooqvorol(mr1xe. O B6perog nd]og r4g dyrve N6rro5 ror o Ndrro5 Bdprrog, peonoritreopro ro nloio vo oplfoet vq arotrou0ef rqv orprpr65 ovr iOerr1 rore60uvorl on6 rqvopprrl, Ie hyo pdhmo 6ronrmri0qre dr dleg or nu{i6eg rou r,rpcpro6 ppiorovrav mqv i-6ro rordmaorl.

Ko0t65 nepvdve rc Xp6vra or poprupie5 ndvo) o' qur6 ro Odp,r n6llortloord(ovror ror e-pnlouri(ovrat. Mtq rqtvodpro naparrlprloq eivor 6rr pe tqv nr6oq rcrrv xepouvc6v ouppoivervo pcryvrlri(ovrqt Kot peroMrxd orefq, 6na4, yro nopd6erypo, rrr paXarpto Kol ro nqpodvro.H npc6rrl rirotou ei6ou5 epne rpio ava<pipercr ot pro yoprupia n<lu rr uurrl 6qpoore6rrlre mo<Philosophical Transactions> orq 1735. Tqv 6rqyeiror iva5 ipnopo<; qnd ro Wakefields. Odluyeoe pro [6hvr1 rooflo dvo peydlo oprOpd an6 paXoipro xor nqpodvro rpayrlrod ror drqv dneoerepouvdg 6rqnimtooe drr ro pcrXorponqpouvo erlcv payvrlrrmei. To npdyprorc, lorndv, i6er-lvov 6r xdnoro oXforl dnpene vo undpXer uvdpeoo mov r<epouv,5 Kor orov payv4ropr6.

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O Benjamin Franklin, nou eivoryvrrlor<55 oav egeupdrrls rou ole(rrfpouvou, unr]p{e piocnd rtg peyol6repe5 npooontr<irrlrss rrls Apeprrrl5 rou 18ou rrrcirvq rqr rourdXpovc ivc5 o-nd rou5 orancveig rrlg enrorrlprlg rou'Hlerrpropori. 'Hrav o rrpcilro5 dv0ponog nou rcord-lape drr o repauvd5, uurrl 11 rpoprprl 66vopr1 rrlg gdorlg, 6ev rlrov rinore dllo qnd pro qle-rrprxq erxfvrrlor1, ivc rlle rrprrti pe6;ro, avdpeoo mo odwerpo rol rq yrl.

'Ymepu on' curd (1750) 0q neprpeve rovei5, av 61 vo <rpoveil 11 oxdorl qlerrpro;.rori-pa-yvqrropo6, toulfXrorov va opXioer vo 64proupyeiror rdnoro nenoiOrloq npog ourrl rrlv Ko-re60uvor1. H roropio rqg enrorrlpqS, dpc,ts, eivor yepdrq on6 rf rorq nopo6e ryroro dnou ev6dlo <rpoivovror irorpo yro vo yiver dvo p4po fipos pto rariuOuvorl, ro prlpo ourd, dpeoorouldXrorov, 6ev npay;.rcronoreiror. Aurd 6ev 0o npfne r vo pos rdvar evr6nooq, frorf ro vopog rdvet evrfnooq orlpoiver eire drr npoonagrloope va <6oipe> ro yeyov6ro pe ra ;ldrrarou 20ou orc6vq e ire drr 6rv nrlpcpe undq.rrl opropiveg r6rclreprirrlreq nou puOyi(ouv rrg ele-li{erg rov yeyov6rolv rqq roropiog rr15 enrmrlpq5. 'Eror, rorrd(ovro5 ro npdyporo pe parrd20ori orcirva eivqr nr0ovd, vo 6o6pe ntog dorepo on6 r4v ovoxdlurprl rou Franklin (drr o re-pouv<55 sivor 4lerrpropd5) inpene vo yiver ro endpevo p4pc, npog rqv roriuOuvorl rrls svo-noirloqg 4lerrpropo6 Kqr Hcryvrlnoprori. Aur6, <iprog, 6ev ouvip4 rqr 6ev eivot rdoo 66orolova 6rcrpivou;re peprr<i5 ond rrg poorrig orrieg yro rrg onoie5 &v ouvfprl, dno5 eivor (o) n o-6uvo;.rio vq rrpcryporonorq0o6v oopopig nerpoparrrf5 npoond0ereg npo5 currl rqv rore6-Ouvor1 alld ror (p) q ovunop{,io ev65 xordllrllou grlooogrrod rliprarog,

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MAINHTIKEI AAAHAENIAPAI

TETAPTO KEOAAAIO

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To np6plqyc rns F€rogoprig rvdpyercg o H qvoxdluqq . Or 6l)d-

Hor rrls loyrrrl5 . O 6pdpos rou ne rpdpuros o To gorvd;revo 4,le-rcpoyayvqnrl enayotyti. Iro €pyoorrjpro o H qrr(s ror ro onori-leo;.to o OI vripor o O vdpog Faraday o O rqvdvos rou Lenz o Ellc-

lury{ xar 6ror{p4o4 rqg evdpyaug o Aurenayoyri . H orirprl rqr rqgorvdpeva . finvio Kor our€ncrytoyrl . Evfpyero ;rcryvrlrrrori ne6iol, oH o{ronoi4oq r4g qlrxrpopap4nx{g enoyoyrig o few4rpres evrrl-looodprevou pedporog . ApFrovrrd evcllooofpevq rdoq . Appovrrdevotrtrooo6pevo pttipc o Miol roX6q o Pe6;ro ouveX65 ror perjpo e-vollooodyevo o Merurpopd qle rrprrq5 evipyerog o O perooXrlporr-orqg o Na 0upq0o6;.rs . No ovaporq0oripe o Nu ldoouye npopt\{.

Foro . Nroxou;rdwo.

To np6Btrrlporqs F€rcrgopds evdPY€rq5

H trerroupyio 6pcrr5 tov FnXo-vr6v o'rq epyoordora rrcPouoio-

4e xar oopcpd peroverrr lPorc.Ot rreTrrirpre5 ror popris CIrFoPrl-

Xovig pr6luvov utePPofurd rqvorp6crgorpq, €vt6 11 ouvol lxr l6rq6r xuoiq petoverrodoe ooPo-pd oe (r1r4poro 6nco5 q PeraPf:pcoq 'rr1g rivqoq5. fro vc PeraPl-poorei q r(v4o4 orrq rlcrroroPrl-

lovdg 11 orou5 t6pvou5 Tc",v q-

rrdpcrrrorv epyoorqolqxrirv ot-0ouocirv lperc(6rov ivo ol6rlq-po <6cioog> cnd rpololieS, rPd-vr€S Kf,r d{ove5.

Yrrrlple 6;rcog ivo ordPra nP6,-

Fltlpo rrou rlrcxv Kot ro ooBcp6repo. Or tpyomcotoxdS eyroraord-or'5 dttpttte vo Xrf(ovrqt orroo6qrrort rovrd oto opuleio ylori

6rogopettrd 0o-dtcv urreppotrrrd oo6prcpopq rl FerCIgopd rauoi-prcov crrr6 ro opuXeio rrpos ro epyoordcrto. H evipyero {rcv rrotr6

bforolo vCI Lrsroq€p0e i. H crpoevdpyera pnoporiot vtr X-pqolFo'nor4oe i ydvo orov'rrirro r45 nopayt't'yri5 r45..To np6pl4yo 0a

;rrropo6oe ioo5, vo qvrlptrorrlotei pe ptc ratvodpyla ovcrdluqrl

HAEKIPOMAINHTIKH ENAIOTH

To drog 1856 o Faradaydler nro ovoyvtoprurei.0 nivoxoq rovnopouorf(er vo 6iver 141povr6 exeivq proenmqpovrxri 6dle{q.

n onoio 0a npriogepe evdpyrrc rKtrvli va 6rovdperor ofid ro Kd-vrpq nqpoy(|)yris rrpos rous rdnoug Korrrvdl(|)ons. O 6p6pogfiou o6rlyo6oe rrpog rq vdo ovordtruq.rq ei1; ovorlre f o116 TrS ou-yxer<pr;.riveg cv&yreg rrlg proprlXov(og rrlg enr>p1q.

H enror{;.r4. A6o nepirrou 6eroerieg perd rrlv avordtruqn rqsorr1trr1g rou Volta, or enrorrlpoveg e rXcv aplirrer vq rrroredouv 6rr 11l6oq oro np6plqpo rrls F€rqqopd5 evipyero5 0o prropofoe vonpoiA0er qrr6 rov rllexrpro;r6.

YnrlpXe 6p<og pio o6uvopio oro (qrqpo'rrls rropcry<oyqg peyd-lov nooorrlr<ov qlerrprxrl5 evipyerog. H lqprrq evipyero rr'19 potr-roirqg orqlqg i6erXve vo e{cvrtre irar notr6 .fp4yopo rcr rporvdrovorordllrltrrl yro rov p6lo aur6. 'Hrqv cvcryr:oio va errrvoqOef ivcgral6repo5 rpd,nog rrapayoyrlq qlerrprrrlg evipyerog. H tr6oq gcr-vdrqv 611 0o pnoporioe vq 6o0e f o116 rr1 vridpd/ r6re, errro'rr1pr1rou qtrerrpopoyvrlrropod. To rreipapra Oersted Kor or ouvor6lou-Oeg dpeuve5 eiXov rreioer 6rr o rllerrpropdg prropofoe vo <nopd-yst) l.royvrlrropd. To epc6rqpo rrou yevvr6rcrv rlrov ov o l.rdyvrlrr-op65 0a prrropodoe vc <nopdyer> qlerrpropr6, ov unrlple 6r1lo6qgcrv6pevo avriOero arr6 qur6 rrou eiXe 11611 ovaxolucpOef. flohiofvropo rd €rrrorrlpovrrcd rrepro6rrd rqg foltric5 Kor rrls Ayyliagnhqppdproov qrrd dpOpc oXerrrd pre rrerpdp<xro Kqr unoOdoerq nd-vtrl orov qlerrpoprayvrlrropd. To npdplrlpo llrov xofpro ror q orrd-vrnorl opyodoe vo 6o0ei. 'Hrqv n 6pq rrou r:Fgoviorqre oro fipo-orrlvro o Michael Faraday, o'rotre lv(5 xorcryoy{g ouro6i6orrog e-peuvqrrlq p€ rrlv aorlpovrrl pcOqporrrrl rorriprroq o onoio5 6porq

ouviparve vq 6raOire rpiir aouvq0rorrl gcvrcx-oio ror pfo erntrqrrrrr lrrrrvdrrlra orrlv fiCIpcry-pcrrorrofrlorl rr€rpcpoTr-x<riv epe uvc6v. Ira 1831ovqxdlugr ro qvurro-|(ryorr lg o{fog rporv6-prr:vo l l iocx cxrr6 ro o-noio or dvOpconor ppq-Kcu rov 6pdpo rrou o6q-yc,6oe orrlv rrcpcyatyrlr1),errpropo6 or peydlrlxlfprora. To rorvo6pyro

rpcrv6prevo ovopdorq re r;le rrpo;rayvqrt r{ r naytny{. H o{r onofrl -orl rou errpdrerro vo oltrd{er pr(rxd rov rp6no (<orlg r<or epyooiagotrld r<or ourqv or6pa rrl voorpofiic rrov orv0pc6rrov rou pfllo-vros.

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HAF(TPOMA| N-Tr< - EnAl Ol '

H s rdlu$qTo np6ptrrlpro trls nopcrycoyrlg qtrerrprro6 pe6prcrog eiXe orrooXo-lrloer rov Faraday o116 'rrg qpxiS tq5 6erccreriag rou 1820. H nope iotrpos rrl peydlq ovordtrurgq unrlpfe porprdlpovq ror pooovrmrrrl.

Cr\,t/r oPopor rrls noYrKnsAg 6o6pe rrp6rc rq troyrxq cgerrlpic ofic,rrlv orroiq {exivr'1oe q ror-vo6pyro avcrdlur.1,r11.

a. H loyrrri rou <uvrrorpdgouD. Trlv i6ro rrepfrrou enopl oAmpdre iXer ano6ei{er 6rr rd0e qtrerrpr16 F,€6po 6qproupyei pcrprlrrrdne6io. Xprlorporrorcbwog pio troyrrq <crwrorpd<pou> o Faraday epedvq-o€, To edv 4 nopouofc ev65 pcrl,v4Trl rovrd oe ivc rleror6 rfrlorpa0a gmopo6oe vo 6qyroupy4oer rllerrprrd p,:6pa oro r6rfuotrro aur6.

p. H loyrxri r4g cvcloyiag. O Faraday eile 6ei{er peydlo ev6ro-gdpov yrq ro cporvdpevo HAexrpooranxq enayuyri. Eivor ro gorv6-pevo rord ro onoio ro rllerrprr6 goprio ev65 cry<oyo6 <errfyer> cx-vriOers <poprio o' dvqv yerrovr16 ayoyci cpprd ogdprroro. Axo-trou0c6vrag pro troyrxq ovoloy(og o Faraday epe6vqoe ro edv dvo q-lerrprr<6 perl;rc 0o pnopo6oe vo <errdyeu fvq dMo rltrerrprr6 pe6-pa oe xdrroro yerrovrx6 rcdxlcopa.

O 6popog rou nerpdp,f,rosTo rreproodrepo rrerpdpqro rou Faraday lrpcryForolror{O4xcrv rrpogrr5 66o epeuvrlrrrdg rqreuO6voers orrs orroieg o6rlyo6ocv or rropq-rrdvo hoyrrcig. flpoondOqoe 611lo611 piorr orrd pra peydtrq rrorrrl(qpe066cuv vc 6qproupyrloer (endyer) r1trerr6rrr6 pe6po o'ivo rdxkoprcXpqorporrorc6vrc5 e(re (i) roXupo6g payvqreg rou5 orroiouq ronoOe-'ro6oe rovrd oro rdxlopo eire (ii) ro pedpc ev6g ye rrovrro6 rurl<6-Pqros.

Meprrf5 6erd6e5 potrroirig orr1treg, F(ryv4rss, ldtrrrvc o6ppro'roror xoppdrrq arr6 oiEepo qrrorelododv rq paorrrl utrrrore1vrrcr1 rouuno6opr1. Ari0ere <5pco5 rar dvc r6roirepo euoioOqro, yrq rqv erroXqereiv4, cxvrlveurrl rllerrprrod pedporo5 T,) Iry6pevo yolpov6perpo.To 6pywo qur6 onoreAeiro o116 ;ro glqqprd pa'pqrrx( petr6vo ar-opo6pevq avdpeoo oe 66o n4vio. Ipv$fovrog ro 66o nqvio xardl-lqlo prnopoloe mr6 rr1 ;.reroriv4orl rns pcryvqrrxrlg petr6vog vo svr-Xve6er rrlv 6rrcxp{q rllerrprro6 perjproro5 oe ourd. Iro rlpepoldyr5

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HAEKTPOMAINHIIKH EIIAIOIH

An6onoopo ond roqpepdtroyro rou Faraday,oro onoio neprypriqerTqv ovoK6rruUq rI|qqIeKTpopoyvnilKriSenqyoyiq. Hpepog4vio:29 AuyoUmou 1831.

rou ppioKouFs lrc,ludpreFtS rr€prypoqisr(Dv rrsrPOFdrcrrv rrou fipoYporofioi'no€.Oleg 6;.rcog rora,\qyouv ornv f6ro rr€pf-rrou rropdripqon <<dev unrlp€e xayia fv-6er{4>.

Tilog, ro rolo<oipr rou 1831 nqpe ronpc6ro evOoppuvrr16 prlvupo. To rolvotip-yro gorvdpevo erle ovorotrucp0ei*.

O Faraday, ovrfOero qrr6 rov Oersted,6ev dorreuor vo ovoKorvc6oer ro e6pr1po.Iuvdloe r4v ipeu'vo fipcryporofiorr6vro5nolld o16po rre rlrdprcro evcir rou'rd1po-vo ovo(qrofoe rr,; po06repeg ot'rieg ot o-noieg 64;roupyorioov ro €rrcrytoyrrd pe6-

;roro. Mioc oe livse5 pr1ve5 erle r<orogi-psr vo 6rorurrc6oe r rov v6po o'rov orro(o u-

rrcro6e r ro <porvdpevo ctrld Kor vo rorooreudo€r rrlv npc6rq yew4-rpro pe6poros rrou trerroripyqoe pe pdorl ro gorvdprevo r4g r1tre-KrpoFcryvrlrrrrlg eTroy<rry4S. Erye, p' dltro ldyro, xororpdper vo pdle rro 0e;.ritrro }i0o rryg qlercrprrq5 propqXavicg rou pillovroq.' Iro nopoxdror 0o pelerqooups ro gorr'6pevo orotrouOc6vrag i-vo opropivo np6ypoppo. I6pcpova p€ ourcr:

o) 0o r<orocprjyoupe oro €pyoorrlpro 6rrou 0o aoXotrr10otl;re peouyre rpr pivo rrer pdporo

p) 0o errr6ro{oupe vo <6torpivoups) rrlv xorv4 qtriq rot ro rotv6crrorileo;ro 6}ov rtrrv fi€rpopsrrrc6v 6ra6rroorrriv Kqr vG ouyKpo-rrlooupre dvcv oprop6 rou gorvoprdvou

y) 0o nopouordooupe roug v6prous orot;S orrofoug urrqrodet rorporvdprevo

6) 0o enr6rc6{oupe vq ouv6iooupe Oeo:5rqrrrd ro rporv6pevo rotroug v6prous rou Fs rov urr6trorrro xopp6 rr;5 guorr4g.

+ To 1 830, dvc 1p6vo rrprv o Faraday qOdoer orqv ovcrdtruqr;, fvo5 o116 rou5 peyoldre-pou5 Ape prrdvou5 enrmrl;roveg rrlg enoX(5, o Joseph Henry (T4d(e<p Xivpu) ond rqv dl-lr1 ntreupd rou Arlcxvrrrod e iXe rcrrarpiper vc Erlproupyiloer eTrcrycr;yrrd pedporo. f1op6-lo rrou oqpepa 0eopeiror pfporo 6rr 11 ovardluqrl rou Henry nporlyrloqre, 4 ovordlu-qJn rou gqrvopivou arro6i6erqr orov Michael Faraday, yr rtf o Henry xo0uorip4oe rr1 6q-pooieuo( r119.

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r IAEK f POMA|NH I IKH EnAlOtH

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Iro epyoorqproIro 6rdrpopo rerpdproro 0o urrdpler prro rrqyq pcryvqrrrod ne6iou,rrou FTrop€f vq eivor eire pcyvrlrqg eire peuprororpdpo rrtraioro.Mnopodpe vo rq tr6;re tnaycnyi.a. Oa urrirpler eniorlg ro r6rlrrrprooro orroio -e<p' 6oov 0q eivor rcIe ro16- €o errdyovror qle xrptrdpedprcro. Aur6 0o ro lipe enryuytlto.

l-lpdrrq oerpri nerpcprirtov. Encryt6ylpo urivqro, trrs rrpo rnv rrn-yri puyvrprxori ne6iou. flerpcporr(6poors pe 66o rrqvia rq orro(o 6rq-rqpodpe crivqro oe prrprl perc{6 roug orr6<rrooq. To r6rlorpro rou r-vdg (rrpcore6ov) rreprtroprBdver qlexrprrq yevvqrpro ror Erordrrrrl, evcb

ro dxpo rou dllou (6eurepe6ovrog-encryc6yrprou) ouv6io-

rqoroOei q orcOeponofrloq, ro pefprc rou 6eurepe6o-vrog ;r46evi(ercr.

Av avoi{ouFr€ rov 6rordrrrq rou rrpor€6ovrog, oro 6eurepe6ov0o epcpavrorei qtrexrprrd pe6po ovr-i0err1g eopds qn6 ro npoqyo6-F€vo fiou odvropc ror our6 pr46evi(eror.

Kleivoupe rrdtrr ro rrp<ore6ov r<6rdcopcr Kcr l-r€ rq porl0ero ev6gpooordrq -rrou dloupre ouv6ioer rv ro) per-o{6- nporalodpr ouv€-p1 o6(qoq rou pe 6prorog. Tc6po ro yotrpcrvdp€rpo 6e ilver drr oro6eurepe6ov endyeror pe6pcx. Av npor<olio,)up€ eldrroorl rou pe6-poros Tou rrpor€6ovro5, oro dtrlo r6rhopa Ocx 6rorrrorc6ooupepe6pa ovriOerqg qopds.To gorvdprevo liyr:ror altorpaia enuyuyry.

Atdrep4 oelpri nerpo;rrirtrrv. Enoy6yr;ro rrvodpevo tlrs rrposr4v rqy{ ;royv4rrxod ne6iou. 1. Iuv6ioupe rc drpo evdg n4vioupe yotrpovdpsrpo ror ntr4ord(oup€ rrpos lo nrlvio ro p6pero rr6troev6g payvrlrrl. Arorrrorc6vouF€ drr (o) oro rlerord rdrlorpo rou (e-

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HAEKTPOMAINHTIKH Et lAIOIH

rrtryc6yr Fou) nqviou 64 p roupyefrorr l le rrprr<i pedpc. (P) To pedpc6ropref doo rqr r; rivrlorl rou Fo-yv{rq npos ro encrycilyrl.ro. (y). Avnlqordooup€ rno ypqyopCI rov Fq-yvlirn epqavi(eror pedpc peycrl6-rsprls ivraoqg. (6) H gop<i roupe6paro5 avrrorpigerqr cv qvrfyrq rov p6pero, nl4ord(ouF€ rovv6rro ndlo rou pcqru4r4. (e) Kcr0cignlqord(oupe rov pcyvr]rq crvrrtrcp-pov6poorc 14 6pdoq rdrrorag 6ri-vaprls rrou cxvrrordxerqr orqv rrpo-

odyyro4. Ewoeirqr drr yra vq rrlv e(ou6erepcivoup€ 0o npdner rcrdrqv nopdppcorl pog vo peroprpd(oupe evipyero, vq exrelodFs dp-yo. OOdvoupe oe cvrimorXeg 6rcrrrorcdoerg orroparpfvovrds Tovpqyv4rq on6 ro nrlvio ro orroio 6rorrlpo6pre orivqro, otrtrd rcr yevr-rdrepo xdOe rpop<i rrou o pqtv4rqs Kqr ro rrqv(o ppeOofv F€ orror-ov6rprore rp6no oe crlerrx4 rfv4o4, nopor-4po6;.re crvdloyo gorv6-F€vq.

To i6ro 0c ouppei Kqr o€ rrepirrrtuorl rrou qvri yrc payvrlrn Xpn-or pronor qoouPs o)s nr1yr1 proyvrlrr-rod rre6iou dvq orroro6rlrrore peu-porogdpo nloioro.

2. Ofroupe o€ n€prorporpq ivooupporivro rrtraioro ro onoio pp(-oK€rsr pdou oe opoyevi5 payvqrrrdne6io. H rreprmpogq yiveror y6pcrcrr6 d{ovo nou ppiorerqr oro erri-rre6o rou filqroiou rqr eivqr xdOe-ros orrs poyv4rrx ig 6uvcprr i5ypopFiS. ' l -a drpo rou rr loroiououv6dov'run ye rtrerord rdrtrorpo

Xtopfs yewrppra mo orroio 6pog undpler rol ivog avllveurrlg rlle-rrptxorl pe6poro5. Kc0c6g rrpcryFqrorrorei'rqr n rr€ptorpogrj 6lonr-orc6voupe 6rr (o) ro r6rlcopo 6rcppderor crn6 rllerrprrri pefga ge-rcpcM6yevrlg gopdg (p) yro vo 6rarqprlooupe rord rrlv rrsprorpo-gr1 oraOeprl ouXvdrqro lperd(erqt vq nqp€ppoivoupre 6roprc6g o-or<6vtcg 6uvdprerg, lperd(eror p' dtrlo l6yro vq exrelodF€ dpyo.Aur6 or1;,rofuer 6rr qrr6 rq onyprlnou err6lercr pefpo mo rrlcioro,

, oorodvror rrdvco rou 6uvdpers fiou <6rogcovodv) Fe rqv r€prorpo-grrrj rou rivrloq.

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Xpa6(tru, io<og, vo ouvoqri'ooupe. Iro rrerpd;roro rqg npcrlrqgoerpdg

(i) 6ev unqp€e roprio oXerrrrl rivqoq rrrly4s pcryvnrrxof rre8iourar errcryr6yrpou.

(ii) 6ev lperdorrlre vo erretriooupe fpyo yro vq nerdXoupe rqvepgdvroq rlle rrpr ro6 pedporo5 oro errayciyr pro.

Iro rrerpdporo rrls 6e6repqg oerpdqi) 11nqy4 rou trcryvlrrro6 ne6iou napouoiooe olerrrrl rivqorl rrrg

rrpos ro encryc6ypo.ii) 4rov ovoyxoio vo erreldooupe ipyo'fo vo 6qproupyq0e( perS-

H0 oro ertcry<6yrpo.

H orrio Kor ro onordtreopoEpl6pcore rdrpc orcr ouprrrepdoprcrc. A5 cvcporqOodpre rotoplqv(rroro r<orvd ororleio e prrpoviorrlKs Kor orrr r6ooepo rrerpdparo;>E6cil 6ev 0o 6uorotreuro6pe va orrovrrloou;re. Ie rco0ivo qrr6 ourd6qproupyqOqre qtrerrprrd pefpo Xrrlpfs vo urrdpler orire r1tre rrprxdororXrfo orjre ouooope utqg oro ovriororXo rcfrlopo. To rorv6ororleio ppior<eror, trorrrdv, ors, anoreA(.opcra. Avri0ero, ot anieggdvqrov vo rrorrilouv qrr6 ro rre rpdprorq 1-rls npc6rrlg oerpd5 dnouontrc65 prercpdlloupe ro pedpo evd5 rurlc6pqros pilpr ro releu-roio dnou pdtrope ivo oupprorivro rrtroioro o€ rr€prorpo<pr1 pioo oepoyvrlrrrd rre6io opoyevdg. floro rorv6 ororle(o 0o ;rnopo6o€ voxpfperur xdrt'r qn6 6lcg ourdg rr5 gorvol.r€vrxti 6rogopenrdg ar-riegi

O Faraday rordgepe Kor ro <ei6e>. Ie 6),o ourd ro cporv6pevo u-ndpXe r rcdn r'oo percpdlleror 6roprccir5 Kor rq rpcrv6yevc e{eliooo-vror p6vo rrp'6oov ourd ro rcdrt ooveyf(:r va peropdlleror. Ooprrropodoapr vo ro 6rorpivoupe ror epreig. fro ro ororr6 qur6 ro re-Ieuroio ne(popro ev8efrvurar neproodrepc'. To proyvqrrx6 ne6io ei-vor lpovrr<d or-c0ep6 ror opoyevdg. Ko0r65, dJrrs, neprorpdcperor rorrlqioro urrdple r rdrroro ororXe io ro orroio o6rdr<orro peropdlle-ror. Eivor our6 orprpc6g rrou 6rircprve o Faraday, 6qlo6q o oprOpri5rtov 6uvcprx6v ypappr6v nou rdpvouv rrlv errrrptivtro rou rrlqr-oiou ot xri0e lpovrx,i onypti.

Or rpuorroi ilouv errrvorloer ivo ouyrerprFivo yiye0og ro orroioe xcppd(er rov apr0p6 r<ov Lroyvnrrrc6v 6r.rvcprrr<6v ypoppriv rrounepvo6v cn6 pio enrrpdve ro. To piyeOog \fyeror poq poyvqrrrodre6iou 11 atrld poyv4rrxri pori.

H yayvrynrcry po( efuan dvo pov6perpo piyeOog ro onoio -pcr(f perrlv ivrooq -neprypdrp€r ro pCIyvrlrrx6 ne6io. Iuppotri(eror Fr€ ro

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HAF(- POMAT\H-lKr El lAf Of F

ypdppCI 0, ovorpfperor or ;rro errrgdvero 11 onoio ppiorceror o€ pc-yvrlrrr<6 ne6fo r<or e rcppd(a rov opr0p6 rolv 6uvoprr<cbv ypoppr6vrrou rrepvoriv o116 ourrlv.

o. A5 uno0iooupe drr ro payvqrrr6 rre6ib eivor opoyevd5 ror drrq enrrpdvero (eppo6orj S) eivor enirre8q xor rd0erq orrg 6uvoprxi5ypotrpis. Erpo6rd(oupe rqv enrgdv€rq p€ 6vr 6rdvuopo d rdOero o'qurrlv . Edv 4 rore60uvoq rou fr ouprrrirrrer pe rqv r<ore60uvorl rouB 11 pcyvqrrrcq poq op((eror crls ro yrv6prevo rq5 ivrooqg enf ro e;r-pc6dv r4g enrgdverog. fpdgoupe:

O=BS

B. Edv q enrgdvero eivor oe Oioq rdOerrl rrpos rqv nponyofpevqdror riore r<oprrd 6uvoprrrlypopprlvo pnv rqv 6rorrepvd q prayvqrrrcrlporl eivor e( opropof ioq pe pq6iv.

y. O ouv6uoopr6g rcov noporrdvor o6qyei orrlv e{iocoorlO : BS ouvo

6rrou <cx> 0o eivqr 4 yovio rou 6rov6opcxros d pe ro 6rdvuopo roupcryvqrrro6 ne6iou B. H povd6o pdrprloqg -fns Fcryvnrrrrlg porl5li-yerorWeber (Bdpnep) rcor ouprpoli(erar pre 1Wb.

Av errrorpdqroup€ oro rrerpdproro rrls rrpc6rr15 oe rpd5, e6rotra0o ovcryvcop(ooupe 6rr rord rrlv e{ifu{,q 6trrrrv rorv gorvopivcov pe-rcpdlleror o oprOpdg rrov 6uvoprrc6v ypopprc6v rrou ripvouv rdOeorre fpa rou erroyc6yrpou. floparqpeiror, p' dtrtro trdyrc, percpotrqrns pcYvrlrrrqS poq5.

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Mrropofpe, yevrrefovrcxs vd roxuprorodlle 6rr 11 orrio 6lurv rovenoytoyrrrirv peu;rrirov eivcr q gerapolri rqg payv4rrx{g porignou dq;roupyeirar oro rlermd erruy6yrpo xdxltopc.

Aev rrpirrer pfporo va {eXvdpe 5t, orc rtrerord rcuxlciporo rope 6poro 6qproupyo6vrqr o116 rdrroro q\exrpeyeprrrcq 6r jvo;rq(HEA). Irqv nepinroorl, trorn6v, rou qorvr)prdvou rrou e{erd(oupe

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6qproupyrl0e f. Xpqorponorc6vro5 6pto5 ivr rordtrlqlo 6pyovo, 5-rros o notrpoypdrpog, prrropodpre oe rdOe rrepirrr<ooq vo ovlXve6-ooups rqv eprgdvron ptos 6rogopdg 6uvoprrod (encrycoyrr45 rdorlg)rrou 0o ouvrord Kdr ro povo6rr6 onorilt:opCI rrls peropotr45 rq5po4S. H rdo4 ourrl pro5 perpder rqv nlerrlleyeprrrq 66vopr1 nou t-11&yeror oro rfxl<rlpq. Aev rrpirrer va {eprdps 6rt oe xdQe ovolrr<irdxlorpo pe 66o drpo 11 rdo4 trou u<pioro;rot avdpreoo o' ourd ,ro

drpc ouptrinrer pe rqv rltrexrpeyeprrrq 66r'oprq.Autq orprpril5 11 eprpdvroq qtrex, peyeprrrrlS 66vopr15 trl5 ouvi-

rrrro rrls peropolrl5 rns Fqyvnrrrrlg porl5 orrorele i ro gorvdpevorqg qtrerrpopcryvqrr rrlg encryoytl g.

MeropolqpcryvrlrrrrlSpo4s

Encry<oyrrrl -mffi

ErraY<oYtxdqtrerrpeyeprrrrl 5 Pe6po66vopt1

O oproposH qlerrpoyayvrlrrr4 enayolyrl eivot tivo grrtvdpevo ro orroio, 6rrco56lo ro gorvd;revc, iXet ouyxerplpivq ctril rqt ouyrerprpivo qrro-

rileoprc. fro vo crrovrrlooupre lorrr6v oro epc6rqpa <n Atyerat q\e-Krpopayvqnrcrl enayuryrl;> ltrtopoipt vG (Irlooocpqv(oou;ls rrlv ol-rio ror ro orroritreopo.

Hlerrpopoyv4rrr{ cnoyroy{ trdyerot ro golvdyevo nou dlelog crr(o rq perapolti tns ;royvqrrx{S Potis o€ FIs percltrrr{oneipc Ktrr to5 onordleopq ro 611 4 on'eipo yiveror rr4y{ 4le'KrprysprrK{g 6dvcpt1g.

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lg H^EKTP.MA' NHTTKH EfrArofH

Or v6;ror

O vopog ForodoyO Faraday 6ev ordOr1re, 6nco5 e(nope, orqv ovord^uqrq rou qorvo-pdvou rrls €noycoyqg. npolc6pqoe rrqporripo ovo(r1rc6vra5 xolrouq vdpous orous orroiou5 unoro6er ro g,rrv<iprevo. Kordtrq{rl rcovovo(qrrloecbv rou rlrov r1 6rordrrcoorl ror.r Aey6pevou vdpou rouFaraday, q v6pou rqg encrycoyq5.

H encyoyrx{ qlerrpeyeprrrri 66vapq fiou ovorrrdooerqr ocdvq rfrlopo rivcr avriloy4 rrpos rov pu0pti peropol{g rng Fo-yv4rrrrig po{g nou nepvrier and qurd ro rlirlopa.

Erpooov q percfu\ qg pcrp4rrqs po4s os plo oneipo yveror ;re oro€e-p pnp6 o,olroS pnopaf w 6rmr-m<o0e( ;re rqv eQo<rrr; lE-l : xl A<Dl AtIro Are0vig Erior4po povd&ov r1 mo0epc cvoiloyo5 (x) eiwr ioq pe rov o-pr0p6 <1>, on6're

Ir4v e{io<rlorl ro AO noprordver rq percpolq fiou rrqpouoiqoe

4 pcryvqrrrrl porl oe prc orreipo, 'rr1 6rorpopd tns rehxrl5 rrprrlg rrlgpoqq peiov rqv op1xr1. To At rrcprotdvet rrl lpovrxr; 6rdpxero rardrqv onoio ouviprl q percpolrl.

Ecp6oov ry rllerrpeyeprrrrl 66vopq endl'erot oe rrqvio pe <n> d-poreg orreipeg 0o roXder:

lE",l = " #

Ero rrp<oro crr6 ro rrerpdpcro r4g 6ef repq5 oerpd5 6rorrrorc6-oope 611 6oo rrro ypiyopCI ntrrlord(oupre q crrotrrorpdvoupe ro Fq-W4rn rdoo nro peydlo pedyo 0o 6r1;rroupl'eiror oto etroy<6yrpo. H6rorriorooq onoretrei prc Oerrrq iv6er{r1 yro ro 6'rr roXder o v6po5rrou ovcgdpo;.re, Xopig piporo, vq orrore)rei netpcpcrtrq orr66er-€n.

Arprpiorepo rrerpdprorq ps ro orroio ;rr;rpdpre rov pu0yd ;rero-Fol4S rrls po(S Kcr rrlv errcycoyrrq qtrerrpsyeprrrq 66voprg, errtpe-por6vouv rq pero{6 rou5 avctroyio, errrBeBqr(6vouv 6r1lc6q rov vd-po Faraday.

Irq yevrxq 6H.S, rrepirrr<rror1, rord rrlv orroio rl €rrcrY(DYlKn HEAo116 orry;.rq oe orryprl preropdlleror, Xperd(erqt vo rdvoupE rrlv o-vrr6rooroAq avdpreoo oe orryproia Kqr o€ priorl rtprl ro11r4tc5 ;le-ropotrr15 poqg.

tE-t =H

H orryproio encrycoyrrq HEA eivol, o6Fcp,h;vq F€ rov v6;ro, ovdtro-yrl rlpos rov orryproio Bu0prd perapotrqg rrts pons.

O rcovovos rou LenzIro nefpopo p€ ro 66o crivqro nrlvio 6ronrorc6oope 6rr xord rqvori{qoq rou pe6poros rou np<rlre6ovrog endyeror oro 6eurepe6ovivo pefpro opropivqg gopdS, evr6, 6rov elsrroveror ro pe6pro rourrparredovros/ oro 6eurepe6ov rc6rl<opo endyeror ivo pe6;rc cvri-0er4g gopds. Iro neipopro p€ rov perorrvo6pevo pcryvrlrq ei6ope 6-rr qv ov'rf yro rov p6pe ro rr6tro nlqordooul;e rrpos ro nqvio rov vd-rro rr6tro rou, rl rpopd rou errcycoyrrcod perjpcrog ovoorpirperor.

'Evo 1p6vo perd rqv ovordlupq rou (porvopivou rr15 errayoyq5ror evc6 11 0qprc66qg (orrrdrqro rou Faraclay 6rolereu6rov 11611 rornpog dlleg 6poorrlpr6rrlr€S ro np6ptrqpo rr15 cpopdg rou srrcryoyr-ro6 pe6;roro5 ipreve ovorrdvrqro. To epc6r rlpo qrov: YnrTpXe dpoy,xdnotog v6poq, nou eri.paAAe ora trayuytxd ptripara rr1 pic 4 rryvdAArl Eopd;

Iro prero{ri q ei6r1or1 yro ro rorvotipyro gcrvdpevo eiXe oplioervo ouyrrvei aprerorig Eupurnoioug epeuvqri5. Avdpeod rous o y€v-vqpdvog orq Prooio Heinrich Friedrich Lenz (Xdrvprl Opivrprl Aevrs)ror fuyo opydrepo o feppov6g Herman vorr Helmholtz (Xippav rpovX6lp1otrrg) ouvipotrav ouoroorrrd orqv r(ffu{rl rcrlv yvc6oecov yrorqv qlexrpopcryvqrr rrl encrycoy4.

Iro 1834 o Lenz nirule ;.rro o6vropq r:or roOoprl 6ror6rrooq e-vdg rov6vo fiou Ffiop€f vo ;rog 6ive r rr1 rpopd rcrlv errcryoyrr<6v psu-pdrov oe rdOe rrepinrooq.

H gopri rou €rrtryt'ryrxori pcrJpcro5 eivor rdrolq t6ore vo rrpo-xdnrsr ovri6poor'1 orrq orrieg rrou ro 6rlprodpy4oav (Kqvdvq5rou Lenz).

H 6rqrtirrool pipcrc rou rovdvd 6ev crpref yrc vo rov rorcvorl-ooul.r€. Xperd(eror roroppiv vo 0u;;40otips rq oXio4 rrou i1e r ro q-trerrprrd pe6po 16oo pe rrg orrie5 rrou ro 6qproupyoriv doo Kor p€oproprivo garvdprevo fiou sfirlpsd(ovror crrr<i rq qopd rou. Tirorogorvdprevo eivar q 6qproupyio rou l.rcyvrlrr<o6 ne6iou rou pe6;rorogdoo ror rlyevrr6repq otrlrltreni6poon rou pe6;rarog pe payv(reg.

'Evo ncpd6€rypo. Ito oXerr16 neipcpc rqg 6efrep45 oerpd5 11npooiyyroq rou payvqrq 6rlproupye i oro rrrlvio errcy<oyrr<6 pe6pcKor ro rrqvio perorpdrrerqr or ptryvnrr16 iSirrolo q rrofur6rqro rouonoiou roOopi(eror arr6 rq rpopd rou etrrryoryrrod pefpcrog. I6pr-(povo F€ rov rov6vo rou Lenz, n gopd r()u tficryalyrrori pedpcroge ivor riroro c6ore q erri6pooq rou rrqviou-6rn6}ou orov poyvrlrrl

nAEKTPOMAf NHTIKH Et lAf Oth

fiou filqord(er npog our6 vo reivet vq ovtrtpdoet rrlv npoodyytoq,rrlv orrio, 6qlo6q 6qproupyios €ncrY<oYrKo6 pe6poro5. Kcrl qurdv

rov rp6no 11 eniEpool rou nrlviou-6rndtrou oro payvrlrrl er6qlc6ve-r0r tos drrurroq.

npoodyyrorl = HEA.oro = srrcrYoYlKd = ro nqvio yivetot payvqrtr6

to, payv4tq - nlvio psupq f'inolo rirotcS notrrr6rqro5Trou v0 uvrr6pd orqvrrpooiyytoq, mrlv otriot;qlo6r1 rou encryoyrof

6re 6porog

Mro oetpd, tdlog, qn6 outrtroylopod5 nou neplilouv orotXeio

guorrc(g, yeoperp(o5 rar dtryeppos PdS ,l6qye f oro ouprrdPoopo

6rrLtjltEuva p€ rov rcsvdvct roo Lenz ro aAyeppxd np6oqpo rqq €-

nayuyrcrls HEA oEeiAer va eivs,t svri)ero an6 ro np6orlpo rrlq IrE-rapoAqc rrls ycw nrt xr1q, pons.

H e{(o<ooq rou v6pou rou Faraday o<pefi\er refurd vo ypdqerot pe

TN FOPQ4

E=-naoAt

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HAEKTPOMATNHT KH EIIAtOtH

To urohd" rdnotqKT6WOr.

f - rcr lEnoYoyrl Kor ororrlPrlon rns cv€pyetosAryo lpdvro F€rd rrlv qvCIKdlugn rou (pqr\,'oFdvou, o Helmholtz 611-pooi'€uos pra epyooio F€ rqv orrofo i6erXve drr ro gorvdprevo rrls rl-lerrpopcryv4rrrqg enay<oyri5 pnopodoe vo Oecopq0e i <lg ouvdnerorqs qpX{S r4g 6rorriprloqs rns evdpyerog.

frs vo rorovor loouF€ rr l loyrrr l o6r,6eon rrou rrpdrrrvr oHelmholtz, 0o lperoore( vo errrorpdqoup€ oro fiporlyofpevo rrer-pdporo.

1. Iro rrpciro qrrd rq nerpdporo r45 [iedrepqg oe rpdg, xo0c6gnl4ord(oupe rov pcryvqrrl oro nqvio 6rqrrr-orc6voupre 6rr rrpdrr':r vq erretriooupe ipyo,lperd(eror p' dllo ),dyrc vo peroprpd(oupeevipyerc.

Ie ovriOerrl rrepirrroorl 0o eiXape rropd-yoyrl evipyero5 orrd ro pq6iv.

Arro6errvferor pdtrrorq 6rr prnoporipe,poor(d,pevor orq 6rcrrqpnon rns evipyerog,vo o6qyq0o6pe o'rov v6po rou Faraday.

2. Erl'rcrptcpoup€ oro npoqyo6pevo nei-pcpc. Ko0rig rrlqorci(er o pcryvrpqg, ro rrrl-vio yiveror peupcroqr6po, perorpirreror 6q-

tro6r1 oe proyv4rrr6 6inotro. H cpopd rou enoy6p€vou qtrerrprrorlpedpcrog 0o xoOopio€r rrlv notrrr6rrlrd rou. Boor(6pevor orq 6ro-r4pnorl r45 ev6pyeros oupfi€poivoupre 6rr 11 66voprl rrou ooref ropeuporo<p6po rrqvio oro pcryvqrq rrpfrrer vrr crvrrriOeror ornv rrpo-oiyyroq. Aurd oqpoiver 6rr rl qopd rou €firyoyrrod perjporos (o-rpeiXer> vq eivqr riroro rirore ro dxpo rou n'qviou - 6rndtrou oro o-rroio rrlqord(er o pdperog, tr6you 1dprv, rrdtrr4 vc lerroupyei co5 p6-p€roS pcryvnrr x6g n6log.

Iro i6ro 6prog oupnipaopo yrc rrl gopd rou encrycoyrxof pedpo-ros FoS o6r1ye i ror o rqvdvog rou Lenz.

Blinoupre lorrr6v drr ;rnopo6ps vo npol3triq,roupe rq gopd rouerrcrycoyrrod pe6porog poor(dpevor eire otrv opxq rqs 8rorqprloqgrqg evipyerag eire orov rqv6vo rou Lenz. Ar ;.rdfuoro ldpoupe urrd-pr1 6rr q 6rot(pqoq r45 evdpyerc5 e ivcr 6v<xg yevr165 vdpo5 rrou r-o16er yro 6troTo <pcrv6pevo prropo6pe vq urroorrlpi[oupe 6rt o xo.v6vag rou Lenz anoreAeipo e{er6rrcupi.vrl 6nrdn@on rnq dpX4Srrlq &arrlprTorlc rrlq, ev€pyenq rrpooapyoop,ivq oro gaw6pevo qAe-Kr p o Ir ffYv nr t xr1 uruy u-ry rr..

Aur6q e ivor rqr o ldyog yrq rov onoio 6r:v rov loporrrlpf(oupev6po, crlthd xav6vs. Oupf(oupe 6rr rdrr ov,iloyo ouppoiver Kot F€roug 66o rcv6ve5 rou Kirchhoff.

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HAEKTPOMAINHTIKH ENAIOIH

Auretrqyr,ryn ,E

H ore$rl Kor ro gqrvopevoKd0e peuparog6po rrjrlcopo ppioreror picro oro i6ro ro pcryvqrrrdrre6io rou. Kd0e perapotrq rou pe6poro5 rrou ro 6roppier rrporotrefovriororXq percpotrq oro pcryvnrrrd qur6'ne6io ror orq pcryvqrrxrlpoq nou rrepvder o116 our6 ro i6ro ro rdrl<rrpo.

H onlrl ourq oxdq.'q 6q;.roupyei e6troyo dvo ep<6rr1prct' <<'Eva peu-yaroE6po xdxAupa 0a pnopotioe vd \qptoupyei gctv6yeva ena-yuy4q orov i6to rov esord rou;))t 0o pnopc6oe, 64tro6q, vo noi(e rouyXp6vo5 rov pd,tro encry<oyio ror erraycbyrprou; H arrdvrqoq rroupog 6iver ro rre ipapro eivor rororporrrrl. H orroro6qnore peropotr4oro pe6;lo ev65 rurk6pCIros 6qproupye f rpurvdpevo rrrayoryqg oroi6ro ro rdxl<opo, ro onoio triyeror er6rr6repo aurencyoyri.

To neipopo.Me rqv i6ro nqyrl ouveXo65 rdoerog rporpoEoro6pe 66o lcxpnr4-

peg nop6;rorou5. O 6vos (A,) Bpiore-r0r o€ oerpd pre pooordrq ror o dtr-los (Ar) oe cre tpd ;rt rrqvio xletoro6nupqva, 6nco5 oro oXr;po. Pu0pf(ou-

frs rov pooo'rdrq riore or 66o rld6orvo ilouv rqrr i6ro ovriorooq Kor €rr-prpo6pe va rkioou;re rov 6ro1611111.

Kar<i ro rleiortrro rou 6rcxrirrrqrrqporr lpor ipre d,rr o loprrrqpog A,<polropotref ,tpiocos evc6 o A,, t<oOu-oreprf vo rproropotrrloer r<or n goro-polio rou ou{'dver rrpoo6eurrrd. Toyeyovdg go'repriver drr 11 nopouoforou rrqviou dXer oov orrordtreopo rovo rcxOuore6lef 4 orror<ordorooq rqg<refurq9 rrp4g pe6poro5, ourrlg 611-tro6q rrou rcrOopf(eror arrd rov vdporou Ohm.

Kard ro rivorypc rou 6roxdrrrrl'nopor<olou Ooripe dvo <porv6pr€vo €-vrurrooroKci. Or 66o lopnrr;peg 6evoprlvouv cxp iocrrg alld 6rorqpo6v rrlgoropotrfa rou5 napdlo nou dXou-

_AEKTDOMA-\H_IKH EIIAIO' '

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F€ onoouv6ioer r4v rny{. To pedpro, piporo, poO;.rroic ;rq6evf(eror.Kor o'ourq trorrrdv rrlv rrepirrroorl fiopqrrlpeiror roOuoriprlorlorqv orroKordoroo4 rr15 retrrrr15 (pq6evrrrrlg; rrprlg rou perjporo5.AvrrroOrororipe ro nqvfo pe ovrrordrrl Kor enovotroppdvoupre rrl6ro6rrooio o'nd r4v qpx4.Ararrrorovoupe 6rr ro gorv6prevCI TrlSrcOuoripqo4 g rrporrr xd e{orpovf(ovrar.

fevrrdrepc. To <porv6p €vo durenayutyry 6qproupyefrcr rd0egopd rrou perapdlleror ro pedpa orrorou6rlnore rurtrcirpdros.Iro rdxlorpo epgovf(€rcr ourrrrcyrrlyrrri HEA, q orroio ouppdl-ler orqv rehrrl 6ropdpgool rou periporog. To pedpo rrou 0o e-6qproupyeiro cv unrlpXe pdvo n our€norforyrrrl HEA, loporrrlpi-(erat aurenayuytxS. 'Orov ou{dve ror :-o pet ipo rou rurtr<6po-ros/ ro dursfioyoyrrd pedpo dXer ovriOer-q <popd rrpog ourd, rei-ver 6r1lo6q vo <cpv4Oe i>> rqv c6{qor1. 'Or,:v ro pedpro rou rurlc6-poros elsrrc6veror/ ro oursfioytoyr16 pr:6po fler rqv f6ro gopdrrpog our6, reiv€r 6qlo6r1 vo prerprdo€r rrlv eldrroorl. Evvoefrordrr q ouprrrepr<popd rou ourrl oqproiver Kor (ufioKoq> orov rcvdvoLenz.

Oproprig

Aurenoyury{ ldyerar ro gcrvripevo nou ixsr tlr5 ania rr1;.reropo-l{ rou pedpcro5 os Frcr oneipu Kcrr rlrs anrori)eoya ro 611 4 onef-pc yiveror r4y{ qlexrpeyeprrx{g 6rivap115.

Eivor <povrp6 5rr q our€rrcxytoy4 eivor pio popg4 errcycoyrlg pero r6roirepo ororleio 611 4 nrly( rou pcryvrlrrro6 ne6iou eivor ouy-

Xpdvcog ror encryciryrpro.

f'lqvio Kor our€noyc>yr1To <pcrv6pevo rrls our€rrcrycoyqg pnope f vo e x6r1trcrr0e i oe ivov oyco-y6 orrorov64rrore. Er6rrd, 6F-S, oro rrrlvio 11 er64tr<oorl rou iXer prro

'0rov r (ovoyx6(oupe ro pe0po vopqdevrmei ondropo, 64yroupyelrorourenoyoymfl HEA nou pttopei v0 eivorxor enrxivduvrl. Axtipo ror oe 6voouv40ropdvo drordnr4 rou onrrroU civorduvordv vo rpoKll0si onrvOipoq ps0npdphefi 0 onoretrdogoro.

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nA[<TPOMATNHTt(n E-AfOlH

r6roireprl dvrooq. A6y<o ourqg rrlg r6rorrepd,rrlrog rc rrqvio dlouvnoi{er ivo o4;rovrrrd p6lo orrlv e{itrr{q rrg qtrexrpovrrrlg. Mo(( prerous fiuKvori5 ouvurrdpxouv oro po6rd<p<ovo, orrs rqleopdoergatrld rar orous 6rdcpopou5 evroXuri5. Ot rrurcv<ur(.q anroreAotv 4-n<nq tyouy€. n€t- orlpavnrcf.q ano9r1rceg r1A,:.xrpxqs ev4pyeng. Evre-A<og avriororya pnopo1lte va no6pe 6'n ra nqvia ouvrcrotv ano1ry-rcec, evtpyuaq ydyvrlnKod ne\iou.

Iuvreleor{S oursrroytoy{S ({ enoyo:yrxrir4rc) tvdg nqviou.H curerroyoyrr<( HEA olerf(€ror p€ rq \eydpevq ouropporl, rqpoq 6qlo6r1 rou Fcyvnrrxod rre6iou nou 6qprroupyefror on6 ro i-6ro ro pedpo rou rurtrriporo5. l-lerpdporc{ rrou dXouv yiver pe o6y-XpovCI 6pyovo 6e iXvouv d,rr q <otrrrr;>* ouropotl ev65 nqviou eivorovdloyq rrpos ro peri;ro rrou rrl 6qproup1,ef. loXder 6qlo6n rl oxd-orl:

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orrlv onofo o ouvretreorrlq ovoloyiog <L:'r, ro nrllfro 6r1tro6q rr15<ofux(5> porlg npo5 rrlv ivrcoq rou pe6lrorog, liyeror ouvrele-or{g ourerrqytoyris 11 encyuryrr6rqrc rou rr4viou.** H erroyoyr-r6rrlro rdOe rrqviou onoretref xcr ro prorrdrepo ororXe fo r4grourdrrlrds rou. E{oprdror o116 ro yeo;rerprrd ororXe io rou Kolrrl poyvrlrrKry 6ronepor6rqro rou uhrof ;16oo oro onoio ppiore-T0r,

Iro Are0vig llorrlpro q povd6o perprloe<rr; rrls €rrcryoyrxdrqrog o-vopd(ercr Henry (Xivpr) rrpog rrpqv rou Apeprxovo6 <puorro6, o o-rroio5 ovcxdtruq,re, rqv i6lo rrepirrou eno1r1 pt rov Faraday, ro (p61t-v6pevo rrls errCIytrry(g, ;retrirqot rnv ourtrrcrycoyn rcor hyo opy6re-po KorooK€rjooe ror rov rrp<oro F€rqcrxrlFrcrror4. H provd6o oup-pol i (eror pe 1 H. lo;6er 1H :1Wb/1A = 1Os.

Erroytoyrrrir4rc evrig oarl4voer6odg. 11 errcry<oyr1614ro evdg o-rrorou6{rrore nqviou 6ev eivqr edrolo vo unoloyrorei. fro rqv er6r-rq dpcog nepinroorl rrou ro rrlvio eivor ocolrlvoer6dq yrropofpe voorro6e i{oupre drr L :4rrku pSn'l(", drrou q o upr0p65 rcov orre iporv 0 rop4ros, S ro e;rpo6dv 6raroprls Kqr p rl F(ryvrlrrKrl 6ronepcr<irrlrorou ulrxod nou ppiorerqr oro eo<rlrepr16'rou.Aurenayroyrx{ HEA mo n4vio. Ifpcpovrr p€ rov opropd rls srrq-yoryrrdrqrog 0o ro16er n AO : L Al orrd're o v6;.rog rqg encry<oyr1g

* Me rov npoo6roprop6 <ofurr]> 6ivoupe ip<poo4 oro yeyovdq drr 6ev npdxe rrqr yrq rrlporj rrou nepvder o116;,rro oneipo. flpdrerror yro rr1 pc( rrou nepvder on6 prc orroro64-nore enrgdverc rrou iler <og nepfypoppc ro odppo rou nnviou.** Al((et vo oqpaco6ei611 6lor or cryoyoiiXouv xdnoro encryoyrrdrqro.

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yrd rrlv n€pfrrroorl qurrncy<oyrlg pnopef vo ergpd(eror pe 'rqv e{i-ooorl:

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F€ rrlv oTrofq sTrrorlFqfvsrCIr drr rl oursTTcrycDyrrrl r;trerrpeysprrK4 66-vqpq €i'vqr cxvdloyq rrpos rrlv rcrXdrrlro F€ropol4s rou pedprcrog.

H e{io<rroq CIurq roxfa rq6oov o puep6s F€ropo^rls rou pr6Fo-ro5 eivcr oro0epdg.

Evepyero poyvrlnKo0 nti6iouTo reipopc p€ rous 66o nopdprorou5 tropnrnpes pdg dgqoe opr-op6vo ep<or11porrrcd.

Kqrd ro rtreiorpo rou 6ror6rrrrl fiopCI":qpqoope xoOuordpqorlorrlv (qrroKordorooq> rou pefproro5. Ko'rd rr1 peroporrrrl rord-oroon ro pe6po rlrov prrpdr€po os oXdoq pe ro npoplendprevoo116 rov vdpo rou Ohm. H ovrodrqro, dprS, our4, prdg rroparri-Hfi€r oro drr q qtre rrprrrl evipyerc rrou rorovotrc6v€ror orrs ovrr-ordoerg eivor fuy6repq and our(v rrou nl)ooqiper orov i6ro 1p6-vo q nqyrl. [1ou orpeiXeror 11 6rogopd; Av'r6 eivor ro npc6ro epc6-rrlpCI.

'O'rov ovof{ope ro 6rox6trrq Orornorr6odp€ qoropolfo rolvlcrpnrrlpov rrop6tro nou e ilope orroouvf,do€r rnv qler<rprr<r1 rrr1-yt'1. 4116 rro6 npoepXdrov 11 evipyero rrou 6rove roug loprrr4pesvo g<oropotro6v; Aur6 e ivor ro 6edrepo epc6rrlpo.

Erp6oov trroreUoupe orq 6rorrlpnon rns evipyerc5, 11 pdvrl 6u-vorrl orrdvrrlorl ord ep<orrlprora e(vor 11 e{r1g: Korrir4 6rriprero rqs o6{qo45 r'Du psriptrros ro n4vioanoO4reder evfpyerc, rqv orroio ;rnopef rul uro6i-6er rard rq drripxerq rqs elr irrtooqg rou peri;ro-rog, orr6re rar lerroupye i o,; yevv{rpra. Oeopo6pe6rt 11 onoOrlreuoq yiveror o1'o pdyvnrrr<j ne6io rouF€ rn popgq evipyerog proyvrlrrrod rre6fou.

H rrpq rqg evdpyerds nou ppioxeror onoOqreupd-vn oro ;..royv4rrrd rre6io ev6g nqvfou (L) oe pfa orror-

oEqrrore orryprl, 6iverqr ond rrlv e{ioooq:

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orrlv onoio ro <l> rroprordver rqv ivroorl rou pe6porog e r<e ivq rr1orrypq.

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HAEKTPOI'AAiNHTIKH ETIAIOIh

fevrr6repo:1. KdOe rrqvio rrou Eroppierqr o116 oro€ep6 pe f pro <6rq0ire r> o-

rroOqxeupivq evipyero oro Fcryvnrx6 ne6icr rou, n onoio 6rorqpef-rcr operdpl4r4. H qlerrprrrl evdpyera rrou rou npoogiperor e{ o-loxl(pou unopoOp i(eror.

2. H orrorqpieuorl evipyerog yiveror ror-d rq rpdoq rr15 crfioKd-rdorooq5 rou pefporog (cn6 lr : 0 o€ l, =, l) ondre 6qproupyeirorKor ro pcryvrlrrrd rre6io rou pefporog. H 8rgproupyia lorrrd,v pcrl,vrl-rrxo6 re6iou ouv6ierqr p€ rrlv onoropieuorl evipyerog o' ourd.

Euvotl,ri(ouprea. Kd0e qopd rrou ex6qkirvercr rllerrpopcr\ /nrrKrl ency<o-

yrg undpleri) pro nrlyq pcqruqrrro6 ne6iou 11 orroio ;.rnopeivc efvqr eire

pe u pcrog6po xd rtrcopo (ay<oy<i5) e fre payvrlrrl g.ror ii) dvq errcyciyrpo ro orroio eivor yro q rreproodr€p€S ps-

roMrrig oneipe5 ror yevrr6repcr ivog cryruy6g.p. To gorv<ipevo eivor 6uvqr6v vc exliqtr<o0ef pe rper5 rp6-

fious.1. H nqyrl rou Fcryvnrrrof ne6iou (poyvrprlg q peugoro<p6-

pog ayolyd5) xrveitor ors rrpos ro enaycirypo.2. H m4yr1 rou Fcryvrlrrrod ne6iou (peuporog6po5 ay<oy65)

rcve(tcr <oS rrpos ro errcryc6yr;ro oMd perapdMeror ro rllerrpr-16 pedyo fiou rrl 6rappder. To gorv6pevo urrd au,rl rq Fopg4lCyeror alto$aia etoay<uyr1

3. H nrlyq rou psyv4rrro6 rre6iou eivcu ouyXp6vcrr5 ror etro-y6yrpo. To gorv6;.revo urr6 our4 rr1 popqrl,ldyercr aurendy@-v4.

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fewqrp r€S evotrtrooo6;prevouP€uporos'Evo oupprordvro rrtrqioro, ro orroio Oirou;re o€ fi€ptorpogrl pioooe opoyevdg ;rcryvqrr16 ne6io, onoreleiro poolr<6 povrilo rc,lv p€-ydlorv yewrlrprcbv rqg enoplg pog.

Ie ivo rropdporo provrilo pooi(eror, (incog {ipoupe, ror q trer-roupyio'rou qtrerrprrod rrvqrrlpo. AS ev'roniooupe 6pog rq 6ro-qopd. Kcrd 14 le rroupyio rou qtrercrpor<rvqr(po npoogdpou;repe6po ror rroipvou;.re rivrloq, npdypo nor: orlproiver 6l q €v€py€t-oxq 6ro6rxooio rqv onoio errr6r<6r<oupe eivqr q psrsrpon{ rr lsnpoogeprip€vrlg 4lerrprxrig evdpyerag oe evdpyerc pqlovrx{. Hperorponrl pooi(eror orq Oe<opio rorv 6uvdpecov Laplace.AS pnpro5 6rorpe6yer 6pog drr xo0c6g ro orpegi,prevo ntroforo lerroupyeico5 xrv4rrlpo5 loppdver yipa Kq, pro o6rcironrl peropol4 rns Fo-yvqrtrqg po{S n orroicr rrepvder qrrd ourd. Epr<pavi(ercr, ;r' dtrtrotr6yro, erroyoyrr{ HEA or ouvinereg rns c,fioi'os re ivouv vq rrop€-prro6ioouv rnv rr€ptorpog4. Epgovi(ovrsr trorrrdv Ko,r ra 6rio rpor-v6prevo (o) q eni6pqorl rrov 6uvdpre<rrv Lagrlace atrtrd rar (p) 11 rlle-Krpol.roYvrlrrrq erroy<rryr'1. To <cocpihpo> c,protg <porv6prevo eivot rorrpc6T o ond qurd.

'Orov q i6ro 6rdro€q lerroupyef cog yevrrrlrpro, ro <orpdfupro> yrogog rporvdpevo eivor q 4trerrpoprayvqrr r<r1 r,rroyrrryrl. flpoorpdpouprerqv rivqoq rcor nofpvoup€ €lrcryrlrytrd pe6poro. Eivsl rrpocpovdg 6rrKor o' ourrl rqv rrepinrooq epcpovi(ovror 6uvd;.re r5 Laplace, or o-rrofeg 6pog rrope;rno6i(ouv r1v fisptorporpq ror rrg onoieg ocpe f-lou;re vo e{ou6erepc6voupe {o6e6ovrcq pqlovrrq evdpyero. 'Orovlortr6v ro rrlqioro trerroupye i <15 yevvrlrp q rl €v€py€torq 6ro6rxo-oio rqv orrofq err6rriroupe eivor n Fsrqrloorrri rqg npoogep6pe-vqs Fnxovrr{g evdpyetss or evdpyero r;)\errprxri.

Kc0<69 ro rrtraioro orpd<peror pe oroOtpq ouXv6rqro ror eg6-oov, rpuorrd, ro drpo rou ouv6dovrqt pe xtrero'rd r6rclopo, ro rlle-xrprx6 pe6po rrou 6qprroupye iror nopouorri(er opropive5 r6ral, ep6-

HAEKTPOMATNHTIKH EI-IAtOtI

rrlr€S. H rrpq rou on6 orryprl oe orryprq per:pdtrlerar evri epgovi-(er ror prro opropfvq nepro6rr6rqro. Avd fcroug, 6qtrc64, Xp6vou5roOivcg crr6 rou5 onoiou5 (rrepio6og) oupnirrrer ps rrlv nepio6oTrsprorpoqq5 rou r-rtroroiou, ro rllercrprrd our6 pe6po orrorrd rrlvi6rc rpq. Mo(i 6pog pre our6 nopouord(er rcr dvo or6po yvc6proprofiou ro 6rogoporrore i orr<i ro ouveli5 peripcr pe ro orroio piXpr rc6-po ooXotrr1Or1rope. Aev tyet yia oprcy(.vq gopd.Mfoq oe rdOe rre-pio6o q qopd rou ovoorpicperor oe 66o ouyrce xprpriveg lpovrrf5orrypi5. Kd0e pe6po pe ou, d ro yv<opiopciro, XopoKrqpf(eror o-vollcoodpevo. Or r6rorrep6rqrts rou yro upreri5 6eroerieg rourre pooprivou orrirvo eilov Oecrlp40e i og rdr-r ro pe roverrrx6. Kqrdro 1p6vro 6pr<rr5 rrou oxotro60r1oov ono8eiXrnK€ ro qvriOero. To e-vcllcoo6prevo pe6po enexpdrqoe erg pdpog rou ouv€Xorj5 o'otr6-*lnpo oXe6dv rov rrtrovqrq.

A5 errrorpd'{oup€ 6po5 orq trerroupyio r r1g yevvqrprog. Ko0ivoqr-r6 ro 66o drpo rou nloroiou ouv6ieror ;.re ivo ;rerotrtrr16 6o116-fuo. Or 66o 6orrrifuor 1opi5 vo ppiorovror pero{6 rous o€ errorpqorpdgovrot ya(( pre ro rrtraioro evcir rour61'povo rcOivog arrd qu-rofg cxouprrrder rrdv<rl oe dvo orivrlro or6,\e1oq, rq leydpevn q6-rrpo. Or 66o q,r6rrpeg orror-etrodv rous n6louq rr15 yevvr;rpro5.

Ag unoOiooupe 611 Odroupe ro ouppqrdvro rr lqforo o€ f i€pt-orpogq pe oraOepq ouXvdrqro y6p<rl cxrr6 d{ovo rrou cvrlrer oroenitre66 rou Kdr eivor r<d0eros orrs poyvqrrrcdg 6uvo;rrrdg ypotrtris.Ag Oe<opqooups cos opXq r<rlv Xp6v<rrv rr1 orrypq rord rrlv onoio rontrqioro eivor rdOero orrs 6uvoprrri5 ypopprrl5.

Kord rr1orrpq exeivq o116 rrlv erngdverd rou nepvder opdyrorog 6uvor55 opr 0p6g 6uvopr r rcirv ypcp pc6v.

Irq ouvile ro o opr0pr65 our65 nopouord(er pre 116o115ror ou{qoerS, rrp&ypo rrou oqpoivr,r drr errdyetor qtrer<rpe-yeprrrcq 66vop11 xor ouvcr<dlouOo, e<pdoov ro r<rjxtrcopo e i-var rtretord, rar qlerrprrd, pe6;ro. Arro6etrvderqt drt rdOe

gopd rrou 'ro rrtrsioro eivor rdOero orrs 6uvo;rrri5 ypcppds n qopdrou errcry6pevou pedporos qvoorpfcperor.

Aurd ouppqfver 66o qopis oe rd0e rrr:prorpoqrg. Irov lpdvofiou lrop€ppdtrtreror ovd;reoo orr5 66o ourd5 orrypdg q rrprq roupe6porog trapouord(er 6rorupdvo€rS, n rreprypocpq rov orrofcovpnopef vo e{unqperrlOei rotrdrepo orrd rr1 ytrr6ooo rcov poOr1;lol-rc6v.

Evqlloood;revo peripu ovopti(tror ro peri;rc rou o-noiou n rrF{ rcr q gopri perupritlowor rrepro6rxti.

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Appovr rd evotrtrooool,r€vn rdoqKo0c6g neprorpirp€rqr ro ;rerctrhrd rrloioro orrgr.p6xrpeg rqq yevvrlrpro(; spqCIvf(eror erroy<oyrxqrdoq. Bdoer rou v6prou rou Faraday Kor F€ rn po{-Oero r<ov poOqporrr<6v ono6errvferor drr I orrypr-o(o rrprl ourrlg 6iveror crr6 rrlv e{ioooq.

V : 2nvBSqy2nvt 6rrou ro B ouppolf(€r ro pq-yvqrrrcd rre6io,ro S ro ep[]o66v rou n]qroiou xqr rov rr1 oulv6rrlrCI rrls neprrrrpog4g.

To yvdprevo rrlg oulvd,rrlrog errf rov opr0p6 2n )\f.-yeror rurlrxq ooyv6rqro Kor ouvropoypocpeiror pero ypdppo <o. H npoqyorjFrevrl, ouverrc6g, e{iocrlorlypdcperor:

- V:col lSr l l . rcotBldnoupe 6rr q rrprl rrls srrcrytr;yrrrl5 rdorlg eivor 11-

;.rrrovoer6(q ouvdprqoq rou lpdvou. H ypogrrq nopd-orqorl mryprroiog rdoqg ro:r lpdvou 0o iler rn popq{rq5 ropn0trrls rou oXqpor-og. H <oppovio) rrou rro-pouord(er q errdvo ouro6 rou yporprlporo5 6rxoroloyeiKor ro XopcKrrlpropd nou Xpqopofiorodv or poOr1;.rorr-roiyr'ourq rq ouvdprrlorl liyovrd5 rrlv <op;rovrrrl>.

'Ooo yro rous guorKofg, ouroi Xoporrrlpf(ouv rrlvnepro6rrd perapoMdpevq our-q rdoq oppourd evoMoo-o6pevr1. Kor lcopfg vo Xpnorgonorodv ra proOrlprorrrcd;rnopo6v ror 6r1;rroupyo6v rqrr oppovrrq errdvo rou ypd-grlprorog, o{,ronorc6vros rrs 6uvordrrlreg rtov qlerrpovl -rc6v nolpoypdgrov rou5. Aurd yiveror p€ rrlv onlq ofv-6eoq rcov rrdlcov r45 yewqrpru5 pe nalpoypdcpo orov o-noio dloupe rppovrioel vo pdloupe r<ordtrtr4trr1 odpoo4.

Ag noporcotrouOqooupe r<irpo pe rr1 porlOero rns ypc-<prr<qg nopdoroorls V = f(t) rriv e{dfu{q rrlg evo}looo6pevr15 rdorlgrord rq lpovrr<r1 6rdprero prog neprd6ou. l(ord ro rrpc6ro rdropro 11rdoq ou{dver orrd ro pr'16iv pilpr rr1 prdyrorrl rrprl rrlq (BSro), q onoioliyeror nAdroq Vo rrls (oppovrrd) evotrlooo6pevrl5 rdoqg. fpdgou;reVo: BS<o. Kord ro 6e6repo riropro 11 rdrrq etrorrc6veror, evr6 rordrr1 Xpovrxrl orrypn I: Tl2 - fiou ro rrloior<> eivor rdOero mlg 6uvopr-

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lfl H^EKTP.MATNHTTKH EnAforH

Evullaoodtrrev4 rrio4 ovopd(erar 4 rdoq r45 onoiog q rrF{xor 4 nohr<ir4ra p€rqpdllowor neplo6rrd.

xfg ypoppig- I rFn rqg pq6ev(eror. Apio<og rerd, n rrp{ r45 rdor15yiverar opvrprrrl, rrpdypo fiou ylo rous (Puott(o65 oqpaivet 6rt ovrt-mpdcpqxe q notrrr6rqto. Arorrlpc6wos rqv cruriOerq ourrl nofur6rr1-ra oe 6lq rq 6rdprero rqg 6efrepr15 qprrrepr66ou (T>t>T/2), 11 rdorl e-{etriooeror orprp6g d,ttog xot rord rqv rrpcirr4 qprnepio6o, piXpr rr1onyp4 t : T orr6re rqr rrdh pq6ev(eror. O r6rdog iler rc6po olorlq-p<oOef. To rporv6;revo 0o eficxvqtrqrpOe( pre rp6nrt on6truro 6proro.

H nepio6og tqg ;reropotrqg dn<o5 Kot ro ovriorpogo giyeOogouXvrir4ra onorelodv po(i pe to nldrog 'rc or-otXeio rrou Xopo-rrrlpi(ouv p(o evatrlooo6pevq rdoq, ro oror;ieio 6qlo6q pdoer r<rlvonoiov 6rcrpiveror on6 pio dltrq evoMqooa'ptvq rdoq 6logoperr-14.AS oqprer<oOef 6rr orqv rrporcerpivq nepirrroorl rl ouXvdrqrd rq5eivor iorl pe rq ouXv6rrlro rr€ptorpoqr1s rou (tuppordvtou rrlotoiou.

To yrv6pevo ort : 2rrvt ro oroio on6 orlyprj oe orryp4 percpdtrle-ror liye'ror gdorl rqg evoMooodprevqg tdoqg ct€ ptq opropfvq Xpovrrrlorlypn. Kord rq 1povrxrl, trdyou 1dprv, orryprll14 qrryqrrlg rpdoqg 0oefuan2lnvT4 :"nl2 ev6 rord rrllpovrrrl ortyprlT 0o eivor 2rrvT :2r.

O 6pog gdoq Xpqotporroteiror oe 6trq ro opFovrKd peropoll6-prevo peyiOq dnrog e(vor trdyou ldpq ro oppovrxd evoltrooo6prevopedpc xor 11 ra16'rnro orrlv onlq oppovrrq ruldvrcooq. Odoq ev65ritorou peyd0ou5 e(vor q ycovio ro rlpirovo rr15 onoio5 eprpovi(erororq Xpovrrrl ouvdprrlorl rou peyfOoug ouroti.

H e{io<ooq rqg evoltrooo6pevqg rdorlg dltr rr1 popqq

v=%nF(|) tecp6oov trls opxn T orv 1p6v<ov Oeopq0ei r1 lpovrrq orryprl r<otd

rqv orroio 4 rdo4 (i) qrov (oq pe pq6dv (ii) errpdrcerro vo crotrouOr1-oer 11 otryepprrrl rr19 o6[4o11.

Appovrrcd evotrtrooop€vc p€upoAv q cppovrrd evatrlooo6pevq rdorl erpoppooref oro dxpo ev65 c-yrrlyori 0o Erlproupyq0e i evollcoodprevo pedpo rq5 i6ro5 pe rqv rd-oq ouXv6rqrc5. Ie nepirrroroq rlou o oYoYc,S eivor dvag olprrd5 o-vrrordr4g (R) 0q pnopofpe va erpopprd(oup€ ro v6po Ohm yra r<d0epio ond rrg ortyproieg rrpdg rdorlg-pe6proro5. Oo ro16er 6qlo6r1:

r=Y+!9lr i r=roqpotH prdyrorq rrp( lo (ntrdros) tou pedproto(, Kqr q ouXvd,rqrd rou

ouvrotodv XopCIKrnptorr rd orotXeiq rdOe o1l;rovr rd evolloood,pre-vou pedporo5.

O errrr<por6orspos 6reOvq5 ouprpotrrop6s yrcx ro evatrtrcoodprevo

HAEKTPOMAINHTIKH ENAIOIH

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p€6po eivor o AC. l lpoipx€ror on6 to oplrrd rarv ld le covalternating current. O 6pog or1;roiver evotr\oood,prevo pedpro.

To gorv6pevou. To rreipopc Oersted pd5 onordtrurue <irr ro qlexrprrd pedpa

6qproupyef pcryvqrrr<d ne6io. H noponipo ipeuvo ;rdg d6e r(e drr ropcryvrlrrrd our6 rre6io (i) e{oprdror o116 rq gopd rou pedporog rar(ii) ixer ivroorl (B) avdtroyq rrpos rqv ivtooq rou pedporog on6 roorroio rrpodpleror.

To od;rnepoopo fiou pyoiver qnd 6tro <rurd eivot 6rr ro (appovtxd)evotrlooo6pevo pefpro 6qproupyei pcryvqrrx6 ne6io lpovrrd ;reropotr-l6pevo'r<ioo rqrd ro pirpo rq5 fwooq5 tioo ror ra, d rqv xqte60uv-oq. H ivrooq rou rre6iou ouro6 0o 6iveror ond ;ro oXion rns Hopg4sB = Borl;rot q orroio uno6qlc6ver 6rr ro 6rdvuopro B 0q (rrdM€ror) FsouXyd,rqrc iorl pe q ouly6rr;ro rou evoltrooodpevou pe6poro5.

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JAEKTPOMAf NT-iKH t i l AIOIH

Oe<opqrrrd q lpovrrrl ourrl 6rdprero rrpfrret vo eivqt ioq pe pronepio6o rou pe6paros 4 p€ rdrroro oriporo notrtrontrdoro rrls n€-prd,6ou ourqg. Irqv rrpd{q, 6p<os, pnopei vo r:ivor pio orroro6(rrorelpovrrq 6rdprero. Aurd yror-f eivqr 16oo prrpri 11 nepio6og ev6g E.P.rrou rrpoKrrrd r<dOe perpqorpq Xpovrrrl 6rdprero pnopeivo Oe<rlpq-0ei oriporo rrollonldoro rrls nepr56ou.

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ydc, {vraorl Kor (Irov vd;ro rou Ohm.Ag urro06ooupe dr 6ro0iroupre pro e-

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floro orprpc65 eivor 5p<rl5 ro poorr<6 'nleovirrrlprc rrou fiopou-ot61t; ro evotrlooo6pevo pe 6po oe oXdrrrl ps ro ouvsxdg; H ond-vrrlorl 6ev eivor 66oro14.

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peu;rdrrrrv (Ampdre) fiou pfiopofv vo 1-rc,; 6ivouv rrlv i6ro qtrercrprrrlro16. H i6ro qlerrprrq ro169 prnopef vo crrro6o0ei oe ivo rpqpo r<u-rlcoporo5 F€ rous ouv6uooprorlg 24 rcr 100V, 5A rar 40V,20A r<or1 0V, drr<rr5 xor 1 00A, 2V. >' d,le 5 rrg rre prnrr6oer5 ro yrvd;revo 0o ef-vor200W.

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Iro0pdq nopoyroviqqlerrprr{q evdpyenq rqqerorpelog rou Edison peyew{rpcg suvexoUqpsriloros. Ndo Ydpx4, drog1882.

oc oe pedpo ouveli< xar pefpo evqlloo-o6prevo 6ev iXer ox6po truOei. 'Evog o116rous rrsproo6repo i'€eppou5 ufioorrlpr-rrig rou ouve1o65 preriporog rlrw ror opeydlog Aprepr xov65 erpeupirq5 ThomasEdison. Tqv enolq ereivrl erle r6p6oer r4veTorpeio Edison Electric Light q onoio erXeKol ro provorrc6fuo rou qtrerrpocporroprori.H ercrpeio curq 11 o'noio opydrepo pere-{eli104re, orrl }vrorrrrl oqpepo CeneralElectric, erle errev66rrer rdre repdorro re-gdlcro rrporerpivou vo e<po8rdoa rrs H€-ydleg ndlerg rqg Apeprrrlg pe 6irruo 6ro-

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ror vo eivor prrcpig yro vq rrepropr(owor doo eivfl 6uvqr6v or onciilereg.Mxpig dprog wrrmdoerg oqproiver peydleg 8raropig rrrrv crycrryc6v, pe-ydle5 6r1}o6q rroo6rqre5 Xoko6, rrpcrypCI'refu rd ootiprrpopo. Xperd(e-rar ouverrcbg vo ern6rc6roupe ;,rrrpd periporcx.

fro vo peragepOef opropivq qlerrprr( r,rX65 (P) pe prrpd pefpo o-rrorreiror q peragopd rrls vCI yiver pre uq;qi\r1 rdoq. loXder P : Vl. Av,

prdtrroro ouv6udooul.re rqv e[iocooq aurq p€ rrlv fiporl-yo6pevr1, rrporfrrrer rl Po, =, FRAP, q orroio errppd(erdrr or orr<otrereg roliog eivor ovriorporpc ovdloye5lrpos ro-rerpdyovo rqg rdr4g p€ rrlv orroio yiveror qperorpopd. 'Evo nopd6srypu. Av 0etrqooup€ vo F€rq-gipouye qlerrprrrl roXd 300 kW pre cryoryorig 150O u-rrd r-dor1 1OkV or oncitre re5 (lo e ivor 135kW. Irqv opXrlTnS ypcppng 0o iloupre 30CkW evc6 orov rdrro rorq-vdkooqg 0o g0dvouv p6hS (300-135)kW :165kW. Av6pco5;.rerogipoupe rqv f6ra rold mqv f6ra on<imoo4Kqr F€ rou5 i6rou5 cyalyori<; oMd urr6 rdoq 100kV, ororr<6trereg 0o eivor pr6vo 1,35 kW. Irqv rorovdl<rroq 0a<p0dver ro169 (300-1,35)kW == 298,65kW.

H perogopd ouverrc65 e(vqr orrovoprrrd oupcpipou-oo, eg6oov fipcryporolroreirqr F€ rov ouv6uaop6 q4,l{rdorl-ptxp6 pe6pa. Vr1l6g, 6po5, rdoerg eivcr rrpcrrrrcd

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nohj 6riorolo vo 6q;roupyr10o6v ond rrg yew(rpre5 rou 6ro0iroupe .E6o oxprprig nor(erro olpqvrK6 rou p6lo o p€rooxrlpCIrmq5.

Irov oro0prd, qle rrporrcpay<oy45 64proupyefror Frq opropivrlrdorl rrlv onoio o psrooxnporror45 ovepd(er o€ Fro rdorl r1.'r1l6re-pq pe prrpi5 olerrxd orrc6trere5 ratd rq lerrotrpyio rou. Me rqv Vq-trr1 ourrl rdorl npcrypororroreirCIr rl p€rCIgopir rq5 qlerrprxqg evip-y€rcs F€ prrpig onc6lere5 Joule relrrd.

Iro dllo drpo rq5 ypCItrF4s perogopdg 0rr yiver q rorovdl<rlo4.Or rrvrlrrlpeS dFr<oS rqg propqlcvio5 ror or6po neproo6repo or or-rroxi5 qtrrerprri5 ouoxeudg 6ev e ivqr rq06trou rrporrrr<6 atrtrd rarxo06lou <<pp6vrpo> vo le rroupyo6v pre rdoe l5 erorovrd6ov 1fud-6<ov polr. Kor e6<6 pe ovriorpogo rpdno r:of(ouv ndfu ro p6lorous or p€rCIoxrlpcrrct(.g, urroprpd(ovrqs rrlv rqqlq rdoq oe rdoqpeprrclv e xorovrd6<rrv polr, un6 rqv orroio percprpd(erol refurdro <cryo06> orq orrirro Kor orq epyoordoro.

Xropig evotrlaoo6prvo pe 6po 6lo ourc, 6e 0o ;.rrroporioe votrpcryFCIrofiorrl0e i.

O perooxrlHororqsOr pi(e5 rqg cxvordluqrrls rou HsrooxrlpCIrror 11 ppiorovror oro or6e -pivro 6oxr6trro rou Faraday pre rc 66o nqvio cro onoio noporrlprloerrlv oyorpoio errcry<oyry. I-lcp6lo rrou o rrpc(rrog p€rocrxnporrorqgrcrooreudorr;re trryo p6trrg 1p6vro opy6repo (1836) qrr6 rov JosephHenry orqv Apeprr4, nipooe prodq nepfrrou or<6vo5 pf1pr5 6rouXprlorFonorq0ef oro 6frrua perogopdg rq<; qlerrpr14g evipyero5oro orroio rrof(er pilpr rcr oqpepo rov rro}6 o4;rcvrrr<d pdtro rou.

Ileprypcg{. H 6rdro{q orrore}eirqr orrri 66o tr4vfa ru}rypivoorov i6ro rcle ro16 or6epivro nupqvo. To rrr;vic efvor o'nd Xdlrrvootlppo pre povorrrq errdvEuorl. To iva o116 ourd, ro orroio 0o lopo-rrrlpf(oupe ag n p<nr e6ov, rpocpo6ore ircr a'nd nqyq evotrtrooodpe-v4g rdorlg (rdor1 ero66ou) opropivrlg ouXv6--qro5. Iro dtrlo nrlvio,

H npoyporrrdr4ro pdoo ond0oT0Yp0rpr0

Ilqponr{ nop6oroo4 Iuppolropdq

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ro treyd,prevo 6eurepe6ov, endyeror rltrerrlreyeprrrrl 66vcpq Kor orodrpo rou e pcpovi(eror evotrlooo6pevrl rdoq (rdor1 e€66ou) rns i'-6ro9 ouXv6rqrog. To 6eurepe6ov nrlvio oupneprcpip€ror cos ytwrl-rpro F€ XcpoKrrlprorrxd (qtrexrpeyeprrrrl 6rlvopq Kor socrlr€prrr1 o-vrioroorl ), 6r o<poperr rd qrrd ro cvriororx(I XopCIKrrlptor t rd rns fi n -yqg rrou rporpo6ore i ro 16x.trorpo rou rrpcrrre6ovros.

H ytr6ooo r4g evdpyerag. 4116 evepyr:rorr1 ororrrd, o p€roox4-porror(g no(pver evdpyero ond rrlv nqyrl nou rpocpo6orei ro fip<rl-re6ov nqvio rou. 'Evo FrfpoS ourqg rrlg rvdpye rog ucpiororor ovc-rrdrpeurr4 unopd0proq ro0<65 ro qtre rrprrd pedprc xuxlocpopei oronprore6ov rrirtr<o;ro. To peyotr6repo 6pro5 pipoS orro0qre6erororov Xripo rou rrupqvo og evdpyerc prcqnrqrrrori rre6fou o116 6rrouror peroprp6(erx oro 6e urepe6ov 16rl<o.to.

Tc rrerpriporc. Or o1err165 perpqoe rg 6eiXvouv drr or oprOproirrov orrerprilv rtov 6rio rrqvi'<ov roOopi(or-rv Kor rrl o16oq ovdpeooorrg rrpi5 rrlv rdoeov ero66ou,xor e{66otr.

flerpoporr(6poors pre dvo p€rooxrlporrorq ro npore6ov rou orror-ou iXer nr : 600 oneipe5 ev<i or oneipe5 rorr 6eurepe6owog efvor n, :1 .2OO. Tov rpocpo8oro6;re pe evoMcoo6prevq rdorl evepyori rrprlg V, :

75Y, or'6rc ivo polrdperpo oro drpo rou 6eurepe riovrog pdg 6ei1,ve rd,rr q rdorl e{d6ou f1e r (evepyd) rrpq V, : 150V. O perooXqporrorrl5pag ov6gcooe r4v rdo4 r<or pdfuma oe rrpii 6rrrtrdora crr6 ereivrl rrouecpopp6ocpre. Xpqor prorrorc6vrcg ivcrv dllo F€rooxrlForrorq pe rrpor-re6ov 600 onerpcirv ror 6eureperjov 300'onerpcOv 6rorrrorc6oope 6rr qrdoq rcov 75V nou ecpopp6oopre unoprpdcrrrlre nepirrou mo prod. Aro-cpoiverar 6qlo6r1 pro avotroyio wd;reoo mr< rdoerg erod6ou ror e{56ou

Kol orous opr0po65 rov on'erp<ov rcov 66o rrqviclv. Irovdloyo ou prnepdoporo prropod pe vo r<orotrr1€oupeKfl p€ rrl porl0ero rllerrpovrrori no\roypd<pou.

Me ro o6ppolo V rqr I rraprordvoup€ rqv €vrp-yd rrprl rq5 evotrAooo6pevrlg rdorlg ror rou evotr-looodprevou pedproro5 ovliororlo.

H Oaopio.'Orqv ora irrpo rou r-rprorefovros €-

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qopp6(eror ryqMooo6pevrl rdoq ro r6xlorpd rou 6rcppierot qrrd e-voMooo6prevo ps6po orr<ire ror er6r1tr<6vovror -.-o yvoord gcrv6pevo.Eprpcxvi(eror gorv6pevo Joule orouq cry<oyofs or;rod rou KUKI(6FdroS,evc6 rour6lpovo oro eo<oreprrd r6pro rou nrlviou 8r;proupyeirot evql-trooo6prevo pcryvqrr16 ne6io, or 6uvoprrig ypoprpfg rou onoiou 6rdpXo-wcr rcrd ro preyofujrepo rroooor6, prioco rou orEqporruprlvo, ror o116ro eo<oreprr6 rou 6eurrpe6owog. Aurd o4;.roivouv 6rr (i) oro rrp<rlre6-ov nqvio 6q p roupyeirqr our€rroy<oyr rcr1 qtre rr6reyeprr rr1 66vop 11 evcboro 6tur€psriov n4vio errdyer-ar enioqg qtrerrpeyeprrrrl 66vopq.

l6ovrxtig Fsrqq(ngqnor{5. Erp6oov rord rr1 lerroupyio rou 6evropouord(ovrar qrr(6tre r e g evf pye r og, o p srCIo)lq porl mr1 g Xoporrrl pi-(eror og r6crur65. Irqv npd{4, piporo, riroro<; FsrooxrlFdrrorrl5 6evugiororcr. O r6ovr165 p€rocrxrlpcrrorqg eivor ivo povritro p€rqoxrl-porrorrl pre nrlvio Xopis <rrprrq wrioroorl Kor lJr rrupqvo mov orroio6ev 6q;rroupyeirqr onr6lero evipyerog. OIn n pcryvqrrr4 po( rrou ep-cpcvi(eror mo nporedov rrrlvio 6r6p1eror xor on6 ro 6eurepe6ov.

Arro6e rrv6e'rcr 0eopqrrrd 6rr o' ourrl r4v rrepirrrtoon o ldyogrcov rdoe<ov e{66ov (V',) ror ero66ou (Vr), eivrrr ioog pre ro tr6yo rovopr0pc6v (n, ror n,) rov orrerpc6v.

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H oX6or1 pc5 l6er 6rr cxv or orreipeg rou 6e urepe6ov'rog e(vor rre-proo6repe5 o116 rrg oneipeg rou fipor€6ovr,rS o p€rCIoxrlporrorqg0o ovurpcov€r rrlv evotrlooo6;revq rdorl Kor Fcilloro r6oeg gopd5, 6-oe5 cpopig o opr0pdg rcov orrerpcbv rou 6eureperiovrog e ivcr peyo-tr6repog crr<i rov opr0p6 rorv orrerpc6v rou rrporedovrog. O tr6yo5

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nz/n, triyerqr rar ldyoq rou yerdoxrTya'noyof.Ie qvri0er4 neplrrrtoorl o F€rooxrlporrorqg 0a prrope i vo urroprpd(er rqv rdorlodprpcovo rrdvro F€ Tnv ovotroyio nou avorpipope.

Erp6oov ro r<6r}<opo rou 6eurepe6ovrc,S nopopiver avor1r6, 11 ler-roupyio rou Ftrcoxrlporrorq XCIpcKrnp(eran Aetroupyia y<upiq Eop-rio tlluroupyia oro xevci. Av ro r6rl<rrpr rou 6eurepefovrog efvctrleror6 0o xuxlogope i o' ou'r6 evcllootrdprevo pe6po (lr) ror Oc a-no6iSeror rdrrorq rllerrprrrl roXfg rrpo rqv <i{o6o>. T6re 0o li;re 6rro p€rCIoxrf Forrorq5 trenoupyti ye Eoprfo.I' ourrl rqv nepirrrcootl-avorpep6pevor rrdvror€ orov r6svrrc6 F€TCIoxrlporlarrl- 0o dloupe

pdoq roX65 ero66ou : Fdorl roX65 e{d6ou

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Ilpay;rcrrrrig perco;lqpcrror{9. Eivor dpco5lvoord 6rt ot rpuot-roi v6por 6ev pra5 errtrpirrouv vo 6qprouryrlooupe perooXqporrorqr6qvr16. Kord rq lerroupyio rou fipcryplrrro6 perooXqpror-rorr1 orevepyeroxig orr<6trere5 0o undptouv ontoo8rlfiort. Ogeilovror 16-pro oro rporv6prevo Joule nou 6qproupy;;itor (o) orrg <rlprrf5 ovrt-ordoer5 rov 66o nqvicov qtrld ror (p) orov nupqvo rou F€rooxrlPd-rrorq l6yco rrlg 6q;roupyiog er6rrc6v €firtytrlyr Kt6v <6rvopeupdrcov>rrou 6q;.rroupyo6vror o'qut6v. f to vo rrepropf(ovror pdtrroro roperiporo ourd o or6epdvrog rruprlvog 6i:v eivor fvo5 nupr;vos ou-

Frrcr)'4s otrtrd ivo orjvotro o116 or6epivrcx <g6trlo) rrou 6roXopf(o-vror pero{6 rous p€ lenrd orpc6poro povcrrrtrod utrrxo6.

O ouvreleorrlg ond6oons (CI) ev6g npoyporrrof F€rooxrlport-orr1, o l6yog 6qlc6r1 rqg <ocpifupqg qtrer<rprr<r1g roX6og e€66ou (Pr)rrpos Trlv ropeldprevn rcrxd ero66ou (P,) eivor ;rrrpd,repog o116 rovopr0p6 <1> xqt e{aprdror orrd rrg ouvOr1€S rrls lelroupyio5 rou.

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Ms x0pnlli 16on dedopdvq roydq onorreirolupdrepo pefpo on6 doo pe g4[{ 1601. Hypo;rp{ rdre xorovo}ulver peytilo pdpoq 14grollriog xor de pdver opxerti rox6q vro v0ovri{,er [ trflro.

H on6lero royfoq onogefyeror FD ovtiqrooqr4g r6oqg mqv oplri ror eldrrooq oTo rsloqT[q yp! l.rliq. Mdvo fio evollooodpevo eivoteUKoIn n Uoro0oli rl|q r6onq |te rouqperooXqporrmfg.

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4.1. Kord rrg opXi5 rou 19ou orrilvqo) flora peroverrq;roro nopouoio(e q ler-roupyic rrov prlXovov oro epyomdorc;

9) norq npoplrlporo nopouofa(e rl Xp4onrqg evipyerog rou arpori;y) norq o6uvoyio nopouofo(e q Xpqoq rlle-rrprrq5 evipyero5;

4.2. Karu rqv nopeio rou lTpos r4v ovord-luqq rou gorvopdvou qAtxrpopayvrlnxrl t-naywy 11 o M ichael Faraday Xprlor ponoirloeo) rr1 troyrrrl rou ovriorpoqou Ksr p) 14lo-yrrrl rq5 cvoloyfog. Eog (rlroripe vq onooo-rpqvioere rr orlpofver our6.

4.3. l-lorg e ivar 6uvordv vo 6qprroupyqOe f e-nayoyrr<i pe6pc ov o enaycoyiag orrvqreioe crXiorl pe ro enuyriypo;

4.4. fl ep rypdr.,t rre 6vo ne fpopro 611 p rou pyio5enayoyrxod pedporog Fs rov sncryoydo vorrve irqr oe oXdoq pre ro enaycbyrpo.

4.5. Tr liyerar rlle rrpopayvqrr rrl encrytoyrj ;

4.6. f'la4 6raruncilverur o vdpog rou Faradayyrq rrlv rller<rpopayvqrrrrl enaycoy(; o) Meld{er5 p) Me odppotro.

4.7. Arorunrilor€ rov rovdvo rou Lenz. Xpq-orponorrlore ivo nopd6e rypo.

4.8. floro eivor 11 oXiorl rou Kovdvq rou Lenzpe rqv oppl rr15 6rorrlprloqg rqg evdpyerug;Xpqorponor4me ivo nopd6erypc.

4.9. Me nr1yr1 ouveXo65 rdoerrlg rporpo6o-rodpe 6rjo nop<iporou5 lopnrrlpe5 ouv6e6t-pivoug nopdllqla ev6 napeppdlleror ror6rordnr4g. Tr 0o ou;rpe f xord ro dvorypra

rou 6rordnr4; IXe{irdore ro rdrl<opa.

4.10. Tr }iyeror aurenoyroy4; Arirore ivonopd6erypc.

4.11. Tr trfyrror ou'neleor4s ourencry<oyr15;Ie rr ovorpiperor; fioro eivor 11 ;rovd6o pe-rprloeo4;

4,12. Ano noro orrlrXeio ro0opi(eror q rrprirou ouvreleor4 o.rrenoycoyq5 tvdg oolrl-voer6o65;

4.13. And rr eloprdrcr 11 rrprl rqg rllerrpe-yeprr r115 66vopq5 rrurencryaryrl5;

4,14. Kurrlo cn6 rroreg npo0no0doerg ivonrlvio onoOrlre 6e r evdpyero;

4.15. Tr ro r6rcire 1ro ou;.rpoiver Ft rov €TTo-yroyio Kor p€ ro errcrycfyryo orqv nepinrcu-or1 a) oporpoio5 enaycoyl5 p) ourenayory4g.

4.1 6. l-leprypdqrr€ orq yk6ooo rr15 evdpyer-og rq }erroupyio cr) prog yewrlrprog p) evdgrllerrprrod rrvrlrqln.

4.17. No 6r6oere '-ou5 oproporis rtov €wor-c6v q) evqllqoo6pevo pedpo p) evotrlqood-pevrl rdoq y) nldrog prqs opFovrKd evol-trooodprevqg rdoq<,.

4.18. Tr ldyeror evspydg ivroorl evotrlqood-pevou pe6porog; Ie rr pc5 por1Od ourq 11dvvorol f loro oX6or1 iXer q rrpr l rns Ht ronldrog rou (oppovrrd) evotr loooopivoupe6poroq;

4.19. Tr triyeror prriorl roXd5 rou evolloood-yevou pe6poro5;

4.20. Ie 6lo rov r<6opo ro evotrIcoo6pevopedyo iXer enrrporrloer er5 pdpog rou ouv€-

Xor15. I-loro5 e (vqr o poorrdre po5 l6yoq yr'aurd;

4.21. Io5 (r1ro6p': vo neprypdq,rere q) ivuv

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4.22.Tr ro r6roirepo ouppoiver xcrd rq ler-roupyio evd5 r6avrxo6 perooXrlporrmq;

4.23.Tr lileror ond6ooq evdg perooX4porr-ortl;

I[a cvcpurtrl0o6pe...

4.24. f lprv und rqv ovordlurpr l rr15 r l le-KrpoHcryvrll Kr15 encryoy45o) erXe egeupeOei q polroirrj mr1lrlB) e r1e 64yroupy40e i q ovcryrrl prog rorvo6-prog avordlugrlg q onoio 0o npoodgepe e-vdpyero rrcvrl va 6rovdperor qrr6 ro rdvrponopayoryrjg fipos rous rdnoug rqrovdlo-orlsy) erle tgeupe0ef 4 yewqrpro woMoooopi-vou pedproroq6) erlov npoqyqOef ovenrruXei5 npoandOe r-e5 rou Faraday vo endyer qlexrprrd pe6po o'ivo rrirlopo Xp4orponorc6vrog roluporiguCIyv4rtS.Me troro on6 ro nopondvo 6ra<poveire; Ar-xcroloy{ore rqv ondvrqoq.

4.25. Auo n4vio ro [1., ror ro [l, Bpiorovrorro ivo 6inlo oro dMo, To f1, eivor psuporo-q6po.o) Av peroplqOe f ro pedpc rou nrlvfou fl,ro f1, 0o yiver n4yq 4lerrpeyeprrr4g 66vc-

Prls'p) Av perorrvrlOef ro fl, xor nlqordoa TTpoSro [1, , ro f1, 0o yiver nqyq qlerrpryeprrrrjg6rivop4g.y) M6vo ov ou{r1Oeiro peripo rou f'1, ro f1,0o yive r nr1yr1 rlle rrpeyeprrrqg 6rivopqg,6) Eire ou€nOei ro pedpo rou [1, , eire pero-xw4Oei ro fl, npog ro fl., X<lpi5 vo ou{oper-

orOefro pefpcr rou, ro gorv<ipevo ldyerol o-porpoio enayoyrl.Me noro on6 qurd oupcpeiveire; Arrololo-y4ore rqv cnrivrqoq.

4.26. l-ll4ord(ouy€ rrpos ro 6vo drpo ool4-voe 16o65 rov vdrro ndlo evd5 pcryvrlrrl, ond-IL

s) Kd0e one(ro rou nqviou yiveror nqy4 rl-trerrpeleprrx45 66vcp49.p) To n4vio 6roppderor ond 4lexrprr6 pe6-po ydvo av ro xfxtro.lpq rou nqviou e fvorxlerord.y) Anorrefror vo peroBrBd(oupe orov po-yv4r4 evipye ra p6vo ov ro xdxlttrpo eivorrle rord.6) Av ro rdrko;.ro eivor xlerord, ro drpo rounqvfou npos ro onoio ntr4ord(oupe kr-roupye i crrg pipe rog n6log.Me rroro on6 qurd oupgalveire; Arrqrolo-rlme rqv onrrvrqoq.

4.27. M(.oa o' ivo 6roorqpdntroro nou Bpi-oK€ror oe rpoXrd ydpo an6 rq fq undpXerrdnoro nrlvio. 'Evog oorpovorirrlg 6ronr-o'rc6ver drr ro nqvio 6roppderar on6 peripronopdlo nou ['rv ouv6ierqr pe rllerrprrrl n4-yr1. flou p1roF,€f vo o<peilerat ro peripc ou-TO;

4.28. O pu0p,ig peropolqg rr15 pcryvqrrxri5po45 iXer rog povd6o perprioeo4 ro o) 1V B)1 Wy) 1Wb 6) 1wb/sMe norq qn6 ourd ou;rgcovei're;

4,29,'Orcrv rlefooupe rov 6lsrdnrq o ps-rolfurd5 6o11 6trro5 nerriror npo5 ro ndvar(oXqpa). frorf ouppaiver aurd;

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4.30. Tr 0o ouppeiov rleiooupe rov 6tqr6-firru

4.31. O v6po5 rq5 rllerrpopcryvqrrxrlg eno-yoy{S (oe fvo nqvio) 6tcrundtverot Ft rrlve[iooorl

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c) To odppolo E., noptordvet guotrd pdye-0o5 pe povd6o pdrpqoq5 ro 1A.

B) To ofpBolo.AO ncprmdver 14 peropolrlrrls FcyvrpK{S pois oe pto anefpo.y) H e(io<ooq roXder egdoov o pu0p6g peto-

Bolqg rq5 po(g eivcr Xpovtxd mcOepo5.6) To E., noprordve t rnv €rlcrycoyrr4 rtioqoro dxpa rou rqvfou egdoov ro x6xl<opo'rou nrlviou eivar crvor1r6.Me norq ond uurd oupgoveire;

4.32. fldvro o' dvo rpond(r ppioxeror fvaruxfuxd nlaioro. ArptprS5 ndvo: qnd ronlsioro ouyxporodpe dvo pap66popgo pCI-prirq,6n<o5 mo oXrlpofloro 0s efvar 4 gopd rou encryoyroti pe6-

;rorog 6rmr o Fcrl,v{rrls nlqord(er ro rpond-(r xar noro 6rcv cnopcrpdverot and our6;

4.33. l-lpoo6ropio're rq gopti rou pefparognou 0o 6rcppder rov cvrtmdrrl Rc) rr1 mryprl nou rler'voupe rov 6tordnrrl.

F) Orsv o 6rcrdnrqg eivar xlerm65 xor ou{d'voup€ rrlv rrprl rq,; peroplqrrl5 avrfmoo45

|) rq mryprlnou rrvoiyoupe rov 6tcr<inrq.

4.34. Ka0rilg ou{irverot q rrprl rou pe6parognou 6roppder dvc oolrlvoer6dgc) Er6qlc6veror ourtnayoyq.p) Ano0rlreferot evipyeto oro payvqrtxdne6io rou nrlviou.y) To payvrlrrrd ne6io oro €o@r€ptr6 rouoolqvoer6odg eirrql tt xd0e lpovrrri ortYp4qroyevd5.6) Kri0e oneipa'rou yiveror nrlyr; qlexrpe-yeprrxq5 66vcp4,;.e) Eg6oov undple r <rovrd> dvo dMo nqvioer6rlk6verct opo r poio encryoy4.m) O pu0pdg oti{r1oqg rou perlporo5 eivar

Xpovrrd mo0epd5.Me nors on<i ou'rd oup<ptoveire;Ar raroloy{ore trlv ondvrrloq.

4.35. H povd6a pdrpqorlg rou ouvreleorrlourencryoy{g erdg nrlviou eivot q) To 1H p)To 1O s y) To 1V1tb/s.

4.36. Atio oolrlvoer6ri dlouv ro i6ro eppo6riv6roro;.1119, ro i6rc' pqro5 ror rov i6ro nup4voolld ro I' d;1er 6rnldoreg oneipeg an6 roIr. O ouvrelemrl5 aurencryoy{s rou I.' oeoxdon p€ exe ivov rou I, o) eivor 6rnldorog

B) eivor iooq y) e var rerpcnldotog.Me noro qn6 aurd oup<poveire;

4.37. Kleivoup€ rov 6roxrinrrl ev65 ruxl6-pdros oro orlofo ulrdpx€t rot nqvio. To ped-

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HAEKTPOMAI'NHTIKH ENA[OIH

Fo orrd pr16svrKi rrH4 nou iXer rord r11orryprl ;rr16iv <pOdvtr orrlv rrprl lr = '120 mArord rq mrypr1 t, ror opydrepo cnorrd r4vrpq l, = 240 mA xord rq lpovrrrl orryprl tr.H evipye ro nou dXe r anoOrp<e u0e( oro Fo-yvrlrrrd ne6io rou nrlviou rord rr1 orryp4 t,ouyrprv6pevrl pe erefvq nou erXe ono04reu-Oef rord rr1 orrypq tts) eivqr 6rntrdoro p) eivor rerponldoro y) e i-vqr ion.Me noro ond qurd oupcpcove ire;

4.38. flore5 eivqr or 6ragopig rot noteq eivoror opor6r4reg ovdpeoo o' fvqv rller<rprrcd r<r-v4rqpo Kcr Hlq qltrrprr<r1 yev4rpro;

4.39. f leprypdqure rq6ro6rr<ooio TTou f ioor-ordveror oro o111pro,

xprlorponorovros Kor rrlylciooa rrlg evipyerog.

4.40. To r1trcr<rprr<d peu;ronou XprlorHonorefror or]-pepa rdoo orq onirrs 6-0o Kcr oro epyoordoroeivqr . . . . . . . . . . . . ptdpo, r l r -

pr1 ror 11 rou orrofou percpdllovrorKd0e rllerrprrc6 pe6po quro6 tou

ei6oug Xcpcrrrlpi(eror ond rrlv evepy6 rrprlrou Kor ond rq ouXvdrrlrd rou. Av rl rvsp-y6g rrprl rou eivqr .......... ro ........... 6qlc6r1 r1

rrpr l rou 0a eivor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Au r lrou eivqr . . . . . . . . . . r l rou 0o

eivqr 1/50 rou 6eurepotrinrou, 0o otrld(er,6qlo6q, cpopd rdOeIo5 (qrodpe vo ouprnlrlpc6orr€ ro revd rourerpivou enrliyovrog ond ru nopordrco:APMONIKA ENAAAAIIOMENO . TOnAATOI TOY . ME|IITH . 1/50 s . 4A oIYXNOTHTA. EAAXIITH . IYNEXEI .OOPA . 1 i100 s o ME|I ITH . 4 i1A. 2rfzn . uyNfXEI o nEplOAtKA . 50Hz onEPto^or.4.41. 'Evog ovrrordrrl5 200 6roppiersr orrd

evollooodpevo pedpo 50 Hz 4 pdyrorrl orry-prcio rrprl rou onoiou eivor 3A,Me noro ord rrr nopordror ouycpoveire;a) Irov ovrrorirrl peroprpd(erar evipyero45 ) ro 6eurepd\enro.p) H eoolreprrr'1 0epprrq evipyero rou qvr-ordrq au{dver - }dy<o perlpotog - rqtd 45 Jro 6e ure o6ltnr o.y) H evepyrig irn99l rou evotrtrqoodpevoupefparoq eivor 3 !2 A.

4.42. fko5 ouprreprgiperor qnd evepyeror<r1oronrd ivo nrlvio 6rcv 6roppierut o116 e-vollaoodprevo pedpo;

4,43.Le ivov r6ovr16 HsrooxrlHorrorr l otone rpe5 oro nrlvio rou 6eurepedovrog e ivot10 gopig ne proo6repeg ond e re ive5 otonqvio rou npcrl're6ovro5.o) Av oro npore6ov erpopp6oou;re ouveX4rdorl 20 V 11 rdrorl oro 6eurepe6ov 0q eivqr200 vp) Av oro npo-redov peroprpdooupe 5000 Jovd 6rurepdlsrrro rl roX65 mqv i(o6o 0o ei-vqr 5000 W.y) Av oro nporedov percprpdooupe 6000 Wund rdo4 200 V ro pe6pro rou 6eurepe6o-vro5 0o tivor 3(t A.Me noro 0r'cLrrd ouprpolveire;

4.44. Opropivcr Oeropofv ro H€rooxrlHol-orq al5 <4lerrprrd poXtr6>. floto eivot q cvo-troyio ovdpeoo oe 6vq F€rqcrxrlFororq raroe dva poXtrd;

[c trfooupe npf]rfipctc

4,45.Le rdnor,l r<drtropc q poyvqrrr4 porlou(dver oroOepd rqrd 2.10''Wb oe Xp6vo1/100 rou 6eurepotrfnrou. Ynoloyior€ rnvHEA und encryroyrl.

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4.46.'Evo5 rurfurdg cr)'oYds pe 6rdperpo 50cm rono0ereiror oe opoyevig payvrlrtr6 ne-6io pe ro enine6d rou rd0ero mrg 6uvoprrigypsypis.Av 11 fvroo4 rou ne6iou oulaver peoroOepd pu0p6 0,4T ovd 6eurep<llenro vqunoloyioere rqv sficrytoyrKq tdorl nou ovo-nrfooeror perc{6 rrrlv oqpeirov A rat B.

4.47. 'Evu prerotr l rrd ntrqforo e;rpo6od 20cm'rono0ereiror pdoo oe o;royevig pcrl^/n-rrrd ne6io rou.onoiou 11 dvrooq peropdlle-ror 6no5 oro 6rdypoppo. flpoo6ropiore r4vrrprl rqg enoyoyrrrlg HEA Kqr rq rpopd rouenayoyrxori periporog.

4.48. To enine6o ev6g opOoy<oviou nloroi-ou, 6roordoe<ov 10cmx8cm, e ivor rd0eroorqv 6re60uvoq opoyevo05 payvqrrrorl ne6i-ou. Av ro ntrqioro cnoretreirqr ond 50 onei-prs Kol fXe r awimooq 12 A, unoloyiore ropuOyd pe rov onoio npdner vo ;.reropdlle-ror q ivraorl rou pcryvrlrrKo6 ne6iou r6orero nloioro vo 6roppierar cn6 pe6po 5mA.

4.49. Oealpo6pre pro anerpo rd0erq ro-no0e-rqpdvq oe oyoyevdg payvqrrrd ne6io B. Au-lavoupre ypopprr<d r4v rrprl rr15 iwoorlg on6

0 oe 0,1 Tdotro oe Xpd-vo 1110 rou 6eurepolf-nrou. Irr l ouv6Xero

;.rqDevi(oupe rord rovi6ro rpd'no r4v ivroo4rou ne6fou oe Xpdvo

1110 rov 6eure pc,linrou. Afvcrot drr ro ep-po6dv enrgove io.; rq5 one rpog eivot 10 cm'.o) H oneipo eivor avorXrrl. Bpeire rrlv tdorlVo..

B) H ontfpo eivcrr rletorrl rot 11 ovtforoo4rq5 eivor 0,5 O. tDrrd€rs rrlypqqrKrl ropd-moorl pe6porog.Xpdvou.y) I-kioo e ivsr ro qlexrpr16 <poprio nou Fs-rorrvrl0rlre oe rd0e nepinroorl;

4.50. H poyvrlrr14 porl nou 6ronepvd ivor6rlorya peropdMeror odpgorvo pe ro 6rd-ypol.rpCI (O,t). Ncryivcr 11 ypocprrtl nopdoro-on rqs rrp45 rqg enoydpevq5 HEA oe ou-vdprrloq pe ro Xp6vo.

10

4.51. 'Evog xurtrr-169 cryoy65 6ropd-rpou 20 cm Kor 0-vrimooq5 r= 0,01O ouv6ierot pe o-vrrordr4 R=0,02O dn<lg oro oXq-po. O oy<oy6g ro-noOereirqr rdOero

oe opoyevig payvrlrrrd ne6io 0,8 T. Mfoo oe1110 rcv 6eurepoldnrou ro eppo6dv rrls srr-<pdrverog rou rur\rro6 ayolyotl petc6vorot mo-Oepd oe 10 cm'?. Zqreftar o) q HEA qn6 erro-ycoy{ p) ro r1trer<rpr16 rpoprio nou endyerqr.

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HAEKTPOMAINHTIKH ETIAIOIH

4.52. Zro ox4po ncprordveror ypogrr<d qXpovrr<r1 peropolq rrls FcryvrlnKri5 porlg O(t)nou nepvder qn6 ivo n4vio. Ynoloyiorerqv HEA on<i enoyolyrl ror nopoorqoereypogrrd rr1 perapofuj rqg or ouvdprrlorl Fsro Xprlvo.

4.53. To pe6po nou 6roppde r fvo nqvio eivor6A. H rnoyolyrrrirrlra (ouvreleorr]5 oure-ncyoyqg) rou rrqviou e(vor 0,1H. Ynoloyf-ore o) rrlv ono0rlxeupiv4 oro nqvfo evip-yero Kot p) rr1 piorl roXd ;.re rrlv onoic one -leu0epriveror <jrov ro pe6pa pq6evf(erorprioo oe 1140 rov 6eure polirrou.

4.54. Aurenqyoyri xal xcpdrr. O oneorqli-oros rou rcpdre xarogdpver pe iva rurdl-lqlo lrdnrlpu vo ondoe r 6rd<popo qvrrre f-yevo. Me ro Xrdnqpd rou qrretreuOepc6ver i-

vo or lpovrrronoo6 evdpyerogoe Xpdvo nol6prxp5. H ro169rrlv onoio cvo-nrdooer pnopefvo ouyrprOei perqv roXrl fiou 0-ne tre u0e pc6ve -rqr rqrd ro d-vorypq ev<i5 xu-116ycro5 Frnqvfo ror qtre-

rrprrrl nqy4. Me ro nopordr<o 6e6opivopnopeire vo ro enalrl0etioere. Oeopqorerr1 pd(o rq5 ncldyr;g 200 g, rrlv rcXdrqrcrou Xrunrl;,roro5 15m/s xor ro Xp6vo rouXrunrlyorog 0,1 s. Kdvere rq o6yrproq pe i-vo 4trerrpt16 xdrlopo. To xdrlaryo nepri-Xe r nrlvfo encryuryr x<irrpo5 0, 5 H, 6r oppe6pe-

vo qnd pe6pc 10A, o pq6evroprig rou onoi-ou yiveror oe Xp6vo 0,1 s.

4.55. 'Evq oolry6slg5t 500 onerp<6v 6roppi-erot ond p€6p,r 10A. Iro eoclreprrd rouoolrlvoe16o65 ro pcryvrlrK<j ne6io rou peri-porog e ivor 1,5 10oT, Ynoloyiore rrlv s.rro-yoyrr<irqrc ror ro pr1ro5 rou ool4voer6ofgov eivqr yvoor5 drr ro eppo6dv 6roro;.149rdOe onerpa5 eiyqr 40 cm'.

4.56. Ito drpo evrig nr;viou ye L=30mH rorR = 4 O erpoppd(eror oruOeprl rdoq 40V.l0eivoupe ro 6r,rr6nrr1 rropox{S pedporo5.Ko0r65 ro pedprrr ou{dvercr, oe rdnoro Xpo-vrr{ orryprj 4 ivrooq rou eivor 2A. Kord 14orryp4 ereivrl urroloyime (o) rrlv nopel6pe-vl oro nqvio qtrerrprrrl roX6, (p) rrlv roldnou rorqvokitvrror orqv coyrrq cvriorcorl,(y) to puOpri orroropfeuoq5 evipyercg oropoyvqrrrd ne6io rou nrlviou, (6) rqv evip-yero fiou i1e r r1tir1 onorcpreure i.

4.57.'Evcr op0ori<rlvro perolfu16 nloioro iXer100 crneipeg roOegrd on<l rr5 onoieg dXer ep-po6dv 400 cm'. To nloforo ppior<eror os opo-yevig pcryvqrrrd' ne6io 0,5T xor mpigerar pemaOep4 oulvdrrlro 20Hzrcp( d\ovc o onoi-o5 ovrlrer oro e-rine66 rou Kot eivor rd0erogorrg 6uvc;rrriq ypoppi5. Av rsrd rrlv cpXqrcov Xpdvrrtv ro ntroioro eivfl xdOero mrg 6u-voprr<i5 ypCIpFd(; rou ne6iou, unoloyime rrlvenoydpevrl o' o:urd 4lexrpeyeprrrrl 6dvoprlrord rg Xpovrrt5 mry.rig 1/160 s rqr 1/16 s.4.58. Mro evotr,raoo6pevq rdorl iXer evepydtryr1220Y rcr ouXv6rqrc 50H2. Ynoloyimerr1 orrypraio rrpr l rr lg rord rrg lpovrr i5ortypt5 1/400 s rat 11200 s ov e ivor yvtoordd'rr <ord r4v opXrl rcrlv lpdv<ov q rrprl rqgeivor iorl pe pq6dv.

4.59. Ira drpo evdg ovrrordrrl 10 O erpop-pri(eror evollcroodpevrl rdoq pe <ororXeiorourdrrlro5> 220V ror 50 Hz. Ynoloyiore:(o) ro ntrdrog rr15 dvroorlg rou pe6poro5ror (p) rr1 pioq roXrl fiou Korqvol6ver o q-vrrordrqg,

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l,1 H^FKTpoMAr NHT,KH EnarorH

4.60. I rq drpo evd5 cvrrordr4 €qop-pd(ercr evotrlcoo6pevq rdoq pe e{iooorlV = 200{2np100nt, orqv onofo ro odppo-lq V ror t noprordvouv rrg opr0prlrrri5 rr-yig orryprcfaq rdo4q ror Xpdvou oro Are-0vig E6orqpa. H pdorl roXri5 nou Korovo-lover o ovrrordrrlg eivor 110 W. Zqreiroro) 11 ouXvdrqro rrls evotrlaoodpevq5 rd-ons, p) q evepy6g ivrooq rou pedporog,Kqr y) rl rrprl rq5 owioroorlg.

4.61. Or ootrrjveg gorropoti Nfov onurrodvrdoq 12100V yro rq le rroupyio rou5. Xperd-(ovrcr lorndv ivo perooXqpcrror4. f'lorognpine r vq eivor o ldyo5 perooXrlporropo6ourod rou psroox4poror{ yro vo }erroupy4-oer dvog rdroro5 o<rrlrlvog mo 6irruo rrur.v220V; Oe<oprlore rov prrqoxnpurrmrl r6cvrrd.

4,62.frs vo lerroupyqoer rdroro rllerrprrdrporvdrr Xperd(eror rdorl 6V. Iro onirropo5 6ro0iroupr rdo4 220V. Eivqr gcvep6 <5-rr Kqr o' ourrl rqv rrepirrcoorl Xpe rd(erorFrrooxnponorry5. Oeopqor€ ro Fsrooxn-porrorq r6qvrrd ror uno0iore drr ro pe6pooro rrporrefov rrqvio rou eivcr 0,25A. l-kioo0o e(vor ro pedpc oro 6eureperiov;

4.53. H cn66oor1 evdg perooXqpcrrorrl nouunoprpd(e r r4v rdoq e ivor 100%. To 66onqv(c rou dXouv 5.000 rqr 500 oneipeg o-vriororyo. O peraoXqporrmrlg rpogo6orelror pe 600 W evc6 orqv i[o6o rpogo6oreia-vriorooq 100 O.Zqreirar ro nldrog r115 evallooo6yev4grdoq5 mo npolreJov xor or rrpi5 r<ov svep-yc6v evrdoeov rov peupdrcuv nparre6ovro5rcr 6eurepedovrog.

4.54. Mrq yewqrpro evoMaoodpev45 rdoq5rpo<po6ore i H€ rqv nop€Fpofuj peroolql:o-

rrmr1, prc ypopprl perogopri5 qlexrprrrlg e-vipye r og. O peracrXrl parrorri 5 ovurpriv€ | rrlvrdoq ond 25 kV rre 500 kV xor eprpcvi(er o-nd6oo4 95%. Ot rrlprrig ovrrordoe r5 rcovnqvirov rou Oerrlp,rdvrot aoqprovre5.Zlteftar q erarorrraia a6[4oq nou 0q rrq-pouordoer oe cndrle reg Joule q ypopprj perc-qopds uv 6ev nopeyplq0ei o p€rooxqHon-mis'4.65. Mrq yewrjrpro evolloooripevou pe ri-Hqros rpogo6orei yro ypCIFF4 perorpopdgqlerrprxqg evdpy;:roq pe rrlv nop€ppofrl pe-rooxrlpdrrorrl o onoio5 ovurlr6v€r rqv rd-oq. H yew4rpro rropdXe r orov p€rqoxrlpor-orq 500 kW unrj rdorl 200 V. O kiyog pero-oXqparropof rou Frrooxqycnorrl eivor 100xor q ond6oorl ' rou 100%. Iro rdlog rqgypoptris peragopdg q rdoq unoprpd(erorpe ivcv dllo perrroXqporrmrl pe l6yo pero-olqporropod 1/i]0 ror on66ooq '100%, ro6eurepe6ov rou orroiou rpogo6orei fva xo-ravul<rlrr1 und rdorl 200 V. Ynoloyiore o)rrlv on6lera ro;1tio5 orrl ypcpprl H€roqo-pdg ror p) rq ouvofurri on66ooq rrls €yKo-rdoroorlg.

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Anoonoopo ono ro BrBXiouArotre€e rS rou R. Feynmon novco crrl Ouorrrl>

'Oruv o Faraday 6q;.rooieuoe rrlv ernlrlrrrrrl rou cvardluqq porrl0qre : <Ie rr Xprlorpe0-er;>. Otro rt 6tro ro e6p4pd rou ouvoq.rr(6rov oro olronepiepyo 1eyov65 d,rr drov perortvodoedvo orlppo rovrd oe iva pcryv4rq pnopo6oe vo nopdyer ivo ovenoio04ro qlerrprrd pedpo.florq 0q pnoporioe vq eivqr 4 nr0ovrl Xpqorpdrqro ouro6 rou euprlpoto5; H arrdvrqorl noud6<ooe rlrov: <floro Xprlorpdrrlra iler dvo veoyiwqro ppdgo5>;

Avatroymeire ri;.ro5 rrg rpopcrrrrd5 npurrrdg egcppoyi5 o:rg onoie5 o6qyqoe ourrl 11 o-vordluqrl. C)ordoo eivor porp65 o 6pdpog ond rl5 poorri5 op1f5 pfpr rr5 nporrrxig Kqr orKo-voprrrlg egoppoyig rou. Anorreiror e{ovuXrorrrrl pelirrl Kor rrpoorKrK6g prlXavoloyrrd5 oXe -6roop6g, yro vo g0dooupe ond dvo riroro efprypo orrlv npcyporrnorrlorl prc5 u6poqlerrprxrl5eyrcrdoraoqs ow ro Mnc6lvrep yro ncpd6erypo. Tr eivor ro gpuypo MncSlvrep; 'Evo5 repd-orrog noropd5 <ppd(eror pe ivo rorlo ond pner6v oppd. AMd rr rorXog! IXqporropivos o€ Hrorflero ropndlq nou eivor rdoo npooerrrrd oXe6roopdvrl c6me ;l: rrlv eldXrm4 6uvor4 nood-rqra ;rner6v va ouyrpore i dvo nordpr oldrl4po. Irq pdorl naXoiver p' ourd ro 0ou;rdoro oXrl-

Fq nou ermoord(er rou5 xoMrriXveg, otrld yrq rous pqXwrxo65 eivor onlrl oupp6pcpcooq mrlyv6orl.Auroiyvop(ouv 611 4 ndXuvorl eivor onol6rog cvayroirr yro vo ovrp€ronrmei 11 orl-€r1oq rq5 nieorl5 rou vepo6 pe ro pd0o5. =e<pdyope, 6p<og ond rov qlerrpropd.

To vep6 rou noropod SroXerederor o'dvqv repdorro o<olrlvo nou eivor ivo ordpo 0oupa-o16 pqXcvoloyrd enireuypo. O orol4vcg rporpo6orei pe vep6 ivcv u6porpoli -dvc yrydvrrou6poorp6prlo- nou rov ne prorpdrper. Altrd yrori vo ne prmpdcpovror rpoXof; frorf iror ollrl-trenr6podv pe ivov retrer6rqro <nle116> ond, or6eprivreg pd(eg ror ldkrvo ouveorpop;rivoorippcro. Olq ourd 1<op(ovror oe 66o pdp4, ivo mpeg6pevc, rqr dvq orivqro. Mro notrri-ntror<r1 avdprlq liycov utrrrrriv, rrl5 enf ro nle iorov Xak6g ror oibrlpog olld ror povcorrrd, pep-vfrr rur rdpnooo Xopri. 'Evo orperpd;.revo 0qprc66e5 rorooreforpq. Mrq yewrppro. And rd-noro o4peio ourod rou Xokoor6tpivrou lopdprvOou pyaivou',, peprrd5 ldpeg Xdlrrveg. ToqpEpo, o orp6prtro5, o Xokd5, o oi6qpog, 6lo ouvoppotroy4pivo pe orond vo ouype i ivo e r-6rrd yeyov65 oe rdnore5 }dpeg Xdlrrveg. Htrexrpeyeprrrq 66vop11.

Irq ouvdXero or Xdkrve5 trdpe5 yfvovror odpporo nou ruhyouv pe peprri5 pdlreg dvq dtr-tro or6epivro roppdrr nou ppioreror hyo nopanipo, rov nuprjvo ev65 perooXqprorrorrl, H6oulerd rouq relerriver e6rir.

l-6p<o dpar5 qrrd ro i6ro or6epivro ro;.rpdrr rufuyeror 6vq dl ,r Xdkrvo rol<66ro nou 6ev i-

Xer r<oprrd onotrrjrcu5 <enacpq> pe rr5 trd;reg nou ipXovror on6 rr1 yewqrpro. Kor o'ourd end-yeror rllexrpeyeprrrq 6rivopq ener6q ppioreror rovrd. O F€roo(rlpororq5 perorpdna rlv r-oX6 o116 rr5 Xoprlld5 rdoe r5 mr5 nol6 911165 rdoerg nou eivar onopoirrlr€S yrq rrlv orKovopr-rr1 peropfpoorl rr15 qlerrprrqg evdpyerog pe ;rorprd raki6ro. K(r0e rr npiner vq e(vqr qno6o-1116 oro dnorcpo. Aev enrrpdnerar onordl4 xor onc6lero. frorl frori oldrctrr1p4 I roXdg nourrvei pro peyctro6nolr; 6roXerederor ere i. Av dvo prrpd noooorS, ivo, 6rio mo e ro16, Xo0eiovoloyrore ire ndorl evipye ro eyroroleinerar. Av ivo orq ero'rd rqg roXdog nopopive t oro

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Tr 26qeuifetor vo fdqoupe

1. 'Orr r; 0eppdrqrq eivqr evdpye ra peroprpo(6pevq srr6 ivoo<i;ra o'ivo dllo p6vov egd,oov undpller 6rocpopd 0epprorpo'or<6v.2.'O'n ivo oc6pro prnopei vo Oepproivrrot Kqt Xopis 0epp6rqroopreivo peroprpfl(tran o'our6 evdpyelo urr6 popcpq ipyou.3. Tov v6pro rou Joule.4. Nq ouvoptrrotroyodpre 6vq r6rlcrrpa p<xor(6;rsvor orn crxnps-rrrrl nopdorqorl fiou ro rreprypdcper.5. No XprlorFonororipe oprrepd,prerpo, llolr6p€rpo, 0ep;16pre-rpo Kqr Xpovdperpo.6. 'Orr ov rlypogrrrl rropdrooq 6tio peleOcirv efvqr eu0e iq rrou

Joule)

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IflTTaE.E,PAMATA

n€pvd€r qn6 rnv qpx{ rulv o{6vcov rq 6rjo peyd0q e(vqr ovd-loyo.

Tl uiur.xri 0c 1genorc(tpe

Xpera(6praor€ rpoqo6orr16 (4 qlercrprrdg orqtreg) 6tor6nrr1,rolc66ro, pooordrq, opnep6perpo 0-5A polrdperpo, Oepprr-66perpo, lpov6perpo, Oeppdprerpo qrrlqr(r16. Xpero(6poore e-niorlg o6ppo XpopovrKslivq5 pe ndlog 0,2 mm ror prlrog e-v6g pdrpou ro onoio 0o ruli{oupre oe one ipeg.

Tl rrivoupe

Euvoppoloyodpre ro rrjrtrroprq rrou neprypdgerqr Fs ro fiopo-rdr<.rr oX{Fq. Bu0i(ou;re ro oneipcotrd rns Xpol.lovrK€tr(vr1g

oro vep6. l(leivorrpe ro 6rqr6rrrrl, on-prerc6voupe e reivq rq orryprr; rrlv -CIpxr-rq- 0epporpooir (0r) rqr ocpqvoupevo nepdoer qler<rpr16 pe6po erri opr-oprivo lerrrd, orr6re roroypdcpou;rerr1 v6o 0epporpo,riq (02). Merorrvo6peorq ouvil€rq ro\/ pooordrrl rar {avo-rdvoupre ro neipoprq errf rqv i6ro 1po-vrrcr1 6rdprerq q^,\d pe perjpo 6rocpope-1116. Mrropodpe rqr' sur6v rov rp6-rro v0 enovoldfioup€ ro nefpopc ap-retig qopis. Koroypdcpoul-r€ ro drro-retrioproro oe rrivqro. An6 rer rorni-po npoxopdpe lrord rpd'no nopdporope ourdv rou rre rpdpqros f iou f ispr-ypdcperor rropar<drcl. I' dvq fipcq,FCI-1116 rrefpoFq rrou dyrve pre 0eppr66ye-rpo vepo6 oro orroio rdOe ;.rro o116 rrg

lpovrrdg 6rdprere5 rlruv 3 lenrd, nq-pCIF€ rq onore)rioporq fiou ovoypd-govrsr or-ov rrivsrq. 'Orqv Xopd{cxpe

rrl ypqqrKq nopdoroorl A0 : f (l) cpdvrlre roOopd 6rr rq rro-od 6ev efvqr qvdloyo. Errl ypqgrrr l , d,pcrrg, rropdorooq,A0:f(l') ro ypdcprlpo rpav eu0eiq ypdpJn.

I

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T

\zH

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Ot Oz AOA "c c K N

0,500,751,001,251,502,OO2,5O

19,3919,6020,1O21,1O22,6024,2O26,8O

19,6020,0020,9O22,1024,0026,8030,50

0,220,400,801,001,4O2,603,80

0,360,561,001,562,254,OO5,25

Etq fl6ooc tovv sl,"voufv

H euOeiq ypotrFli rrls ypqgrKrl5 nopdmqorl Ae = f (l') orlFqfv€ldn 11 OeppoKpqorqK4 o6{4o11 rou v€pof (oe opropdvo Xp6vo)epcparr(eror wdloyq npos ro r€rpEovo rou p€6Fqro5. Aur6orlpqfv€r 6rr q;reroprpo(dpevrloro v€p6 0epp6trlto (oe optopd-vo p6rro) eivor avdrloy4 TpoS ro tetpdycrrvo rou PsdFqros.

Kqrd rq 6rdprerq rou rrerpdporog 11 0epporpqofq Kqr rl s-ocoreprrrl Oepprrrl evdpyero rou svrrordr4 nopdpetve orqOe-pr1. Zuvenr63, odpqcrrvo Fe rrl 0eppo6uvaprK4, q cvd povdEo

1p6vou evdpyero rrou p€rqprpd(erar orov ovrtotdrrl (un6

Fopg{ Cpyou rltrerrprrcbv 6uvdpe<ov) eivcr foq pe r4v ovd po-vd6q 1p6vou 0epp6rrpc rTou Ftrqp$6(et o qvnfidrns orovep6. Mnopofpe 64fa6{ vo xcrorlrl(oupe ro oupndpoopc drrr7 avd ptovdfia yp6vou yerap$a(6p€vn orov avnordr4 evtp-yelc eivat aniloyn Fe ro rerpdyutvo rqs €vro,orlq, rou petya-ros, rtou finpp€et rov ovnudr1.

NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

H avoloyia ourq enrpeporc6ver Kdr rn l /rllorr1 e{iocrloq P = l' RTelrrdo To odpFo 0eppoiveror larpig 0e ppdrq ro. H Ofppovorl rouyfveror pe preropfpooq evipyerog urr6 Fopg{ ipyou qtrexrpr-rcilv 6uvdpeolv.o To vep6 Oeppoiveror pe peropipoon Oeppdrnrds.

Egox{oe6

Eag (qrotip€ vq orrovrrloer€ orq rroporrir<o ep<orqporoi) n6oq rlrov 11 peroprpo(6pevq oro crdppo roxfS drsv rope6pa eile rrg 6rdcpopeg rrprig rrou n,f,pouold(ovrot orovrrivoro;ii) n6oq 0epprdrqra peroprpdmqrce ond ro o6ppo oto vep6p6oo oe rpio trerrrd 6rov 11 dvraorl rpuv 1A ror ndorl drovtlro,v 2A;iii) rrora arr6 rrg rropordrar rrpdg yrcr rrl p61c 'rou vepo6Oecopeire 5rr ppiorerar rrlrlorior€pCI orrl pd(o rou vepo6rrou Xprlortrronorrl0qrce; 50 g, 1009, 2009, 250g

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Epyuorqprax{ riorrloq 4

AvqKpi ovrq5 prs

nleKrprKrl orqlrl(M rpqon rllerrp€\f€prrxrlg1. 'ouvqFns K(Ir €o(|)r€PrKnsqvriorqons FroS nrtyqS)

Irati xdvoupe autri trp' fioxqorl

O pcorrdg tr6yog yro rov ono(o rdvoupe ourrl rqv dorqoq ei-vqr yrq vo 6ei{oup€ fi<os e ivqr 6uvqrriv vq ouv6ud(ouH€ rrsev6ei{erg rov opydvov H€ rous guorKo65 v6proug <6ore vo Kq-rolqyoupe oe perprloerg peye0c6v 6norg eivor 11 qtrerrpeyeprr-rq 66vapq Kor rl sooreprrrl ovrioroorl FlsS rrrly4s. flpdrcerrolyro <ovdrprorl) rqs qle r<rprrqg orr1trq; pe oron6 rqv onord-lrqn rcrlv (ororxeicovtqur6rqrdg rq5>.

Tu lgeuifetor vo ldgoupe

1. Nc ouvopprotroyorjpe dvo r<6rc1<rlpo []oor(6p€vor orrl oxrlpo-rrrrl rropdorqorl fiou ro neprypdgel.2. No 6ropd(oupe rrg ev6ei{erq ev6g Bolrop6rpou Kqt ev6g a-prne popd'rpou.3. Tr orprpc5g perpdpe pe ivo o;rnep6;lerpo Kqr rr pe ivo potr-16prerpo.4. Tov vdpro tou Ohm yto ovrrordtr1.5. Tov v6pro rou Ohm yro rdrd<opo pe uvrrordrrl Kor rrly4.6. 'Orr ov ouv6dooups rous orcpo6dr<'rrig evd,g Botrropirpou F€rou5 n6trous rrrlyrls, q dv6er{q 'rou op1'dvou prrropei vo Oecoprl-0e i ioq Hs rrlv qlerrpeye prrrq 6rivo;rn rqs nny{S egdoov q e-ooteprrq ovrio'rooq eivqr rrohj prrr<pri oe oX6oq pre rqv ovrf-

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lg NAKAN.YME.ETPAMATA

orqorl rou polroprirpou.

Tl uX,r,xri 0o lger,cotoripe

Kor yroto 66o nerpdpro'ro 0o lperoorofpe pro qlerrprrq otrl-trn Fe dyv<oorq ororXeio, 6ror6nrq rqr rotrr66rq.

Er6rrd yrq ro rrpc6ro neipopo npdner vc dloupre 6vav lopnr4-po, ivo potrr6perpo 0-10V pre ov'rimoor;nohj F€yqln oe o1ior1pre ereivq rns rrny4s rqr ivs opnep6perpo C-3A pre eooreprrq a-wimoorlnol6 prrpq oe crydoq pre ereivq rou laprnrqpo.

frq ro 6edrepo neipopa 0o lperooro(rFs enioqg 66o qvrr-ordreg peprrc6v 6erd6cov Op (o ro0dvog) ror fvs oprnep6pe-rpo F€ eooreprrq ovr(orooq HrKp{ oulKl)rrrKd ;re ereivq rroudlouv or ovrrordre5.

Tl xrivoupe

o. Iuvapproloyotipre 'ro r6rlcoprc fiou rroprmdverqr oro crX4po'Orqv o 6ror6rrrqg eivar ovor1169 oqpr:rc6voup€ rqv iv6e r[r1

rou potrropdrpou.l0eivoupe rov 6ror6nrrl Kqr rorcrypdgou-

p€ rrs ev6ef{e rg rou qprr€poprirpou Kqr roupotrropirpou.

Bcor(6pevor orrs rperg aurig ev6ef{erq roregopp6(ovros rov v6po rou Ohm yro rlerordrfrlcopo F€ rrqy{ rqr qvrrordrn Kor rov vdporou Ohm yro qvrrordT rl, urroloyi(oupe rehrd

i) rqv rllerrpeyeprrrrl 6dvcprl rrls rrqy4sii) rqv eoco'reprrrl avrio'rooq rqg nrlyqg rariii) rqv ovrio'rooq rou loprrrrqpoIu(rlrdpe yrCI r0 ocpdl;.raro.p. Iuvoppoloyo6pe ivq rtklopq Fs rqv i6ro rrrly{ Kor F€

ovrrordtq yvcrlorrlg ovriorooqg Rr rropeppdllovrog Kqr o-pnepdperpo. Kleivoupe ro rrjrlopc Kor Korqypdgoupre rqv6v6er{r1 rou opydvou. Enqvqloppdvoupri rq 6ro6rrCIois o}trd-(ovrog rov ovrrordrq pe dllov yvcoorqg enfoqg ovr(o'rooqgRz. Karoypdrpoupe rr1 vdo 6v6er{q rou (rl.rn€popfrpou. Boor-(6prevor mrg 6rjo ourf5 ev6ei{erg Kqr €g(xpp6(ovrag rov vd;.torou Ohm yro rlerord, rfrlcopro pe ov'rroldrrl Kdr finy{ urrolo-

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yi(oupe ro o'rorXeio rourdrqros rrls nrly4S. Euyrpivoup€ roorror6leopo pe erefvo rou nponyo6pre'vou rrerpdproro5.

Egoxr{oerg

a. l-l6oq evipyero petaprpd(€ror orov ovl-rordrrl Rr rcot n6oqotov R rou 6e6repou rrerpdprqros o€ tlvo 6eurep6lenro;

F. >qS 41ro6pe vo npoplfr+€r€ rr gq 6ei€er ro opnepd,Hsrpooe 6vq rfrl<opo F€ rnv i6ro nqy4 sv o dvrrordrrlg eivqr 100 O.49o6 xdvere rqv np6pl€qrrl vCI Eorrprdoer€ vo ro rdvere rqlvo crXofudo€r€ rrl 6rorpopd avdpreou o' qur<i rrou npopl6r..1.roreKor o'our6 rrou oa5 6eiXver ro 6pyavo.

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NA KANOYME TIEIPAMATA

Epyuorqprur{ dor uq 5

O Ftlyv rqg €nrSpoo€ pcuFq stpopo (|Y(ilYo

Irati xdvoupe aurrrl tqv rioxqorl

H dorr loq ourr l yfverar yro vq epe uvqooup€ rr l 66vopr1Laplace Kdr yro vo n€prypdrpoupe qurd trou 0q ncpar4prl-ooup€ o€ Fro ylc6ooo fiou qfiorrei ivvrlre5 TrlS y€cop€rpiogror iworeg rrlg <puorr4g.

Tr 2ggeuifetor vo ldgoupe

1.'Ot 11 allrlleniEpcorl p€upqroq6pcov aycoyc6v Kqr Fcryvrl-rc6v iler 66o <5rqer9 ror o6;.rcpovq F€ rr Fro orr'ouri5 o Fs-W4rnS ern6pd o€ p€upqrocpdpo crl,oy6.2.'Orr rdOe pcryvrlrrlg arorelef n4y4 p(ryvqrrKod ne6iou rqr6rr or 6uvaprrf5 ypqppis qurod rou rre{iiou rqreu0dvorcxr o-rrd rov p6pero rrdlo fipo5 rov vdrro.3.'Orr n qopd rou rl}e rrprrori pedprorog roOopi(erqr cxrr6rqv nohx6rnro rrls rdoq5.

Tl uh,xd 0c lgelcotorlpeXpero(dpoort Frs pdorl o116 povrdpr, prrr pdp6o pqroug B0 e-rqroord)v ror rrdloug 10 pfuoorcOv, 6vav cntrd, oriv6eopro,prcx pdp6o epovirq pe 66o orpoEirres, pro ldlrrvrl pdp6o (r1ivo lovrpd o6ppa) ndloug 5 1trroor<6rr ror ;rrlroug 10 nepi-fiou tKsroorrirv, dvc or<opofpevo rrrlvirr, rrerqloer64 potr{-rq, rok66ra pe rcrdtrtrrllo FnroS oltrri 61r rporo6erldrra,rpocpo6orrr6 q 66o rltrerrprrig orqleg rrov 4,5 V ror 6rar6nrqprrour6v.

r

NA KANOYME IIEIPAMATA

Tr ndvoupe.Tl waqatqgoripe

c. Euvopproloyo6pre rq 6rd-rotrl. Br6c6voupe rr1 porpldpdp6o ndvor orrl povre prd-vro pdorl ror orepec6voup€,p€ rr l poqee r0 rou ouv6d-opou/ rr1 pdp6o arr6 spovi-rq. KpepdFs F€ rolc66ro rq1dfu<rvq pdp6o XprlorForror-c6vrog yrc rrs ouvEdoerg le-nrd ld lxrvq oupFqrdrrq.Iuv6doupr€ rous orpo66-Kr€S l-r€ roug ndlous rrls q-Ier<rprrqg orr l lqg (11 H€rous qKpo6irreg rou rpo-cpo6orr ro6) nopeppdl t ro-vro5 6rordrrrq. Torro0e'ro6-pr rov poyvrlrrl dror c6ol-e 11ldlrrvq pdp6og vo ppfore-ror ovd;,reocx orous rr6trougTOU.

H arigrygaqri ttovyeyovritorv ofil yhfiooo r1gy€optetQaog &or, tqE cpuorxrig

o. O prayvr l r r lg nou 6roOi-rouFs eivor nrlyq prayvrprro6rre6fou. Ecpdoov dXe rro ou-yK€Kl)rFdvo oxrlFo, ro rre6fopera[6 r<ov rr6tr<ov rou Llfio-pe f v<r 0ecopqOe f opoyevdg.

Ms ro plippo, €vvoefrcr,rrlg orit,uqg pnopo6pe vq 6rq-rpivoupe rrg o6poteg 6uvopr-rdg ylrappdg our-of rou rre6i-ou. Ervsr ypqHFdS rarordpu-q€S Kcr cxv urrore0e( drr o p6-psros rr6log eivor o'n6 rrdvcoor 6uvo1.rr6dg ypoppds Korsu-06vovror fipos rq rdrco. E6;r-qcrlvo pe rq Oecrlpqrrrq orirgqq Xdlrrvrl pdp6o5 eivor ivogeu06ypoppog aycoydg rdOerogorg 6uvoprr<dg ypopp6s rou o-poyev>69 pcryvrlrr r<od rre8iou.

p. Ktrefvoufr€ rov 6ror6rrrrlKqr nqpdrqporipe 6rr q 1dtr-rrvr l pdp6og errrvdoorrqr.Ag urro0iooupe 6rr errrvdo-o€rsr fipos ro i(o.

y. Arroporp6voupre rov pq-yv4rn KCIr p€upqr-o6oro6pero rrirlcopro. l-laporqpodpe5rr q pdp6og nopoprdver o-prerorcivq'rq.

p. Mi'h5 rleioapre rov 6rq-r6nrq q pdp6og exrrvdX0rlre .

M6h,; peuproro6orrl0rl rerqg oorf;Oqre rdrrors 66vopq.

Efpaore }orn6v urroxp€<o-prfvor vo 6e10o6;.re 6rr 11 6reri-Ouvoq rrlg 6uvoprrlg eivor rd-0err1 r i ,oo orq pdp6o 6ooKor orrs 6uvoprrx6g ypCIFFdSrou pcryvrlrrrof rre6iou ror rpqopd'rr1g eivor npos ro i{o.florog 5pco5 dorrloe rr1 66vo-pq outrl;

y. H Oeopqrrrrl unorpio 6-rr q 66vopr l orov psupqro-q6po o'y<rly6 oorrl0r;re o116ro Foyvrlrrrc6 rre6fo yfvercrpepordrqrq. H 66vqpq outrltrdyeror ror 6rjvoprl Laplace.

6. Avofyoup€ rov 6ror6rrrrlror {ovocpdpvoupe rov p0-

W{rn orrlv qpxrKrl rou Oioqol ld Fs rov v6rro n6lolrpos rq rrdvo.Kleivoupre rov 6rqrdrrrn Kcxlq Xdtrrrvq pdB6o9 exrrvdo-o€Tqr f ipos ro e ocoreprrdrou Hoyvrlrrl.

6. Or 6uvqpr169 ypoFFdSTou pq'fvqrrrod rre6iou rq-reu06vovr0r fipos ro rdro.H cpopd rqg 6uvoprlg Laplacee{oprdlor crr6 rrlv rqre60uv-orl rou prcryvrlrrrod rre6iou.

NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

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e. Avoiyoul.rs rov 6rox6nrqKsr ovqorpd<poupe rqv rrotrr-16rqro rnS rpoqo6ooiag.'Orqv rlsfooupe rov 6rord-nrrl n pdp6og 0o errrvolOeinpos ro e{orepr16 rou pro-

w4rn.or. Avoryoup€ rov 6roxd'rrrr1ror ou{dvouH€ rrlv rdoq rr15rpogo6ooiog 6rorq pc6vrogrrlv rrporlyodpevq rrofu 16111-T0.

e. T'o pedpo i ler rr ipo o-vr(Oer;r1 gopd. H cpopd rr lg66voprqg Laplace e{aprdrorrqr srrd rrlv rore60uvon rouperjporo5.

or. To pe6po dler rripo ;re-yotr6repr1 ivroo4. H rrp4 rq566vopr1g Laplace rcOopi(eror o-116 rqv ivrco4 rou pedporo5nou 6roppia rov cryoyd.

Eog [qtodpe €fifoqE

1. Boor(dp€vor orrl Oecopio yrd rn 6tlvrrpr1 Laplace vq rorroOe-rrloe're rov poyvrlrrl F€ rov p6pero rr,5lo fipos ro r-rdvco, vorpocpo6orrlo€r€ ro rdrlcoprc pe rdorl opropdvqg nofurdrqrogKor fiprv vo xleioere ro 6ror6firq vo npoplfq,rere qur6'nou0o ouprpei 6rr<aroloycirvrqs rrlv npdplegq.Nq K^e(oer€/ orrl ouvdXero, rov 6rsr6rrrrl Kor vo 6rqrnorc6oe-r€ GV 11 npdpleqrrl oqs rlrav ooorrl.2. No orrovrrloer€ ors rropordrco epcorrlpro'ra

i) frorf 6ev npdner vo XprlorForrorrloou;re rporo6e rldrro;ii) Tr 0o ouvdporve qv qvrf yro 1dh,:rvr1 pdp6o XprlorHonor-odoopre or6ep6vro;iii) frorf 11 er6qtrcoon rns 66vapq5 Lirplace oro qrcopo6prevorrrlvio eivar rolupdrepq oe o6yrproq ye ereivq orov Xdtrrrvocr!'<oY6;iv) Tr 0o ouvdBorve av pd(o;re ivo rrol6 prrp6 Xdlrrvo o6p-pro iror c6ore vo or<ope iror xqrqr,jpuqo ovdpreoc orousndloug rou payvr'1rrl Kqr ro psupcr,r6orodoqFe;

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tg NA (ANovME f TPAMATA

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fratf rrivoupe aur,rl tqv rioxqoq

H epyoorqproxrl cxurq dorqorl ova<pi-p€ror o' dvo rpiorpo (yro rqv e{ffu{r1ro)v €fi rorr lpovrr c6v r6ecilv) nefpapaf iou f ipqyFcro'nor11011re qn6 rovXavg Kpforrov'E5lor€vr oro f lqverrt-orqpro rrlg KorrelXdynS orrg 20 louli-ou rou 182O.

To rdvoupr€ H€ oKorrd vo eprpo06-vouF€ orrg lerrropipe reg evd,g ovdtro-you rre rpdpqros Kor v0 rrg ouv6ud-oouF€ F€ rr l oerrrpr l r r rq neprypocpqTou Frcyvqrr ro6 rre6iou.

Tr, 2gger,rifetor vtr ldgoupe

1. 'O'rr ro rre(poya 'Eporsvr d6erlvs rrcog ivo peuprorogd,porcs}<66ro enr6pd o€ pro payvqrrr( petr6vo rqr 6rr Hs ro neipo-pro our6 dvor{e o 6p6pog, yrq rrlv evorroirloq rou qle rrpro;rori

H€ rov pcryvrlrrop6.2.'Orr ov prq pcryvrlrrrq pel6vo olld{er tiocpvrrd rrpooqvqro-hopd oqproiver 5rrro ;rcyvqrrrc6 rre6io oro orroio prdlpr rdre r-oopporrodoe dler peraptrq0ei.3. Tc Baorrd ororle io rqg 0eoprlrrrqg rreprypocpqs rou pc-yvrlrrro6 rre6iou rrou 6rlproupyei dvog eul)dypotrFos psuHoro-qdpoS crl,roy6s.

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NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

Tr, ul,r,xd 0o lger,aotodPe

Oo lperoore f vq ovo(qrrlooupt Flo puyvrlrrrr'1 pe}6vo orps-

nrrl nep( xoror6pucpo d{ovo, rol<66ro, rpels o'rr1treg rcov

4,5V rut 6vqv 6rqr6rrr4. Oo prropodorrpe enioqS vCI Xprlolpo-rror qooupe 66o provco'rl ro65 o'r6lou5.

Tr xrivoupe. Tr rtogatqgoriPe

H rrequygotpri tov Teyovdtov otq yl)"t6ooo rqE yealpetg(oE

ricl, ttlg cpuolrrig

o. o peupratocp6pog crl't,lYds onoretrei nnY4 Pcrl'vqrrrori rre6f-

ou. flprv r<trefooupre ro 6tsr6ntq q pel6vq loopponodoe oro

ye<rrpoyvnrr16 ne6io fipooqvqrotrroplivq ra'rd rrlv opr(6v'rlo

ouvrorcOoq rou.To proyvrlrrr6 rre6(o oro o'noio 'r<irpo roopporre i rrpoipXe-

rot on6'rr1 ofv0eorl rou (npo0rrdpXovro5) YecopcxYvrlttro6ne6iou Kql rou puyvrlrrrod ne6(ou ntlu 6qpro6pyrloe o ptuplCI-

rogdpog trl,oY6s.p. Av ovoorpocpe i n gopd rou rllerrprro6 pefporos qvc-

NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

orpigsrqr Kdr rl Kore60uvorl rou Hcryvnrtro6 ne6iou.

Tl waqatqgoripe enioqE

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vq orrlv oplrrrl Odoq ror orlprerc6vouFs rrl ycrtvio errponqg.Irl ouvil€rq ro orroprorp6voup€ CIpyd 8rorrlp6vrqs ro rrcx-pdMqtro rrpos rov d{ovq rqg peldvos Kor rrcpotqpofpe dtr 11errporrq 6r apr<c6g pre r<6verot.

{Ddpvoupe ro r€vropdvo peuprorocpdp<l rolc66ro rrdvco orrdrr1 peldvo rrotrrj rovrd rns Kqr rdOerq or-ov d{ovo trls ro0c6groopponei. flaporqpo6pe 6'n q pel6vo prtivet <oouyr(vr1'rr1>.

Eog lqtoripe

1. Iog 4r1ro6pe rc6po vo pooro're ire o'rr1 Oeolpqrrrrl rrtptypCI-cpq rou payvqrrro6 nebiou eu06ypo1-tpou aycuyoti Kqr vq Trpo-pA(.gue rr 0q ouppe f qv ronoOerqooupe ro p€uHqrocpdpor<atr<66ro ncpdtrIqtro rrposTov d{ovc rq,; pel6vo5 o}ld orpr-

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pe(re oupnirrrer ps rqv npdptr€qrrl oCIS;2. Iog (qrodpe enioqg, poor(6pevor rrrrlv i6ro 0eorpic, vo

ep;rrlvedoer€ ro yeyov65 6rr q pel6vo prrlver <oouyrivqrrl) qv

<pdpoupre ro p€upqrocpdpo r<olc66ro crpLpc65 orrd rrdvor rr1g,rdOerq orov d{ovd trls.

3. IcA (qro6pre, rilog, vo rrpoo6ropioere fi€rpqporrKd rrlvopr(6vrru ouvrorr6os rou y€cllFqyvrlrrrori rre6(ou rns fi€pro-

x4s oos. Oo 1pe rooreire opnepd,perpo rqr uno6e rdperpo.I-rq ro ororrd qur6 vo nopeprpdtrle, e ro oprnep6p€rpo oro16r<Iopcr.

Oo 1pe roore f vq rorro0erqo€,Tt rov f)€upqroq6po ay<oy6nopdllqtrCI fipog rq Betr5va, ndvco c'n' currlv rcqt oe srr6-orqorl rrlv orroio 0o pnopeire vo perprlo'ere. Tqu'r61povo or1-

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Epyaorrlproxri doxrlo4 7

Avrror K€rqr orn\v qrriq

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H epyoorqpror( ourrl dorqoq yiveror yrCI vo rorovorloouprepo06repo fvo oXe6dv <proyrrd> cporvd;revo q ovordtruqrrl rouonoiou dtrtro{e pr(rr<d rqv nopefo rou fi,ffurropoti pog. Irqvnro ontrrl er6rllcoorl Tou ro gorv6pevo ourd ouviororor orod'rr <qv oe fvq perotrtrrrd, 6qrr6fuo rrlqordooupre ivov pol /4-rr l , orov 6qr<T ri fuo Eqproupye iror qAerrprr<6 pedpro>. Eivqt e -vrufio)oror<d o1116. Arjorotro eivor ro vo crvrXve rjooups ro qle-xrprrco ourd pe upro

H dorrloq enioqg yiveror pe or<o116 vc{ ovcyvopiooupe rr1

;reydtrr1 ondorooq nou ouXvd undpler ovdpeoo oro yeyov6-ro dpeorlg noporqpqorls Kcr orqv €pprlvt.io roug.

Tr 2gqeuifetor v0 ldgoupe

1. To rr<69 er6ql<6veror ro rporvoprevo 4.ler<rpoyayvqnxq €.rrcryu-y4.2. Tov rcvdvq rou Lenz yro rn qopd rou €rrcryoJyrrotl perjporos.3. 'Orr dvog peuprcrocpdpog 6orrrltrrog onorele i prclvqrrrd 6i-rrolo rq0c6g <or 6rr ro rrots nAeupd rou )rx oupneptEtp€rar .luc,pdpetoc, ndAoc, KU,r rrord tuc, vdnog r<o0op,f(eror qrr6 rr1 gopdrou peripcros rrou ro 6roppier.4. Or opc6vupor rr6lor qrr<rrOorivrsr evcir or r:repc6vupror ftrxovror.

Tr ulvrxri 0a lqelaotoripe

To poorrd ovrrre(pevq fiou rrpdrre r vq Srcx0iroupre e ivor dvog

;royv(rqg ror ivog peroltrr16S (ol ld 51r or6e pfvrog) 6cr<rrj-hog. Oo pnopodoe, tr6you Xdprv, vq eivor 1dtrxrvog. l-lpor<erpr6-

NA (ANOYME i IEIPAMATA

16rl<opo.

Tr, rrivoupe. Ee fiolo ouF,rlegriopatrl rotah{youpe

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rrg pdp6ouS rot rrdvco o'ou'rr1v, XprlolHofiorcivrog rol o6v6e-

, oFo, orqp(oupe rr; prrpdr-epq dror ci>ore vs eivol opr(6vrro'

, fpepaps orrl ouviXero rov pretolhr<6 6oxrrjho Xpnolpofiol-

, ,6*o9 to vqFq. Kpordpe Fs ro dvo 1dlrl tov pop6opayvqrq ro-

I rd rp6no r6ote o p6peroq n6}og vo <plineu npos ro 6qrr6trto

*o' tou nlqord(oup€ npos ro 6qrr6ho 1copi5 xq0Slou vo pro-

: (61tameorr6te rot 6ev rraporqpe(rqt rirrorq arrotrrircoS'

, 'frtouoloppdvoupe

ro eyXeiprlpcx F€ pio trro orr6ropq rivrl-

, oq rSore 11 rrpooiyylorl fipos tov 6stcrdlto vq yiver rroltl rrro

, yprtyopo. l-lapotrlpof;re 6rr o 6qxrfhog oncoOeirot' Iuprrept-

, cpiperor oov vq opveitor rqv npoodyiroq'

I Aorcpd(ouFt orrl ouv6Xeto npooeyyi(ovrss rov v6rro 116-

, tro rqt 6tonto'rr6vou;re 6rl ouppoiver t-o i6to'

: l-lepvdpe 6mepo tov papqrrl pioo orov preroMrr6 6oxr6trro

, Xtoprgvd rov cryy(er Kst rov rpapdpe 'rrr6ropc rrpog ro 6{'co'

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. rrdtrr ouFfi€plg6petor oqv vq <cpvtirot> rrlv orropdKpuvorl

: rou FcrYvqrq rcr vq Odtrer vq rq pc'rotcioel'

. H atgrygoqri ttov yeyovdttov rtol rl egpqveio toug

flcog eivol 6uvqr6v dvog 1dtrrrvo5 6crrr6lrog vo ooref dtrIore

orr<oortrrl xql dllore etrrrrrq 66voprr1 o' ivov pcryvrltrl; Tt eG

6oug 66voprr1 eivor ourq;

NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

Mrc loyrrrl un60eor1: q 66vopr1 efvor proyvqrrrq. O Xdtrrr-vog 6iorog ouprrreprcpdp€rqr ocv pcryvrpqg. fro va roX6er 6HrSqurd pdvo dvo rrpdypo prnopei vc ouprploiver. H npooiyyroqrou payvrlrrl vo rdver rov 6qrrffuo p€ul.toroq6po ror piporo

ivog peuprorocp6pog 6orr6fuog srrorele f pcryvqrrr6 6ino-tro.

E6pgcova ps rn Oe<opio rrlg rllexrpopoyvrlrrrrlg eno-y<rly{S our6 pnope( vo ou;,rpqiver. Ko0rrig lorn6v rov rrlq-ot6(u o p6perog ndlog o Xdlrrvo5 6orrdfuog yiverar rrny4rllerrpsyeprrrqg 66vopr1g ror erre16rl ouvrord rqr rlero16rrirlcopro 6roppderor qn6 rltrerrpr16 pe6;ro.

H <popd rou €rroyoyrrod quro6 lledporoq eivcr, ori1.r-q<rrvq F€ Tov rqv6vq rou Lenz, riroru cirore ro periprc pi-

oq orrd TrS Hcr1^/rlrrrfg er64lc6o€rs rou vs qvrroriK€Tor orrlvsrris'nou ro 6qproupye f.

Ksr 0q pnopofoop€ vq 6e10o6pe 6rr crplrrl orrio rrlg 6r1prr-oupyiag rou eivqr 11 npoodyyrorl rou p6pr:rou n<jlou. To pedproIorrrdv iXer riroro qopd <6ore 11 nleupd rou 6orrul(ou npogro pipog rou payvrlrrl vq ouprreprgip€rot og p6perog ndlogKsr vo qtrcoOef rov p6pero 16lo rou pcp,qrq.

Kar xriaou eQotriFoto

To np<bro. l-16S epprrlve6erqr ro yeyov<i5 d,rr ro0c6g qrropq-rp6ve'ror o payv(rqg o 6orrrlfuog dlxerar qrr6 our6v;

To 6etrepo. Ko0c6g nlrlord(er o p6perog ndlog o pq-yvnrns sr6rllcbve r dncooq. Av ouviporv€ ro qvrf0ero(rqr o Fdyv{rrls er6rllcove dtr{q) r'o gatvdpevo 0q rrq-popi'o(e rqv opXq rqg 6rorqpqons rns evdpye rog. f wrl

To rpiro. Av orroprarpfvoupre rov Kp€Foopivo 1.to-W4rq arr6 rr1 0ioq roopporricg (,:rX4Fo) ror rov ocpq-ooup€ ele60epo vo or<opq0ei, rr 0<x ouppei;

Ar raroloyrlor€ rrlv orrdvrqoq.

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1. tDoprropdvo qle r<rpoorcirrro 2. fluxvorrl5 orrd clouprv6Xopro. 3.O perpqrrl5 rqg AEH 4. Aogdlero on6 orrrotrdpoltro. 5. A6o 6ro9o-perrrfg ouvSfoerg. 6. Avo(4rrilvros rov poyvqrrrc6 peoqppprv6. 7.

Encxycoyq ;re oXerrr<r1 rivr1or1. B. Aurerroycr;y{ 9. H lfpro, ro ropgi rcor

or onrvOrlpeg. 10. O p€rocrxqpcrrorqg ror ro potrrdperpo. 11. O pe-rqcrxrlporror4g rcr o notrpoypdgo5.

1 . Ooprro;rdvo qlerrlpoordrnoAvc(qrqore ro qler<rpr>or6rrro r<or errr6rc6{'re voro goprioere Oerrrd.

Iro 0trrrd cpoprroprivo rltrerrpoox6nro rrlrl-ordore dvo rrupcrrcrlpdvo ouppordr<r oov our6rrou XplorForrorodpe yro ro rpfrgrpo rqs Kcxrocx-pdtrog. Tr ncporrlpeire ; Enovatrdpere ro f6ro 6-rov ro rlkrrpooxdrrro eivor rpoprropdvo opvrlrr-

NA KANOYME NE PAMATA

xd. l-lpore ivere ur-roOio€rs yro rrlv €pprlv€fo our<6v rcov rporvopd-v0)v.

2. flurvtrrr{g orrd ulouprvriltrproIog (qroripe vo grrd{ere ivov rrurcvorrl XprlorForrorc6vrog o}oupr-vd,lopro ond pol6 otrouprvfou nldrou5 30 cm xor Xopr( nd1ou50,1 mm. No unoloyiocre rq lcrlpqrrrdrqrd'rou. Oo 1pe roortfte (.-

vq urro6e rdFr€rpo. H 6rqlexrrrcrl oro0epd rou Xoprrod {van 4,5.

6rr1tre r<rprrcd

orrhoprof

3. O perpqr{g r4g AEHIro orr(rt oo5 0c urrdpler onolo6qnore dvog perprlrqg qtrerrprr<r1gevdpyero5 rqg AEH. O perpqrqg ourdg d1e r ivo 6ioro o orro(og rrepr-orpirperor Srov le rroupye f pro orroro6rlrro'-e rllerrprrrl ouore uq.Ael0eire 5rr q yovic rleprorpogqg rou 6ioxou eivor avdloyq H€ rqvrorovchord,pevq evdpyero.

a. Avdrpre pdvo dvo tro;rnrrlpo rou orroior; n roxds eivor 1vcoorr1,100W yro nopd6e rypo, Kor pe poroOefre 6rr efvor n Fdvn ouoreu4rrou trerroupyef oro orrirr oa5. Me iva potr6r rrou perpder 6eurepS-trerrro, perpqore rov orrorrodpevo lpdvo yr({ vo rdver o 8iorog profi€prorpogrl. Ynotroyiore erriorlg rrlv evfpyero fiou rsrsvqlcilvrr oIopnrqpog o' ourqv rq lpovrxq 6rdpr<e ro. Trx orrorel€o;roro ourdrpovepr6vouv rdrrorc ovrrororXio ovdprroo cnov opr0p6 rreprorpo-cpc6v rou 6iorou Kcxr rrlv rorovotrrordpevq evdpyero. Iuyxpivere ou-rqv rqv ovttororXfo p€ rrlv ovoypocp6prevq rrdvtu oro perpqrq rqgAEH.

p. Ipqore rov tropnrrlpo Kor nrlyoivere \,o qvofEsr€ r4v ndprorou rguyeiou oog ro0c6s Kdr ro rroprdrr rq5 rccrdpu€45. Merd on6trryo 0o ovrrtrqcpOe ire 6rr o xrvqrrlpog rou quye iou ocs prrcive r oetre rroupy(o. Enrorpdt, t . rrrr oro perpqrq rqg AEH rcar perp4ore ro

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Xp6vo rrou XP€rd(€rdr Yro vq Kdvtl o 6foK')S FtCI rr€Prorpoqrl' Yno-

lfyrore rqv ivipye ro rrou Korqvol<irver ro qluY€io 6rqv letroupyit o

rrvqrrlpoS rou.

a. Ao<grileto cIrrd orookiPallo:uvopl.roloyo6pre dvo xrirlopo pe rdoq 6'B V' Euv66oupe oe oerpd

6rordnrrl, trcpnr4po 6-8 V, ;rovortr6 ort'tro, crootr6pollo' 6e6re-

po povtolKd or6lo xcr opnep6Fsrpo oe r<'t(porc 0-3 A''

klriuorye ro 6tqr6rrrrl Kar o lopnrrlpog goropotre i' Me ivo

rolco6ro (prlrou5 30 cm) pe pdoprcra ppolururtr<6voupe rous o-

rpo6drreg rou tropnrrlpo o onoio5 rrq6et vo g<oropolei' H iv6er(r1

rou oprrspopdrpou preycl6ver arr6topro evr6 ro69o rou orootrd-

poltrou epuOponup<6verot rct rotyerct, ?tetroupyef 6qlo6r1 oov o-

ogdlero.To aroal6pollo eivot ivo trerrrd o6ppo pe ro orroio rpfpoupe

rrs Kqroop6leS. Tqv rdoq prnopof pre vc rr5 ndpoupe eire o116 ro

rpocpo6ort16 eire o116 qlerrpxiS orr1tre5'

5. Ario 6rcgoPerrxds ouv6doergl-lprv ouvopprotroyrloere ro 66o ruxl<6polr rrou rloplordvovrot oro

crx4Fq vo npopldtp€rt (rrolo on6 ro troprrrdrro 0o ovdpouv rrto i-

*ouoo Kol vo 6rxorotroyrlosre rrlv rrp6pletprlooS' Aorlpdor€ orq ou-

vilero vo rdvere rr5 ouv6ioet5 drot <6ore ro d{r 6porc traprrdrco vo

.,u&Boru rour6lpovo. Tt 6tqrrtorc6vere; Erlore 6ixro; or 66o orrlleg

rrou 0o XPrlolForrolrloere va eivor 6pote5'

6. Ava(qrdrvrqs rov payvqrlr6 peo4ppprv6Io5 (qro6pe vo npoo6ropioere rov FcrYvrlrrr6 peorlppptv6 rou oXo-

le(ou oog. Ato0irere pio payvrlrrr4 pel6vo rrou Frropsi vo orpd<pe-

NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

ror ydpco 0116 KoroK6pugo d{ovo rot ivq vqpo rr15 ord0p45. Na

oXe6rdoere rrcog 0c ro rdvere Kor orrl ouvdlt:to vo ro €rltx€lprloereKqr vo orrroloyqoere rr5 evipyerd5 oo5.

7. Errcyoy{ ;rt:oXenx{ xfu4o4Aro0drere Cvo rrrlvio, ivo toXupd po-p66popgo pcyvrlrq Kqr rov nolpro-ypdgo rrou urrripl€r oro o1ofur6 ep-yoorr;pro. IDvuppoloyrlore dvo xo-rdtrlqtro xdrtr<opro -osv aur6 rrou rrs-prordveror orc, oplpo- F€ ro orroio0o pnopio€T€ v0 6tornor<6o€rt rogorv6prevo rr;g rllexrpopcryvqrr xr15 e-rrCIycoy4s. AoXotrr;Oeir€ F€ rq olerrxq

rivqo4 pcyv{rq ror n4viou ror xcrcrypdqrrs 1-o oupnepdopora.

8. Aursrrqytoyri

Errr6rc6{re vo ouvoppotroyrloere ro xrirl<opa rrou rloprordvetsr orooX4Fq pe utrrrd rrou undpl€r oro oXolrr6 epyoorrlpro. AoXolrl0eirepe ro dvorypo Kor ro xtreforpo rou 6tar6rr1'rl Kdr rcrcypdrjre tccrXerr xd ouprrepdoporc.

9. H lipa, ro Kopgi KtIr or onrv0ripegIuvoppoloyodpe ro xdrlco;.ro rrou'rqprordverot oro oX4-po. Xpero(6poor€ pro nqyq ouvelo69 pe6prarog, nqvio preor64porrupr;vo, pooordrq, rolto6rcr, ivo ropgf xor pio trfpo. Merorrvoripre ro ropgf rrdvo rrr4 l(;.ro xor Blinoupevo 6q;.roupyo6vror onrv0rlpe5. [lp,ronq04ore vo 6ciroerepro eppqveic oro rporv6prevo ioro r<or dXt orr6lurq rKovo-rror4rrrrl.

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NA KANOYME TIEIPAMATA

10. O F€rqq(qporror{S Kqr rcr poltdperpo

o. Xpqorporrorrlore rov F€rooxrlprarrorrl, 66o polr6psrpcx Kor ro

olerrKd rotr<itSro yrO v0 ouvop;rotroyqoere fvo x6r<trol;ro drror5 cruro

rrls qoroypocpio5. Oo Xperoore ire pfporo Kor rrlv r<ordtrtrqlr1 rd-

oq. Baor(dptvot orts ev6ef{er5 rou potrropirpou vo unoloy(oere

rov tr6yo rou F€rooxqporlopro6.p. tlorog aivot o tr6yog rou psrooxqporroporj otqv nepinrcrlol rou

p€rooxrlpqrrorq rq5 qoroYpoqios; To polr6perpo rou npcore6o-

vrog eivot oprorepd.

11. O H€rCIoxqFurror{S Kqr o rqlpoypti<po5o. Xpq or;rorror rlore rov p€rcxoxrl-porror( K0r rov nolproypdcPorou o'qol tror j spyoorr lpfou Ylov0 ou\'oppotroyqoere dvo r<6r<trco-po 6ncog cxurd rrou orretrovi(e-r0r orrl q<oroypCIqio. Avcx(qrr1-or€ Kor rqv rccrdllqtrq rdoq. Ba-

or(6pt;vor orqv ovrfororXrl er16-v0 rr l , ; o06vq5 rou nol;roypd-(pou v0 urroloyfotte rov tr6yo

rou l.tt rO(rxqprorropou.p. t ldoog e fvor o trdyog rou

psrCI(rxr lp0rropot i orqv rre Pi-fi rcrlotl rou p€rooxq parr orq rrls qoroYttocp io5;

Oecopqore rov Fsrccrxq porrorrl t6avl rlti.

NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

Blpl,r,oygacpfaEy26e q iE r,a 0 l6ao nuLiugAmaldi E. ror d l lor , LA F|SICA PER I LICEI

SCIENTIFICI. er6. Zanichel l i , Bologna

1984Blat t E. pRrNcrpLES oF pHysrcs E16. Al lyn

and Bacon lnc. USA 1983.Bottaro P. rqr dtrtror PHYSIQUE q) Classe de

seconde p) PremiEre S et E y)Terminales S et E E16. A. Col in Par is1 983.

Bramand P. rcqr dllor PHYSIQUE q) Secondee 16. 1981 p) Premidre e 16. 1982 y)Terminales C et E e r<6. 1983. Er6.Hachette, Paris.

Bueche F. UNDERSTANDINC THE WORD OFPHYSICS Ex6. Mc Craw-Hi l l N. York.1 981.

Calvani P. xor Maraviglia B. INTRODUZIONEALLA FISICA (2o5 rdpog) ' E16. Laterza,Roma-Bari . l 982.

Col lect ion A. Cros FONDEMENTS DE LAPHYSIQUE a) Seconde 1981 B) PremidreD, 1979 y) Terminales CE, 1980, E15.Bel in, Par is.

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Col lect ion <Libres Parcours> SCIENESPHYSIQUES 5' r<qr 4" e r<6. Hachdtte, Paris.

Fortuzzi Maria Ciovanna NOZIONI Dl FISICAEr<6. Zanichel l i , Bologna, 1984.

Ful ler J. rqr Coates P. LICHT ON PHYSICSE<6. Cambridge U.P. 1982.

Hall iday D. r<or Resnick R. pHystcs E<6. JohnWiley and Sons, N. York 1966.

Holton C. rqr dl lor HARVARD PROJECTPHYSICS COURSE (HPP). o) Irqv lrotrrrcqd16oon Unitd 4. La Iuce et l '

elettromagnetismo (1982). p) Irqv Ko-vo6i(rrr1 yoltrd<porvq ir6ooq Tome 4La Lumidre ert l< electromagnet isme(1 980).

Hewitt P. CONCEPTUAL PHYSICS Er6. Litt le,Brown and Company USA 1985.

Jardin J im HlCHElt PHYSICS Er6. HeinemannEducational B,:oks, London 1983.

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Serway R. ror FrLughn J. COLLECE PHYSICS.Er6. Saunders Col lege Publ ishing USA1 985.

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Parsons S, Pr ichard PHystcs. E16. Col l insEducational tJ.K. 1996

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ELECTRICTY. E16. A. Mentor Book. USA1966.

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lilT

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RADIO WAVES, Er6. W.H. Freeman andCompany, NewYork 1984.

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lerrpopcyvqrrop6>, Ouorx<ig r<iopog,letyog73.

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Eyxanhoaar0rxriBasic Science. E16. Marshal l Cavendish

Books 1984.The encyclopedia of Science. E16. Optimum

books 1982.

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- eooxeprxri, rqlrjE 104- guOplorrxri 92

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- v<ipro< I65gcioq evctr'.icoodpev4< rtitnlq I 77qoe(i niezrerzor! 0etllrcrrog 7lrpdprrtrl nuzvt'rri :i0Franklin (@pcrvzirvog) 27, 154

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