3

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

kpJ kar-≤-amb C∂sØ tIcfw?

"thWw as‰mcp tIcfw' F∂ ap{Zm-hmIyw tIƒ°p-tºmƒ ]ecpw

BZyw Nn¥n-°pI, "F¥m C∂sØ tIc-f-Øn\v C{X XI-cmdv' F∂m-

hpw. kaq-lØnse \s√mcp iX-am\w t]cpw Cu tNmZyw Db¿Øn-

tb°mw. ImcWw, \ΩpsS \K-c-ß-fn-eqsS bm{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ, ]{X-am-[y-

a-ß-fnse apgp-t∏Pv ]ckyw ImWp-tºmƒ, Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fnse kmwkvIm-

cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-tºmƒ, F¥n\v, s]mXp kaq-l-Ønse

apJy-[mcm N¿®-Iƒ°v sNhn-tbm¿°p-tºmƒ t]mepw \mw A¤pXw

IqdpI, tIc-f-Øn¬ C{X-tbsd kar-≤ntbm F∂mhmw. hnti-jn®v, C°-

gn™ c≠v Zi-I-߃°n-S-bn¬ D≠mb am‰-ßfpsS ]›m-ØeØn¬.

Zn\w{]Xn hnhn[ ] -W-ß-fn¬ B¿`m-Sm-c-h-ß-tfmsS DZvLm-S\w sNø-

p∂ h≥InS hkv{Xm-e-b-߃, kz¿Wm- -c-W-im-e-Iƒ; \K-c-ß-fn¬ am{X-

a√ {Kma-ß-fnepw Db¿∂v s]mßp∂ Iq‰≥ sI´n-S-ßfpw vfm‰p-Ifpw;

GXv D]-t`m-K-km-[-\hpw Hscm‰ tI{μ-Øn¬ \n∂v e`y-am-°m\p≈

temI{]ikvX {_m‚ v \maß-fp-≈ Iq‰≥ amfp-Iƒ; B{K-ln-°p-∂

Gh¿°pw Xß-fpsS a°sf tUmIvSdpw F≥Po-\n-bdpw _nkn\ v

FIvkn-Iyq- n-hp-sa√mw B°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kzm{ib hnZym- ymk

ÿm]-\-߃; GXv Xcw hnZKv[ ]cntim[bv°pw NnIn’°pw kZm-

k-abw Xøm-dmbn \n¬°p∂ kq∏¿ kvs]jym-en‰n Bkv]-{Xn-Iƒ; \K-

c-ho-Yn-I-fn-eqsS \nd™v Ihn™v HgpIn t]mIp∂ AXymVw_cImdp-

Iƒ...\mw \ntXy\ ImWp∂ kar-≤n-bpsS \nd-∏-In- p-I-fm-Wn-h.

Xncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-Ønepw

\mw A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-cmIpw. Hcn-°¬ kz]v\w ImWm≥ t]mepw

]‰mXncp∂ F{X-sb{X- Km¿ln-tIm-]-I-c-W-߃ C∂n-t∏mƒ \ΩpsS Pohn-

4

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

X-Øns‚ mK-ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. kvIq´¿ t]mepw B-Vw-_-c-ambn

I≠n-cp∂ Imew amdn. H´p-an° CS-Øcw IpSpw-_-ßfnepw kz¥w Imdv

ssIh-i-sa-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂p. ]e hoSp-I-fnepw H∂n-tesd hml-\-߃;

Iºyq- -dpw, C‚¿s\-‰p-sa√mw imkv{X I¬∏nX I-Y-I-fn-eqsS Adn-

bp∂ Imcy-a√ C∂v. an°-h-cp-tSbpw ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse Hgn-hm-

°m≥ ]‰mØ Imcy-ßfmWv. samss_¬ t^m¨ IW-Ivj\pI-fpsS

FÆw tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jysb t]mepw adn-I-S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

]W-ap-s≠-¶n¬ am{X-at√ Cu ku`m-Ky-߃ Hmtcm-∂pw -ssI-∏n-Sn-

bnsemXp-ßq F∂ tNmZy-Øn\pw adp-]-Sn-bp≠v. iº-f-Ønepw Iqenbnep-

sa√mw F{X-am{Xw h¿[-\-hmWv Ign™ Ipd-®p-Im-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ D≠m-

b-Xv. tUmIvSdpw F≥Pn-\o-b-dpw _nkn-\ v FIvkn-Iyq- n-hp-Ifpw Nm¿t´Uv

A°u-≠‚p-am-cp-sa√mw e£-°-W-°n\v cq] {]Xn-amkw D≠m-°p-∂n-

t√? henb hnZym- ymksam∂pw C√m-sX-Xs∂ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-߃ sImbvsX-

Sp-°m-hp∂ F{Xsb{X sXmgn-ep-I-fmWv ]pXp-Xmbn {]Nmcw t\Sp-∂Xv!

I®-hSw, dnb¬-F-tÉv, IΩo-j≥ FP≥kn, s\‰vh¿°v am¿°-‰nwKv XpS-

ßnbh. Znh-k-°q-en-t]mepw AXym-I¿j-I-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn-et√ C∂p-

≈Xv? hcp-am\w Ipd™, IjvS-∏m-Sp≈ tPmen-Iƒ sNøm≥ A\y-\m-Sp-

I-fn¬ \n∂v tIc-f-Øn-tebv°v hcm≥ ]pdw\m´nse sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Xøm-

dmIp∂p F∂-Xp-IqSn {i≤n-°ptºmƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ A`nhr≤n-bpsS -

Nn{Xw ]q¿Ønbm-Ipw.

CØcw Imgv∏mSpI-fp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

\nco-£-W-߃°p-a-∏pdw, kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ `mjbnepw

tIcfw AXn-thKw ]ptcm-K-an-°-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. hf¿®m-

\n-c-°n¬ AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ ]n∂n-em-bn-cp∂ tIcfw Ct∏mƒ

kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bn¬ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Gsd ap∂n-em-Wv. 2009˛10 ¬

9.6% Dw 2010- 11¬ 10% Dw hf¿®m-\n-c°v \ap°v ssIh-cn-°m-\mbn. AtX

kabw Cu h¿jßfnse tZiob \nc°v 7.4 Dw 8.6 Dw -am-{X-amWv . hnI-

knX cmPy-ß-fptS-Xp-t]mse tIc-f-Øns‚ kwÿm\ hcp-am-\-Ønse

apJy-]¶v tkh-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. 1960 ¬ {]mY-anI, -ZznXob, XrXob

taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ kwÿm\ hcp-am\w bYm-{Iaw 56%, 15%, 29% F∂n-

ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m-en-∂nXv 16%, 23% 61% F∂o {Ia-Øn-em-Wv. \mSv

kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]ptcm-K-an-°p-tºmƒ {]mY-anI taJ-e-bpsS ]¶v Ipd-

bp-Ibpw tk-h\ taJ-e-bpsS ]¶v h¿[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv kzm`m-hnI

{]h-W-X-bm-Wv. Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\-Ønepw tIcfw apt∂-dp-IbmWv.

2004˛05¬ 36278 cq]-bmbn-cp∂p {]Xn-io¿j-h-cp-am\w. 2009˛10¬ 52984 cq]

5

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

Bbn Db¿∂p (2004- 05 se hne \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂).

Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-b-t√-bnXv?

hnZy-m`ymkw, BtcmKyw, ]m¿∏nSw , hy‡n-ip-NnXzw XpS-ßnb Pohn-

X-Kp-W-ta∑m kqN-I-ß-fn¬ tIcfw ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-KXn temI-XeØn¬

Xs∂ {i≤n-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. Ah-tbm-sSm∏w ap≥ kqNn-∏n® {]h-W-

X-Iƒ IqSn tNcp-tºmƒ Gsd A`n-am-\m¿l-amb \ne-bn-emWv \Ωƒ

F∂v Nn¥n-°pI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp{]h¿Ø-I-cn¬

henb Hcp hn`mKw Imcy-߃ Cu hn[w \nco-£n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. am[y-a-

ßfpw A{]-Imcw Xs∂. Ign™ sXsc-s™-Sp∏v ImesØ ]e hnI-

k\ N¿®Ifpw CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. hni-Zmw-i-ß-fnepw

Du∂-enepw hyXym-k-ap-s≠-¶nepw Hcp s]mXp-k-a-hmbw tIc-f-hn-I-

k\w kw_-‘n®v C∂v Db¿∂p hcp-∂Xmbn ImWmw. AXns‚ D≈-

S°w {][m-\-ambpw Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fn-em-Wv Du∂p-∂-Xv.

KXm-K-X-hn-I-k\w AXn¬ Xs∂ apJy-ambn tdmUv KXm-KXw, Xpd-

apJw, hnam-\-Øm-hfw.

sF.Sn ˛ _n.Sn. taJ-e-I-fnse imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnZym- ym-khpw

AØcw hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h¿°p≈ sXmgn-en-S-߃ krjvSn-°-

epw.

Hu v tkmgvkn-ßn-eq-sSbpw -A-√m-sX-bpap≈ am\-h-tijn Ib-‰p-a-Xn.

tIc-f-Øns‚ {]Ir-Xn-ku-μ-cy-km-[yX D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈

Sqdnkw hnI-k-\w.

Cu hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf√mw cmjv{So-b-Øn-\-Xo-X-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-

t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v Ghcpw ]d-bp-∂p. CØcw ka-hmb N¿®-Iƒ \S°p-

tºmgpw \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ hnI-k-\-Øns‚ KpW- -e-߃ H∂pw Imcy-

ambn e`n-°mØ AXn Zcn-{Z-cmb Hcp hn`mKw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v F∂v G-

hcpw Ct∏mƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI hf¿® Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ

Ah {ItaW ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Hcp ]£-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. AXn-

\n-S-bn¬ Nne Icp-X¬ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS Bizmkw ]I¿∂m¬ aXn-bmIpw

F∂-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p. adp-]£w Cu hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√sb¶nepw \h-

en-_-d¬\-b-߃ Xo{h-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p∂ tI{μ-\-b-Øns‚ ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ t£a ]≤-Xn-IfpsS hn]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn\v Xß-fpsS hnI-k\

AP-≠-bn¬ Ah¿ {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂p.

CØ-cw ka-hm-b-߃°pw n∂-X-Iƒ°pa∏p-d-tØbv°v ASn-ÿm-\-

]-c-ambn tIc-f-hn-I-k\w kw_-‘n® Nne N¿®-Iƒ Db¿∂v hc-W-sa-

∂mWv ]cn-jØv B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv. ImcWw Ct∏mƒ \S-°p∂ coXn-bn-

6

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

ep≈ "hnI-k\w' kw_-‘n® Nne auen-I-amb tNmZy-߃ Db-tc-≠-Xp-

≠v.

Nne tNmZy-߃

C∂sØ kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®-bpsS t\ -߃ F√m hn`mK-ß-fn-te°pw

FØp-∂pt≠m?

Cu hnI-k\ coXn XpS¿∂m¬ Zcn-{Z-]-£-Øp-≈-h-cpsS PohnXw C\n-

sb-¶nepw sa®s∏Sptam?

Cu hnI-k\ coXn kmº-Øn-I-amb XpS¿ \ne-\n¬∏v Dd∏v hcp-Øp-

∂pt≠m?

]mcn-ÿn-XnI kpÿn-cX kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sm≥ \ne-hn-ep≈ hnI-

k\{Iaw F{X-tØmfw klm-b-I-amWv?

kmaq-ly-amb Iq´m-bvabpw hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃ XΩn-ep≈

kulm¿Zhpw Dd-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-abpw mjbpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sptam?

kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-߃ ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-Sptam?

Cu tNmZy-߃°pØcw ImW-W-sa-¶n¬ C∂sØ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS

bYm¿∞-Im-c-W-ß-fn-te°pw AXns‚ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-te°pw

\ΩpsS {i≤ -]-Xn-b-Ww.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-t\- -߃

kmº-ØnI hf¿®m-tXm-Xn¬ ]n∂n-em-bn´pw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬

Gsd-ap-tºm v t]mIm≥ Ign™p F∂-XmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ apJy khn-

ti-j-X-bmbn Ghcpw Nq≠n-°m- p-∂Xv. hnhn[ kmaq-ly-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \mw

ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-KXn AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-

sIm-≠p≈ ]´nI Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.

Cu kmaqly-t\- -ß-fn¬ \s√mcp `mKhpw F¨]-Xp-I-fm-b-t∏mƒ

Xs∂ \mw ssIh-cn-®-Xm-Wv. Fßn-s\-bmWv Cu t\ -߃ km[y-am-bXv?

tIc-f-Øn¬ BZyw cq]w sIm≠ P\-Iob k¿°m¿ Xs∂, CXc

C¥y≥ kwÿm-\--ßfp-tSXn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp hnI-k\

kao-]\w aptºm v hbv°p-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-\n¿am-Wßfpw

`c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw ssIs°m-≈p-I-bp-ap≠mbn. ]n∂oSv aq∂v ZiI Ime-

Øn-\n-S-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒs°m∂pw Cu ASn-ÿm-

\-k-ao-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Gsd-sbm∂pw hyXn-N-en-°m-\m-bn-√. Aßs\

hnZym- ymkw, BtcmKyw, kmaq-ly-t£aw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ k¿°m¿

IqSnb tXmXn¬ ]Ww sNe-h-gn-®p. s]mXp hnZym- ym-khpw s]mXp P\m-

tcm-Kyhpw sa®-s∏-Sm≥ CXv klm-bn-®p.s]mXp hnX-c-W-kwhn-[m\w hn]p-

7

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

]´nI 1

hnhn[ kmaqly taJ-e-I-fnse ]ptcm-KXn (2009¬)

tIcfw C¥y

-P\-\-\n-c°v 14.6 22.8

ac-W-\n-c°v 6.6 7.4

inip-a-c-W \n-c°v (B-bn-c-Øn¬) 12 53

_me-a-c-W- \n-c°v (0- 4 hb- v) 3 17

amXr-a-c-W -\n-c°v (e£w {]k-h-Øn¬) 110 301

k¥m-t\m¬∏m-Z\ \nc°v 1.7 2.9

ZmºXy ÿncX 62.3 52

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw 74 63.5

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw (kv{Xo) 76.3 64.2

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw (]p) 71.4 62.6

km£-cX (i-X-am-\-Øn¬) 93 74.04

kvIqƒ {]th-i\w (i-X-am-\-Øn¬) 100 92.4

sImgn-™p-t]m°v (ss{]-adn Xe-Øn¬ %) 42 40

ÿnc-X-bp≈ hoSp-Iƒ (2001) 68 51.8

I°qkv kuIcyw 85 36

e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv £y kpc£ Dd-∏m-°n. q]cn-jvI-cWw Irjn qan kz¥-

am-°m≥ ]m -°m-cmb Irjn-°msc klm-bn®p. ]m -Ip-Sn-bm≥am-cmb

I¿jI sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Hcp Xp≠v qan-sb-¶nepw InS-∏m-S-ambn e`n-®p.

sXmgn¬ \nb-a-߃ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ah-Imi ka-c-߃°v ]cn-c£

\¬Ip-Ibpw sXmgn¬ kwc-£Ww Dd∏phcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A[n-

Imc hntI-{μo-I-cWw ]e ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-ßfpw {Kmao-

W-Xew hsc e-{]-Z-ambn FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-®p. CtXm-sSm∏w

tI{μ-k¿°m¿ A°m-eØv \S-∏m-°n-bn-cp∂ Zmcn{Zy \n¿am¿÷\ ]cn-

]m-SnIfpw, _m¶p-Iƒ tZi-km¬°-cn®v Ah-bn-eqsS \S-∏m-°nb Im¿jnI

˛ {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tIc-

f-Øn-\m-bn.-

kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd∏v hcpØ-emWv P\-Iob k¿°mcpI-fpsS {]mY-

anI Npa-Xe F∂ kao-]-\-amWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly-\n-b-

{¥Ww IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXn\v am¿Kambn I≠Xv.

PmXn aX t`Z-as\y ]W-°m-c\pw ]mh-s∏- -h\pw H∂n-®p-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

]‰p∂ s]mXp CS-߃ hym]n-∏n®p-sIm-≠mWv CXv km[y-am-°n-b-Xv.

8

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

CXn-\m-h-iy-amb _lp-P-\-k-Ω¿Zw Db¿Øm≥ t]m∂ cmjv{Sob

t_m[w tIc-f-Øn¬ A°m-eØv Db¿∂p h∂n-cp-∂p. AØcw cmjv{Sob

t_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-emWv Xß-fpsS IS-a-sb∂v \s√mcp `mKw

kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿ØIcpw am[y-a-ß-fpw A∂v Xncn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂p.

CS-Ø-c-°m-cs‚ tIcfw

Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Xs∂ hnZym- ymkw kn≤n® km[m-c-

W-°m-cpsS Hcp \nc CXns‚ e-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ch-

cn¬ ]e¿°pw Kƒ v \mSp-I-fnepw a‰v hntZ-i cmPy-ß-fnepw sXmgn¬

e`y-ambn. tIc-f-Ønse k¿hokv taJ-e-bpsS hnImkw k¿°m¿ ˛

s]mXp-ta-Jem Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆhpw h¿[n-∏n-®p. kwL-SnX sXmgn¬

taJ-e-bnse sa®-s∏´ Iqenbpw tkh-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hn]p-eo-I-c-Whpw

Kƒ v ]W-hp-sa√mw tN¿∂v sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂,

aXn-bmb hm߬ tijn-bp≈, CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS Hcp henb \nc tIc-f-

Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ch-cn¬ _lp- q-cn-]-£-Ønt‚bpw ap≥X-e-apd AXn-

tim-N-\o-b-amb PohnX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ign-™-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym- ymk

]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-hn-P-b-Øns‚ Xmt°m-embn amdn-b-Xv.-

F-∂m¬, Xß-fpsS ]n≥ Xe-ap-dbv°pw hnZym- ymk t\´w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥

s]mXp hnZym- ymk cwKw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\√ Ah¿ {ian-®-Xv. {]t£m- -

߃s°m≠v Iep-jn-Xhpw ASnÿm\-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS- A- mhw sIm≠v

tami-s∏- -Xp-am-bn-cp∂ s]mXp hnZym- ymk taJe Isøm-gn™v "kz¥w

Imcyw am{Xw t\m°n mhnPohnXw tim -\-am-°m≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂' I®-

hS hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßsf hf¿Øp-Ibpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv

Ah¿ sNbvX-Xv. B{in-X-Xz-t_m-[-Øn¬\n∂v Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-Øn-

te°pw kwL-SnX t]mcm- -ß-fn-te°pw hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßsf \bn-°m≥

Chn-SpsØ sXmgn-emfn {]ÿm-\-߃°v km[n-®p. ]t£, Xß-fpsS

]n∂n¬ AWn-\nc-∂-hcn¬ kmaqlyt_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]e -

Im-c-W-߃sIm≠pw Ah¿°v Ign-™n-√. CXp-aqew, t\ -߃ D≠m-

°nb CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS -Po-hnXho£Ww kzm¿∞-X-bn¬ am{X-aq∂n hnI-

e-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Xo£vW-amb PohnX{]iv\-߃ Ae- m-

\n-√m--Xm-b-t∏mƒ CØcw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-_-‘-Øns‚ hgn

PmXnbpw aXhpw BNm-chpw A\p-jvTm-\hpsa√m-ambn amdn. I®-hS hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d -Iq-Sn-bm-b-t∏mƒ˛

AXpw hyXyÿ aX-ÿm-]-\hpw PmXn kwL-S-\Ifpw \S-Øp∂˛ dnssh-

h-enÃv aqey-ßsf ]cn-]m-en-°p∂, X≥Imcyw am{Xw t\m°n Pohn-°p∂

Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-Im-¥-co£w tIc-f-Øn¬ CS-Ø-c-°m-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]_-

9

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

e-am-Im≥ XpSßn. kn\n-abpw, kmln-Xyhpw, am[y-a-hm¿Ø-Ifpw F√mw

CXns\ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n°pw hn[w krjvSn-°-s∏- p.

CS-Ø-c-°m-cs‚ kz]v\hpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

th≠{X hmß-¬ tijn-bp≈ a[y-h¿K-hn- mKw Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw Ah-

cn¬ ta¬ kqNn-∏n® kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m[w ASn-bp-d-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-

sIm-≠n-cp∂ L -Øn-emWv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-\-b-Øns‚ mK-am-bp≈

\h-en-_-d¬ \b-߃ cmPyØv \S-∏n-em-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. temIw apgp-

h≥ Hscm‰ Itºm-f-ambn am‰nb BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw a[y-h¿K-hn- m-K-

ß-fpsS D]-t`mK Xm¬∏-cysØ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-amWv

\¬In-b-Xv. imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI cwKsØ, hnti-jn®v sF.Sn taJ-e-bnse

h≥Ip-Xn∏v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D]-t`mK D¬∏-∂-߃ Itºm-f-Øn-se-Øn-

®p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D¬∏∂-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Km¿ln-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßfpw hml-

\-ßfpw am¿°-‰n¬ kpe- -am-Ip-Ibpw Ah-sb√mw h≥tXm-Xn¬ hn‰-gn-

bp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS tIc-f-Ønse I®-h-S-ta-Je {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ hf¿∂p.

\h-en-_-d¬ \b-߃°-\p-k-cn®v _m¶nwKv taJebnep-≠mb

\bhyXn-bm\hpw ]pXnb {]h-W-Xbv°v B°w Iq´n. Im¿jn-I-

hrØn°pw sNdp-InS taJ-ebv°pw hm-bv]-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cp∂ _m¶p-Iƒ

B cwKØv \n∂p {ItaW ]n≥am-dp-Ibpw Krl-\n¿amW hmbv]-Iƒ°pw

D]t`mK hmbv]-Iƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. Xncn-®-Shv kpc-

£n-X-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ hmbv]-Iƒ \¬In.

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ BZy-L- -Øn¬ hntZi C¥y-°m-cpsS \nt£-

]-Øn\v \¬Inb hfsc Db¿∂ ]en-ibpw cq]-bpsS aqey-Øn¬ XpS¿®-

bmbn h∂ aqey-ti-mj-W-hpw hntZi C¥y-°m-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fnse -

B-t]-£nI hcp-am-\-Øn¬ henb h¿[-\-hp-≠m°n D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-e-I-

fn¬ \nt£-]-n°p∂Xn-\p-]-Icw Xma-k-Øn\pw hmWn-Pym-h-iy-Øn-\p≈

h≥ sI- n-S-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Ah¿ Cu hcp-am\w hn\n-tbm-Kn-

®Xv. hntZ-i-]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ°p≈ \nb-{¥-W-߃ eLq-I-cn-°bpw \h-

en-_-d¬ \b-ß-fpsS Dt]m¬∏∂-amb h≥InS Agn-aXnbpsS hym]vXn

h¿[n-°bpw sNbvX-tXmsS h≥tXm-Xn¬ I≈-∏Whpw \m´n-te°v {]h-

ln-®p. dnb¬ FtÃ-‰nepw \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Cu ]W-sa√mw

hn\ntbmKn°-s∏- -Xmbn ImWmw. apºv kqNn-∏n® kar-≤n-bpsS Zriy-߃

]eXpw Cßs\ krjvSn-°-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

hf¿®-bnse NXn-°p-gn-Iƒ

ta¬∏d™ \nco-£-W-߃ Ipsd°qSn hy‡-am-Im≥ kmº-ØnI

10

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

hf¿® kw_-‘n® ÿnXn-hn-h-c°-W-°p-I-fpsS kq£va-X-e-Øn-te°v

t]mbm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. tIc-f-Øn‚ A`y-¥c hcp-am-\-Øn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠p

`mK-tØm-f-an∂v XrXob taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂mWv hcp-∂-Xv. tkh\ taJ-e-

bpsS Cu B[n-]Xyw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb hf¿®-bpsS e£-

W-amtWm? \mSv IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-an-°p-t¥mdpw {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-sb-

°mƒ ZznXob taJ-ebpw Ah- c≠n-s\bpwImƒ XrXob taJ-ebpw

hf¿∂p apt∂-dp-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. ]t£, AØcw kzm`m-hnI ]ptcm-

K-Xn°v Nne khn-ti-jXIfp≠v, Imc-W-ßfp-ap-≠v. GXv {]tZ-i-

Øns‚bpw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ BZy-L- -Øn¬ Im¿jnI taJ-e-°mbn-cn°pw

ap≥Xq°w. P\-ß-fpsS apJy-B-hiyw £-WamWv; AXv \nd-th-‰p-∂Xv

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpw. kaqlw IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-an-°p-t¥mdpw hkv{Xw,

]m¿∏nSw, Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-߃ XpS-ßnb \n¿anX Nc-°p-IfpsS Bh-

iy-IX hym]n°pIbpw hyh-km-bnI taJ-ebv°v ap≥Xp°w hcnIbpw

sNøpw. IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-Xn ssIh-cn-°p-∂-tXmsS hnZym-`ymkw,

BtcmKyw, KXm-KXw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°v Bh-iy-߃ hf-cp-Ibpw

tkh\ taJebv°v B[n-]Xyw ssIh-cnIbpw sNøp-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-

am-Wv. F∂m¬, At∏msg√mw samØw P\-ß-fpsS £-WØns‚bpw

Akw-kvIrX km[-ß-fpsSbpw Bh-iy-IX apJy-ambn \nd-th-‰m≥ Ahn-

SpsØ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-ebv°v Ign-tb-≠-XmWv. AXp-t]mse \n¿anX

hkvXp°-fpsS Bh-iy-IX \nd-th-‰m≥ hymh-km-bnI taJ-ebv°v Ign-

bWw. Cu Hcp Znibn-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-Xnsb kpÿn-c-am-Iq. Hmtcm taJ-e-

bnepw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hcp-am\w B cwKsØ B{i-bn-®p-I-gn-bp-∂-h-

cpsS FÆ-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-hp-tºmsg \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp

kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠mIq.

tIcfw kmº-Øn-I-ambn Ct∏mƒ apt∂-dn-bXv Cu Hcp coXnbnte

A√. {]mY-anI taJ-e-bpsS hnti-jn®v Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬˛ hf¿®-

bn-√m-sX-bmWv XrXob taJe hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ e-

ambn 1981 ¬ 39.20% kwÿm\ hcp-am\w \¬In-bn-cp∂ {]mY-anI taJe

1990¬ 36 % Dw 2010¬ 15.3 % Bbpw Npcp-ßn.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Cu hn[w IpØs\

CSn-hp-≠m-bXv a‰v taJ-eIfpsS {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ hf¿® aqew Bt]-

£n-I-ambn am{Xw kw -hn-®-X-√. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS \n›-em-h-ÿbpw

Xf¿®bpw BWv Imc-Ww ( 2004- 05 ˛ 1698051, 2009- 10 ˛ 1668391). Cu

Xf¿®-bpsS kzm[o\w c≠p-hn-[-Øn¬ D≠m-Ipw. H∂v, D¬∏m-Z-\-Ønse

CSnhv aqew `£y-kp-c-£-bnepw AkwkvIrXkm[-\-ß-fpsS e`y-X-

11

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

bnep≈ tim-j-Wambn. c≠v, B ta-Jesb B{i-bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS hcp-

am-\-Ønse CSnhv Bbn . CXv c≠pw ChnsS kw -hn-°p-∂p.1990¬ \ap-

°m-h-iy-amb £y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS 30 iX-am\w tI-c-f-Øn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-

®ncps∂¶n¬ C∂Xv 15 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg am{X-amWv. GI-tZiw ]q¿W-

ambn Xs∂ £y-[m\y-߃°v adp-\m-Sp-Isf B{i-bn-°p∂ Xe-Øn-te-

bv°p≈- h-f¿®-bpsS B]Øv hy‡-am-Wt√m. kwÿm\ hcp-am-\-Øn¬

12 iX-am-\-tØmfw am{Xw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ Im¿jnI taJ-e-sb I¿j-

Icpw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-ambn 30% tesdt∏¿ B{i-bn-°p-∂p-sh-

∂mWv hnhn-[ -I-W-°p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv (tIc-f-]-T\w 2004˛ 33%;

C¥y te_¿ am¿°‰v dnt∏m¿ v 2008 ˛ 31.26%). Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\-

Øn¬ Im¿jnI cwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hsc samØ-Øn¬ FSp-Øm¬

kwÿm\ icm-i-cn-bpsS aq∂n¬ H∂v am{X-ta-bp-≈q-sh-∂m-Wn-Xv ImWn-

]´nI -c≠v

hf¿®m-\n-c°pw kwÿm\ hcp-am-\-Ønse hnln-Xhpw

hf¿®m \nc°v hnlnXw ------

2009- 10 2009- 10 1990˛91

Irjn -0.25 11.47 31

h\w 4.49 1.52 .50

a’y-_-‘\w 0.06 1.17 1.78

J\\w 17.37 1.19 0.28

{]mY-anI taJe 1.27 15.36 35.99

hyh-kmbw 14.65 8.34 15.18

\n¿amWw 5.87 11.87 7.65

sshZyp-Xn, Kymkv, sh≈w 5.66 1.66 1.09

ZznXob taJe 9.43 22.08 23.92

KXm-KXw 14.48 7.07 4.59

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw 30.72 4.45 0.80

hym]mcw, tlm´¬ 7.96 20.70 13.76

_m¶nw-Kv, C≥jqd≥kv 15.34 6.32 7.30

dnb¬ FtÉv 9.89 11.69 0.50

s]mXp- -cWw 495 4.48 6.70

a‰v k¿hokv 7.85 6.44

tkh-\-ta-Je 11.51 62.56 40.09

Ah-ew-_w- -C-°-tWm-anIv dnhyq

12

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

°p-∂-Xv. \h-en-_-d¬ \b-ßfpsS BZy ]Øv h¿j-Øn¬ Im¿jn-

Ihcpam\-Ønepw Irjnsb B{i-bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆ-Ønepw h∂ am‰w

hy‡-am-hm≥ Xmsg ImWn-°p∂ ]´n-I- D]-tbm-K-s∏Spw

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂v CX-c-ta-J-e-bn-te°v Bƒ°m¿ Pohn-X-hr-

Øn-°mbn amdp-∂p F∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w AXn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-cpsS hcp-

am\w CX-c-ta-J-e-Isf At]-£n®v IpØs\ CSn-bp∂p F∂p-Iq-Sn-bm-

WnXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. BXy-¥n-I-ambn Cu {]h-WX Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-

bpsS kmº-ØnI \ne-\n¬∏v Xs∂ Ah-Xm-f-Øn-em-°p-w.

ZzoXob taJe samØ-Øn¬ FSp-Øm¬ kwÿm\ hcp-am-\-Ønse

hnln-X-Øn¬ henb Ipdhv h∂n- n-√ ( 1990 ¬ 23.02%, 2009 10¬ 22.98 %).

F∂m¬, hyh-kmb taJ-e-bpsS ]¶v 15.18% ¬ \n∂v 8.54 % Bbn Ipd-

™p. \n¿am-W-ta-J-e-bpsS hf¿®bpw kzm[o-\-hp-amWv ZzoXob taJ-

esb kPo-h-am-°n-b-sX∂v hy‡-am-Wv (1990 ˛ ¬ 7.65% ,2009 ˛10 ¬

11.87%).

Cu hn[w, ASn-ÿm\ taJ-e-bmb Irjnbpw hyh-km-bhpw hf-cm-Xn-

cn-°p-tºmgpw kmº-ØnI hf¿® {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-Ip-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

]´nI aq∂v

1991 2001

Irjn-°m¿ 12.24 7.20

I¿jI sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ 25.55 16.07

IpSn¬ hyh-kmbw 2.58 3.54

Im¿jn-Im-\p-_-‘ {]-h¿Ø-\-߃ 10.23

a‰v sXmgn-ep-Iƒ 49.40 } 73.19

Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am\w 33.46 15.35

tkh-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ Nne cwKßfn¬ D≠mb hf¿®-bm-Wn-Xns\ klm-

bn-®-Xv. ]´nI c≠n¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse KXm-KXw, hm¿Øm-

hn-\n-abw, hym]mcw, _m¶nwK,v C≥jq-d≥kv, dnb¬ FtÉv F∂o taJ-

e-I-fnse IpXn-∏mWv tkh\ taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®bv°v Icp-tØIp∂Xv.

kwÿm\ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ apJy- mKw Cu taJ-e-Ifn¬ \n∂mWv. D]-

t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hf¿∂p-h∂ h¿[n® hml\ D]-

t`mKhpw tkh-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hf¿®-aqew kw -hn-°p∂ bm{X-sN-

tø≠Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw Imc-W-am-Wv KXm-KX taJe hf¿∂Xv.

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ taJ-e-bpsS hf¿® B cwK-Øp-≠mb imkv{X-]p-tcm-

13

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

K-Xnbpw AXns‚ D¬∏∂-ß-fpsS hym]-\-Øn-s‚bpw e-am-Wv. dnb¬

FtÉv cwKw sI´n-\n¿am-W-Øn-s‚bpw qan CS-]m-Sn-s‚bpw mK-ambn

hf¿∂-Xm-Wv. \n¿amWmh-iy-߃°pw D]-t`m-Km-h-iy-߃°pw \¬Ip∂

hmbv]Ifn-eq-sS-bmWv [\taJ-e-bn¬ _m¶n-ßv apJy-ambpw hf¿∂-Xv.

hnhn[ A\n-›n-X-Xz-ßfn¬ \n∂v ]cn-c£ \¬Im≥ klm-bn-°p∂

C≥jq-d≥kv ]≤XnIfpsS hym]-\-amWv C≥jq-d≥kv taJ-esb

hf¿Øn-b-Xv. hym]mc cwK-Øns‚ hf¿®-bm-Is´ \n¿amW kma-{Kn-

IfpsSbpw D]-t`m-K-km-[-\ßfp-sSbpw h¿[n® hn]-Wn-bn-eqsS D≠mb-

Xpw.

h¿[n® D]-t`mKhpw sI´nS \n¿amW {]h-¿Ø\hpw Ahsb ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n IpXn-®p-b-cp∂ I®-hShpw n\m≥kpw H∏w \S-°p∂ Dul-

°-®-h-S-hp-amWv tIc-f-k-ºZv LS-\-bpsS C∂sØ ASn-Ød F∂-XmWv

CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv.

]Ww hcp∂ hgn-Iƒ

sI´n-S-\n¿am-W-am-Is´, h¿[n® tXmXn-ep≈ D]-t`mK Bh-iy-am-Is´

Ah-bvs°√mw h¿[n® tXmXn¬ ]Ww thW-at√m. FhnsS \n∂mWv

Cu ]Ww krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tIc-fo-bcpsS A[zm\w D¬∏m-Z\

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ sNep-Øn- h¿[n® aqey h¿[-\hv \S-Øn-bp≠mIp∂

an®-amtWm? A√sb¶n¬ B t{kmX- p-Iƒ F¥mWv? Ah

F{XtØmfw kpÿn-c-amWv?

Im¿jnI˛ hyh-kmbnI taJ-e-bpsS ac-hn∏v B taJe krjvSn-°p∂

A[nI hcp-am-\-Øns‚ ]cn-anXn hy‡-am-°p∂p. d∫-dns‚ hneh¿[\hpw

AXn-eqsS Irjn-°m¿°v Ign™ Ipd®p h¿j-ßfmbn In´p∂ hcp-am-

\hpw am{X-amWv Cu cwKØv FSpØp ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xv. AXm-Is´ BtKmf

d∫¿ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Nne Xm¬°m-enI kw`h hnIm-k-ß-fpsS e-ambn

D≠m-b-Xp-am-Wv. am-{X-hp-a√, samØw kwÿm\ hcp-am-\-Øn¬

sNdnbsbmcp iX-am-\ta CXv aqew e`y-ambn´p-≈q. Kƒ v ]W-amWv

apsº∂ t]mse Ct∏mgpw \nt£-]-Øns‚bpw hn]-W-\Øn-s‚bpw apJy

t{kmX v . GI-tZiw 50,000 tImSn cq]tbmfw hntZi C¥y°m¿ hgn

tIc-f-Øn-te°v hnhn[ am¿K-ßfneqsS (_m¶p-Iƒ aptJ-\bpw A√m-

sXbpw) {]Xn-h¿jw FØp-∂p≠v F∂mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. as‰mcp

{][m\ t{kmX v _m¶v hmbv]-bmWv. 1998 ¬ 48% am{Xap≠m-bn-cp∂

hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-IfpsS hmbv]m-\n-t£]m\p]mXw -C-t∏mƒ 70 iX-am-\-

Øn-\-SpØv FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. GI-tZiw Hcp e£-tØmfw tImSn cq]

14

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

hnhn[ C\-Øn-embn hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ hmbv]-

bmbn \¬In-bn- p≠v.- C-Xn¬ knwl`mKhpw -H-gp-Ip-∂Xv sI´nS \n¿am-W-

Øn\pw D]-t`m-Km-h-iy-߃°pw I®-h-Sm-h-iy-߃°p-am-bm-Wv. tIc-f-hn-

I-k\sØ°pdn-®p≈ Kuc-h-X-c-amb N¿®-I-fn-se√mw tIc-f-Øn¬

_m¶pIƒ kam-l-cn-°p∂ ]W-Øns‚ (AXns‚ apJy-]¶v hntZi C¥y-

°m-cpsS ]W-am-Wv) apJy mKw A\y-\m-Sp-Ifnse hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-

߃°v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns\ hna¿in-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, tIc-f-Øn¬

Ct∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ hmbv] \¬Ip∂ps≠-¶nepw Ah t]mIp-∂Xv ASn-

ÿm\ D¬∏m-Z-\-taJebn-te-°√. F∂v am{X-a√, B cwK-Øp≈ hmbv]

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ipd-bp-∂p-ap≠v. hnZym- ymkw, NnIn’, hnhmlw, XpS-

ßnb Bh-iy-߃°v Zcn-{Zcpw, D]-t`m-Km-h-iy-߃°pw BkvXn \n¿an-

°p-∂-Xn\pw hnZym- ymk Bh-iy-Øn\pambn kº-∂cpw hen-b-tXm-Xn-

ep≈ hmbv] -hmßn°q´p-∂p≠v. "tIc-f-]-T-\'-Øn¬ Is≠Øn-bXv

hm¿jnI hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 15% F¶nepw At∏mƒ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-¿°pw IS-

_m-[yX Ds≠-∂m-Wv.

aq∂m-asØ {][m\ t{kmXkv, cmPy-Øns‚ a‰p- m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p-X-s∂bpw FØp∂ I≈-∏-W-amWv. Cu ]Ww apJy-

ambpw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂Xv dnb¬ FtÉv CS-]m-Sp-I-fn-emWv. IW-°n¬

Ihn™Xpw Ahn-ln-X-hp-amb ]Ww \nt£-]n-°m≥ qansb ASn-ÿm-

\-am-°p-∂-XmWv ÿe-Øn-s‚bpw sI´n-S-Øn-s‚bpw hne C{X-tbsd

h¿[n-°m≥ Hcp Imc-Ww.

\mem-asØ t{kmX v XnI®pw km¶¬∏n-I-am-Wv. ""kmº-ØnI Ipan-

f-Iƒ'' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n°-s∏-Sp∂ {]Xn`mkw. mhn-bn¬ D≠m-Ip-sa∂v

Icp-Xp∂ Hcp hcp-am-\-tØtbm aqey-sØtbm ASn-ÿm-\-am°n, Bh-

iy-°m¿ h¿[n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ aqey-sØ-°mƒ F{Xtbm aSßv Db-c-Øn-

te°v AXns‚ hne t]mIp∂ {]Xn- m-k-am-Wn-Xv.

sNdnb Hcp DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS AXv hy‡-am°mw. aq∂v t]¿ Hcp-

an®v `n£bv°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. c≠vt]¿°v `n£-bmbn ]Øv cq] hoXw

c≠v am\y≥am-cn¬\n∂v In´n. aq∂m-a-sØ-bmƒ kao-]n-®Xv Hcp ]ptcm-

ln-X-s\-bm-Wv. mhn-bn¬ sFiz-cyw \¬Ip-sa∂v ]d™v ]ptcm-ln-X≥

Hcp hkvXp Abmƒ°v bmN-I\v \¬In. aq∂v t]cpw ho≠pw Hcp-an®pIqSn.

Ct∏mƒ Ah¿°p In´nb kºØv Ccp-]Xv cq]-bmWv. F∂m¬ BZy-

sØ-bmƒ°v `mKy-hkvXp kz¥-am-°m≥ tamlw. Abmƒ Xs‚ ]Øv

cq] sImSpØv aq∂m-asØbmfn¬ \n∂v AXp hmßn. Ct∏msg{X-bmbn

kºØv? ap∏Xv cq]. At∏mƒ c≠m-a-sØ-bmƒ°v AXv thW-sa∂v

15

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

tXm∂p-∂p. 20 cq] sImSpØv AXv Abmƒ hmßm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Iøn-

ep≈ ]Øp-cq-]bpw A]-cs‚ Iøn¬\n∂v hmbv] hmßnb ]Øv cq]bpw.

Ct∏mƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xß-fpsS BkvXn IW-°m-°n-bm¬ samØw

50 cq] At∏mƒ aq∂m-asØbmƒ°v AXv Xncn®p hmßWsa∂v tXm∂n

ap∏Xv cq]bv°v. kz¥w ]W-tØm-sSm∏w A]-c-\n¬\n∂v hmbv]-bmbn

]Øv cq] t\Snbpw ]n∂oSv \¬Im-sa∂ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ ]Øp cq] _m[y-

X-sh®pw Abmƒ 30 cq] krjvSn®v `mKy-hkvXp Xncn®p Iøn-em-°n.

Ct∏mƒ BsI BkvXn 70 cq]. Iøn-ep≈ mKy-h-kvXp-hn\v bYm¿∞

temI-Øn¬ bmsXmcp hne-bp-an-s√∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xp-hsc kºØv

krjvSn®v Cu I®-hSw apt∂-dmw. Cu coXn-bn¬ krjvSn-°p∂ kºØv

bmYm¿∞y-tØm-S-Sp-°p-tºm-ƒ AXns‚ bYm¿∞-aq-ey-Øn-tet°m Nne-

t∏mƒ AXnepw Xmtgbvt°m ]Xn-°pw. C∂sØ kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®-bn¬

sjb¿am¿°-‰pw dnb¬ FtÉpw krjvSn-°p∂ hf¿® CØcØnep-

≈-Xm-sW∂v ]d-bmw.

Cßns\-sb√mw D≠m-°p∂ ]W-Øns‚ henb Hcp `mKw sI´n-S-

\n¿amWw, qan CS-]mSv, D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hm߬ F∂n-h-bn-te°v

t]mIp-tºmƒ F¥mWv kw -hn-°p-I? sI´n-S-\n¿amWw Hcp `mKØv

Bh¿Ø\ kz`m-h-an-√mØ F∂m¬ FÆ-Øn¬ s]cp-Inb sXmgn-ep-

Iƒ krjvSn-°pw. adp- m-KØv \n¿amW kma-{Kn-I-fpsS I®-hSw s]mSn-

s]m-Sn°pw. `qan hmßm≥ ]Ww sN√p-tºmƒ `qan-bpsS hne Dbcpw.

`qan hmbv]bv°p≈ kpc-£nX CuSmbn [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-߃ Icp-Xp-

∂-Xp-sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ ]Ww hmbv]-bmbn e`y-am-°m\pw Ah ho≠pw

D]-t`m-K-Øn\pw \n¿am-Wmhiy߃°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

I®-h-S-cw-K-Øns‚ hf¿® hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bmbn k¿°m¿ hcp-am-\-Øn-

te°pw iº-f-ambn Xncn®v ho≠pw hn]-Wn-bn-te-°psa-Øp-∂p. Cu

{]h¿Ø-\-sa√mw hmbv]-bmbpw \nt£-]-ambpw [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-°m-cpsS

{]h¿Ø-\sØ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°pw. C∂sØ kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®bpsS

s]mcpƒ AXm-Wv.

ta¬ hnhcn® t{kmX- p-I-fp-sS-sb√mw {]tXy-IX Ah GXv ka-

bhpw ]nt∂m- -Sn-°m-sa-∂-Xm-Wv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ hfcp∂ kmºØnI

{]Xn-k‘n Kƒ^p-\m-Sp-I-fnse sXmgn¬ km[y-Xbv°v Ct∏mƒ Xs∂

a߬ G¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ate-jy-t]m-ep≈ cmPy-߃ ho≠pw ]g-b-

tXm-Xn¬ d∫¿ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ Bkn-b≥ Icm-dns‚

IqSn ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ d∫-dns‚ taml-hne A[n-I-Imew XpS-cn√ F∂v

hy‡-am-Wv. hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ kmº-ØnI Ipan-f-Iƒ Bi-¶-bp≈ sNdnb

16

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

apƒap\-bn¬ s] v Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw A∏msS s]m´mw. In´m°-S-

߃ s]cp-Ip∂ apdbv°v _m¶v n\m≥kpw hnhn[ cwK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

]n≥hmßpw.

Xo¿Øpw kpc-£n-X-a-√m-ØXpw AbYm¿Yy-hp-amb km-º-ØnI

XqWp-I-fn-emWv tIc-f-k-º-ZvL-S\ C∂v \n¬°p-∂Xv F∂m-WnXv hy‡-

am-°p-∂-Xv.

kz]v\-߃ vfm‰m-Ip-tºmƒ

kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bn¬ apJy kw`m-h\ sNøp∂ sI´nS \n¿amW

{]h¿Ø\w Ftßm v t]mIp-∂p-sh∂p t\m°mw. sI´n-S-߃ km[m-c-

W -\n¿an-°p-I c≠m-h-iy-Øn-\mWv. H∂p-In¬, Xma-k-ku-I-cy-Øn\v AX-

s√-¶n¬ hyh-kmbw, I®-hSw , temUvPnwKv XpSßn GsX-¶nepw hmWn-

Pym-h-iy-߃°v. hmWn-Pym-h-iy-Øn-\mbv hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS

an®w hcp∂ em -Øns‚ Hcp ]¶v am{Xta hmS-I-bn-\-Øn¬ \¬Im-\m-

hq. Cßns\ e`n-°p∂ hmS-I, sI´n-S-Øns‚ \n¿am-W-sN-e-hns‚ ]en-

ibpw aqey-ti-mjWhpw Iq´n°n´p-∂Xn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ BsW-¶n¬

am{Xta em -I-c-amIq. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Ccp-]-Xve£w cq] 12 % ]en-ibv°v

hmbv]-sb-SpØv Hcp sI nSw hmS-Ibv°v sImSp-°m≥ Dt±-i-tØmsS \n¿an-

°p-∂p F∂v Icp-Xp-I. {]Xn-amkw 20000 cq] Abmƒ°v ]en-i-bn-\-

Øn¬ sNehv hcpw. sI´n-S-Øns‚ Bbp-jvImew 50 h¿j-ambn Icp-Xn-

bm¬ t]mepw aqey-tim-j-W-Øns‚ XpI-bmbn 3000 cq]-bn-tesd hI-bn-

cptØ≠n hcpw. {]Xn-h¿jw hcp∂ A‰-Ip-‰-s®-ehpw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-

®m¬ 30,000 cq]tbmfsa-¶nepw {]Xn-amkw hmS-I-bn-\-Øn¬ hcp-am-\-

ambn e`n-®m¬ am{Xta kz¥w Bh-iy-Øn-\-√msX sI´nSw \n¿an-®Xp

sIm≠v Abmƒ°v {]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-Iq. ]t£, C∂sØ IW°v AX√

F∂v hy‡-amWv 20 e£w cq]-bpsS sI´nSw ASpØ h¿jw 25 e£-

Øn-s\-¶nepw hn¬°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠-t√m. At∏mƒ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Iq -

Øn¬ Cu A©v e£hpw Dƒs∏-SpØn tht≠ IW-°m°m≥ F∂

tNmZyw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Dbcpw. C∂sØ {]Xo£ AXm-Wv. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv kz¥w Bh-iyØnt\m hmS-Ibv°v \¬Im-t\m H∂p-as√-¶nepw

vfm‰p-Iƒ \nc-¥cw s]m¥p-∂Xpw Ah-sb√mw X¬£Ww hn‰-gn-

bp∂Xpw. vfm‰p-I-fn¬ kz¥-amtbm hmS-Ibvt°m Bbn Xma-kn-°p-∂-

h¿ C∂v ap∏Xv iX-am-\-Øn-te-sdbn√. _m¶p-Iƒ hmbv] \¬In-bXpw

kwLm-S-I≥ Xs‚ hnlnXw \nt£-]n-®-Xp-sa√mw Cu {]Xo-£-bpsS ]pd-

Øm-Wv. ]t£, Cu {]Xo£ F{X-Imew? sI´n-S-Øns‚ Bbp-jvImew

17

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

apgp-h≥ Cu {]Xo£ sh®p-]p-e¿Øm-\m-hptam? AXn\p tijw Xncn-

®p-In- p-∂Xv F¥mhpw? bYm¿∞-Ønep≈ Imem-h[n A{X AI-se-bm-

hn√. FÆ-Øn¬ s]cpIp∂p F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ vfm‰p-Ifnse

Bƒ∏m¿∏ns‚ tXmXv CXnepw Ipdbpw. AXn-\m¬ {]Xo£bpsS s]m≈-

Øcw A[n-Iw sshImsX a\- n-emIpIbpw sNøpw. At∏mƒ? F√m

ae¿s∏m-Sn-°m-cp-sSbpw kz]v\-߃ CXn-s\sbm∂v Ah-km-\n-°pI F∂v

ka-iz-kn°mw. (A-©p-h¿jw apºv tIc-f-]-T\w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Xs∂

Xs∂ 95%t]¿°v kz¥-ambn hoSp≠v. AXn¬ 10% am{XamWv C∂sØ

\ne-bn¬ Xma-k-tbm-Ky-a-s√∂v Icp-Xm-hp∂ hoSp-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv.

IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse Hcp sNdnb ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bmb Xfn-∏-d-ºnse IW-

s°-SpØv t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ t]mepw ImWp-∂Xv {]Xn-h¿jw Bbn-c-tØmfw

sI´n-S-߃°v AhnsS \n¿am-Wm-\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂ps≠-∂p-≈-XmWv.

AXn¬ 600 tesd hoSp-I-fm-Wv).

Cu hn[w \n¿am-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ A\n-hm-cy-ambpw kw -hn°mhp∂

XI¿®bpw ]nt∂m- -Snbpw Fß-s\-bmWv tIc-fsØ _m[n-°pI? IqSp-

X¬ hne tamln®v sI´nSw hmßn-b-h-cpsS kz]v\-ß-ƒ am{XamtWm

XI-cp-I? hmbv] -\¬Inb _m¶p-ƒ {]Xn-k-‘nbn-emInt√? adp- m-KØv

C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ Imbn-Im-[zm\w G‰hpw A[nIw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv \n¿amW taJ-e-bn-em-sW-∂Xv {i≤n-°Ww.12-i-X-am-\-tØmfw sXmgn-

ep-Iƒ t\cn v \n¿am-W-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- m-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ 90

iX-am-\hpw Aÿn-csXmgn¬ BWv. C\n, I®-h-S-ta-J-e-sb-Sp-Øm¬

samØw I®-h-S-Øns‚ KWy-amb Hcp mKw \n¿amW kma-{Kn-I-fp-tS-Xm-

Wv. KXm-K-Xmhiy-ß-fnepw -\n¿amW taJe henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-

∂p. Cu hn[w ]tcm-£-ambn krjvSn-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-

®m¬˛ I®-hSw, n\m≥kv, KXm-K-Xw, hyh-kmbw F∂n-ßs\ ap-∏Xv

iX-am\w sXmgnepI-sf-¶nepw \n¿amW taJ-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn krjvSn-

®-XmWv. At∏mƒ \n¿am-W-ta-J-e-bn-ep-≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ Xncn-®Sn Cu

taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfsb√mw {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ B°pI F∂

h≥ hn]-Ønte°mhpw \sΩ \bn°p-I.

]pen∏pdØv XpS¿∂m¬

C\n \n¿amW taJe Xf-cmsX C∂-sØ-t∏mse Ipsd-°qSn aptºm-

´p-t]m-Ip∂psh∂v Icp-Xp-I. IqSp-X¬ sshIn-bp≈ XI¿® Zpc-¥-Øns‚

Xo{hX h¿[n-∏n-°p-sa∂ Imcyw X¬°mew ad°mw. F∂m¬ a‰v hn-

jy-Øp-Itfm?

18

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

sI´n-S-\n-¿amW-Øn\v apJy-ambn th≠Xv I√v, aÆv, aW¬ , Pew ,

XSn F∂o {]mY-anI {]IrXn hn -h-ß-fmWv . Ch-bpsS AanX NqjWw

Xo{h-ambn XpS-tc-≠n-hcpw. \n¿am-Wm-h-iy-Øn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ A\p-tbm-

Py-amb ÿew thWw . CXn-\mbn ]mS-ßfpw XÆo¿ØS-ßfpw C\nbpw

hym]-I-ambn \nI-tØ-≠n-hcpw . Ip∂p-Iƒ CSn®pw, ]mS-߃ \nI-

Ønbpw,aWeqd-dnbpw, Ipg¬In-W¿ Ipgn®pw ]gb sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Ah-

in-jvS-߃ hen-s®-dn™pw apt∂-dp∂ sI´n-S-\n¿amWw hfsc thKw

Kpcp-X-c-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-߃ krjvSn°pw. Irjn- q-an-bpsS Afhv

Ipd-bp-I-am-{X-a√. Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ qan-bn¬ t]mepw Irjn-sN-øm-\m-hmØ

ÿnXn-bn-te°mhpw \mw FØp-I-.

\n¿amW taJ-e-bpsS IpXn-∏mWv `qan-bpsS hne-°-b-‰-Øn\v apJy-

Im-cWw . qan-bpsS hne -Iq-Sp-t¥mdpw, Irjnbpw hyh-km-bhpw sNøm≥

`qan Iøn¬ shbv°p-∂Xv em -I-c-a√mXmhpw. Irjn- qan XcninSp-Ibpw

\n¿am-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøpIbpw sNøpw. ]pXnb

hymh-kmbw XpS-ßm≥ Hcp hyh-km-bnbpw qan hmßm≥ Xøm-dm-hn-√.

hyh-kmbw thW-sa-¶n¬ s]m∂pw hnebv°v k¿°m¿ hmßn \¬tI-

≠n-hcpw. t£a {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v sNe-h-gn-t°≠ ]Ww Cu hn[w

hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-bnemWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ. Cßns\ ]pen∏pdØv

Ibdn Cd-ßm\pw XpS-cm\pw hømØ ÿnXn-bmWv C∂sØ hf¿®bpsS

^e-ambn krjvSn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv.

\new sXmSmsX

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ t]mepw kz¥w Imdn¬ bm{X-sNbvXv

sXmgn¬ ime-bn-te°v t]mIp∂p F∂-dn™v, A¤pXw Iqdnb Hcp Ime-

ap≠mbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, tIc-f-Øn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-bmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-

Sp∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]e¿°pw "kz¥w Im¿' km£mXvI-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-

∂p. ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS kqNn-I-bn¬t∏mepw kz¥w Imdpt≠m, Ds≠-¶n¬

AXv GXp-Xcw XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ h∂p tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

KXm-K-X-ta-J-e-bv°mWv hnI-k-\-Øns‚ N¿®-I-fn¬ an°-hmdpw

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ e`n-°m-dp-≈Xv. tIh-e-amb bm{Xm-ku-Icyw

h¿[n-∏n-°p-I -am-{X-amtWm e£yw. F¶n¬, tIc-f-Øns‚ q{]-IrXn IqSn

]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ thKX, kpc-£n-XXzw, kab IrXyX, sNehv Ipdhv,

XpS-ßnb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ap≥K-W\ e`n-t°-≠Xv sdbn¬th hnI-k-\-

Øn-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse hnI-k\ N¿®-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw {]mapJyw

e`n-°pI FIvkv{] v th, ae-tbmc sslth, Xoc-tZi sslth, _n. H.

19

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

Sn ]mX XpSßnb tdmUv KXm-K-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.

F¥p-sIm-≠m-WnXv ? KXm-KXw F∂m¬ kz¥-am-bn hml-\-ap-≈-h¿°v

AXn-thKw kpJ-I-c-ambn k©-cn-°m-\pff ]mX F∂mWv \mw [cn-°p-

∂-Xv.

kz¥w hml\w kz]v\-ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏´tXmsS -tI-c-f-Ønse hml-

\-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ AXn- o-a-h¿[-\-hmWv D≠m-bn- p-≈Xv. Hmtcm A©v

h¿jhpw IqSp-tºmƒ hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆw Cc- n-bm-Ip-∂p. 1980¬ tIc-

f-Øn¬ HmSp∂ hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆw 2 e£w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂Xv C∂v 60

e£-am-Wv. h¿jw tXmdpw GI-tZiw 5 e£w hml-\-߃ ]pXp-Xmbn

\nc-Øn-en-d-ßp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ Gsdbpw kzIm-cy- B-h-iy-°m¿°p-≈-h-bm-

Wv. 1991¬ 1.3 eIvjw Imdp-Ifpw 2.88 e£w Ccp-N{I-hm-l-\-ßfpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂Xv .................. Bbn AXv Db¿∂n-cn°p-∂p. Cu tXmXv hcpw h¿j-

ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ thK-X-bn¬ h¿[n-°pw. ]t£, h¿[n-°m≥ km[y-a-

√mØ H∂p-≠v. tdmUp-Iƒ°v e`y-amb ÿew. Ct∏mƒXs∂ cmPysØ

s]mXp-\n-e-hmcw sh®v t\m°p-tºmƒ tdmUv kuI-cy-ßfpsS Af-hn¬

\mw Gsd ap∂nemWv. Hcp e£w t]¿°v 509 In. an. tXmXn¬ ChnsS

tdmUp-Iƒ D≈-t∏mƒ tZiob icm-icn 321 In.ao. am{X-amWv. hml\h¿[-

\-hns‚ e-ambn KXm-K-X-Ip-cp-°p-Iƒ \nXy-kw- -h-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ipcp-

°-gn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-am-bn apJy-ambpw ImWp-∂-Xv. KpW-ap≈ ]pXnb

tdmUp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv. s]mXp hml-\-߃°v ]Icw kzIm-cy-

hm-l\w A¥- m-bXp t]mse kzIm-cy-tdm-Up-Ifpw \mSns‚ A¥- mbn

amdW-sa-∂mWv "A¥- p-≈-h¿' hotdmsS hmZn-°p-∂Xv. kzIm-cy-hml-

\-߃ s]cp-Ip-tºmƒ D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn KXm-KX taJe sXsc-s™-

Sp-Ø-h¿ Hmt´m-dn-£, ss{Uh¿amcpw SmIvkn ss{Uh¿amcpw˛ A∂sØ

hcp-am\w In´ptam F∂ Bi-¶-bn¬ ImØp-sI- n-°n-S-∏m-Wv.

hmßnbpw hen-s®-dn™pw ZpcnXw sImøp-∂p

kmº-ØnI hf¿® ssIh-cn-°m≥ apJy-ambn klmbn® D]-t`mK

kwkvImcw aptºm v hbv°p∂ ap{Zm-hmIyw hmßpI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I,

hen-s®-dn-bpI F∂--Xm-W-t√m. do^n√pw πmÃnIv Imcn_mKpw apX¬ D]-

tbm-Kn®p Ign™ Iºyq´dp-Ifpw Km¿lnI D]-I-c-W-ßfpw hsc hnhn[

km[-\-߃ \mw Cu hn[w \nc-¥cw hen-s®-dn-bp-∂p. hoSp-I-fn¬\n∂v

sXcp-hp-I-fn-te°pw sXcp-hp-I-fn¬\n∂v \K-c-a-[y-Øn-te°pw amen-\y-߃

IpSn-tb-dp-∂p. Fen-Ifpw sImXpIpw s]cpIn ]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb

tcmK-߃ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p. amen\yw {]iv\-am-sW∂v kz`m-hn-I-ambpw

20

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

F√mhcpw kΩ-Xn°pw. ]t£, samKm t{]mPIv‰v ÿm]n-®m-te AXv

kwkvI-cn-°m\mIq F∂-XmWv samØw N¿®-bpsS kmcmw-iw.

{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Pnhs‚ XpS¿® \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv {]IrXn {]Xn- m-k-

ß-fpsS Nm{InI kz`mhw sIm≠m-Wv. aÆpw sh≈hpw hmbphpw Poh-

Pm-e-ß-fp-sa√mw Cu Nm{InI kz`mhØn\v hnt[-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬

Cu kz`mhw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmWv ]pXnb hf¿®m coXn-bn¬. ImcWw

hf¿®-bp≠mI-W-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ D¬∏m-Z\w thWw. At∏mƒ IqSp-

X¬ hmßn Iq´Ww. AXn-\nsS F√mw Hcn-°¬ am{Xta D]--tbm-Kn-°m-

\m-hq. hen-s®-dn-b-emWv G‰hpw em -I-c-ambXv F∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv Xs∂

F√m-hcpw sNøp-∂p.

amen\y kwkvI-cWw Fßn-s\-bm-IWw? FhnsS sh®m-IWw? F√m

-am-en-\y-ßfpw H∂n-®p-IqSn Hcn-SØv kwkvI-cn-°-tWm? F¶n¬ ]pXnb

cq]-Øn¬ amen-\y-߃ krjvSn-°mt\ AXv klm-b-I-am-Iq. th≠Xv

amen\yw Ign-bp-∂Xpw D≠m-ImsX t\m°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp hkvXp sX‰mb

ÿe-tØ°v hen-s®-dn-bp-tºm-gmWv AXv amen-\y-am-Ip-∂Xv. Hmtcm∂pw

D]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw as‰m-∂n-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØp-tºmƒ GXv amen-

\yhpw kº-Ømbn amdpw. kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bn¬ am{Xw IÆv \´p≈

hnI-k\ ImgvN-∏m-Sn\v AXn¬ Xm¬∏cy-ap-≠m-In-√.

]cn-k-chpw sXcphpw \K-chpw am{X-a√ aen-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. InWdpw

]pgbpw Imb-ep-sa√mw hnj-a-b-am-hp-IbmWv. A¥-co-£hpw AXn-thKw

aen-\-am-Ip-∂p. am-en\yw s]cp-Ip-tºmƒ IoS߃ s]cpIpw. IoS-߃

s]cpIn-bm¬ IoS\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-t`m-Khpw h¿[n-∏n°mw. ]I¿®-hym-

[n-IfmIs´, Iym≥k¿ BIs´, tcmK-߃ GXp-am-Is´ Huj-[-hy-h-

km-b-Øn\pw saUn-°¬ tkh-\-ta-J-ebv°pw hf¿∂p ]¥-en-°m≥ ]‰nb

Ah-k-c-amWXv. AXpw kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bpsS kqNn-I-bn¬ t]mkn‰o-

hmbn {]Xn- en-°pw.

C∂v \ΩpsS \mSv hf-cp∂ coXn kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-

ambpw kpÿn-c-a-√msX mhn-bn¬ Zpc-¥-߃ £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øm≥ X°-

hn[-am-sW-∂m-Wv. CsX√mw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-¥mWv?

hf¿®bpsS KpW- -e-߃ In\n-™n-d-ßptam?

kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®bpsS KpW- -e-߃ BZyw ta¬Ø- n¬ Bbn-

cn°pw e`n-°p-∂sX¶nepw ]n∂oSv XmsgØ´n-te°v AXv In\n-™n-d-ßp-

sa-∂mWv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ Ft∏mgpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-dp-

≈Xv . tkmjy-en-k-sa-∂m¬ Zmcn{Zyw ]¶p-h-bv°-em-sW∂v Ah¿ ]cn-

21

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

l-kn-°-bpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. \h-en-_-d¬ Ime-L- -Øn¬ Ah- Iq-Sp-X¬

i‡n-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. \ΩpsS A\p- -h-sa-¥mWv?

Zmcn-{ZysØ c≠p hn[-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ømw; tIh-e-ambpw Bt]-£n-

I-ambpw. \ΩpsS cmPyØv Zmcn-{Zy-tcJsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv tIhe

Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ iX-am\w 1975-ap-X¬ IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. {Kma-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-

Zn\w 2400 Item-dnbpw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 2100 Itemdnbpw Du¿Pw `£Ww

hgn e`y-am-°m≥ Hcmƒ°v F{X D]-t`mK sNehv hcpw F∂-Xns\ ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n {]Xn-amk hcp-am\w IW-°m-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. C∂pw

B kao-]\w XpS-cp-∂p. Poh≥ \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂X√msX hnZym- ymkw,

hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm\mh-iy-ß-fpsS sNehv ]cn-K-Wn-

°s∏Sp∂n-√. BtcmKy ]cn-c-£-bv°p-≈Xpw hIbn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. C∂n-

t∏mƒ 12˛mw ]≤Xnbmb-t∏mƒ Cu \n›nX Afhv Itemdn e`n-°m≥

F{X £W sNehv hcpw F∂Xv C∂sØ £y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hne-

\n-e-hmcw sh®v \n¿W-bn-°-e√ sNøp-∂Xv. A∂-sØbpw C∂-sØbpw

hne kqNn-I-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv {]Xn-amk hcp-am\w F{X-th-W-

sa∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wv.

Bt]-£nI Zmcn{Zyw \n¿W-bn-°m≥ \√Xv Ak-a-Xz-Øns‚ tXmXv

\n¿W-bn-°-em-Wv. 2008 se \mj-W¬ kmºnƒ k¿sh {]Imcw tIc-f-

Øn¬ 37.5 e£w Zcn-{Z¿ Ds≠-∂mWv IW-°m-°p∂Xv. {Kma-ß-fn¬ Zmcn-

{Zy-Øns‚ tXmXv 13.25 iX-am-\hpw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 20.2 iX-am\hpw F∂mWv

IW-°m-°n-b-Xv. {]Xn-amkw Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w bYm-{Iaw 420 cq]bpw

539 cq]bpw e`n-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Xmsgbp≈-h-cm-WnXv. 2008se {]Xn-amk

Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w 5608 cq]-bm-Wv F∂-Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I. AXm-

bXv, icm-icn Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂n¬ Xmsg hcp-am-

\-ap-≈-h-sc-bm-Wv Zcn-{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. 2004 ¬ ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb

"tIc-f-]-T\' {]Imcw Zcn-{Z-cpsS FÆw samØw P\-kw-JybpsS 22.6 -i-

X-am-\-am-Wv. {Kma-ßfn¬ 22.9 iX-am-\hpw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 20.8 iX-am-\hpw.

{]Xn-amkw 439 cq] {Kma-Ønepw 558-cq] \K-c-Ønepw Xmsg am{Xw hcp-

am-\-ap-ff-h-cpsS IW-°m-WnXv .

"tIc-f-]-T-\'-ØneqsS Is≠-Ønb as‰mcp hkvXpX kmº-Øn-I-ÿn-

Xn-bn¬ G‰hpw D∂-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]Øv iX-am-\-Øns‚ hcp-am\w Xmsg

X n-ep≈ ]Øp-i-X-am-\-Øns‚Xnt\-°mƒ 40 Cc- n-bm-sW-∂mWv. At∏m-

gsØ AJn-te¥ym tXmXn-s\-°mƒ Db¿∂ kqNn-I-bmWn-Xv.

\h-en-_-d¬ \b-ß-fpsS Ign™ Zi-I-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ tIhe

Zmcn{Zyw Imcy-ambn Ipd-bv°m-\m-bn√ F∂v am{X-a√ Bt]-£nI Zmcn{Zyw

22

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

i‡n-s∏-Sp∂p F∂m-WnXv ImWn°p-∂-Xv.

hf-cp∂ saUn-°¬ cwKw, XI-cp∂ BtcmKyw

Db¿∂ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw, Ipd™ inip ˛ _mey-˛ amXr-a-c-W-\n-c-

°p-Iƒ F∂nh tIc-f-Øns‚ sa®-s∏´ Btcm-Kym-h-ÿbpsS kqN-I-

ß-fmWv . tUmIvS¿ amcpsS FÆ-Ønepw Bip-]-{Xn-I-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw

\mw C°-gn™ c≠p-Z-i-I-ß-fnepw hfsc apt∂-dn. F∂n´pw BtcmKy

cwKØv ]pXnb ojn-Wn-Iƒ Db-cp-I-bm-Wv.

U¶n-∏-\n, Nn°≥ Kp\n-b, F®v 1 F≥1..... F√m h¿jhpw GsX-

¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ ]\n-tbm a™-∏nØw t]mep≈ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Itfm

hym]-I-ambn ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-°bpw Ht´sd ac-W-߃ kw -hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. Cu h¿jw Xs∂ ]I¿® ∏\n-aqew \qdp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ acn-®p.

adp- m-K-Øm-Is´ kaq-l-Øn¬ \s√mcp iX-am\w t]cpw {]talw ,

lrt{ZmKw XpS-ßnb Pohn-X-ssi-eotcm-K-߃°v hnt[-b-cmWv . ]e-t∏mgpw

]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw aqe-Im-c-W-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Iym≥k¿ , BkvX-a,

F∂o- tcm-K-ßfpw h¿[n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.- F-∂m¬, CØcw tcmKm-

h-ÿ-Iƒ ka{Kam-sbmcp BtcmKy ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-te°√ \sΩ Nn¥n-∏n-

°p-∂Xv. tUmIvSdpw Bip-]-{Xnbpw, Huj-[-im-e-Iƒ XpS-ßnb saUn-

°¬ hyh-km-b-Øns‚ hn]p-en-I-c-W-Øn-te°pamWv. Btcm-Ky-cwKØv

tcmKw -h-cm-Xn-cn-°m≥ D≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn k¿°m¿ sNe-h-gn-t°≠p∂

XpI t]mepw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv kzImcy NnIn’m kuIcyw Dd∏v hcp-

Øm≥ ]‰nb C≥jq-d≥kv ]≤-Xn-I-fnem-Wv.

"tIc-f-]-T-\'-Øn¬ e`y-amb hnh-c-a-\p-k-cn®v samØw IpSpw_ sNe-

hns‚ 13.9% NnIn’°m-bn- mWv ae-bmfn sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv. AXnZcn{Z hn m-

KsØ kw_-‘n®nStØmfw Cu sNehv 31.7 iX-am-\-am-Wv. tIc-fob

IpSpw-_-Ønse IS-_m-[yXbpsS 12 iX-am-\-sa-¶nepw NnIn’m Bh-iy-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. qan hn¬∏-\bpsS 7.2 iX-am-\hpw A{]-

Imcap≈ Imc-W-ß-fm-em-Wv. AXn Zcn-{Z-hn- m-K-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw 12.3 iX-am\w qan hn¬∏\bpw \S-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_mw-K-߃°v

NnIn’ -tX-Sm-\m-bm-Wv.

Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp kaqlw krjvSn-°m≥ tcmKw hcm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-\mtWm NnIn’m kuIcyw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-emtWm Du∂¬ \¬tI-

≠Xv F∂-XmWv {]k-‡-amb tNmZyw.

hnZy-sb-¥n\v a¿Øy\v hnØw ssIh-i-am-hp-In¬!

CS-Ø-c-°m-cpw kº-∂-cp-amb hn`m-K-ßfn¬ Dƒs∏´ C∂sØ

23

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

\s√mcp hn`m-K-Øn‚bpw ap≥X-e-apd AXnZcn-{Z-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v

D∂X t{iWn-Iƒ Ib-dm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn-Xo¿∂Xv s]mXp hnZym- ym-

k-Øn-eqsS k¿°m¿ Hcp-°nb kuI-cy-am-Wv. hnØ-sa-¥n\p a¿Øy\v

hnZy- ssI-h-i-am-hp-In¬ F∂ Ihn-Xm-i-Iew A∂sØ Xe-ap-dsb kw_-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw B]vX-hmIyw Xs∂bmbn-cp-∂p. F∂m-en∂v ÿnXn-

bmsI amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

hnZym`ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-e£yw \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-

fn-bm-Im\pw kmaqlyt_m[w kw{I-an-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e\amWv.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv hnZym- ymkw Hcp kmaq-ly-B-h-iy-ambn amdp-∂Xv. F∂m-

en∂v e£Øn-\-SpØv {]Xn-amkhcp-am\w kºm-Zn-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ

t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ ]‰nb _ncp-Z-k-ºm-Z-\-amWv hnZym- ymkw. AXn-\m-

¬ AXv XnI®pw hy‡n-]-c-ambn GXv hnt[-\bpw a’-cn®p t\tS≠

H∂m-bn-cn°p-∂p. Cu t_m[-Øn-eq-∂n-bmWv ChnsS A¨ FbnUUv

kIq-fp-Ifpw kzm{i-b-tIm-tf-Pp-Ifpw hf¿∂p h∂Xv. Ch-bpsS hc-thmsS

s]mXp hnZym- ymkw h≥ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-I-bm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n kulr-

Z-]-c-hpw imkv{Xo-bhpamb Icn-°p-ew, Fkv. Fkv. F, P\-Iobmkq-

{XW ]≤-XnIƒ hgn sa®s∏´ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-߃ F∂nh ssIh-

∂n´pw tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v kn.-_n.-F v. C A¨

Fbn-UUv kvIqfp-I-fpsS IS-∂p-I-b‰w henb `oj-Wn-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv.

\mem-bn-c-tØmfw s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-fmWv A¨ F°-tWm-anIv Bb-

Xn-\m¬ AS-®p-]q- ¬ ojnWn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, hnZym- ymk cwKsØ N¿®-Iƒ apgp-h\pw tI{μo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

kzm{i-b-tIm-tfPv AUvan-j\pw okpw kw_-‘n-®mWv. tbmKy-X-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AUvan-j\pw tijn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ okpw

G¿s∏SpØp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw n v‰n n v‰n F∂ Akw-_-‘-Øn¬ Id-

ßn-bmWv kzm{i-b-tIm-tf-Pp-IfpsS N¿® F∂Xv {it≤b-am-Wv.

]Ww sImSpØv t\Sm-hp∂ _ncp-Z-a√ hnZym- ym-k-sa∂pw \mSns\

kmº-ØnIambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw D∂-Xn-bn-te°v

\bn-°m-\p≈ {][m\ D]m-[n-bmWv hnZy-sb∂pw AXv Zcn-{Z\pw kº-

∂\pw Hcp t]mse e`y-am-°m≥ kaq-l-Øn\v _m[y-X-bp-s≠∂Xpw

\ap°v ad-°m\mIptam?

kv{XoIƒ°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°psaXnsc

kv{Xo]p-cp-j-Xp-ey-X-bn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n-se-Ønb \mSmWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.

Db¿∂ kv{Xo ]pcp-jm-\p-]mXw; Bbp¿ssZ¿Ly-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-t\-°mƒ

24

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

ap∂n¬; amXr-a-c-W-\n-c-°v AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ aq∂n-sem∂v

am{Xw; k¥mt\m¬∏m-Z\ \nc°v c≠n¬ Xmsg; kwL-Sn-X-ta-J-e-bnse

sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 45%; hnZym- ymk taJ-e-bn¬ kvIqƒ {]th-i-\-

Ønepw D∂X hnZym- ymkØnepw hnth-N\w A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂n-√; F∂n pw

\ΩpsS \K-c-ß-fn¬, \nc-Øp-I-fn¬ k‘y-I-gn-™m¬ kv{XoI-fm-scbpw

ImWm-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? s]¨hm-Wn`w kv{Xo]o-U\w F∂n-h-sb√mw

sIm®p-Ip- n-Iƒ°v t]mepw ]cn-N-b-ap≈ hm°pI-fm-Ip∂sX¥p-sIm≠v?

kz¥w IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pt]mepw s]¨Ip- n-Iƒ°v ]oU\ta‰p-

hm-tß≠nhcp-∂Xmbn dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip∂Xv F¥psIm≠v? D∂X

hnZym- ymkw t\Snb kv{XoI-fn¬ \s√mcp iX-am-\hpw ho -Ω-bmbn

HXpßn°gn-bp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

CXp-IqSn Hm¿°pI

Bfl-lXym \nc-°n¬ G‰hpw ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂ kwÿm-\-amWv

tIc-fw. IpSpw-_ -B-fl-lXyIfmWv Ah-bn-te-sdbpw. IS-_m-[yXIfpw

tcmKw NnIn’n-°m≥ hgn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amWv ]e IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw Bfl-

l-Xy-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂Xv.

aZy-]m-\Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw G‰hpw ap∂n-ep≈ kwÿm\amWv

tIcfw. {]Xn-h¿jw \Ωƒ aZy-Øn-\mbn sNe-h-gn-°p-∂Xv 7000 tImSn

cq]. aZyw sNØcpXv, hn¬°-cpXv, IpSn-°-cpXv F∂m-lzm\w sNbvX

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ P≥a-Znhkw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Xncp-thm-W-\m-fp-

I-fn¬ tIcfw IpSn®p h‰n-®Xv 211 tImSn cq]!

Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ apt∂-dp∂ \mSp-Iq-Sn-bmbn tIcfw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

cmPyØv G‰hpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃ \S-°p∂ \K-c-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-

ØnI Xe-ÿm-\-amb sIm®n-\-Kcw ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

atX-X-cXz aqey-߃°pw cmjv{Sob t_m[-Øn\pw t]cp-tI´ tIc-f-

Øn¬ Ign™ Ipsd sXsc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ ta[m-hnXzw hln-®Xv

PmXnaX i‡n-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. Cu ÿnXn XpS¿∂m¬ aXntbm?

F¶n¬ \sΩ ImØn-cn-°p-∂Xv Zpcn-X-Øn-s‚bpw Ak-a-Xz-ß-tfbpw A{I-

a-W-ß-fptSbpw Iem-]-ß-fp-sSbpw \mfp-I-fm-bn-cn°pw. {`m¥m-e-b-ambn

tIcfw ]cn-W-an-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb∂pw AXn-\m¬ Cu ÿnXn amdntb Xocq.

kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bnepw kpÿn-c-X-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp tIcfw

sI´n-∏-SptØ Xocq.

]t£ Fßs\? H∏w thsdmcp tNmZyhpw kmaq-ly-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬

tIc-fsØ ap∂n-te°v \bn®Xv tIc-f-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob {]_p-≤-Xbpw

25

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

thdn´ hnI-k-\-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¥psIm≠v hnI-k\ cwKsØ

]mtS am‰n adn-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ cmjv{Sob apt∂‰ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂n√?

Xncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ

I¿jI ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-k-a-cßfp-sSbpw tZiob {]t£m-

-ßfpsSbpw Xo£vW-X-bn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ bph-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p tIcf∏nd-

hn-bpsS L -Øn¬ \mSns‚ Np°m≥ ]nSn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kwÿm\ Xe-Ønepw

{]mtZ-inI-X-e-Ønepw Ah¿ Db¿Ønb cmjv{Sob Nn¥-Iƒ°v hnI-

k\ ImgvN-∏m-Sn\v F¨]-Xp-Iƒ hsc ta¬ssI D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

heXp]£ kz`m-h-ap≈ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v t]mepw Cu, CS-Xp-]£

\bßsf Xnc-kvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A∂p \S∂ cmjv{Sob

t]mcm- -߃ Gsdbpw q]cnjvI-c-Ww, s]mXp hnZym- ymkw, A[n-Imc

hntI-{μo-I-cWw XpS-ßnb AP-≠I-fn¬ sh≈w tN¿°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. H∏w hnhn[ sXmgn¬ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Imi ka-c-ßsf

kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xns\ sNm√n-bpw.

kmaqly hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v th≠{X ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥

kwÿm\ k¿°mcn\v Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w A`y-¥c-h-cp-am\w {]I-S-ambn

Ipd™ Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ tIc-f-hn-I-k\w kw_-‘n® Kuc-h-X-c-amb N¿®-

Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. Irjnbpw hyh-km-bhpw hf-cmsX \msS-

ßns\ ]ptcm-K-an°pw F∂ tNmZyw -kzm- m-hn-I-ambn Db¿∂p. ]nt∂m- -Sn-

∏n-®Xv q-]-cn-jvI-c-Whpw sXmgn¬ ka-c-hp-am-sW∂v Hcp ]£w. tI{μ˛

kwÿm-\-Xe _‘-Ønse ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw hnI-k-\-cw-KØv s]mXp-\n-

t£]w Ipd-®p-sIm-≠p≈ tI{μ-\-b-ßfpamWv b-Ym¿∞ {]iv\-sa∂v

adp-]£hpw hmZn-®p. Cu X¿°-߃°n-S-bn-emWv, A[n-Imc hntI-{μo-I-

c-W-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw {]mtZ-inI hn -h-߃

Xncn-®-dn™pw P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmSpw {KmaoW hnI-k\Øn-eq-∂nb,

ÿnc-Xbpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw Dd-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hnI-k\ Imgv®-∏mSv

Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Cu Imgv®-∏m-Sn-s\m∏w CS-Xp-]-£hpw \ne-bp-d-∏n-®-Xns‚

^e-am-bncp∂p P\-Io-bm-kq-{XW {]kvYm\w. {]mtZ-inI c-W-IqS CS-

s]-S-en-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-esb kPo-h-am-°m\pw tkh\

taJebpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw kaq-l-Øns‚ ]n∂-Wn-

bn¬ \n¬°p∂-h¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw apt∂m v hcm\pw e£y-an´m-bn-cp-

∂p P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw Bcw- n-®Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ km[m-c-W -P-

\-߃°v henb ip -{]-Xo-£bpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw \¬In-s°m-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p CXns‚ XpS°w. ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k\w, hnZym`ymk

26

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

BtcmKy -ta-J-e-bnse P\-Iob CS-s]-S¬ , kv{XoI-fpsS Iq´mbva

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ P\-Io-b-mkq-{XWw henb

kw`m-h\ \¬In-sb-¶nepw ASn-ÿm\ e£y-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v

AXv Gsd AI-se-bm-bn-cp∂p. Imc-W-߃ ]e-Xp-≠v. CXn¬ {][m-\-

amWv a[y-h¿K- hn`mK߃ s]mXp-hn¬ ImWn® \n w-KX. kwL-SnX

{]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ AWn-\n-c∂ a[y-h¿K-°mcn¬ \s√mcp iX-am-\-Øn\v

t]mepw Ah-Imi t_m[-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v kmaq-ly-t_m-[-Øn-te°v hf-

cp-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw e£yw sh®

kmaqly \≥a-Iƒ X-߃°v {]Xy£Øn¬ DS≥ KpWw \¬In√ F∂

Imc-W-Øm¬ Ah¿ hn´p-\n-∂p.

P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Im-gvN-∏mSpw AXn-e-Sßnb cmjv{So-

bhpw kzmwio-I-cn®v AXn\v t\XrXzw \¬Im≥, k¿°mcns\ \bn-®

cmjv{Sob {]kvYm-\-Øn\v t]mepw Ign-™n-√. Xmsg Xew hsc-bp≈

th≠{X cmjv{Sob N¿®bpsStbm Xocp-am-\-Øn-s‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

e√ P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw Bcw`n-°-s∏- Xv F∂-Xmhmw AXn-\p-Im-c-Ww.

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw krjvSn® hn]-Wn-km-[y-XIfn¬ a[yh¿K hn m-

K-߃ BIr-jvSam-bXpw AXn\v A\ptbm-Pyamw hn[w Hcp kmwkvIm-

cn-Im-¥-co£w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ am[y--a-߃ {ian-°pIbpw sNbvX

L -am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw

kw_-‘n® {Inbm-flI N¿®-Iƒ A°m-eØv hym]-I-ambn \S-°p-∂-

Xn\v XS- -am-bn. {]mtbm-KnI cwK-Øm-Is´ D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-e-I-fn¬

_Z¬ A\p- -h-ßfpw kwL-S\m cq]-ßfpw th≠-{X-bn-√mØXv B taJ-

e-bn¬ \n¿tZin-°s∏´ t{]mP-Iv‰p-Iƒ hnI-e-am-Im≥ CS-bm-bn.

]n∂oSv ASpØ sXscs™-Sp-∏n¬ `c-W-am‰w hcn-Ibpw P\-Io-bm-

kq-{X-W -e-£y-Øn¬ \n∂v B k¿°m¿ ]nt∂m v t]mhp-Ibpw \h-en-

_-d¬ \b-߃ Xo£vW-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv P\-Io-bm-

kq-{XWw XI-cm≥ CS-bm°n. F∂m¬ XpS¿∂v \S∂ hnhm-Zw P\-Io-

bm-kq-{XWw F∂ _Z¬ hnI-k\ AP-≠sb kwi-b-Øns‚ \ng-

en¬ \n¿Øn-bXv \h en_-d¬ \b-߃ IqSp-X¬ IqSX¬ i‡-am°n

ASn-t®¬∏n-°m≥ If-sam-cp°n. ]n∂oSv ho≠pw CS-Xp-]£ k¿°m¿

A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hs∂-¶nepw hnhm-Z-Øns‚ Ibv]pw kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-e-

Øn¬ h∂ am‰hpw aqew \h-en-_-d¬ \b-ßsf F√m-X-e-Ønepw {]Xn-

tcm[n-°m-\pX-Ip∂ P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw t]mse i‡-amb Hcp _Z¬

\bw apt∂m v sh°m\pw \S-∏n-em-°m\pw Xømdmbn-√.

27

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

kmwkvIm-cnI cwKsØ am‰w

Hcn-°¬ {`m¥m-ebw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n°-s∏´ tIcfw kmaq-ly-]p-

tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n-se-Øn-b-Xn\v ]n∂n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZyw cq]w-

sIm≠ k¿°m¿ apX¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb P\-]£ hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-

IfmsW∂v \mw I≠p. ]t£, AØcw Hcp k¿°m¿ cq]-h¬°-cn-°-

s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßnb cmjv{Sob kwkvImcw Fß-s\-bmWv ChnsS am{Xw

hf¿∂Xv F∂ tNmZyw {]k-‡-am-Wv.

AXn\v \mw IS-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬

{]h¿Øn® \thm-Ym\ {]ÿm-\-ßtfm-Sm-Wv. bp‡n-t_m-[hpw hnZym-

`ymkhpw FØn-®p-sIm≠v A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw C√m-Xm-

°m-\mWv Ah¿ {]h¿Øn-®-Xv. Bflo-b-Xsb t]mepw Ah¿ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv P\-ß-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izm-kw D≠m°n kwL-Sn-∏n°m\m-

Wv. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cWw km[y-am-°m-≥

AXm-bn-cp∂p Ffp∏ am¿Kw. Aßs\ ]S¿∂ bp‡n-t_m-[hpw kmaq-

lnI t_m[-hp-amWv kz¥w ssZ\y-X-bpsS ImcWw hn[n-b-s√∂pw kwL-

Sn-®v t]mcm-Sn-bmte Ah amdq F∂p-ap≈ Xncn-®-dn-hn-te°v P\-ßsf

\bn-®-Xv. Ah-Imi ka-c-ß-fpsS hnPbhpw ]cm-P-b-hp-sa√mw cmjv{So-b-

amb t]mcm- -Øns‚ {]k-‡n-bn-te°v Ahsc \bn-®p. H∏w ]pXnb

temIw km[y-am-sW∂ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-kØnte°pw.

F∂m¬ tIcfw C∂v t\cn-Sp∂ ASn-ÿm\ {]Xn-k‘n kmwkvIm-

cnI cwKØv h∂ am‰-am-Wv. kam-¥c hnZym- ym-k-Øn-eqsS, am[y-a-ß-fn-

eqsS, kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn-eqsS hn]Wn aqey-ß-tfm-sSm∏w A‘-

hn-iz-mkhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-Xbpw PmXn-I-fp-sa√mw P\-ß-fn-te°v kw{I-

an-∏n-°pI-bmWv. Bflo-b-X G‰hpw hmWn-Py-aq-eyap≈ Nc-°mbn amdn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nmc-ßfpw hn‰-gn®v kmº-ØnI

km{amPyw sI´ns∏m°p-∂-h¿ hnZym- ymk BtcmKy taJ-e-I-fnse I®-

h-S-߃°pw t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. Bcm-epw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-SmsX,

Acmepw hna¿in-°-s∏-SmsX. Bcmepw ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-SmsX apt∂-dp∂

Cu Bflo-b hym]mcw P\ßsf Acm-jv{Sobh¬°-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv

apt∂-dp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ bYm¿∞ {]iv\-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kwL-

Sn-X-amb cmjv{Sob {]Xn-tcm-[-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bmsX hcp-

∂p. tIcfw t\cn-Sp∂ ASn-ÿm\ sh√p-hn-fn Hcp-]t£ CXm-hmw.

as‰mcp tIcfw km[y-am-hm≥

tIc-f-Øn\v ap∂n¬ P\-]-£-Øp-\n-∂p≈ Hcp hnI-k\ AP≠ sh®p-

28

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

sImt≠ Cu hgn ]ng® t]m°ns\ XS-bm-\m-hq. kmº-ØnI hf¿®bv°v

]Icw kmaq-lnI hnI-k\Øneq-∂nb Hcp hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv

Db¿∂p-h-tc-≠-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-esb hnti-jn®v

`t£ym¬∏m-Z-\sØ hos≠-Sp-°m\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°m\pw kmaq-

ly-\oXn Dd∏v hcp-Øm\pw Cu hnI-k\ AP-≠-°m-h-Ww.

kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw kmaq-ly-\n-b-{¥Ww G¿s∏-SpØn-s°mt≠

CXv km[y-am-hq. Itºm-fhpw kzImcy Xm¬∏-cyhpw kmaq-ly-\oXn

e£yw h®m-In√ Hcn-°epw {]h¿Øn-°p-I. em`w h¿[n-∏n-°¬ am{X-

amWv AhnsS ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-bw. kmaq-ly-\n-b-{¥Ww km[y-

am-°pI h¿[n® k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S-en-eq-sS-bm-Wv. \h-en-_-d¬ \b-߃

\n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse tIhew s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿ Bhp-I-b√ k¿°m¿

sNtø-≠-Xv. D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-e-bnepw tkh\ taJ-e-bnepw kPo-h-ambn

CS-s]-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Aßs\ CS-s]-S-W-sa-¶n¬ k¿°m¿ kmº-ØnI

kpÿn-cX ssIh-cnt® aXn-bm-Iq. C∂v ImWp∂ kar-≤nbpw kmº-

ØnI tijn-bp≈ henb Hcp hn`mKw P\-ß-sfbpw CXn-\mbn {]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. \nIpXn ]ncn-°mXncn°p-∂-X√ P\-t£aIc-amb \S-

]-Sn. hcp-am\w th≠-{X-bp-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v hnhn[ coXn-bn-ep≈ \nIp-Xn-

bn-eqsS ]Ww kam-l-c-n°-bmWv {]mtZ-inI c-W-IqSw apX¬ tZiob

k¿°m¿ hsc sNtø-≠-Xv. kz¿W-Ønepw qan-bn-ep-sa√mw \nt£-]n®v

a\-t°m-´-Iƒ sImøp∂ Chn-SpsØ kº∂ hn`m-K-ß-tfmSv \mSns‚

hnI-k-\-Øn\v kw`m-h\ sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-S-Ww. CXn-\mbn A\p-

tbm-Py-amb kwL-S\m cq]-߃ Db¿∂p-h-c-Ww.

]t£, Hcp kwibw Db¿t∂-°mw. tIcfw C¥y-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

C∂sØ P\-t£-a-I-c-a-√mØ ]e \b-ßfpw tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°-

s∏- Xv tI{μ \b-ß-fpsS kΩ¿Z e-am-bm-Wv.

icn-bm-Wv. tIcfw C¥y-bp-sSbpw C¥y temI-Øn-s‚bpw `mK-am-

Wv. C∂sØ BtKm-f-h¬°-cW Ime-L- -Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI kº-ZvL-

S-\-Iƒ temI-I-tºm-f-hp-ambn tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ AØcw

{]Xn-tcm[ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ {ia-Icw Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]t£, Ah IqSntb

Xocq. \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb Hcp kaq-lsØ ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm≠v AXn-

\mbn C∂p-Xs∂ {]h¿Øn-°p-tºm-gmWv P\-ß-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izmkw

hf-cpI. AØcw {ia-ß-fpsS Pb-]-cm-P-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv P\-߃

cmjv{Sobw bYm-hn[w a\- n-em-°p-I-bp-≈q. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bnepw kpÿn-

c-X-bn-ep-aq-∂nb Hcp _Z¬ hnI-k\ AP-≠-bmWv CXn-\mbn cq]-s∏-

Sp-tØ-≠-Xv.

29

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

AØcw Hcp hnI-k\ AP≠ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-

cn-I-hp-amb CS-s]-S¬ D≠m-h-Ww. hnI-k-\-Øn-\-Xo-X-amb cmjv{So-b-a√

hnI-k-\-Im-gvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{So-b-amWv Db¿∂p-h-

tc-≠-Xv. I£n cmjv{Sob-Øn-\-Xo-X-ambn hnhn[ {]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ AWn-

\n-c∂ km[m-c-W-°msc apgp-h≥ Cu hnI-k-\AP≠bv°v ]n∂n¬

AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ Ign-bWw. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmkvIm-cnI aWvU-e-Øn¬

hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ i‡-ambn CS-s]- p-sImt≠ CØcw hnI-k\ ImgvN-

∏mSpw cmjv{So-bhpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\mhq. tIc-f-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob

]mc-ºcyw, P\-]£ cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ aqey-߃ Dƒs°m≠ cmjv{So-b-

{]h¿Ø-I¿, kwL-SnX {]ÿm-\-߃, {KŸ-imem {]ÿm\w, IpSpw-

_{io Ch-sb√mw CØcw kwkvImcw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ A\p-

IqeLS-I-ß-fm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-hkvYbpw ASn-

ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßfn¬ h∂ apt∂‰hpw P\-X-bpsS hnZym- ymk \ne-

hm-c-hp-sa√mw KpW-]-c-ambn \ap°v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hpw.

thWw as‰mcp tIcfw

AXv \ap°v km[y-am-Wv.