GNSS

: . ...

2010

I

. , . . Geotech . , , . , , .

II

.I ...II .V ..VIII IX ...X .1 1 1.1 .3 1.2 .4 1.3 .6

1.3.1 ..6 1.3.2 ...12

1.3.3 GPS ...15 1.3.3.1 .17 1.3.3.2 .18

2 GeoXT 2.1 .20 2.2 GeoXT.. 20 2.3 GeoXT.24 2.4 ..26 2.5 ...31 2.6 GeoXT..35 2.7 ...38

III

3 GeoXT 3.1 .40 3.2 GPS ....40 3.3 GeoXT...47 3.4 ...52

3.4.1 , , h .53 3.4.2 , , h 72

3.5 ...75 3.6 ...77 4 GeoXT4.1

()..80 4.1.1 ..85 4.1.2 ..91

4.2 ()..92

4.2.1 ..93 4.2.1.1 .93 4.2.1.2 ...94

4.2.2 ..95 4.2.3 ...96

4.2.3.1 Geotech.97 4.2.3.2 Hepos97 4.2.3.3 Trimble 5800 99

4.3 105 4.3.1 ...105

5 5.1 ...108 5.2 108 5.3 111

IV

6 6.1...117 6.2 .126 6.3 ..126 ....128 ABSTRACT...132 ...134 [ ., 2005]: [1]:

1.1: C D 1.2: 1.3: 30 min 5 min 2.1: GeoXT 2.2: GeoXT TM 2.3: hurricane patch 2.4: GeoXT / 2.5: 2.6: 2.7: 2.8: 2.9: 2.10: Status 2.11: 2.12: 2.13: 2.14: 2.15:

HRMS 2.16: hurricane HRMS 2.17: patch HRMS 2.18: 3.1: GPS 3.2: 3.3: GPS

3.4:

GPS 3.5:

GPS 3.6: 3.7: 3.8:

( ) 3.9:

( ) 3.10: h

( )

V

VI

3.11: ()

3.12: ()

3.13: h ()

3.14: ()

3.15: ()

3.16: ()

3.17: ()

3.18: h ()

3.19: ()

3.20: ()

3.21: ( )

3.22: ( )

3.23: h ( )

3.24: ( )

3.25: ( )

3.26: ( )

3.27: ( )

3.28: m ( ),

3.29: m ( patch),

3.30: m ( hurricane),

3.31: m ( ),

VII

3.32: m ( patch),

3.33: m ( hurricane),

4.1: 4.2: (Data) 4.3: 4.4: 4.5:

4.6: GeoXT

4.7: GeoXT

4.8: GeoXT

4.9: 4.10: 4.11: 4.12: 4.13: 4.14:

(Geotech)

4.15: Hepos

4.16: GeoXT

4.17:

4.18:

4.19: GeoXT RTK

5.1:

VIII

5.2: RTK

5.3: ) )

2.1: GeoXT 2.2:

3.1: , , h

( ) GeoXT

3.2: , , h () GeoXT

3.3: , , h () GeoXT

3.4: , , h () GeoXT

3.5: , , h () GeoXT

3.6: , , h ( ) GeoXT

3.7: , , h ( ) GeoXT

3.8: , , h ( ) GeoXT

3.9: 95%

4.1: GeoXT

IX

4.2: GeoXT ( ) RTK

5.1:

5.2:

5.3: RTK

. 1.1: . 1.2: . 1.3: . 1.4: Mio P550 . 1.5: Etrex Venture Cx . 1.6: GeoXT . 3.1: . 3.2: . 3.3: . 3.4: patch . 3.5: . 3.6: patch . 3.7: . 3.8: patch . 3.9: . 3.10: patch . 3.11: . 3.12: . 3.13: patch 4.1: Trimble 5800 4.2: 4.3: 4.4: 4.5: 4.6:

X

, .

GeoXT . 1 . ( , ), . GPS . . 2 GeoXT Series 2005 Trimble. , . GeoXT. ( , patch, hurricane). . 3 GeoXT. GPS. . .

XI

4 GeoXT :

GPS Pathfinder. : Geotech Hepos Trimble 5800

GeoXT . Trimble 5800 . RTK . 5 , GeoXT Trimble 5800 . ( ) Real Time Kinematic. 6 , . : GeoXT, , , , patch, hurricane, , , , Trimble 5800

1

( ), .

, , .

, , 1:500, 1:1000 1:5000, (, , ) .

(Global Positioning System - GPS) GPS ( " GPS") . . .

, GeoXT Trimble. .

GeoXT. .

. Geotech Hepos

2

Trimble 5800 .

GeoXT .

.

3

1

1.1

. :

, , , .

, , - , .

, , ..,.

. , ,

.

. ( , ) . , , , .

. , , , .

, , . .

4

. . . . . 1.2

. . ()

.

, 1962 . 11.000 84% .

, , 30 40 . , , .

1:5000 , [ .,2003].

( 16% )

5

, .

, , ( ). , 1:5000 . . . , [ .,2003]. ,

.

, .

1972-1974. . , , 25 , [ .,2003].

, , . , .

. 1.3 1.3.1

. , . , , , (. 1.1)

, . . (, - ), ().

. 1.1: , (1:10000 1:250000),

6

. . , , , , :

: ( ), . , .

.

, .

. .

.

. 1.2:

. 1.2 [ -.,1993]:

7

. . .

.

, . .

: . . . . : (. 1.3). . .

. 1.3:

8

9

: . , , . , . . Wild RK1 Kern RK. : (EDM), . , . 1:500. .

, . .

. .

. . , .

.[ - .,1993]

[ -.,1993]:

(). , , . ( ), ( ) EDM. EDM , . () . , ( 1.1). . 30g 160g.

, .

1.1: C D

10

11

, . . . .

. ( ) ( ) .

, ( ) ( ). [ -.,1993]

- :

. ,

. .

.

.

:

. .

.

, .

1.3.2

. , , . . : (total stations

reflectorless)

.

2mm - 1cm, .

1200m .

: (Total Station), , . . [ ., 2005]:

( ) ( ), (D) ( 1.2).

S

12

1.2:

.

:

g (2.1)

(

, . , ( ,x y ,

H ), : ABa

Aa 400(aa += )

S :

)

= zDS sin* (2.2) , :

+= sin*Sxx (2.3)

x y

+= cos*Syy (2.4)

)2/(*)1(cos* 2 RDkzDHH (2.5)

( H ) :

AA

+++=

S , 87.

:

13

14

.

),

.

, .

( , ) . .

. . , , . ( .

. E.D.M. Total Station

.

GeoXT.

15

)

1m (10m - 20m). , ,

" (mouse-GPS, )

PCMCIA)

.

1.3.3 GPS

(C/A) (

, (

"" ), , ,

.. GPS :

( USB ) PDA (Personal

Digital Assistant)

- " USB

- ( CF, SD) PC (

- "" (GPS-sleeve, -)

- Bluetooth ( 2003

)

- GPS PDAs ( ) [ ., ., 2010].

GPS , . (C/A). L1. ( ) . . - .

16

,

, , ), :

(Mio P550) . 1.4 GPS Etrex Venture Cx

Garmin . 1.5

. 1.4: Mio P550 . 1.5: Etrex Venture Cx GPS Geoexplorer 2005 series

Trimble . 1.6

. 1.6: GeoXT

, , (

. 300gr .

1.3.3.1

17

, .

, ,

C/A

PRN . .

GPS ( ) . . () . . () ( ) . . - , . PRN : (Coarse/Acquisition Code Clear Access)

1/100

300 m,

L1. C/A . C/A, ACf / = 1.023 MHz, () 3m. (Precise Protected) (L1 L2

P, = 10.23 MHz, 0.30m.

). Pf 30m

:

f

c= (2.6) c: .

18

.

.

. ,

.

, , , .

1.3.3.2

,

.

GPS , =1=19.029 cm LI [ ., 2005].

. , .

, (blocks) 1.3 . . , . .

, . .

, ,

19

.

. , (block) . .

1.3: 30 min 5 min

,

.

20

2

GeoXT

GeoXT, ,

2.2 GeoXT GeoXT 2.1 :

GeoXT

2.1

GeoExplorer 2005 Ge MoXH T , GeoXT TM GeoXM TM . GPS, , Microsoft Windows Mobile ( 5.0). GeoXT TM .

, .

TM

2.1:

21

Microsoft Mobile 5.0

GPS

416 MHz 512 MB Bluetooth

(LAN)

GPS GLONASS

, , ,

Real time: SBAS

SBAS: ( ) NMEA TSIP RTCM :

( )

GPS Controller GPS

Microsoft ActiveSync, Internet Explorer, Excel Mobile, Outlook

Media Player (transcriber) TrimPix

2.4 .

GPS Connector

Mobile (, , , ), Word Mobile, Windows

22

Bluetooth LAN radios Bluetooth

Internet (Local Area Networks)

TFT 16- bit (65,536 )

SD SD (Secure Digital)

GPS SBAS (WASS EGNOS)

Windows Mobile 5.0

2.2: GeoXT TM

23

GeoXT

21,5 cm x 9,9 cm x 7,7 cm 0,78 kg ( ) 416 MHz Intel PXA-270 X-Scale

64 MB RAM 512 MB (internal flash disc)

1,5 Watts ( GPS ) 2,7 Watts ( GPS ) 3,7 Watts ( GPS, )

, , 6800 mAh

(-10)C (+50)C (-20)C (+70)C

, , .

-

-

Bluetooth, (LAN), Ethernet .

TFT, 240 x 320 pixel, 65,536 ,

Audio , ,

, , ,

24

GPS

12 (L1 )

Real time SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS)

TSIP, NMEA (GGA, VTG, GLL, GSA, ZDA, GSV, RMC)

< 1 m

5 : 30 cm 10 : 20 cm 20 : 10 cm 45 : 1 cm

Real time (SBAS RTCM)

Hurricane GeoX. . .

, , . :

GeoXT.

:

: 16.1 cm x 5.8 cm : 0.39 kg : (40 C +70 C) : (50 C +80 C) : 100% : 0.2 Watts : 2.5 Db : 1575.42 10 MHz

2.3: hurricane patch

25

2.4 . ActiveSync

GeoXT . USB.

ActiveSync .

: 9 GeoXT

. 9 GeoXT

, .

2.4.

2.4: GeoXT /

26

:

i. GeoXT .

ii. (Explore) GeoXT .

GPS Pathfinder Office

GeoXT

. USB.

GPS Pathfiander .

GPS Pathfinder Office Data Transfer ( 2.5). Data Transfer Receive Send GeoXT.

2.5:

27

GPS Pathfinder (Differential Correction) , .

. .cor, . : : 2.6 . .

2.6:

: 2.7.

28

H-Star, [3]. : 9

9

29

9

2.7:

: ( 2.8). Internet .

Internet, , .

30

2.8:

: 2.9 . :

2.9:

2.5

WGS'84 TerraSync GeoXT. Status ( 2.10) .

, .

31

2.10: Status

Skyplot

2.11:

2.11

(0) o .

32

. , . , .

(North, South, East, West) . 2.11 TerraSync. , . , .

, WASS () EGNOS () . SNR

. 2.12 . , . , .

2.12:

.

33

2.13 . , .

. . , . , , .

2.13:

PDOP. PDOP = 6.

( 2.14), . PDOP .

2.14:

PDOP (SNR value). max PDOP = 6 min SNR= 39.

, . TerraSync .

, . , ,

34

35

15 , .

2.6 GeoXT

Trimble [2] GeoXT , .

(HRMS) 63% [2].

: GeoXT ( ) . , . . (RMS), . (HRMS). HRMS , 63% HRMS .

- HRMS (63%) Hurricane 46 cm

51 cm Patch 78 cm

2.2:

HRMS 63% 2.2[2].

. hurricane, 10% patch.

hurricane . .

hurricane , .

2.15-2.17 GeoXT patch hurricane. HRMS.

Internal antenna

2.15:

HRMS

36

Hurricane antenna

37

2.16: hurricane HRMS

Patch antenna

2.17: patch HRMS

2.6

(code carrier). Set up

TerraSync. (logging settings), (, , ) (accuracy), (code).

Set up TerraSync. , (logging settings), (accuracy) (, , ), (carrier). H :

, . , , GeoXT ( 2.18).

2.18:

( ), (block) , .

38

39

. . .

, . .

, . , , .

40

3

GeoXT

3.1

O GeoXT :

-

GeoXT.

. 3.2 GPS

"" GPS, : ( ), / (standard).

"" : , [Wormley 2008]. GPS :

.

(, .). , GPS [Savvaidis, 2004]. 3.1 GPS. , [Savvaidis, 2004], [Wormley, 2008], [Martin, 2008]

3.1: GPS

1. a. . b. .

41

c. ( - hardware / ). . 1%

. 3 m C/A 30 cm P.

2. a. ( 1-5-2000). b. .

. . , .

c. . GPS. ( 3.2). 3 m.

3.2:

42

d. . . 30 m ( 3.3). . [ ., 2009]

e. . 20 30 m 3 6 m ( 3.3). , , L1 L2 . [ ., 2009]

3.3: GPS

f. . ( 3.4). , .[ ., 2009]

43

3.4: GPS

3. :

a. , - (PRN) .

b. .

GPS . DOP (Dilution of Precision). () (0), [ ., 2005]:

0* DOP= (3.1) , (, , ), PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) HDOP (Horizontal Dilutionof Precision) VDOP (Vertical Dilution of Precision). TDOP (Time Dilution of Precision)

44

GDOP ( Geometric Dilution of Precision). [ ., 2005]:

HNEPDOP222222 ++=++= (3.2)

NEHDOP22 += (3.3)

HVDOP = (3.4)

tTDOP = (3.5)

22 TDOPPDOPGDOP += (3.6)

DOP GPS , .

DOP , .

GDOP, . ( 3.5). , , GDOP . GDOP ( 3.6) , GDOP ( 3.7).

, DOP .

GPS , .

45

GPS.

, , , .

3.5:T GPS,

3.6: 3.7:

46

47

3.3 GeoXT

WGS84 (, ) () :

GeoXT :

1) 2) (patch) 3) hurricane

2009 2010.

, patch.

. hurricane . : , , h , WGS 84 ,

: 0.5m - 1.4m , 0.5m - 1.5m patch, 0.5m - 0.8m hurricane

(PDOP)

:

(code)

hurricane, GeoXT 0.335 m.

3.1-3.13 .

. 3.1: . 3.2:

48

. 3.3: . 3.4: patch

. 3.5: . 3.6: patch

49

. 3.7: . 3.8: patch

. 3.9: . 3.10: patch

50

. 3.11:

. 3.12: . 3.13:

patch

51

3.4

.

, GeoXT (, , h), [ ., ., 2005]:

GeoXT = (3.7)

GeoXT = (3.8)

GeoXThhh = (3.9)

. 1 , 30m, . .

, (, , h), .

, , h , .

52

3.4.1 , , h

37 58' 34.8002'' 23 47' 00.4369''

-30.866

Patc

h

WGS' 84

223.607 mh ''

-31.247

h

0.23

0.03 0.89 0.035 1.04h

Hur

rica

ne 0.005 0.14 0.028 0.84h

-31.968

0.033

0.008

m

1.00

/

3.1: , , h ( ) GeoXT

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.8:

( )

53

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.9: ( )

-40-38-36-34-32-30-28

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

h(m

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.10: h, ( )

3.8-3.10 : , 0''.013 +0''.011,

0''.008, 0.23m

54

55

patch, 0''.018 +0''.051 , 0''.03, 0.89m

hurricane, 0''.007 -0''.004, 0''.005, 0.14m

, 0''.058 +0''.015,

0''.033, 1m

patch, 0''.079 +0''.002, 0''.035, 1.04m

hurricane, 0''.033 -0''.023, 0''.028, 0.84m

h , 33m -30m,

-31m patch, 35m -30m

, -32m hurricane, 31m -30,

-31m

56

m

/

-31.530h

0.012 0.36 0.032 0.96

0.55 0.033 0.98h

0.31

0.018

0.033 0.99

Patc

hH

urri

cane 0.010

h -31.247

-31.980

''

WGS' 84

h

210.746 m23 46' 57.3332''37 58' 37.4151''

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.2: , , h

() GeoXT

3.11:

() GeoXT , 18 2009. =

11.4851'', , .

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane) 3.12:

()

-40

-38-36

-34

-32-30

-28

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

57

h(m

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.13: h

() 3.11-3.13 :

58

, 0''.036 +0''.006,

0''.012, 0.36m

patch, 0''.047 +0''.034, 0''.018, 0.55m

hurricane, 0''.016 -0''.007, 0''.01, 0.31m

, 0''.064 -0''.004

, 0''.032, 0.96m

patch, 0''.12 +0''.04 , 0''.033, 0.98m

hurricane, 0''.016 -0''.021, 0''.033, 0.99m

h , 33m -30m,

-31.5m patch, 36m -30m

, -32m hurricane, 32m -31,

-31m

WGS' 84

h

-23 47' 08.4550''37 58' 41.4695''

'' m

/

0.009 0.27 0.030 0.89

Patc

h

0.021 0.62 0.039 1.16h

0.023 0.68h

hH

urri

cane 0.010 0.29

3.3: , () GeoXT

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

H

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.14:

()

59

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.15:

()

3.14-3.15 : , 0''.014 +0''.028,

0''.009, 0.27m

patch, 0''.034 +0''.046 , 0''.021, 0.62m

hurricane, 0''.018 -0''.005, 0''.01, 0.30m.

, 0''.064 +0''.009

, 0''.03, 0.89m

patch, 0''.076 +0''.074 , 0''.039, 1.16m

60

WGS' 84

244.80 m23 46' 51.4479''37 58' 25.9686''

h

Patc

h

0.031 0.94

h -31.038

0.049 1.46

0.015

'' m

/

0.45

0.066 1.98h -32.766

Hur

rica

ne 0.003 0.10 0.039 1.18h -31.373

hurricane, 0''.037 -0''.003, 0''.023, 0.68m

3.4: , , h

() GeoXT

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

61

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.16: ()

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.17:

()

-40-38-36-34-32-30-28

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

h(m

)

(patch) (hurricane) 3.18: h

()

3.16-3.18 : , 0''.067 +0''.009

, 0''.015, 0.45m

62

63

patch, 0''.075 +0''.057 , 0''.031, 0.94m

hurricane, 0''.001 +0''.033, 0''.039, 1.18m

, 0''.094 -0''.018

, 0''.049, 1.46m

patch, 0''.156 +0''.005 , 0''.066, 1.98m

hurricane, 0''.045 -0''.033, 0''.039, 1.18m

h , 32m -30m,

-31m patch, 38m -29m

, -33m hurricane, 32m -31,

-31m.

WGS' 84

h

-23 46' 31.8380''37 58' 41.2118''

/

0.016 0.49 0.049 1.48h

'' m

Patc

h

0.049 1.46 0.070 2.10h

Hur

rica

ne 0.005 0.14 0.027 0,81h

3.5: , () GeoXT

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane) 3.19:

()

64

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.20:

()

3.19-3.20 : , 0''.022 +0''.05

, 0''.016, 0.49m

patch, 0''.098 +0''.092 , 0''.049, 1.46m

hurricane, 0''.007 +0''.006, 0''.027, 0.81m

, 0''.147 -0''.012

, 0''.049, 1.48m

patch, 0''.145 -0''.014 , 0''.07, 2.11m

hurricane, 0''.044 -0''.016, 0''.027, 0.81m

65

WGS' 84

h

229.862 m23 47' 09.2394''37 58' 33.5704''

-30.928

''

h

Patc

h

0.023 0.70h -29.786

0.049 1.46

/

0.012 0.37 0.04 1.20

m

3.6: , , h ( )

GeoXT

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) 3.21:

( )

GeoXT , 25 2010. = 0.9924'', ,

66

.

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch)

3.22:

( )

-40-38

-36-34-32

-30-28

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

h(m

)

(patch)

3.23: h ( )

3.21-3.23 :

67

, 0''.007 +0''.04,

0''.012, 0.37m

patch, 0''.054 +0''.04 , 0''.024, 0.71m

, 0''.075 -0''.016,

0''.04, 1.2m

patch, 0''.155 +0''.029 , 0''.049, 1.46m

h , 33m -28m,

-31m

WGS' 84

h

-23 46' 47.9174''37 58' 32.8988''

'' m 0.019 0.57 0.042 1.27h

0.67 0.035 1.04

/

Pa

tch

0.022

h

Hur

rica

ne 0.004 0.12 0.024 0.73h

patch, 31m -28m, -30m

3.7: , ( ) GeoXT

68

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.24: ( )

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.25: ( )

3.24-3.25 : , 0''.068 +0''.01

, 0''.019, 0.57m

69

patch, 0''.054 +0''.036 , 0''.022, 0.67m

hurricane, 0''.008 +0''.003, 0''.004, 0.12m

, 0''.061 -0''.017,

0''.042, 1.27m

patch, 0''.068 -0''.013 , 0''.035, 1.04m

WGS' 84

h

-23 46' 48.7905''37 58' 30.5015''

'' m

/

0.023 0.68 0.012 0.37h

Patc

h 0.024 0.72 0.037 1.12h

Hur

rica

ne 0.018 0.53 0.004 0.11h

hurricane, 0''.041 -0''.016, 0''.024, 0.73m

3.8: , ( )

GeoXT

70

-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.26: ( )

-0,16-0,14-0,12-0,10-0,08-0,06-0,04-0,020,000,020,040,060,080,10

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

4(2

5/2)

5(2

6/2)

6(2

/3)

7(3

/3)

8(9

/3)

9(1

0/3)

10(

3/4)

11(

14/4

)

12(1

5/4)

(''

)

(patch) (hurricane)

3.27: ( )

3.26-3.27 : , 0''.047 +0''.027

, 0''.023, 0.68m

71

72

patch, 0''.044 +0''.04 , 0''.024, 0.72m

hurricane, 0''.031 -0''.005, 0''.018, 0.54m

, 0''.031 -0''.015,

0''.012, 0.37m

patch, 0''.092 +0''.087 , 0''.037, 1.12m

hurricane, 0''.006 -0''.006, 0''.004, 0.12m

3.4.2 , , h

GeoXT "" -3m +3m ( 3.28-3.30).

GeoXT "" 5m +3 m ( 3.31-3.33).

-5,0-4,5-4,0-3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,0

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

3(2

5/2)

4(2

6/2)

5(2

/3)

6(3

/3)

7(9

/3)

8(1

0/3)

9(3

/4)

10(

14/4

)

11(1

5/4)

(m)

3.28: m ( ),

Patch

-5,0-4,5-4,0-3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,0

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

3(2

5/2)

4(2

6/2)

5(2

/3)

6(3

/3)

7(9

/3)

8(1

0/3)

9(3

/4)

10(

14/4

)

11(1

5/4)

(m)

3.29: m ( patch),

73

Hurricane

-5,0-4,5-4,0-3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,0

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

3(2

5/2)

4(2

6/2)

5(2

/3)

6(3

/3)

7(9

/3)

8(1

0/3)

9(3

/4)

10(

14/4

)

11(1

5/4)

(m)

3.30: m ( hurricane),

-5,0-4,5-4,0-3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,0

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

3(2

5/2)

4(2

6/2)

5(2

/3)

6(3

/3)

7(9

/3)

8(1

0/3)

9(3

/4)

10(

14/4

)

11(1

5/4)

(

m)

3.31: m ( ),

74

Patch

-5,0-4,5-4,0-3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,0

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

3(2

5/2)

4(2

6/2)

5(2

/3)

6(3

/3)

7(9

/3)

8(1

0/3)

9(3

/4)

10(

14/4

)

11(1

5/4)

(

m)

3.32: m ( patch),

Hurricane

-5,0-4,5-4,0-3,5-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,0

1(1

8/12

)

2(1

9/2)

3(2

2/2)

3(2

5/2)

4(2

6/2)

5(2

/3)

6(3

/3)

7(9

/3)

8(1

0/3)

9(3

/4)

10(

14/4

)

11(1

5/4)

(

m)

3.33: m ( hurricane),

75

3.5

Trimble, , , GeoXT . (, ), 95% (z95% =1.96). (HRMS=s) z95% ,

- %95%95 zz ss (3.10) - %95%95 zz ss (3.11)

'' - '' .

3.9.

Hurricane

%95%95 46.0)(46.0 zz 9.0)(9.0 (m)

%95%95 51.0)(51.0 zz 0.1)(0.1 (m)

Patch %95%95 78.0)(78.0 zz

53.1)(53.1 (m)

3.9: 95%

: Hurricane: 76% (, ) [-0.9 , 0.9] .

76

77

95% 57% . : 70% (, ) [-0.1 , 0.1] . 90% 50% . patch: 76% (, ) [-1.53 , 1.5] . 89% 63% . 3.6

: 9 GeoXT

, , .

9 GeoXT ( , patch, hurricane), , , GeoXT. , 95% :

76% hurricane 70% 76% patch

9 ,

, . , , , . .

9 ( hurricane), GeoXT hurricane , patch.

9 , hurricane, .

9 ( ) GeoXT , :

mm

m

Hurricane

Patch

43.0

36.190.0

==

=

mm

m

Hurricane

Patch

28.0

05.159.0

==

=

h

mm

m

Hurricane

Patch

39.0

24.288.0

==

=

( ) :

:

: (-2.04)m (+1.50)m patch: (-2.95)m (+2.75)m

78

hurricane: (-0.92)m (+0.17)m

79

: : (-4.41)m (+0.45)m patch: (-4.68)m (+2.60)m hurricane: (-1.40)m (+0.02)m

h:

: (-32.97)m (-28.24)m patch: (-38.16)m (-28.43)m hurricane: (-31.66)m (-30.50)m

, , h hurricane, patch . hurricane patch.

9 ,

.

9 ( ), GPS GeoXT : . 50% . h, hurricane .

80

4

GeoXT

4.1 ()

. .

GeoXT . :

GeoXT .

(. )

hurricane 2 GeoXT. GeoXT WGS'84 '87. '87, GeoXT .

, . :

1.

GeoXT:

GPS Pathfinder Import Utility ( 4.1).

4.1:

GeoXT TerraSync ( ). .ssf . Import Utility GeoXT .imp .ssf. .imp .ssf, GeoXT (.ssf) /, . Import Utility autocad shape, .dwg .shp .imp. . .

81

, autoCad. .dwg '87.

2. .imp GeoXT

Data Transfer. .

3. Data TerraSync

Existing, GeoXT .

4.2: (Data)

4.2 :

: :

82

:

:

:

: / (Transferred), / (Not Transferred) / (Imported)

:

4.

, . GeoXT . (, , ) , Update Data ( 4.3).

4.3:

83

, (Begin). , 4.4.

84

4.4:

(Log). . : (, ,

), GeoXT.

(, ),

.

,

. ( , , , , ) . , . , , . , , . Mark as updated, .

4.1.1 GeoXT

4.5 .

4.1

GeoXT .

4.1, 4.6-4.8 GeoXT .

85

4.5:

86

87

A/A GeoXT

Total Station

x (m) y (m) x (m) y (m) S (m) 1 13 480337.045 4203070.424 480334.272 4203072.658 3.5609 2 16 480369.717 4203050.383 480368.514 4203054.072 3.8802 3 29 480371.634 4203053.168 480369.670 4203056.507 3.8738 4 31 480376.932 4203059.310 480371.965 4203060.691 5.1554 5 663 480335.780 4203072.712 480332.983 4203074.783 3.4803 6 667 480343.156 4203069.774 480339.716 4203072.564 4.4292 7 679 480373.006 4203037.263 480372.012 4203041.181 4.0421 8 680 480371.120 4203036.172 480369.954 4203042.294 6.2320 9 681 480369.823 4203039.832 480368.091 4203043.301 3.8773

10 685 480371.162 4203049.086 480369.857 4203052.583 3.7326 11 686 480370.872 4203051.752 480369.117 4203055.031 3.7191 12 687 480371.076 4203051.776 480369.254 4203055.240 3.9139 13 688 480367.481 4203055.237 480367.120 4203057.644 2.4339 14 689 480368.806 4203053.363 480366.615 4203056.716 4.0054 15 690 480365.469 4203055.749 480363.582 4203058.353 3.2158 16 691 480363.518 4203056.313 480361.588 4203059.142 3.4246 17 692 480364.273 4203057.856 480362.207 4203060.326 3.2201 18 695 480388.086 4203051.252 480386.019 4203054.278 3.6646 19 702 480390.818 4203062.785 480388.437 4203066.776 4.6473 20 704 480390.451 4203061.642 480388.000 4203066.086 5.0751 21 706 480389.182 4203060.118 480387.180 4203064.499 4.8168 22 707 480388.387 4203059.102 480386.426 4203063.186 4.5304 23 710 480384.013 4203051.354 480382.548 4203056.104 4.9708 24 711 480384.652 4203052.804 480383.162 4203057.127 4.5726 25 713 480385.661 4203058.103 480383.514 4203062.413 4.8152 26 716 480387.943 4203050.290 480386.585 4203055.283 5.1744 27 722 480392.248 4203068.988 480389.912 4203072.925 4.5779 28 723 480392.307 4203068.849 480390.113 4203073.376 5.0306 29 730 480397.710 4203050.043 480395.371 4203053.423 4.1104 30 789 480425.366 4203032.877 480423.437 4203038.136 5.6016 31 790 480425.577 4203032.663 480424.020 4203038.403 5.9474 32 793 480427.388 4203033.101 480426.026 4203037.342 4.4543 33 818 480438.102 4203025.226 480436.800 4203031.208 6.1221 34 819 480439.016 4203030.144 480437.344 4203036.876 6.9365 35 820 480439,171 4203024,549 480437,888 4203030,104 5,7012 36 821 480439,492 4203021,487 480438,133 4203027,246 5,9172 37 823 480441,913 4203035,469 480440,282 4203042,068 6,7976 38 841 480446,672 4203033,507 480445,236 4203040,236 6,8805 39 849 480448,073 4203021,907 480447,448 4203028,466 6,5887

88

40 863 480450.530 4203024.439 480449.592 4203030.965 6.5931 41 935 480452.431 4203046.554 480450.655 4203052.267 5.9827 42 936 480453.195 4203043.643 480451.295 4203049.473 6.1318 43 942 480454.063 4203044.460 480452.239 4203050.137 5.9628 44 943 480454.448 4203039.430 480452.695 4203045.873 6.6772 45 947 480455.700 4203033.338 480454.470 4203039.653 6.4337 46 949 480455.880 4203033.031 480455.146 4203039.058 6.0715 47 952 480456.653 4203033.633 480455.872 4203039.956 6.3711 48 953 480458.023 4203034.971 480456.138 4203041.572 6.8649 49 955 480458.160 4203034.248 480456.639 4203040.869 6.7935 50 957 480459.287 4203034.976 480457.495 4203041.376 6.6461 51 973 480467.926 4203027.126 480466.702 4203033.499 6.4895 52 1024 480490.312 4203004.682 480489.496 4203012.577 7.9371 53 1028 480491.214 4203002.285 480490.730 4203009.974 7.7042 54 1031 480492.275 4203002.657 480491.484 4203010.822 8.2032 55 1032 480492.407 4203003.968 480492.143 4203011.801 7.8374 56 1035 480492.939 4203003.316 480492.902 4203011.247 7.9311 57 1098 480516.800 4202996.174 480516.652 4203005.153 8.9802 58 1111 480519.902 4203006.340 480520.260 4203015.572 9.2389 59 1115 480521.997 4203001.929 480521.669 4203011.120 9.1969 60 1130 480531.373 4203018.563 480530.550 4203027.834 9.3075

4.1: GeoXT

(GeoXT)

(total station)

4.6: GeoXT

89

(GeoXT)

(total station)

0 4m2m

4.7:

GeoXT

90

5m 10m0 (total station)-(GeoXT)

(GeoXT)

4.8:

GeoXT

4.1.2

.

GeoXT . , , .

91

92

GeoXT , 3-9m.

(,

) .

, :

,

. , .

(PDOP=6).

.

( GeoXT hurricane), .

4.2 ()

. :

: Geotech Hepos Trimble 5800

GeoXT. 4.2.1

, GeoXT . 4.2.1.1 4.9

1) (rover, base) 2) 3) ( rover )

.

93

4.9:

rover (, , ), .

. TerraSync

. Generic , . Generic . , , . 4.2.1.2

Data (collect) 4.10.

4.10: 4.11:

( 4.10) ( 4.11), .

(log) , . , .

94

. , (resume) . , , , .

4.2.2.

. 4.12 4.13:

5m 10m0

4.12:

95

0 20m10m

4.13: , .

4.2.3

.

96

97

, . 4.2.3.1 Geotech

( 4.14), Geotech . . . . 13 km. 4.2.3.2 Hepos

Hepos 098. 4 km.

19% , . .

:

100% 0 - 15 cm.

4.15. . , .

10m 20m0

(Real time)

4.14: (Geotech)

98

12

3

(Real time)( )

0 10m 20m

4.15: Hepos

4.2.3.3 Trimble 5800 - Trimble 5800

Trimble

5800, L1 L2 GPS GPS, 1.21 kgr.

, 3.67 kgr.

99

100

2 MB, . TSC2 Trimble Bluetooth. .

, Trimble 5800 (base) (rover) GPS.

, 24 () , . UHF, GSM GPRS (RTK).

: (Fast Static)

: (5 mm + 0.5 ppm) RMS : (5 mm + 1 ppm) RMS

(PPK) : (10 mm + 1 ppm) RMS : (20 mm + 1 ppm) RMS

(RTK) : (10 mm + 1 ppm) RMS : (20 mm + 1 ppm) RMS

Trimble 5800 :

TSC2 Trimble (Li- Ion)

Trimble 5800 GLONASS, (GPS GLONASS), ,

GPS , .

(VHF. Plotter), , .[27]

4.1 - 4.6 Trimble 5800

. 4.1: Trimble 5800 4.2:

4.3: 4.4:

101

4.5: 4.6:

GeoXT. .

Trimble . GeoXT. , '87. .

( ). . .

102

(Real time)

(Real time)

4.16 4.17.

103

1

2

3

0 4m 8m

4

1

2

3

4

( )

( )

4m0 8m

4.16: GeoXT

4.17:

, :

20.6% 0-15

cm. 78.7% 30-50

cm.

0.7% 0.5-1 m.

. 4.18.

104

2

3

4

1 1

2

3

4

4.18:

0% 19% .

, (Geotech, Hepos) Trimble 5800 GeoXT.

Trimble 5800 .

[3] , 75km 50km.

Geotech Hepos 13km 4km . .

105

. 4.3

GeoXT .

Geotech RTK (Real Time Kinematic). 0.005m.

, GeoXT . (Trimble 5800) Geotech . '87. GeoXT hurricane . . 4.3.1 4.2 : RTK GeoX

x, y

: S7 x y

. S7

.

Hepos

RTK

(GPS Pathfinder Office)

x y x y x y S S1 486382,4 4208046,52 486381,9 4208046,49 0,527 0,024 0,53 S3 486307,0 4208060,52 486306,5 4208060,53 0,509 -0,010 0,51 S4 486314,9 4208085,21 486314,4 4208085,23 0,486 -0,019 0,49 S7 486394,4 4208104,54 486392,6 4208102,44 1,866 2,106 2,81 S8 486387,2 4208068,64 486386,7 4208068,63 0,515 0,003 0,52

4.2:

GeoXT ( ) RTK

106

S4

S3

S7

S8

S1

(GeoXT )

(RTK)

10m 20m0

4.19: GeoXT RTK

107

x y. GeoXT . , 0.5 m, 0.015 m.

108

5

5.1

GeoXT.

. 5.2

5.1 .

. Real Time Kinematic (RTK). GeoXT.

GeoXT hurricane, Trimble 5800 .

Trimble 5800 '87. GeoXT.

BA

N

1 : 500

5.1:

109

110

(carrier) . .

, , GeoXT . , , . . , . .

: 1. ,

(Real Time). 2. ,

GPS Pathfinder Office.

Trimble 5800. .

: 9 62.7% 9

:

111

5.1:

: 9

100% 9

:

(%)

0 - 15 cm 99.7

15 - 30 cm 0.2

30 - 50 cm 0.1

0.5 - 1 m -

1 - 2 m -

2 - 5 m -

>5 m 0.1

(%)

0 - 15 cm 33.2

15 - 30 cm 0.1

30 - 50 cm 25.2

0.5 - 1 m 34.6

1 - 2 m 6.4

2 - 5 m 0.4

>5 m 0.0

5.2:

5.3

5.2

RTK (Real Time)

112

( ) 5.3 : RTK

GeoXT

RTK GeoXT

GeoXT (Real Time) RTK

(m)

GeoXT ( ) RTK

(m)

T7 4.3056 2.2997 S1 2.1437 2.2952 S6 2.0945 2.3273 S7 2.0772 2.3269 S11 1.9339 2.3769

5.3: RTK

7 , RTK. RTK GeoXT ( )

RTK. 0.04m 0.54m. ( 9m).

113

.

RTK 0.05m 2.2m. . RTK GeoXT ( )

RTK 0.12m - 5m. , RTK.

RTK 0.02m - 0.6m. RTK.

,

RTK GeoXT . RTK ( 9m). GeoXT

.

GeoXT. .

.

(Real time)

(RTK)

( )

( )

( Real time)

T7

S6

114

S7

S11

S1

(RTK)

B

A

N

0 50m 100m

5.2:

RTK

115

( ) () .

, RTK, 5.3. . , .

.

(RTK) (GeoXT)- (GeoXT)-

()

S6

S7

S11

S1

T7

116

0 50m 100m

B

A

N

()

()

5.3: ) )

117

6

6.1

, GeoXT .

,

:

. , : ) (,,h), ( , patch, hurricane) ) .

1) GeoXT , , .

2) GeoXT,

, GeoXT.

95% :

76% hurricane 70% 76% patch

3) , . , , , . .

4)

( hurricane), GeoXT hurricane , patch.

5) ,

hurricane, .

6) (

) GeoXT , :

mm

m

Hurricane

Patch

43.0

36.190.0

==

=

mm

m

Hurricane

Patch

28.0

05.159.0

==

=

118

h

119

==

mm

m

Hurricane

Patch

39.0

24.288.0

=

hurricane, . patch. ( ) : :

: (-2.04)m (+1.50)m patch: (-2.95)m (+2.75)m hurricane: (-0.92)m (+0.17)m

:

: (-4.41)m (+0.45)m patch: (-4.68)m (+2.60)m hurricane: (-1.40)m (+0.02)m

h: : (-32.97)m (-28.24)m patch: (-38.16)m (-28.43)m hurricane: (-31.66)m (30.50)m

7) , .

8) h, hurricane .

120

GeoXT , .

:

1) .

2) , .

.

1) . . , . , , .

2) , (PDOP=6).

,

Geotech Hepos , .

121

Geotech Hepos.

1) (Real time), . 3m - 9m (, ) .

2) ,

. :

< 1 m

5 : 30 cm 10 : 20 cm 20 : 10 cm 45 : 1 cm

. .

122

(blocks). . (). , . , . . .

3) ) Geotech ) Hepos . . 19% .

Trimble 5800

( ) GeoXT .

123

1) 100% , Geotech Hepos.

2)

. .

Geotech, GeoXT hurricane Trimble 5800 . GeoXT RTK (Real Time Kinematic) :

1) Trimble 5800

(GPS Pathfinder), .

2) ,

GeoXT RTK 0.5m.

, , GeoXT Trimble 5800 . ( ) RTK :

124

1) . , . :

.

0cm - 15 cm. 0.5m - 1 m. .

2)

, RTK GeoXT . RTK 0.04m 0.54m , 0.05m 2.2m . RTK ( 9m).

GNSS:

125

, 6m . . hurricane , GeoXT 6m. , , 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000. 1:25000 (.. ) , .

3m 1:12000 . , hurricane base ( ) GeoXT RTK 0.04m - 2.2m 1m. 1:4000. , , .

(20cm) . (10 min). .

126

6.2 , . GeoXT

, , (, ), GeoXT. (, ) . GeoXT Windows CE , .

, GeoXT . . .

GeoXT , .

6.3 ( 2009 2010) :

: 16% 25 . : 9 9

. 9

6 . 9

Geotech 4 .

9 6 .

: 19%

30 , .

: 65%

100 .

16%

19%

65%

127

128

., ., ., (), , , , 1988 ., Laser GPS, , , , 2003 ., GPS , , , , 2009 .., , , , 1993 .-., ., ., - - , , , 2006 ., , , , , 2005 .- ., . , 3 , , , 2010 ., ., ., ., ., , , , 2005 ., ., GPS , 2006 ., , , , 2000 ., II GPS, , , 2005

129

Savvaidis, P., Ifadis, I.M., Doukas, I.D, Lakakis, K. and Petridou-Chrysohoidou, N.: "Calibrating Geodetic Instruments", GeoInformatics, (invited paper), Vol. 7, October - November, pp. 18-21, 2004. Wormley, S.J.: "GPS Errors & Estimating Your Receiver's Accuracy",http://eduobservatory.org/gps/gps_accuracy.html#_jmp0_ 2008 Martin, D.: "Review of Standards, Best Practice, Testing and Calibration in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)", International Federation of Surveyors, Article of the Month, pp. 1-7, September, 2008. 1. http://portal.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/teetkm/GRAFEIO_TYPOY/TEX

NOGRAFIMA_2007/TEXNOGRAFIMA_334/334_12_13_14.pdf

2. http://www.geoline.ch/pdf/mGIS_Hurricane%20%White%20Paper_0704.pdf

3. http://www.nycounty.com/RID_data/rid7385_TPs_pdf/TP_9-

8_RI.pdf

4. http://sotirissofias.blogspot.com/ 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table#cite_note-aturner-2 6. http://www.tpub.com/engbas/11-24.htm 7. http://www.prc68.com/I/Alidade.shtml

8. http://www.scotlandsruralpast.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content

&task=view&id=57&Itemid=89 9. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk_publications_with-alidade-and-

tape_alidadeandtapefinallayoutstagged.pdf 10. http://www.tpub.com/content/administration/14220/css/14220_84.htm 11. http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/type.cfm?typeid=2

130

12. http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/index.htm 13. http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/Alidade 14. http://www.geoplane.com/trimble/geoxt2005.html 15. http://www.geotech.gr/index.asp?pathID=1_2_12_37_97_108_112 16. http://www.frontierprecision.com/FPI_OnlineCatalogSurvGPSReceiv

ers.html 17. http://www.discoveryprogramme.ie/tech_surv_gps_equip.html 18. http://www.rjmengineeringco.com/r08b.html 19. http:www.alibaba.com/productshowimg/id110909435-110346599-

0/Trimble_5800_GPS.html?tracelog=fmotherproduct1 20. http://www.geosystems.co.nz/_ImgUser/39/39999.jpg 21. http://www.geoplane.com/trimble/hurricaneantenna.html 22. http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/errors.htm 23. www.kowoma.de/en/gps/positioning.htm 24. www.soi.wide.ad.jp/class/20050026/slides/01/61.html

25. http://www.soi.wide.ad.jp/class/20050026/slides/01/62.html 26. http://www.protectionshop.gr/files/Trib/_m.jpg 27. http://www.vithos.eu

NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS SCHOOL OF RURAL AND SURVEYING ENGINEERING LABORATORY OF GENERAL GEODESY

Check the reliability of handheld GNSS receiver Evaluation of its use for the completion of old

plans in real time

Diploma Thesis

LAZARIDOU PARASKEVI

Supervisor: Lambrou E. Assistant Professor of NTUA

131OCTOBER 2010

132

ABSTRACT

The necessity of the completion of the topographic plans is obvious. Nowadays there are many plans that are old and incomplete, making them useless.

This study is focused on GeoXT handheld GPS receiver and on the examination of his usefulness in the completion of topographic plans.

In Chapter 1 the profits of the completion of the topographic plans in many applications that an engineer faces are reported briefly. By the incomplete elements that are provided by most mapping services of Greece (Geographic Service of Army, National Cadastre), is realized the necessity of the completion of topographic plans. Then the use of the planetable, the total stations and the handheld GPS receivers are analyzed in the completion of topographic plans. Finally the methods of measurements with code and carrier phase by the GPS are described. In Chapter 2 the Trimble GeoXT Series 2005 handheld GPS receiver is described in details. Its main and technical characteristics, its external antennas as well as its basic operations are analyzed. Afterwards the factors that influence the uncertainty and arises from the determination of the coordinates using GeoXT receiver are referred. The laboratorial check and the uncertainties by using GeoXT receiver with its three antennas (internal, patch, hurricane) are presented. Finally the measurement procedures are reported extensively.

In Chapter 3 the reliability of the GeoXT receiver is checked. The sources of the errors that influence the precision of GPS are described. The metrological check and the results through the diagrams are presented in order to determine receivers reliability and accuracy. Finally the metrological check is evaluated by drawing conclusions. In Chapter 4 the experimental processes by using GeoXT receiver are presented and based on: Code measurements Carrier phase measurements

In the second method the measurements are post processed in the office using the software GPS Pathfinder. In each experimental process the data for post processing are provided by: The permanent GPS station of Geotech Ltd

133

A permanent station of Hepos A geodetic GPS Receiver (Trimble 5800), which is set in the

field Moreover the reliability of the GeoXT receiver is checked by achieving coordinates measurements of a traverse points that they have been determinated with adequate accuracy by using the RTK method. The measurements are post processed by using the data from the receiver Trimble 5800. Then the post processed coordinates points are compared with their respective points of RTK method and finally the differences are evaluated. In Chapter 5 the mapping of the main street in the National Technical University Campus, using the GeoXT and Trimble 5800 as rover and base receiver respectively, is presented. Then the plan of the street (in real time and with post - processing) is compared with the one which has been drawn using the Real Time Kinematic measurement method. In Chapter 6 all the conclusions, the proposals and the timetable of this study are presented. Keywords: GeoXT handheld GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver, code, carrier phase, internal antenna, patch antenna, hurricane antenna, metrological, post processing , base stations, Trimble 5800 receiver

134

135

: 18 2010

: 09:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.991'' 23 46' 51.466'' 275.44 m

2, 5, 10, 12, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.08

Accuracy 0.59 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.948'' 23 46' 51.454'' 275.38 m

5, 12, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.6

(pat

ch)

Accuracy 0.71 m

: 09:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.930'' 23 46' 51.424'' 277.03 m

5, 10, 12, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.47

Accuracy 0.66 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.423'' 23 46' 57.359'' 241.76 m

5, 10, 12, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.48

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.67m

: 10:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.813'' 23 47' 00.466'' 255.10 m

5, 10, 12, 16, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 1.92

Accuracy 0.53m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.812'' 23 47' 00.435'' 253.55 m

5, 10, 12, 16, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 1.91

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.52m

136

: 10:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.557'' 23 47' 09.274'' 258.10 m

5, 16, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.79

Accuracy 0.66m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.566'' 23 47' 09.240'' 259.10 m

5, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.92

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.80m

: 11:05 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.442'' 23 47' 08.505'' 248.57 m

5, 16, 21, 29, 31 PDOP 2.16

Accuracy 0.58m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.424'' 23 47' 08.501'' 248.22 m

16, 18, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.87

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.70m

: 11:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.188'' 23 46' 31.886'' 235.16 m

6, 16, 18, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.43

Accuracy 0.65m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.212'' 23 46' 31.856'' 234.38 m

6, 16, 18, 21, 29, 30, 31 PDOP 2.43

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.65m

137

: 12:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.475'' 23 46' 48.797'' 248.90 m

3, 6, 16, 18, 21, 22 PDOP 3.6

Accuracy 0.91m

: h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.462'' 23 46' 48.762'' 249.86 m

3, 6, 16, 18, 21, 22 PDOP 3.64

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.90m

: 19 2010

: 10:39 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.409'' 23 46' 57.356'' 243.19 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 1.92

Accuracy 0.67 m

: 10:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.412'' 23 46' 57.293'' 246.30 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.00

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.71 m

: 11:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.462'' 23 47' 08.469'' 251.73 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.37

Accuracy 0.65 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.485'' 23 47' 08.515'' 249.35 m

3, 6, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.87

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.83 m

138

: 11:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.797'' 23 47' 00.460'' 254.81 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 3.01

Accuracy 0.60 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.762'' 23 47' 00.448'' 253.74 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.98

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.59 m

: 12:25 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.907'' 23 46' 47.968'' 248.19 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 32 PDOP 2.99

Accuracy 0.72 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.883'' 23 46' 47.970'' 243.29 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 32 PDOP 3.05

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.75 m

: 13:15 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.162'' 23 46' 31.985'' 239.08 m

11, 14, 19, 23, 32 PDOP 3.95

Accuracy 1.36 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.237'' 23 46' 31.824'' 233.51 m

11, 14, 19, 23, 32 PDOP 3.86

Patc

h

Accuracy 1.32 m :

139

: 13:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.538'' 23 46' 48.809'' 250.43 m

11, 14, 19, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.8

Accuracy 0.86 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.504'' 23 46' 48.758'' 250.21 m

11, 14, 19, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.76

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.86 m

: 14:00 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.960'' 23 46' 51.502'' 275.65 m

11, 17, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.43

Accuracy 0.74m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.978'' 23 46' 51.443'' 274.82 m

11, 17, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.51

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.75 m

: 16:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.530'' 23 47' 09.260'' 262.83 m

4, 7, 13, 23, 32 PDOP 3.77

Accuracy 0.86m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.530'' 23 47' 09.210'' 261.19 m

4, 7, 13, 23, 32 PDOP 3.85

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.86 m

140

: 22 2010

: 09:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.451'' 23 46' 57.386'' 243.61 m

3, 6, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26 PDOP 3.71

Accuracy 1.26 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.445'' 23 46' 57.453'' 245.99 m

3, 6, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 2.21

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.70 m

: 10:12 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.474'' 23 47' 08.494'' 249.85 m

3, 6, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 2.27

Accuracy 0.79 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.449'' 23 47' 08.381'' 247.85 m

3, 6, 18, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 5.38

Patc

h

Accuracy 1.46 m

: 10:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.802'' 23 47' 00.477'' 255.18 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 1.94

Accuracy 0.68 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.763'' 23 47' 00.516'' 254.01 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 1.97

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.69 m

141

: 10:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.567'' 23 47' 09.275'' 261.88 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.19

Accuracy 0.63 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.583'' 23 47' 09.258'' 259.63 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 32 PDOP 2.5

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.70 m

: 11:20 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.970'' 23 46' 51.496'' 276.99 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 3.01

Accuracy 0.65 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 26.030'' 23 46' 51.507'' 276.69 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 3.02

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.64 m

: 11:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.197'' 23 46' 31.889'' 233.71 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.76

Accuracy 0.56 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.234'' 23 46' 31.882'' 293.36 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.69

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.56 m

142

: 12:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.890'' 23 46' 47.953'' 245.84 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.92

Accuracy 0.69 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.882'' 23 46' 47.962'' 242.87 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.91

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.69 m

: 12:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.496'' 23 46' 48.802'' 250.80 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 3.37

Accuracy 0.80 m

: 13:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.545'' 23 46' 48.754'' 248.47 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 3.12

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.88 m

: 25 2010

: 09:25 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.437'' 23 46' 57.338'' 242.84 m

3, 6, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26 PDOP 3.36

Accuracy 1.17 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.381'' 23 46' 57.337'' 240.85 m

3, 6, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26 PDOP 2.24

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.65 m

143

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.483'' 23 47' 08.446'' 250.37 m

3, 6, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 2.15

Accuracy 0.66 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.467'' 23 47' 08.443'' 249.48 m

3, 6, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 2.14

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.66m

: 10:15 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.801'' 23 47' 00.422'' 255.40 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 4.42

Accuracy 1.13 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.756'' 23 47' 00.472'' 257.81 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 1.93

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.68 m

: 10:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.984'' 23 46' 51.514'' 276.77 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.56

Accuracy 0.66 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.943'' 23 46' 51.507'' 275.47 m

3, 6, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.93

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.84 m

144

: 11:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.949'' 23 46' 47.965'' 244.31 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.99

Accuracy 0.63 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.890'' 23 46' 47.985'' 242.15 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 3.1

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.66 m

: 11:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.207'' 23 46' 31.915'' 234.00 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.7

Accuracy 0.57 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.155'' 23 46' 31.933'' 234.60 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.65

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.56 m

: 12:05 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.578'' 23 47' 09.306'' 260.84 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.69

Accuracy 0.65 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.560'' 23 47' 09.339'' 259.14 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.7

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.65 m

145

: 13:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.475'' 23 46' 48.810'' 249.51 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.32

Accuracy 0.67 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.487'' 23 46' 48.832'' 248.92 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.73

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.93 m

: 26 2010

: 10:20 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.409'' 23 46' 57.358'' 242.58 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 4.54

Accuracy 1.17 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.412'' 23 46' 57.331'' 241.66 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.05

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.73 m

: 10:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.477'' 23 47' 08.478'' 250.18 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.39

Accuracy 0.65 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.446'' 23 47' 08.443'' 252.48 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.5

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.66m

146

: 11:00 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.809'' 23 47' 00.468'' 254.67 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.94

Accuracy 0.66 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.818'' 23 47' 00.465'' 257.30 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.96

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.65 m

: 11:20 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.564'' 23 47' 09.282'' 260.53 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.87

Accuracy 0.59 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.544'' 23 47' 09.292'' 258.29 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.83

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.58 m

: 11:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.987'' 23 46' 51.482'' 276.02 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.5

Accuracy 0.58 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.951'' 23 46' 51.518'' 279.20 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.07

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.51 m

147

: 11:55 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.902'' 23 46' 47.968'' 246.31 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.09

Accuracy 0.52 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.920'' 23 46' 47.935'' 243.25 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.1

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.53 m

: 12:45 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.526'' 23 46' 48.797'' 249.50 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 3.2

Accuracy 0.85 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.496'' 23 46' 48.756'' 249.15 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.74

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.82 m

: 13:15 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.177'' 23 46' 31.850'' 234.48 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.24

Accuracy 0.67m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.120'' 23 46' 31.897'' 237.00 m

11, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32, 32 PDOP 3.62

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.97 m

148

: 2 2010

: 10:55 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.548'' 23 46' 48.821'' 251.36 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 3.33

Accuracy 0.79 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.522'' 23 46' 48.882'' 248.97 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.89

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.61 m

: 11:20 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.419'' 23 46' 57.397'' 241.04 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 32 PDOP 2.84

Accuracy 0.59 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.419'' 23 46' 57.383'' 241.53 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.07

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.51 m

: 11:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.477'' 23 47' 08.519'' 250.07 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.08

Accuracy 0.52 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.462'' 23 47' 08.531'' 253.69 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.1

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.53 m

149

: 11:55 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.789'' 23 47' 00.495'' 255.46 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.92

Accuracy 0.69 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.752'' 23 47' 00.480'' 258.82 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.91

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.70 m

: 12:20 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.577'' 23 47' 09.314'' 260.44 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 3.35

Accuracy 0.81 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.576'' 23 47' 09.394'' 259.75 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 3.33

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.81 m

: 12:35 h

WGS 84 37 58' 26.036'' 23 46' 51.519'' 274.82 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.76

Accuracy 0.86 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 26.044'' 23 46' 51.547'' 273.81 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.76

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.88 m

150

: 12:55 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.967'' 23 46' 47.978'' 241.36 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.26

Accuracy 0.67 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.924'' 23 46' 47.955'' 243.90 m

11, 17, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 1.83

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.57 m

: 13:25 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.231'' 23 46' 31.910'' 233.56 m

11, 17, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.43

Accuracy 0.72m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.135'' 23 46' 31.912'' 234.86 m

11, 17, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.48

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.73 m

: 3 2010

: 09:55 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.928'' 23 46' 47.974'' 244.00 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 1.97

Accuracy 0.69 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.953'' 23 46' 47.930'' 243.77 m

3, 6, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 1.99

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.70 m

151

: 10:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.499'' 23 46' 48.779'' 250.57 m

3, 6, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.46

Accuracy 0.78 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.477'' 23 46' 48.799'' 250.07 m

3, 6, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.5

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.79 m

: 10:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.409'' 23 46' 57.337'' 241.60 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 3.16

Accuracy 0.72 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.427'' 23 46' 57.348'' 243.76 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.91

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.65 m

:11:00 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.461'' 23 47' 08.467'' 250.30 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.75

Accuracy 0.59 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.452'' 23 47' 08.505'' 251.13 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.7

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.58 m

152

: 11:15 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.810'' 23 47' 00.477'' 253.48 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 32 PDOP 2.85

Accuracy 0.59 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.749'' 23 47' 00.485'' 254.40 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.07

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.51 m

: 11:35 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.557'' 23 47' 09.255'' 261.25 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.08

Accuracy 0.52 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.605'' 23 47' 09.224'' 259.60 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.08

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.52 m

: 11:55 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.965'' 23 46' 51.479'' 275.99 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.91

Accuracy 0.70 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.945'' 23 46' 51.498'' 280.23 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.91

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.71 m

153

: 12:20 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.215'' 23 46' 31.875'' 234.73 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.71

Accuracy 0.80 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.134'' 23 46' 31.983'' 236.74 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.75

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.83 m

: 9 2010

: 10:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.519 23 46' 48.776'' 249.85 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.8

Accuracy 0.66 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 30.532'' 23 46' 48.817'' 251.10 m

3, 6, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 3.04

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.84 m :

: 10:30 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.894'' 23 46' 47.957'' 242.10 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.74

Accuracy 0.60 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.923'' 23 46' 47.955'' 241.76 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32 PDOP 2.7

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.60 m

154

: 10:50 h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.421'' 23 46' 57.379'' 241.58 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 32 PDOP 2.84

Accuracy 0.59 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 37.462'' 23 46' 57.394'' 240.72 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.07

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.52 m

: 11:05 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.466'' 23 47' 08.496'' 249.73 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.07

Accuracy 0.51 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.502'' 23 47' 08.472'' 248.46 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 32 PDOP 2.09

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.52 m

: 11:25 h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.810'' 23 47' 00.472'' 254.17 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.71

Accuracy 0.66 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 34.762'' 23 47' 00.497'' 255.46 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.92

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.69 m

155

: 11:40 h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.573'' 23 47' 09.269'' 260.45 m

3, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 2.9

Accuracy 0.73 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 33.624'' 23 47' 09.222'' 260.48 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 32 PDOP 3.41

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.80 m

: 12:10 h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.994'' 23 46' 51.542'' 275.93 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 32 PDOP 2.76

Accuracy 0.85m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 25.912'' 23 46' 51.604'' 280.28 m

11, 14, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 2.46

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.66 m

: 12:35 h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.198'' 23 46' 31.859'' 234.53 m

11, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 3.65

Accuracy 0.97 m

h

WGS 84 37 58' 41.174'' 23 46' 31.910'' 235.82 m

11, 17, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 PDOP 1.85

Patc

h

Accuracy 0.57 m

156

:10 2010

: 10:00 h

WGS 84 37 58' 32.908'' 23 46' 47.971'' 243.41 m

3, 6, 11, 14, 19, 22, 26 PDOP 3.00

Accura