:

: Critique no 23,1991. : http://home.earthlink.net/~lrgoldner/bordiga.html / , lgoldner@alum.mit.edu : coghnorti.wordpress.com

*

( Wildcat, 1999)

. . : , .

1991. , Riccardo Bellofiore (, , , Zirkular .1), ( " " ;) . Riccardo Bellofiore ' , , . .

, Bellofiore, , : "" " " , ' : " " , .

, 1917-1921 , 1970 " ": , . 5% .

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(2002) 1988, 1991, "" 1989-1991. , . ( , , ), , , , .

, 1988 1, ( ) '60 '70. , , '20 2. , , . , ( Karl Boggs, '70), "", , ( , ) " ". ( , " ".) , "" , " " , " ". . " " '60, " " '90.3

'70, .

1989-1991 . " " . 1917, , -

1 . , Arturo Peregalli/Sandro Saggior Amadeo Bordiga. La Sconfitta e gli anni oscuri (1926-1945)(, 1998). (Amadeo Bordiga, 1889-1970. Bibliografia. , 1995). Philippe Bourrinet The "Bordigist Current" (1919-1999). Italy, France, Belgium "Left-Communism" [http://left-dis.nl]. , 1996 ( ). (L. Cortesi, ed. Amadeo Bordiga nella Storia del Comunismo, 1999). 2 John Chiaradia, "Antonio Gramsci: The Dark Years". . " " "" 4 . 2 "Storia della Sinistra Comunista" (, 1972). 3 Tom Frank, One Market Under God ( , 2000) .

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4, , , (IWW) ( ) . , 20 .

" ", " 20 (1917-1991)" , ( " " ) : , , 1920, . "" ( , , ). , , . , 11 . : , , . ( , , " ", , .)

, , . , , , , , 5 ( , , ), " ", 6, 80 1921. 30 7, - ' ., . , , , ( ) . ' : . (1922), , , , ', ' , .

, "".

4 La Gauche Hollandaise (1990) International Communist Current. Philippe Bourrinet, ICC, The Dutch Left (2001). [ Bourrinet "Left Communism".] 5 , . 6 , "The Dutch Left" Bourrinet 1917 ' . 7 ( ) 1970, .

- 4

1917-1921 , , , . (1848, 1871, 1905, 1917-1921, 1968) "" , . ( CLR , Facing Reality (1958), 1956 " ", 1649).

, 1950 19608, . . : , , , "" , . , 20 ., , . , 15 18 , (, ) (), "", , . ( ) . "". "" , 1847. , , , . ( ) " ".

* * *

8 Partito Comunista Internazionale Sul Filo del Tempo. 1998 7 . : Edizione il programma comunista, Casella postale 962, 20101 Milan, Italy.

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, "" . , " " 1918 , , , , CLR ( ) " ": . , , " , ". " ", " ", " ", " " " " 1989 . , ( ) , . , , , ( ). . , , , , , ( IMF ), , , 1917 .

. ( , "" " , ") . , ,

- 6

, ( ) , 20 . ( ) , , , , . , , . , , "", ' , . , , . , 1860 , Aufklrung [] . , .

. 1. 1960, , , . , 2 "" ( ) , . Gerschenkron, , 3.

20 , , " " , , 4. " " " " " " , , . ( , ). 1 Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship (, 1966) 2 Adam. Ulan, The Unfinished Revolution ( , 1960) 3 A. Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (, 1962) 4 E. Preobrazhensky, The New Economics, , 1965, 2 .

- 7

, , . PCI [ ], , ( 1926) . PCI, "". 1928 " " ( ) " ". , 1931-32. , , 20 . ( PCI). ( , ). , , ' . 1970 . 1968. , , " " 1917-1921. , 1945, " ". ( , )5. ( 1921) .6 , . , , , . 1914 7. " ", , , . " 50 1917" 19678. - (-) , , . ( " ", " ", ). , , . "-" . (. 1848

5 . 6 . 7 Mai la merce, 1979. 8 Bilan d'une Revolution, Programme communista, Nos 40-41-42, . 1967-. 1968

- 8

), . , . ( 1945 , , 19759). ( 1945) . '20, /, - , . 1945 , ( ) . 1924-28 "-" 10. , , 11. , , " " ' . 1926 , , - 12. , .

. , , . ,

9 1975 F. Livorst .426-444. 10 Bilan d'une Revolution, . 139-140. - , " - : , , . ". ( ) 11 "" "" 1928 Bilan d'une Revolution, .148. 12 6 1926. , .38

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13. 1950, , , 1880 1914.

, , . , ' , . , . . . . " "14, , . 1789 . 1917 , " ". , 1921-22 , ' 1921, " ". , , . 15. , . " " '20 1936. . . , " ", .16 . '"

13 , Bilan d'une Revolution, .172-179. 14 " " . , , Russie et revolution. 192. 15 . , , , . 1921. 16 " " " " (1936).

- 10

, , , .

, , . " "17 19 , . . 1945, , . , , . "Avanti Barbari!" (" !") - 18. ( 1945 , "", .)

' , , "" . "" "" . 1924, - , , .

1936 " , , ."19 (1905, 1917) ( " "), " " ' ' .

( ) , , . , " ". " ". " '

17 Bilan d'une Revolution, .95. 18 Grilli, . 282 [. Communisme ou Civilisation] 19 , . : " , , , , ." ( www.marxistsbooks.com)

- 11

' " ' , .

- , 1920 " ". , 1940, , , 20, . , , "", ' . " ", , , " ". , , 1917 1921 . , , "" , . , ( ) / , , "" ' ' . , " " , , , .

. , 21 , . " " ' 1847 , . ' "" , "", , , . 1848 , , , . 1883 .22 : 1870, ( ), 20 , . 21 [] rigidity. "". 22 , Russie et revolution dans la theorie marxistse, .226-297 " " .

- 12

1878-83 . ( , ).23 , 1878 1881 , , , . ( ) " 1861, . , ".24 , . " ", " ", . , 80 90 , .25

. "", . ( ). . , !26 . " ", 1847, . " , " ". ( , 1921 " ".) , 70 ,

23 , Teodor Shanin "Late Marx" T. Shanin, ed. "Late Marx and the Russian Road", , 1983. J. Camatte, "Bordiga et la revolussion russe" . 15-23 24 ( 1877) Maximilien Rubel, "Marx-Engels: Die russische Kommoune" (1977), .49-53. 25 #23. 26 1921-24 , , "Communisme et fascisme", (ed. Programme Communiste, 1970)

- 13

( ) , . , , " " 27. 1960, " " " ", ' /, " "28, , 1973, . , , , . " " , "" . 29.

. . 1921 PCI " " 3 . "" PCI PSI, PCI . , 1921 , , NEP ( ), . ( " ") . . " " . , . , . , .

27 , " ". " " Jean Barrot, "Le mouvement communiste" (Ed. Champ Libre, 1972). 28 " ", , " ", (. ). 29 L. Grille, . . . 38.

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, : "" '20 1921. : , , . "" 1921 1924 , , 1924 " " 192130. 1921 ( 1927 ) " ". /, , . , 1921, , 1920.

- 20 "" 20 ., .

"" "" . , , . 1970, " " "" , . , 1917 1928 . 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1936 1953, : , , , , , , , , ,

30 " ", , , . Cachin PCF Thaelman KPD.

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, , .

1917 1980: , , , , , "" ( / ) , , . 1917 1928, "" , 1976, , NICs [Newly industrialized country], --, , SPD , , "-" . , , , -, high-tech gentrification [/'' ]. . 1970, .

, " " , 1970 . , , "" 3 , , NICs31. , ' ' . "" 1920 1975, 1648 1789. : , , , , ( , ' ). , , , ( - , , ). PCI ( ). - , . , PCI

31 , Nigel Harris "The End of the Third World", (, 1986)

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. , PCI "" 1956 , .

1648 1945 . , , . , , 1928 , , 19 . , . [civil societies] "", - 32, . . , , . 1648 ( , ), --, . , , , 20 . 2 , 33. , , 1870, " " , .

, ( ), : 1860 . , , , Meiji . , , , . 1870, " " 1914. , ( , ), 1933 / . , (, , ) 1930, 1860, . ( - ). 1860 ; 1873,

32 Robert Brenner, "The Agrarian Origins of European Capitalism" T.H. Ashton C.H.E. Philpin, "The Brenner Debate", (Cambridge UP, 1985), . 213-327. 33 , Roman Szporluk, "Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx vs. Friedrich List", (Oxford UP, 1988).

- 17

.34 , , , ' 1648 : , 1873-1896 . " " 1879 , . , , , . , , . 1890 100 . - . .

/ [Third Estate] : , , , 1848 ( , 1848). : 1793-1794 1917-1921 , 1830, 1848 SPD 1914 1905 1917 1917-21, , , , , . " ". CLR - 1917-18 . - . , 20 . " " , , . , , , 1917-1921. , , , . . 1920,

34 1873 Hans Rosenberg, "Grosse Depression und Bismarckzeit", 1967.

- 18

, . , , .35 , . "", , 20 ., , 20 . (" " ) , , 1917. , 1890, 1898 1914, , . " ", , SPD. , Aufklrung [], .

. "", - , SPD, , ', ', ' .

, 1844, Grundrisse, " " , , ., " ". - (. , ) 18 - , . ; , / " "; : SPD, 1860 1914, , , . SPD, . , , :

35 , , . "". . . , Offener Brief an den Genossen Lenin, 1921 [ ].

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ancien regime [ ], . ( ). " " "" , , , . , - , , . ' , . "" SPD 1910-1912 1914 SPD . . "" SPD " " . Raya Dunayevskaya 1914 36 SPD, ', " " 1917, ' . 1923. 1960 ( , , 1968), "Towards an Undestanding of Karl Marx" Sidney Hook. , , " ", Grundrisse, 1950 1960. , , ( Grundrisse , 200 1941 ).

, , " ". , . , 1960 1970, , [periodization] , , 17 20 .

"": . , , , ,

36 Raya Dunayevskaya, "Philosophy and Revolution", ( , 1975), 3 .

- 20

, 1917 "".

, , , 1950 1960: " 6 " 1 37. 1 . " ". " " . , , "" [extensive] "" , "" "" . "" "" . [] ' " [] - ".38 Gutman " "39. "" 6 " " 20 . " " [ ].

, " 6 " " " , 1920 (, , ), 1950. , 1930 1940, . . ; 1920. 1950 . "" " " " ". , "" . "" , 1770-1815.

37 1 ( , 1976), Penguin. [. " (VI )", /] 38 Negation, "Lip and the Self-managed Counter-Revolution". . . Red and Black, , 1975). 39 [] New labor history. I , , , , .

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, , , Guesde, , ( ) " " ' , - . "" 1890 1930 1940.

- , ' , " ". " " ' : , , . . ' ( 2 3 1880 1890 " " 1 , , ", , "). "" "-" , , , , , : 1910 " ". ' . , , " " 1917-1921. , , 1929, , , ' , . , 1950, " "; , : 1914, " ", , , " " [ ' ]. '60 '70 , 1905 1917-1921. " '20", 1917 1928 . , , . , '70, , , , . / . '70.

- 22

; , ; , '50, " (. : ) , , ". ( ), , . , , , ; , , .

;

'70: (high tech) . , . 1970, , - , . , ( ) . , , , ( ), , . '70 , . 1914 ( , , ) . , " " 1860, " " 1914, 1975. , , 45% 1900-1914, '70. ; , ( ) : 1900-1914 45% , 10% /, 45% . 1970 40-45% , 5-10% 40-45% / ( , ). ; "" . 1814-1915, "" "" , , , , . 1914 ( 1890) "" , "" , " "

- 23

( , , ), ; , " " ( ). , 5-10% , , . .

, . PCI. . "" , 1914-1945. , 17 20, . , . / / . , , , , , .

, .

. ' . , . 5-10% " " . . " ", ' , 1789, 1945-1973. : " " ' ' [durables] ( ), 20 .

, , , . , ( ' '

- 24

). -, 1789 , "" (" ") . / " " / / . / ' " " " " . " " , , ( ), "". , "" "". , Aufklrung , , , . , ( ) "". Maren Sweezy, , ( , ), " " . . , , .

, , , , " ", "" , "" -. " " 1878-1883 [] 1890. , "" , , 1936 , " ." ', ' ( ') "-" , " ", . 1890, "" ' , 1883 " ", , . ,

- 25

"", , "" , , . Gemeinwesen ( ) / [telos] . , 2 , "" , 3 .40 1928. , ' , , "" " " " ", , . ' . , , , .

, , 1910, . , . , 1930, , . ( ). , , , , , , . " " ( ).

40 Rita di Leo, "Gli Operai ed il sistema sovietico", Bari 1970, 1 , 2 "" .

.

, . , , . , , Partito Comunista Internazionale, Via Marnni 30, Schio, Italy.

: To Strutture economica e sociale de la della Russia d'oggi (Edizioni il programma comunista, 1976) . Russie et Revolution dans la theorie marxiste (Ed. Spartacus, 1975). Storia delta sinistra comunista (Ed. il programma comunista), 1912 1921, 1964. Proprieta e capitale (Ed. Iskra, , 1980) Mai la merce sfamera l'umomo: la question agraria e lateoria della rendita fondiaria secondo Marx (Ed. Iskra, 1979) , 1844 , Bordiga et la passion du communisme (Ed. Spartacus, 1974).

, , . A. de Clementi, Bordiga (Turin, 1971) Franco Livorsi, PCI, Amadeo Bordiga (Rome, 1976). Uhana Grilli, Amadeo Bordiga: capitalismo sovietico e comunismo (, 1982). Jacques Camatte, Bordiga et la revolution russe: Russie et necessite du communisme in the journal Invariance, Annee VII, Serie II, No. 4. La Gauche Communiste d' Italie, 1981 Courant Communiste International [ ]. "" Programme communista, Bilan d' une revolution (40-41-42, . 1967- 1968), . .

Jean Barrot, Le mouvement communiste (Ed. Champ Libre, 1972), Jacques Camatte, Capital et Gemeinwesein: Le 6e chapitre inedit et l'oeuvre economique de Marx (Ed. Spartacus, 1978).

Paolo Spriano, Storia del Partito comunista

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italiano, Vol I Da Bordiga a Gramci (Turin 1967). , Uvorsi, .

[ : " " 2 Blaumachen, ( : http://j15.vrahokipos.gr/bookcase/47-amadeo-bordiga/75-dimokratiki-arxi.html), (http://international-communist-party.org/Ellenika.htm), n+1 (http://www.quinterna.org/lingue/others/0_others.htm).

' ' (. ), ( ).

marxists.org sinistra.net.]