Amino Acids (1) IUA, 2012

AminoAcids(1)AtifH.Khirelsied,Ph.D. Atif H. Khirelsied, Ph.D.DepartmentofBiochemistry

FacultyofMedicineInternationalUniversityofAfrica,Khartoum,Sudan

AminoAcids1. Amino acids (aa) are organic acids with an amine Aminoacids(aa)areorganicacidswithanamine group. 2. Theyarethe"buildingblocks"ofproteins. 3. Haveawiderangeofdiversebiologicalfunctions. 4. Therearemorethan300 innature. 4 There are more than 300 aa in nature 5. Only20Laminoacids arefoundinproteins.Atif Hassan Khirelsied

AminoAcids5. DAminoacidsoccurinbacteriaandpeptide antibiotics. ibi i 6. Severalotheraminoacidsarefoundinnonprotein 6 S l h i id f di i substances.

Atif Hassan Khirelsied

AminoAcidsStructure

Atypicalaminoacidhasaprimaryaminogroup,acarboxyl group,ahydrogenatomandasidechain (Rgroup)attachedtoa chiral carbon atom carbonatom.

AminoAcidsStructure

TheFunctionsofAminoAcids Theyarethe"buildingblocks"ofproteins. y g p Are important (essential) nutrients Areimportant(essential)nutrients. Componentsofvariousbiomoleculese.g.,serinein phospholipids.

TheFunctionsofAminoAcids Precursor for various biologic substances Precursorforvariousbiologicsubstances. Glucose. Heme. Purines andpyrimidines. Neurotransmitters. Hormones

Aminoacids,isomerism &opticalactivity

Enantiomers

Allstandardaminoacidsexceptglycine andproline havechiral carbons(theC),thusexistinpairsof(D)and(L)enantiomers.

Aminoacidsclassifications Aminoacidscanbeclassifiedaccordingto: 1. 1 ChemicalnatureofRgroups Chemical nature of R groups 2. Solubility 3. Dietaryimportance 4. Metabolicfate

Aminoacids;classificationbyR-group According to the chemical nature of the side chain, Accordingtothechemicalnatureofthesidechain, aminoacidscanbeclassifiedinto:1. 1 2. 3. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. Aliphaticnonpolaraminoacids. Aliphatic nonpolar amino acids Sulfurcontainingaminoacids. Hydroxylcontainingaminoacids. H d l t i i i id Aromaticaminoacids. Acidicaminoacidsandtheiramides. Basicaminoacids. Imino acid

Thealiphaticnonpolaraminoacids

This class include: 1. 1 Glycine 2. Alanine 3. Valine 4. Leucine 5. Isoleucine

Thealiphaticnonpolaraminoacids1. 1 Glycine (Gly or G).Glycine

Is the smallest amino acid. p Has the simplest structure. Does not exist as a pair of stereoisomers

Thealiphaticnonpolaraminoacids2. 2 Alanine ( (Ala or A) )Alanine

Is aliphatic amino acid. Has a methyl group in the side-chain position.

Hydrophobic.Atif Hassan Khirelsied

Thealiphaticnonpolaraminoacids3. Valine, Val , (V).

4. Leucine, 4 Leucine Leu, (L).

5. Isoleucine, Ile, (I).Atif Hassan Khirelsied

Thealiphaticnonpolaraminoacids6.Methionine, Met, (M).

NOTEThealiphaticsidechainsofAla,Val,Leu,Ile&Metare nonreactive,hydrophobic.

Thesulphur containingaminoacids7. Cysteine Cys, (C).

Methionine Met (M)

Note Met is also an aliphatic non-polar amino acidAtif Hassan Khirelsied

Thehydroxylcontainingaminoacids8. Serine Ser, (S).

9. Threonine Thr, (T).

Tyrosine T i Tyr, (Y).Atif Hassan Khirelsied

Theacidicaminoacidsandtheiramides10. Aspartic acid Asp,(D)

11. Asparagine Asn, (N).

Theacidicaminoacidsandtheiramides

12.Glutamic acid Glu, (E).

13. Glutamine 13 Gl t i Gln, (Q).

Thebasicaminoacids14. 14 Araginine Arg, (R).

15. Lysine Lys, (K).

16.Histidine His, (H). His (H)Atif Hassan Khirelsied

Thearomaticaminoacids17. Phenylalanine Phe, (F).

18. 18 Tyrosine Tyr, (Y).

19. 19 Tryptophan Trp, (W).Atif Hassan Khirelsied

Theimino acid

20. Proline Pro, (P).

Thenitrogenatomissecondarilyattachedtotheside chains. chains

Thecystine

Aminoacidsclassificationbysolubility Twoclassesofaminoacidsbaseduponwhetherthe R groupis; Rgroup is; 1. Hydrophobic 1 H d h bi 2. Hydrophilic.

Aminoacidclassificationbydietary importance.Someaminoacidscanbeformedfrommetabolic intermediatesinthemammaliancells,thusarenot intermediates in the mammalian cells thus are not necessarytakeninfood(Dietarynonessential) .

Otheraminoacidsmustbeobtainedfromdiet,thus theyaretermed(Dietaryessential).Atif Hassan Khirelsied

AminoacidsclassificationbymetabolicfateAminoacidscanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothe endproductoftheircarbonskeletoncatabolisminto: p 1. 1 Gluogenic glucose producing glucoseproducing 2. Ketogenic ketones producing 3. Keto andglycogenic.

Amino Acids (1) IUA, 2012

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