`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

23

2

2

`qan-im-kvX-Ønse \qX\ kt¶-X-߃`qan-im-kvX-Ønse \qX\ kt¶-X-߃`qan-im-kvX-Ønse \qX\ kt¶-X-߃`qan-im-kvX-Ønse \qX\ kt¶-X-߃`qan-im-kvX-Ønse \qX\ kt¶-X-߃

\ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ ae-ap-I-fnepw ac-ß-fnepw

a‰pw Ibdn kao]]tZ-i-ß-fnse `utam-]-cn-

Xe hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-®n-cp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw Blmcw kw`-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw iXp-°-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ c£bv°pw

Ah¿°v klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. qan-sb-°p-dn®v

IqSp -X¬ a\ n -em -t°≠ Bh-iy -IX

h∂-t∏mƒ bmX-Iƒ \SØn hnhn[ ]tZ-i-

ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw

tiJ-cn-°s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf `q]-S-am°n am‰p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-emWv ]≠p-

Im-eØv `q]S-߃ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. BZy-Im-

e-ß-fn¬ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\pw `q]-S-\n¿Ωm-

W-Øn\pw IqSp-X¬ kabw th≠n-h∂p. H‰-

s∏- Xpw FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-amb ]tZ-

i-ß-fnse hnh-c-ti-J-cWw km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

hnh-c-ti-J-c-Whpw hnh-c-hn-i-I-e-\hpw `q]-S-

\n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bnse ][m\ c≠p ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fm-Wv. kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ hnImkw

]m]n-®-tXmsS Cu c≠p ]h¿Ø\-ßfpw

IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn-em-bn. \ap°v FØn-t®-cm≥

Ign-bmØ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnh-c-ti-J-cWhpw

hfsc Ipd™ ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ e`y-am-°p-

∂-Xn\v km[n-®p. hnhn[ am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS tiJ-

cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnh-c-ßsf hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-

∂-Xn\pw `q]-S-ßfmbn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ D]-tbmK-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn-b-

t∏mƒ `qan-im-kvX- ]-T-\-߃°v IqSp-X¬

Imcy-£-aX ssIh-∂p. hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\pw

hnhchni-I-e-\-Øn\pw klm-b-I-am-Ip∂

CØcw \qX\-k-t¶-X-ßsf IqSp-X¬ ]cn-N-

b-s∏-Smw.

"Hm∏-td-j≥ \√-a-e'-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]X-hm¿Ø-bpsS ]k‡`mK-߃

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

24

2B‘m-]-tZiv apJy-a¥n ssh.F-kv.-B¿.

sdÕnbpw kwLhpw k©-cn-®n-cp∂ slen-tIm-

]v‰¿ A]-I-S-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Ønb

Xnc®n-em-Wv "Hm∏-td-j≥ \√-a-e' F∂-dn-b-

s∏´Xv. Bdp Pn√-I-fn-embn hym]n-®n-´p≈

hnkvXr-X-amb Cu h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ t\cn v sN∂v

Xnc-®n¬ \SØp∂ Imcyw XnI®pw ]bm-k-

ta-dn-b-XmWv.

\√-ae Hm∏-td-j≥ t\cn´ ]Xn-_-‘-߃

]X-hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \n߃ a\- n-em°n

ImWp-at√m? kmt¶-XnI hnZysb Bi-bn-°p-

∂-Xn-eqsS amXsa CØcw ]Xn-Iqe kml-

N-cy-ßsf XcWw sNøm-\mIp F∂Xns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ km‰-sse‰v am∏nMv, Gcn-b¬

am∏nMv, Ku≠v k¿®nMv F∂o aq∂p am¿§-ß-

fn-eqsS CXns\ t\cn-Sm-\mWv A[n-Ir-X¿ Xocp-

am\n®Xv. Gcn-b¬ am∏nwKvv D]tbm-Kn-®p≈

k¿s∆-bn-eqsS s]s´∂v B ÿew Is≠-Øm-

\m -Ip -Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Hcp

slentIm]v‰dn¬ thyma-tk\m Iam≥tUm-Iƒ

A]-ISw \S∂ \√-a-e-bnse iossiew taJ-

e-bv°-SpØv cqZ-sIm≠ Ip∂n¬ FØn-t®-cp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

\ap°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ sNs∂-Øm≥ Ign-bm-

ØXpw H‰-s∏-´-Xp-amb FXtbm ]tZ-i-߃

`qan-bn-ep-≠v. hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-

bpsS klm-b-tØmsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]tZ-

i-ß-fpsS hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C∂v km[y-am-Wv.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w (Remote Sensing)

Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\-tbm ]Xn-`m-k-sØtbm

kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ kv]¿i-_‘w

IqSmsX Zqsc ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Hcp kwth-Z\

D]-I-cWw hgn a\- n-em-°p∂ coXn-bmWv

hnZqc-kw-th-Z-\w.

hyXykvX Xe-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v `utam-]-

cn-Xe hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn NnX-

Øn¬ (2.1) \n∂pw a\- n-em-bnt√? Iyma-d-bp-

sStbm a‰p kwth-Z\ D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sStbm

(sk≥k¿) klmb-tØm-sS-bmWv hnh-c-߃

tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øm¬

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Iyma-dtbm

sk≥ktdm ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]X-e-sØ-

bmWv πm‰vt^mw (platform) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

hnam-\-߃, _eq-Wp-Iƒ, D]-K-l-߃ F∂n-

h-bn-sems° sk≥k-dp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°mw.

NnXw 2.1

(1) (2)

(3)

1. `qX-e-Om-bm-K-lWw

(Terrestrial Photography)

2. BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w

(Aerial Remote Sensing)

3. D]-Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w

(Satellite Remote Sensing)

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

25

2πm‰vt^m-ans\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnZq-c-kw-th-

Z-\sØ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p:

1. `qX-e-Om-bm-K-lWw (TerrestrialPhotography)

2. BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w (Aerial RemoteSensing)

3. D]-Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w (Satellite RemoteSensing)

`q] -X -e -Øn¬ \nt∂m AXnse

Db¿∂ Xe-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m `utam-]-

cn-X-e-Øns‚ NnX-߃ FSp-°p-∂-Xn-

s\-bmWv `qX-e-Om-bm-K-lWw F∂p

]d-bp-∂-Xv. hnt\m-Z-bm-Xbv°pw a‰pw

t]mIp-tºmƒ \mw Iyma-d-Iƒ D]-tbm-

Kn®v ]IrXn Zriy-߃ ]I¿Øm-dn-

t√. CXv qXeOmbm-K-l-W-Øn\v Hcp

DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

hnam-\-ß-fn¬ Dd-∏n-®n-´p≈ Iyma-d-I-

fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ BIm-iØp \n∂v q]-X-

e-Øns‚ NnX-߃ XpS¿®-bmbn FSp-°p∂

]In-b-bmWv BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w.

hnkvXrXn Ipd™ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnh-c-ti-

J-c-W-Øn\v km[m-c-W-bmbn BIm-iob

k¿t∆-bmWv Bi-bn-°m-dv. \ΩpsS Bh-iy-

߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn GXp-]-tZ-i-Øns‚ hnh-

c-ti-J-cWw thW-sa-¶nepw CØ-c-Øn¬

\SØmw F∂-XmWv CXns‚ t\´w.

BIm-iob NnX-ß-fnse Hmh¿em]v

XpS¿® \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ÃocntbmkvtIm-

∏ns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ Xnam-\-X-e-ho£Ww

e`y-am°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n Hmtcm BIm-iob

NnX-ß-fnepw sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ NnX-ß-fnse

GI-tZiw 60 iX-am\tØmfw `mKw IqSn

]I¿Ønsb-Sp-°m-dp≠v. CXmWv BIm-iob

NnX-ß-fnse Hmh¿em-]v.

X∂n-cn-°p∂ NnX-Øn¬ (2.2) Hmtcm-∂nepw

60 iX-am-\-tØmfw `mKw Bh¿Øn®phcp-∂-

Xmbn ImWmw. NnXw A bpsS `qcn-`mKw ]tZ-

i-ßfpw NnXw B bnepw, NnXw B bnteXv

NnXw Cbnepw Bh¿Øn®p hcp-∂-Xmbn

ImWp-∂nt√?

sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Cß-s\-bp≈

c≠v NnX-ß-sf-bmWv Hcp Ãocn-tbm-s]-b¿

(Stereopair) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv (NnXw 2.3).

Hmh¿em-t∏mSp IqSnb NnX-߃°p amXta

Xnam-\-Zr-iy-km-[y-X-bp-≈p. BIm-iob Omb-

Nn-X-ßsf Xnam-\-cq-]-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv ÃocntbmkvtIm∏v

(Stereoscope) (NnXw 2.4). BIm-iob NnX-

߃°v apI-fn¬ ÃocntbmkvtIm∏v F∂ D]-

NnXw 2.2

I-cWw h®v AXnse se≥kp-I-fpsS AIew

Iao-I-cn®v ho£n-°p-tºmƒ B ]tZ-i-Øns‚

Xnam-\-Zriyw e`y-am-Ip∂p. CXn-s\-bmWv

"ÃocntbmkvtIm∏nIv hnj≥' (Stereoscopicvision) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

NnXw 2.3

Xd-\n-c∏v

Iymad

A B C

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

26

2

Hcp ]tZ-isØ H∂msI ImWp-∂-Xn\pw

Xnam\ Zriy-Øns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ `q]-X-e-

Ønse Db¿®bpw Xmgv®bpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-

∂-Xn\pw BIm-iob NnX-߃ Gsd ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Im-

eØpw XpS¿∂pw Ch hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-

Kn-°-s∏-´p.

`q]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS hy‡-X-tbmsSbp≈ NnXo-

I-c-W-Øn\v BIm-iob Ombm-K-lWw A\p-

tbm-Py-am-Wv. [cm-X-eob q]-S-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-

W-Øn\v BIm-iob NnX-߃ hym]-I-ambn

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.

hnZy-bmbn cq]m-¥cw ]m]n-®Xv. ]e Ime-

L-´-ß-fn-embn Cu kmt¶-XnIhnZybnep-

≠mb ]ptcm-KXn \ap-s°m∂p ]cn-tim-[n-

°mw.

H∂mw-L´w˛ 1925 \v ap≥]v

$ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hf¿Øp-]m-hp-I-fn¬

Iyma-d -sI´nh®p ]mcokv \K-c-Øns‚

NnX-ß-sf-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ C]-Imcw Xøm-dm-°nb t^mt´m-Iƒ°v

IrXy-amb XpS¿®tbm \nb-¥-Wtam

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

$ AXn-\p-tijw _eq-Wp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°m≥ XpS-ßn.

$ 1858˛¬ sKkv]m¿Uv s^enIvkv

_eq¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v ^m≥knse

_nhvsd F∂ ÿe-Øns‚ t^mt´m

FSp-Øp.

$ 1860˛¬ Pbnwkv hm√kv ªm¶v _eq¨

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v t_mè \K-c-

Øns‚ t^mt´m FSp-°pIbp≠m-bn.

$ Im‰ns‚ KXn-bnepw ]th-K-Ønepw

hcp∂ hyXym-k-߃ _eq¨ D]-tbm-

Kn-®p≈ NnX-W-Øn\v ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn

h∂-t∏mƒ a‰p thyma-bm-\-߃ D]-tbm-

Kn®v NnX-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

$ 1862˛¬ \S∂ Ata-cn-°≥ B`y-¥c

Iem-]-Øn-emWv bp≤ kw_-‘-amb

Imcy-ß-fn¬ BIm-iob NnX-߃

D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

$ H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬t∏mepw BIm-

iob NnX-߃ iXp°-fpsS Xmhfw

bp≤-ti-J-c-߃ Ah-cpsS apt∂m- p≈

]bmWw F∂nh a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v

D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

c≠mwL´w ˛ 1925 apX¬ 1945 hsc-

$ BIm-iob NnX-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-

≠p≈ qXe hnh-c-ti-J-cWw IqSp-X¬

hym]-I-am-bn.

$ IqSp -X¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn Iymad

se≥kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

NnXw 2.4

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ Ncn-X-Øn-te-s°m-sc-Øn-t\m´w

]e- Im-e-L- -ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ ]co-£-W-ß-

fp-tSbpw \nco-£-W-ß-fp-tSbpw ^e-am-

bmWv hnZq -ckwth-Z\kmt¶-XnIhnZy

C∂p ImWp-∂-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp kmt¶-XnI

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

27

2$ sa®-s∏´ hnam-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

XpSßn.

$ c≠mw temIbp-≤-Øn¬ BIm-iob

NnX-߃ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

aq∂mwL´w˛1945 apX¬ 1960 hsc-

$ BIm-iob NnX-߃ hnhn[ cwKß-

fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-߃°v CØcw

NnX-߃ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

\memwL´w˛1960 apX¬ 1972 hsc-

$ D]-K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v XpS°w

Ipdn®p.

$ _lncm-Im-iØv \n∂p≈ `ua-\n-co-

£Ww Bcw-`n-®p.

A©mwL´w˛ 1972 \v tijw

$ bp≤m-hiy-߃°-√msX `qhn-h-c-ti-J-

c-W-Øn\p]bp-‡-amb D]-K-l-߃

hnt£-]n®p.

$ Ata-cn° em‚ vkm‰v 1 apX¬ 7 hsc-

bp≈ D]-K-l-߃ hnP-b-I-c-ambn

hnt£-]n-®p.

$ a‰p ]e cmPy-ßfpw D]-K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-

th-Z\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy kzmb-Ø-am-°n.

$ C¥y Im¿t´m-km‰v, dntkmgvkvkm‰v,

Hmjy≥km‰v XpS-ßn hnhn[ D]-K-l-

߃ hnP-b-I-c-ambn hnt£-]n®p.

C¥y-bn¬ BIm-iob NnX-߃ FSp-°m≥

XpS-ßn-bXv kzmX-¥y-e-_vZn°v tij-amWv.

C¥y≥ thyma-tk-\, sIm¬°Ø Bÿm\-

am-bp≈ C¥y≥ Fbvtdm-kvt]kv Iº-\n, \mj-

W¬ dntam´v sk≥knwKv sk‚¿ F∂o

GP≥kn-I-sf-bmWv C¥ybn¬ BIm-iob

k¿t∆ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. BIm-iob k¿t∆bv°v [mcmfw

ta∑I-fp-s≠-¶nepw Nne t]mcmbva-Ifpw i≤-

bn¬s∏-´n-´p≠v.

$ hnam\w ]d-∂p-b-cp -∂-Xn\pw Cd-ßp-

∂Xn\pw Xpd- mb ÿew Bh-iy-amWv.

$ hnam-\-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ Ipep°w NnX-ß-

fpsS KpW-ta-∑sb _m[n-°p-∂p.

$ C‘\w \nd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnam\w CS-

bv°nsS \ne-Øn-d-°p-∂Xv sNe-th-dnb

H∂m-Wv.

$ AXnhnkvXr-X-amb q]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS NnXw

FSp-°p-∂-Xv ]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√.

IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fpsS hc-thmsS Cu t]mcm-

bva-Iƒ Gsd-°psd ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ km[n-®p.

D]-K-l-߃ πm‰vt^m-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS ua-\n-co-£-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬

Imcy-£-aX ssIh-∂p. IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fn¬

LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ sk≥k-dp-Iƒ hgn hnh-c-

ti-J-cWw \S-Øp∂ ]In-b-bmWv D]-Kl

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w. IrXna D]-K-l-ßsf ][m\-

ambpw c≠mbn Xcw -Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ `qÿnc D]-K-l-߃

$ kuc-ÿnc D]-K-l-߃

`qÿnc D]-K-l-߃ (GeostationarySatellites)

`qan-bn¬ \n∂pw GI-tZiw 36000 In.ao. Db-c-

Øn¬ qan-bpsS `aW thK-X-bv°v Xpey-ambn

CØcw D]-K-l-߃ hewhbv°p-∂p. qÿnc

D]-K-l-ß-fpsS k©m-c -]-Yw IqSp -X-¬

DbcØnem-b-Xn-\m¬ `qtKm-f-Øns‚ aq∂n-

sem∂v `mKw \nco-£-W-]-cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-

h-cm≥ Chbv°v km[n-°p-∂p. qan-bpsS `a-W-

Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hew hbv°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah

F√mbvt∏mgpw `qan-bnse Htc]tZ-isØ

A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p \ne-sIm≈p-∂p. AXn-\m¬

Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿnc-am-bn-´p≈ hnh-c-ti-

J-c-W-Øn\v Ch-bn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. Zn\m-

¥co£ ÿnXnbn-ep≈ hyXymkw a\- n-em-

°p-∂-Xn\pw hm¿Øm-hn\n-a-b-Øn\pw Cu D]-

K-l-ßsf ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØp∂p. C¥y-bpsS

C≥km‰v D]-K-l-߃ CØcw D]-K-l-߃°v

DØa DZm-l-c-W-amWv.

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

28

2

kuc-ÿnc D]-K-l-߃

(Sunsynchronous Satellites)

kuc-ÿnc D]-K-l-߃ `qÿnc D]-K-l-ß-

sf-°mƒ Xmgv∂ hnXm-\-Øn-emWv k©-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. CØcw D]-K-l-߃ NnX-Øn¬ (2.6)

ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse DØ-c-Z-£nW

[phßsf Np‰n k©-cn-°p-∂p. `utam-]-cn-X-

e-Øn¬ \n∂pw GXm≠v 800 In.ao.˛\pw

950 In.ao.˛\pw CS-bnemWv kuc-ÿnc D]-K-

l-ß-fpsS ÿm\w. Cu D]-K-l-߃ \n›nX

Znh-k-߃ CS-hn´v Htc ]tZ-i-Øn\v apI-fn¬

hcp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ B ]tZ-i-Øns‚ Bh¿Øn-

®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw km[y-am-Ip-∂p. IRS,Landsat XpS-ßnb D]-K-l-߃ kuc-ÿnc

D]-K-l-߃°v DZm-l-c-Wß-fm-Wv.

πm‰vt^m-ap-Isf IqSmsX hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\

]Inb-bnse as‰mcp ][m\ LS-I-amWv

kwth-ZIw.

kwth-ZIw (Sensor)

`utam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-߃ ]I¿Øm-\mbn D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv kwth-ZIw.

hnh-c-߃ ]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ (NnXw 2.1)

`qX-e-Ønepw hnam-\-Ønepw Iyma-d-Ifpw D]-K-

l-ß-fn¬ kvIm\-dp-Ifpw kwth-Z-I-ß-fmbn D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

]Xy£ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w(Active Remote Sensing),

]tcm£ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w(Passive Remote Sensing)

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn¬ Hcp Du¿÷ Dd-hnSw

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CXv sshZypX

Im¥nI hnIn-c-W-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kqcy-

]-Im-itam IrXnaambn krjvSn°p∂

]Imi tkmXtkm BImw.

kqcy-]-Imiw hkvXp-°-fn¬ ]Xn-°p-tºm-

gp-≠m-Ip∂ ]Im-i-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\sØ

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\

]Inb km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

C≥km‰v ˛ NnXw 2.5

NnXw 2.6

kuc-ÿnc D]-Klw

DØ-c-[phw

Z£n-W-[phw

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

29

2]Im-i-tkm-X- ns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnZqc-

kw-th-Z -\sØ c≠mbn Xcw-Xn -cn -°mw.

]Xy£ hnZq-c-kwthZ\w, ]tcm-£-hn-Zq-c

-kw-th-Z\w.

IrXn-a-am-bp≈ Hcp ]Imi tkmX- ns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\sØ

]Xy£ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Iyma-d-bn¬ \n∂p-h-cp∂ ^vfmjns‚ klm-

b-tØmsS NnX-߃ FSp-°p-∂Xv CXn\v Hcp

DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ChnsS Iymad kwthZ-Ihpw

Iyma-d-bn¬ \n∂p hcp∂ vfmjv IrXn-a-ambn

krjvSn® Hcp Du¿÷ Dd-hn-Shp-am-Wv.

kqcy-]-Im-i-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS hnZqc-

kw-th-Z\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv ]tcm£-

hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXv

km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv hnZq-c-]X-e-Øn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-

cn -°p∂ Hcp kwth-Z -I-Øns‚ klm-

bØmem-Wv.

hkvXp-°ƒ ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p-∂Xpw hnIn-cWw

sNø-s∏-Sp -∂-Xp-amb sshZyp-X-Im-¥nI

Du¿÷sØbmWv hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-

XnI-hn-Zy-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

kvs]IvS¬ knt·-®¿

(Spectral Signature)

`utam-]-cn -X-e-Ønse Hmtcm hkvXphpw

sshZypX Im¥nI hnIn-c-W-ßsf hyXykvX

Af-hn-emWv ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hkvXp-°-

fpsS uXnI kz`m-h-Øn¬ hyXymk߃ D≈-

Xp-sIm-≠mWv ]Xn-^-e-\-tØm-Xn¬ G‰-°p-d-

®n -ep -Iƒ kw`-hn -°m≥ Imc-Ww. Hmtcm

hkvXphpw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Du¿÷-

Øns‚ Af-hmWv B hkvXp-hns‚ kvs]IvS¬

knt·-®¿.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kky-ß-fpsS kvs]IvS¬

knt·-®¿ Pem-i-b-ß-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-

kvX-am-Wv.

IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂

sk≥k-dp-Iƒ `qX-e-Ønse hnhn[ hkvXp-

°sf kvs]IvS¬ knt·-®-dns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn™v hnh-c-߃ kwJym-cq-]-

Øn¬ `qX-e-tI-µ-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°p-∂p.

Ah Iºyq- -dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ hymJym-\n®v

NnX-cq-]-Øn-em-°p-∂p. Ch-bmWv D]-K-l-

Ombm-Nn-X-߃ (Satellite Imagery).

kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥

D]-K-l-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ sk≥k-dp-

Iƒ°v `utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse F√m hen-∏-Øn-

ep-ap≈ hkvXp-°-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-

bn√. ap≥Ime sk≥k-dp-Iƒ hfsc hen-∏-ta-

dnb hkvXp-°sf amXw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂-

hbm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v hfsc sNdnb

hkvXp-°-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn -bm≥ Ign-bp-∂

sk≥k-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

Hcp sk≥k-dn\v th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-

°p∂ `qX-e-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb hkvXp-

hns‚ hen-∏-amWv kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥.

Hcp D]-K-l-Nn-X-Øn\v 1 ao‰¿ kvt]jy¬

sdkeyq-j≥ Ds≠∂p ]d-™m¬ AXn-\¿∞w

D]-K-l-Nn-X-߃°v 1 NXp-c-i-ao-‰¿ AYhm

1 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 1 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ qXesØ

]Xn\n-[o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂m-Wv.

CØcw D]-K-l-Nn -X-ßfn¬ hoSp -Ifpw

hml-\-ßfpw hsc IrXy-ambn ImWm≥

km[n-°p∂p. 1 ao‰-dn\v Xmsg-bp≈ hnh-c-ß-

sf-t∏mepw tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øm≥ tijn-bp≈

sk≥k-dp-Iƒ C∂p \ne-hn-ep-≠v. Db¿∂

kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j-\p≈ kwth-Z-I-߃°v

hkvXp -°sf IqSp -X¬ IrXy -X -tbmsS

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Ipw.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS imkvXo-

b-h-i-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v \n߃ a\-

n-em-°n-bt√m. C\n Ch-sIm-≠p≈ ]tbm-

P-\-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v t\m°mw.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-sIm-≠p≈ D]-tbm-K-߃

$ hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn, IoS-_m[ F∂n-h-

sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

hnf-I-fpsS hf¿®, IoS-_m-[-bpsS hym]\w

F∂nh a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v.

$ Zp¿K-a-amb h\m-¥-c-ß-fnse Im´p-Xobpw

a‰pw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw AXns‚ hym]\w

\nco-£n®v \nb-¥W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-°p-

∂-Xn\v.

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

30

2Ku≠v hm´¿ t_m¿Uv (CGWB), sk≥S¬

assd≥ nj-dokv dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq v (CMFRI),Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v ssa\nwKv B‚ v Pntbm-

fPn, tÉv Ku≠v hm´¿ Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v,

almflm-Km‘n k¿∆-I-em -ime, tIcf

k¿∆I-em-ime F∂n-h-bmWh. Chsb

IqSmsX ]e kzImcy Iº-\n-Ifpw hnZq-c-kw-

th-Z\ hnh-c-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-

b-Øm¬ [mcmfw `qhn-h-c-߃ e`y-am-Ip-∂p-

sh∂v a\- n-em-bt√m? hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ am¿§-

Øn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw e`n-°p∂ qhn-h-c-߃ hni-

I-e\w sNbvXv \ΩpsS At\z-j-W-߃°v

imkvXo-b-amb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v

Iºyq- -d-[n-jvTnX kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-

b-Øm¬ km≤y-am-Wv.

`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ

(Geographic Information System)

IrXy-amb hnhcw qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p

e`n-°p∂ \nK-a-\ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-

s∏SpØp∂p. hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v hnZq-c

-kw-th-Z\w hgn e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃, `q]-S-

߃, ]´n-I-Iƒ, a‰p k¿t∆ am¿§ß-fn-eqsS

e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ F∂nh ASn-ÿm\ hnh-

c-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. CØ-c-Øn¬ e`n-

°p∂ hnh-c-߃ Iºyq-´¿ `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-

bn-te°v tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu hnh-c-ßsf

`qhn-hchyhÿ tkm v‰vshb-dp-IfpsS klm-

b-Øm¬ ]e hni-I-e-\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-

°m≥ km[n-°p∂p.

NnX -Øn¬ (2.7) `qhn -h -c -hy -h -ÿsb

NnXo-Icn®n-cn-°p-∂p. kn.Un.-Iƒ, kvIm\-dp-Iƒ

XpS-ßnb k∂n-thi\-am¿§-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v

ASnÿm\ hnh-c-߃ Iºyq-´-dn¬ \nth-in-

∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv BZy ]h¿Ø-\w. tiJ-

cn -°-s∏´ hnh-c -ßsf `qhn -h -c -hy -hÿ

tkm v‰vshb-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hnhn[

]mfn-I-fm°n am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. amX-hp-a√ ]e

hni-I-e\ ]T-\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-°m\pw

km[n-°p-∂p. hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°nb hnh-

c-ßsf \ΩpsS Bh-iy-߃°-\p-k-cn®v

$ hcƒ®_m[nX ]tZ-i-߃, sh≈-s∏m°-

_m-[nX ]tZ-i-߃ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-

∂-Xn-\v.

$ kap-Z-]-cy-th-j-W-Øn-\v.

$ `qhn-\n-tbmKw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ [mXp kº-Øp-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø-en-\v.

$ `qK¿` - P-e-e- yXbp≈ ]tZ-i-߃ Is≠-

Øp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ FÆ-]-cy-th-j-W-Øn-\v.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-bpsS t\ -߃

$ henb `q]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS kwK-loX

NnXw hfsc Ipd™ kabw sIm≠v

e`n-°p-∂p.

$ ]e Ime-L- -ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃

a\- n-em-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

$ \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-hn-s\tbm

]Xn-`m-k-sØtbm kw_-‘n®v hkvXp-

\n-jvT-amb hnhcw Xcp-∂p.

$ Hcp hnh-c-tkm-X- n¬ \n∂pXs∂

hyXykvX hnj-b-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\

]-T\w \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.

$ D]-Klw hgn e`n -°p∂ NnX-߃

\n›nX CS -th-f -I -fn¬ Ia -ambn

Bh¿Øn®p e`n-°p-∂p.

$ hf-sc -Ip-d®pkabw sIm≠v hnhcw tiJ-

cn-°m-≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w tIc-f-Øn¬

`qhn-h-c-ß-fpsS \nco-£-W-Øn\pw Imcy-£-a-

amb `q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw hnhn[ tIµ-

˛kwÿm\ K-h¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-ßfpw hIp-

∏p-I-fpw hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-hn-h-c-߃ Ct∏mƒ D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. tIcf kwÿm\ dntam v

sk≥knwKv B‚ v F≥htbm¨sa‚ v sk‚¿

(KSREC), `ua-im-kvX-]-T-\-tIµw (CESS),sk‚¿ t^m¿ hm´¿ dntkmgvkv Uh-e-]vsa‚ v

B‚ vv amt\-Pvsa‚ v (CWRDM), tIcf h\-K-th-

jW ÿm]\w (KFRI), tIcf kwÿm\

`qhn\n-tbmK t_m¿Uv (KSLUB), Pntbm-f-Pn-

°¬ k¿t∆ Hm^v C¥y (GSI), sk≥S¬

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

31

2

`q]S-ß-fm-tbm ]´n-Im-kw-K-l-cq-]-Øn-tem

kmwJnI (Digital) cq]-Øntem Dev]-∂-ß-fm°n

am‰mw.

ÿm\ob hnh-c-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS hnti-

jWßsfbpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hos≠-Sp-

°p-∂-Xn\pw hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw

`q]-S-߃, ]´n-I-Iƒ, Km^p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-

eqsS Ahsb ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ Hcp

Iºyq- -d-[n-jvTnX hnh-c-k-©b hyh-ÿ-bmWv

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ.

]mfn-Iƒ (Layers)

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿm tkm v‰vshbdpI-fpsS klm-

b-Øm¬ ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßsf hnhn[ ]mfn-

I-fm°n am‰m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. [cm-X-eob

`q]-S-Øns‚ Hcp mKw NnXØn¬ (2.8) ImWn-

®n -cn -°p-∂Xv i≤n-°p. ]Ir-Xn -Z -Øhpw

a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-hp-amb utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-

j-X-Isf hni-Z-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv

CØcw `q]-S-߃. AXn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≈

ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßsf Hs∂m-∂mbn AS¿Øn-

am‰n ]tXyI `q] -S -ß-fm°nbmtem?

Pn.sF.Fkv. tkm v‰vshb-dn-eqsS CXv km[y-

am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v NnX-Øn¬ (2.8) \o¿®m-

ep-Iƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb ]tXy-I-

ambn NnXoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv I≠nt√? Chsb

\ap°v ]mfn-I-sf∂v hnfn-°mw. CØ-c-Øn¬

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm hnj-b-ß-tfbpw

]mfn-I-fm-°mw. `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-

Isf ]mfnIfm°n-bm¬ Ah XΩn-ep≈

ÿm\ob _‘w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ffp-∏-

Øn¬ km[n-°p-∂p. NnX-Øn¬ (2.8) ImWn-

®n-cn-°p∂ \o¿®m-en-t‚bpw tdmUn-t‚bpw ]mfn-

Isf XΩn¬ XmcXayw sNbvXp t\m°p. H´p-

an° tdmUp-Ifpw \o¿®m-ep-Isf Hgnhm°n

\n¿Ωn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. \o¿®m-ep-Iƒ D≈

ÿe-Øp-IqSn tdmUp \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

]mew \n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂p. ChnsS

\ap°v tdmUpw \o¿®mepw XΩn-ep≈ ÿm\ob

_‘w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ffp-∏-Øn¬

km[n-®p. Cßs\ Hmtcm ]mfn-I-fn -eqsS

NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßsf D]-

tbm-Kn®v \ΩpsS Bh-iy-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn

hni-I-e\߃ \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

NnXw 2.7

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

32

2

NnXw 2.8

(Spatial data) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

temI-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS ÿm\w F∂p

]d-bp -∂Xv DØ-c -A-£mwiw 8°41˛\pw

37°61˛\pw ]q¿∆-tc -Jmwiw 68°71˛\pw

97°25-1˛\pw CS-bn¬ BWv. Cßs\ `qan-

bnse Hmtcm-]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]tXyI ÿm\w

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

NnX-Øn¬ (NnXw 2.8) dnk¿thm-b-dns‚ ASpØp-h-cp∂ \ZoirwJ-e-I-fpsS Nne

`mK-߃ NnXoIcn-®n-cn-°p∂p. GsXms° ]mfn-I-sf-bmWv CXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Ømtam?

X∂ncn-°p∂ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]mfn-I-fm-°m≥ km[y-amb a‰p

khn-tij-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ømtam?

ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßfpw hnti-j-W-ßfpw

(Spatial Data and Attributes)`utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

AXn-t‚-Xm-bn-´p≈ Hcp ]tXyI ÿm\w

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. qX-esØ kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xpw

]tXy-I-ÿm\w Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xp-amb CØcw

khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-bmWv ÿm\ob hnh-c-߃

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

33

2ÿm\ob hnh-c-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnti-

j-W-ß-fn-eqsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂p.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn \nß-fpsS ho´nse InW¿

FhnsS ÿnXn sNøp∂p F∂p Is≠-Øp-

tºmƒ AXv ÿm\ob hnh-c-am-bn. InW-dn\v

πm‰vt^mapt≠m, Np‰p-a-Xn-ep-t≠m, FX Bg-

ap≠v XpS-ßnb ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw tiJ-cn-°mw.

Ah-bmWv hnti-j-W-߃ (Attributes). CØcw

hnti-j-W-ßsf AXns‚ ÿm\ob hnh-c-

tØmSv H∏w tN¿°m≥ `qhn-h-chyhÿ

tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ°v BIpw. CXp-t]mse

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ InW-dp-I-fpsS

ÿm\-ßfpw hnti-j-W-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v `qhn-

h-c-hy-hÿ Xøm-dm-°mw. CXns\ ASn-ÿm-

\-am°n B ]tZ-isØ InW-dp-Isf kw_-

‘n-°p∂ hnhn[ At\z-j-W-߃°v (Query)DØcw \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fp-

sSbpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sSbpw hnh-

c-߃ tiJ-cn®v qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs°m-

≈n-°m-\m-bm¬ B ]tZ-isØ kw_-‘n-

°p∂ hnhn[ At\z-j-W-߃°v IrXyhpw

imkvXo-b-hp-amb DØcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v `qhn-

h-c-hy-h-ÿbv°v BIpw. hnh-c-߃ Iºyq-´-

dn¬ NnX-cq-]-Øn\v ]Icw `qhn-h-c-hy-hÿm

tkm^v‰vshb-dp-IfpsS klm-b-Øm¬ kmwJn-

I-cq-]-Øn¬ tiJ-cn-®p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂p Cu hnh-

c-ßsf Dt±-iy-߃°\pkr-X-ambn hnhn[ Xc-

Øn-ep≈ hni-I-e-\-߃°v hnt[-b-am°m≥

km[n-°pw. km[m-cW `q]-S-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hni-I-e-\-ßfpw \ΩpsS Dt±-

iy-߃°-\p-kr-X-amb amXr-I-Ifpw krjvSn-

°pI Akm-[y-am-W-t√m.

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS D]-tbm-K-߃

$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v

$ ÿm\ob hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

Bhiy-amb hnh-c-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-

∂-Xn\v

$ hnh-c -ß-fpsS ÿm\ob _‘-ßsf

Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v

$ `qXe khn-ti-j-X-Isf ÿm\o-b-ambn

]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v

$ ZpX-K-Xn-bnepw sNe-hp-Ip-d™ coXn-bnepw

hnh-c-߃ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn \ho-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂-Xn\pw

$ `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂

hnh-c-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v mhn ]Xn-`m-k-ß-

fp-tSbpw ]In-b-I-fp-tSbpw Zriy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\v

$ ]tXyI Bh-iy-߃°-\p-kr-X-ambn q]S-

߃, Km^p-Iƒ, ]´n-I-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿Ωn-

°p-∂-Xn-\v.

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS hni-I-e\

km[y-X-Iƒ

ÿm\ob hnh-c-ß-fmbpw hnti-j-W-ß-fmbpw

tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-

X-Isf \ΩpsS Bhiy-߃°-\p-kr-X-amb

hni-I -e -\ -߃°v hnt[-b -am -°m≥ `q

hn-h-c-hy-h-ÿbv°v Ign-bp-∂p. Hmh¿te hni-

I-e\w, BhrØn hni-I-e-\w, irwJe hni-I-

e\w XpSßn-bh ][m-\-s∏´ hni-I-e\

km[yXI-fm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ [mcmfw hni-

I-e-\-߃°p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿ØmWv

`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿm tkm v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ°v cq]w

sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. C\n `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bnse

Nne hni-I-e-\-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w (Overlay Analysis)Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnhn-[-ß-fmb `utam-]-cn-

Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-sØ-

°p-dn®pw Ah-bnep-≠mb am‰-sØ-°p-dn®pw

a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv.

Hcp ]T\Øn¬ `ua-imkvX ]T-\-tIµw

(CESS) \S-Ønb Xncph\¥-]pcw Pn√-bnse

amWn-°¬ ]©m-b-Ønse `qhn-\n-tbmK-am-‰-

sØ-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. amWn-°¬

]©m-b-Øn¬ hyXykvX Ime-L- -ß-fn-¬ qhn-

\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w Hmh¿te hni-I-e-

\-Øn-eqsS Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\ n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p

km[n -®p . 1967˛sebpw 1990˛sebpw `q

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

34

2

NnX

w 2.9

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

35

2hn-\n-tbmK amXr-I-Iƒ c≠p `q]-S-ß-fn-embn ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv (NnXw 2.9) i≤n-®nt√? Cu

Ime-b-f-hn¬ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1967˛sebpw 1990 ˛sebpw

`q]-S-߃ ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v `qhn-\n-tbmK am‰sØ ImWn-°p∂ `q]Sw Xøm-dm°n (NnXw

2.9).

hnhn[ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-߃

1967

`qhn-kvXrXn

(%)

X∂n-cn-°p∂ q]-S-Øn¬ (2.9) s\ev]m-S-ß-fpsS

Ah-ÿ-sb-SpØp ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°p. 1990

Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw s\ev]m -S -ß-fpsS `q

hn-kvXrXn 1967˛¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ

KWy-ambn Ipd™p. d∫-¿ Irjn-bpsS hnkvXr-

Xn-bm-sW-¶ntem? CØ-c-Øn¬ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-

Øn¬ h∂ am‰w Ffp∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°mw.

23 h¿jw ]n∂n-´-t∏mƒ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬

h∂ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ FX-am-X-am-sW∂v q]-

Shpw ]´n-Ibpw t\m°n Xmc-Xayw sNøp. qhn-

\n-tbm-KsØ Ahn-SsØ `q]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn

thW-sa-¶nepw Xmc-Xayw sNøm≥ Hmh¿te-

hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°pw. CØ-c-Øn¬

H´-\-h[n hni-I-e-\-߃°v Hmh¿te hni-I-

e\w D]-tbmKs∏Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Bhr-Øn-hn-i-I-e\w (Buffer Analysis)Bhr-Øn-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ Hcp _nµp-hns\ Np‰n

hrØm-Im-c-Øntem As√-¶n¬ tcJob khn-

ti-j-X-Isf Np‰n Hcp CS-\mgn t]msetbm

Hcp ]tXyI taJe krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Bhr-

Øn-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂

hrØ-Øns‚ Bctam As√-¶n¬ CS-\m-gn-

bpsS hoXntbm \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv hni-I-e\

hnZ-Kv≤-cm-Wv. BhrØnhni-I-e-\sØ Nne

DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv ]pXn-sbmcp Fb¿t]m¿ v

XpS-ßp∂p F∂n-cn-°-s´. D®-Øn-ep≈ i_vZw

D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Fb¿t]m¿´ns‚ kao-]-

]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ ]mSn√

Fs∂mcp \nbaw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p F∂n-cn-

°s´. DZm-l-c-W-ambn CXns‚ ]cn[n 2.5 In.ao.

Np‰-f-hm-sW-¶n¬ ÿm]n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂

Fb¿-t]m¿´ns‚ Np‰pw 2.5 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-

hn¬ FX kvIqfp-I-fp-s≠∂pw Ah Fhn-sS-

sbm-s°-bm-sW∂pw Is≠-tØ≠-Xmbn

hcp-∂p. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Bhr-Øn-hn-

i-I-e\ km[yX Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏Sp-

Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ- tkm v‰vshb-

dn-eqsS B ]tZ-i-Øns‚ kvIqfp-I-fpsS

ÿm\obhnhcßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v

BhrØnhni-I-e-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bm-

sW-¶n¬ Fb¿-t]m¿´v \n¿Ωn-°m≥ Dt±-in-

°p∂ ]tZ-i-Øn\v Np‰pw hrØm-Im-c-Øn¬

Hcp ]tXyI taJe krjvSn-°m\pw B taJ-

e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ Ffp-∏-Øn¬

Is≠-Øp-hm\pw km[n-°pw. NnXw 2.10

i≤n°pat√m.

s\ev]m-S-߃ (Paddy fileds) 16.09 9.23 -6.86 Ipd™p

ani-hr-£-ßfpw a‰v tXm´-hn-f-Ifpw

(Mixed trees and other plantationcrops) 81.65 75.69 -5.96 Ipd™p

d∫¿ tXm´-߃ (Rubber plantations) 1.66 14.48 12.82 h¿≤n®p

ine-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]tZiw 0.6 0.6 - hyXym-k-an√

BsI 100 100 -

1990

`qhn-kvXrXn

(%)

`qhn-\n-tbm-K-

Øns‚

am‰w (%)

(1967˛1990)

23 h¿jw

sIm≠v kw`-

hn® am‰w

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

36

2$ tdmUns‚ he-Xp-hiw amXw hoXn Iq´n-

bm-emtWm IqSp-X¬ `h-\-c-ln-X¿ D≠m-

Ip∂Xv?

apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ DZm-l-c-W-Øn¬ (NnXw

2.10) \n∂pw Hcp _nµp-hn\v Np‰pw hrØm-Im-c-

Øn¬ hcp∂ taJe Is≠-Øm≥ Bhr-Øn-

hn-i-I-e\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv a\- n-em-

bt√m? Hcp tcJob khn-ti-j-X-bm-sW-¶ntem

as‰mcp DZm-l-cWw i≤n-°p.

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ 10 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp≈ Hcp

tdmUv k¿°m-cns‚ Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw 20 ao‰¿

Bbn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂n-cn -°-s´. Cu

kµ¿ -Øn¬, B ]tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿,

Ah-cpsS `qkz-Øp-°ƒ XpS-ßnb hni-Z-hn-h-

c-߃ tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂p. ]kvXpX

]tZ-isØ-°p-dn -®p≈ kaK hnh-c-߃

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ BhrØn

hni-I -e\ km[yX ]tbm -P -\ -

s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ Hmtcm hy‡n-I-fp-tSbpw FX-

amXw `qkz-Øp-°ƒ Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xmbn

hcp∂p, FX-t]¿ `h-\-c -ln -X-cm -Ip -∂p

Fs∂ms° Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥

km[n°pw. amX-hp-a√ A[n-Ir-X¿°v Adn-tb-

≠-Xmb ]e At\z-j-W-߃°pw DØcw

\¬Im≥ Ign-bp∂p. NnXw (2.11)

$ tdmUns‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-embn 5 ao‰¿ hoXw

hoXn Iq´n -bm¬ FX Bƒ°m-cpsS

`qkz-Øn-s\ _m[n°pw?

$ tdmUns‚ CS-Xp-h-i-Øp-amXw 10 ao‰¿

hoXn h¿≤n-∏n-®m¬ `h-\-c-ln-X-cm-Ip-∂-h-

cp-sS FÆw, Gs‰Spt°-≠-Xmbn hcp∂

`qkzØp-°ƒ

NnXw 2.10

irwJem hni-I-e\w (Network Analysis)a‰p c≠v hni-I-e-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvX

ambn `q]-S-Ønse tcJob hnj-b-ßsf amX-

amWv irwJ-e-mhn-i-I-e-\-Øn\v hnt[b-am-°p-

∂Xv. tdmUv, sdbn¬sh, \Zn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb

tcJob khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp £oc-kw-cw- -I\v B ]tZ-

isØ 5 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™

ka-bw-sIm≠v ]m¬ kw`-cn®v G‰hpw Ffp-∏-

Øn-ep≈ tdmUneqsS £ockw`-cW tIµ-

Øn¬ FØm≥ Ign-bWw. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-

fn¬ `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bnse tdmUv irwJe

NnXw 2.11

`qa

n-im-k

vX-Ø

nse

\

qX\

k

t¶

-X-ß

ƒ

37

2hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS G‰hpw Ffp-∏-ap-≈ hgn-

bn-eqsS k©-cn®v ]m¬ kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Npcp-ßnb ka-bw-sIm≠v £oc-kw- -c-W-tI-µ-

Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-hp-∂-Xp-amb hgn-Iƒ Is≠-

Øm≥ km[n-°pw. tdmUp-K-Xm-KXw XS- -s∏-

Sp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fnepw G‰hpw Ffp-∏-ap-≈Xpw

Xnc-°p-Ip-d-™-Xp-amb tdmUv Is≠-Øm≥ Cu

hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°p∂p.

tdmUv irwJem hni-I-e\ km[y-X-Iƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®v Bkq-XWw sNøm-hp-∂h:

$ G‰hpw ASp-Øp-≈Xpw Xnc-°p-Ip-d-™-Xp-

amb hgn Is≠-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

$ KXm-KXka-bhpw Nnehpw Ipdbv-°p-∂p.

$ A]-I-S-\n-c°v Ipd™ kpc-£n-X-amb

tdmUv Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ A]-I-S-ÿ-eØv \n∂v A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´

Bfns\ kml-Ncya\p-k-cn®v GXv Bip-

]-Xn-bnemWv sIm≠p-t]m-tI-≠-Xv.

NnXw 2.12

$ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cn-Iƒ°v G‰hpw at\m-l-c-

amb ÿe-߃ e`y-amb ka-b-Øn\p-≈n¬

]c-am-h[n Is≠Øn bmX sNøp-∂-Xn\.v

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]tbmK km[y-X-Iƒ

$ Bkq-X-Whpw Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°epw

IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°p∂p.

$ hnh-c-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xnepw hnX-

cWw sNøp-∂-Xnepw Imcy-tijn \evIp∂p.

$ hnh-c-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\X Ipd-bv°p-∂p.

$ ]e Dd-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßsf

kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv.

$ k¶o¿Æ-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS `qan-im-

kvX-hn-h-c-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]pXnb

hnhc-߃ \evIp-∂p.

`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿbpsS hni-I-

e\ km[y -X -Iƒ tIcf

kwÿm\ dntam´v sk≥k-

dnwKv B‚ v F≥htbm¨sa‚ v

sk‚¿ Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Fß-

s\-sb∂p t\m°mw. Xncp-h-\-

¥-]pcw Pn√-bn¬ ate-dnb

_m[nX ]tZ-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ ÿm\ob hnh-c-߃

`q]-S-am-[y-a-Øn-eqsS ImWn-®n-

cn-°p-∂p.

\oe-\n-d-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xv 2004˛se ate-dnb tcmK-

Øns‚ hym]-\hpw Nph∂

\nd-Øn¬ 2003˛se ate-dnb

tcmK-Øns‚ hym]-\hpamWv. CØcw hnh-c-ßsf ÿm\o-b-ambn NnXo-I-cn-®Xv sIm≠v tcmK-

Øns‚ hym]\w Fhn-sS-bmWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v q]Sw t\m°n Ffp-

∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. amX-hp-a√ qhn-h-c-hy-hÿm tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ aukv

D]-tbm-Kn®v Hmtcm _nµp-°-fn¬ ¢n°v sNøp-tºmgpw Hmtcm hy‡n-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂

hni-Z hnh-c-ßfpw e`n-°p-∂p. ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb tcmK-ß-fpsS ÿm\ob

hnh-c-ßsf q]-S-Øn¬ NnXo-I-cn-®m¬ Ah-bpsS hym]-\hpw GsXms° taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬ hym]n-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

38

2t•m_¬ s]mkn-j-\nwKv knÃw

(Global Positioning System)

`utam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp-°-fpsS ÿm\w I≠p-

]n-Sn -°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv

t•m_¬ s]mkn-j-\nwKv knÃw (Pn.]n.Fkv.)

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v 20000 apX¬ 20200

Intem-ao -‰¿ hsc-bp≈ Db-c-Øn¬ Bdv

hyXykvX `a-W-]-Y-ß-fn-embn 24 D]-K-l-ß-

fpsS Hcp tiWn-bmWv ÿm\ \n¿Æbw

km[y-am-°p-∂Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂Xv.

G‰hpw efn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ k¿t∆ \S-Øm≥

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv Pn.]n.-F-kv.

IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzoI-cn-°p∂

kn·-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv CXv ]h¿Øn-

°p-∂-Xv. G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv \mev D]-K-l-

ß-fn¬ \n∂phcp∂ kn·-se-¶nepw kzoI-cW

D]m-[n-bn¬ (Receiver) e`y-am-bm¬ amXsa

Pn.]n.-Fkv.˛\v A£mw-iw, tcJmw-iw, Dbcw,

kabw XpS-ßnb hnh-c-߃ ]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥

km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. q]S \n¿ΩmWw KXm-KXw

XpSßn H -\-h[n taJ-e-Iƒ Pn.]n.-Fkv. ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. Pn.]n.Fkv.˛s‚ D]-tbm-

KsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn-

°p-a-t√m.

XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃

$ C¥y-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn¬ hnZqc kwth-Z-\-Øns‚ ]¶v F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ -Hcp

teJ\w Xøm-dm-°p.

$ Zqc-Z¿i≥ ]t£-]-W-ßfn¬ GXp-Xcw D]-K-l-Øns‚ tkh-\-amWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂Xv?

$ Zn\m-¥-co£ ÿnXnsb ImWn-°p∂ NnX-߃ GXv D]-K-l-߃ hgn-bmWv

e`n-°p-∂-Xv?