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T: 95 2012, : 80
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( ) ()
( ) () ( )
.: 210 8192615
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/ .: 210 8079444 - 210 8192040
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.: 210 8192601, FAX: 210 2467682
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http://www.haf.gr/el/articles/epitheorisi.asp
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26 95 2012
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28 95 2012
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30 95 2012
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32 95 2012
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34 95 2012
2: / SR-71 Blackbird Lockheed, , - RAM (Radar-Absorbent Materials).
-
35
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(STEALTH)
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2. (RADAR CROSS SECTION RCS)
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36 95 2012
-
37
, 10:
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38 95 2012
. 4: RCS ( ).
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39 (STEALTH)
RCS (m2)
(200 m ) 14000 13
-52 Stratofortress 100 - 125 3, 13, 16, 19
(25 m) 100 13
B-26 Marauder 100 13
IXE 100 11, 16
C-130 Hercules 80 13
Boeing 707 60 13
Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjack 15 3
F-15 Eagle 10 - 25 17, 16
Su-27 Flanker 10 - 15 17
F-4 Phantom 6 - 10 3, 13
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2 11
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95 2012 40
5: RCS , () (). , - , 12..
-
41
-, .
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6 - (m2) dBsm (deciBellsquare meter, - 1 m2).
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7: RCS / / Stealth15. Stealth / - , .
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42 95 2012
Rmax= Pt GAe (4)2 Smin
8: ( km) RCS ( dBsm): L-Band ("L-Band surveillance"), / ("AI radar" -Airborne Interceptor Radar) - ("Seeker"), X-Band.
-
43
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3. RCS
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44 95 2012
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45
- - , , RCS - 21. , (Iron Ball Paint), - . / , / . - RAM , . -, RAM /.
RAM, - / - - "-" , - , / - .
(Passive cancella-tion) "Impe-dance loading" , -
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-
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, - , , "plasma stealth" "Activestealth". -24, 25, 26, (), /. / / , / -. - , / . - - , -
, - /. - 27 1999 . ' ' , - - - , , .
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.., - RCS, (InfraRed IR), - .
- -. / . /.. . - -- (Turbofan), - ,
46 95 2012
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47
- - . /, .., - , .
, .. . - . -, / , - . - / - . / stealth - (). USAF - /stealth , , - ( Yehoudi)4. , 28.
IR, /
, , - - . , F-117 -2 - (Afterburner), IR . IR , - - . - -. -, F-117 B-2Spirit. , - - - -. - , , ( ). , , - - .
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5. /
- -
/ .. - - .
Rockwell B-1Lancer ()
/ -1 Rockwell ( - - Boeing) -,
, , ( ) 1974. / ( '80) - .. (RCS < 1 m2). - 100 / 3, 13,20, 30.
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit()
To / -2 , " " - .. (RCS < 0,1 m2). : 1989. 20 / 3, 31.
Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22Raptor ()
To / F-22 Raptor , /, -
48 95 2012
9: -2 Spirit Northrop Grumman. 80 "" JDAM 500 (-82). (52,4 m , 478 m2 ), - RCS 0,1 m2.
-
49
, - , - .
: 1997. RCS 0,0001 m2, - / stealth. - , - / . - (187/ ), 16, 17, 32.
Lockheed Martin F-35 LightningII ()
/ F-35 , - / stealth - (,, -). :2006. 3: F-35A (- / /), F-35 ( / /) F-35C( -). , : . ,, , -
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10: / F-22A Raptor Lockheed Martin. - Stealth / . - RCS 0,0001 m2 (head on), .
11: / F-35 Lockheed Martin , . RCS 0,0015 m2 (head on) .
-
USAF33. F-35, , , .
Dassault Rafale ()
/ Rafale Dassault Aviation - . - / stealth, .. F-22 F-35. - .., - RCS /, MMRCA 14. - - "Active cancellation" 35. - - , - Rafale, SPECTRA34, 35,36. 19-03-11, , / Rafale - (SEAD Sup-pression of Enemy Air Defense), 37, 40. , - , - 100 - Tomahawk. -,
23 Rafale "- - - ". Rafale - - - ..
Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle()
Silent Eagle - F-15E Boeing, /, , - RCS42. , - , - - - , , RAM . Boeing .. /5 43, F-15SE .. F-35, - -, - F-15SE - stealth 44.
50 95 2012
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51
Sukhoi PAK FA()
T Sukhoi PAK FA - 5, stealth OKBSukhoi38. 2010 - 2015-2016. - . - " / 5 " (FifthGeneration Fighter Aircraft -FGFA), - Mig-29 Su-27. .., , , - . - - -, . - 2 - / stealth: - -
, - / stealth.
CHENGDU J-20 ()
To J-20 , - / 5 39. - .. Chengdu AircraftIndustry Group. :2011. - 2017-2019.
(STEALTH)
12: -50 Sukhoi PAK FA. PAK FA / 5 , Stealth.
CHENGDU J-20
-
/ - . . Chengdu J-20 - -.
(UAV, UCAV)
/, - - (UnmannedAerial Vehicle - UAV) - (Unmanned CombatAerial Vehicle - UCAV), stealth. 41: Boeing X-45 () BAE Taranis BAE Systems
(. ) Dassault nEUROn (,
, , ,, )
EADS Barracuda (,)
Lockheed Martin RQ-170Sentinel ()
Northrop Grumman X-47B()
MiG Skat Mikoyan ().
/ , /, , - . - stealth - . / - (RCS) . / 4 - , / 5 - RCS, stealth., , / stealth , , , , -, - / - .
- , - , - - /, /stealth F-35, -
52 95 2012
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53
stealth , , ] -, . - - stealth, -, , , .
( ):3 Doug Richardson, Stealth Warplanes,Zenith Press, 2001.5 P.Ya. Ufimtsev, Method of EdgeWaves in the Physical Theory ofDiffraction, Soviet Radio, Moscow,1962.6 M.W. Browne, "Lockheed creditsSoviet theory in design of F-117",Aviation Week Space Technology, p.27, December 1991.9 F. Jay, (ed. in chief), IEEE StandardDictionary of Electrical and Electronicterms, ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1984, 3rdedition, IEEE Press, New York, 1984.10 Eugene Knott, John F. Schaeffer,Michael T. Tuley, Radar CrossSections, SciTech Publishing Inc, 2ndrevised edition, 2004.11 Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction toRadar Systems (2nd edition), McGrawHill Book Company, 1981.12 USN, Naval Air Systems Command,
Weapons Division, AvionicsDepartment, Electronic WarfareDivision, lectronic warfare and radarsystems engineering handbook, NAW-CWPNS TP 8347, w / Rev 2 of 1 April1999 and later changes,http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD =ADA452799.13 David K. Barton, Sergey A. Leonov,Eds, Radar Technology Encyclopedia(Elec-tronic Edition), Artech House,1998.14 Ashley J. Tellis, Dogfight! India'sMedium Multi-Role Combat Aircraftdecision, Carnegie Endowment forInterna-tional Peace, 2011.15 Lt.Col. Arend G. Westra, "Radar ver-sus stealth - Passive radar and thefuture of U.S. Military power", JointForce Quarterly, no.55, Oct. 09,pp.136-143http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-55/22.pdf18 Bill Sweetman, "EADS Knows LO",Aviation Week, 23-05-07, http://aviation-week.typepad.com/ares/2007/05/eads_knows_lo.html.20 Jim Cunningham, "The New OldThreat: Fighter Upgrades and WhatThey Mean for the USAF", AirChronicles, 03-12-97,http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA33253622 Cpt Douglas H. Casanova, USAF, "Arigorous UTD analysis of electromag-netic scattering from resistive strips andresistive-loaded conducting strips",Thesis AFIT/GEIENG/9 1D-09, Dec. 91,http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA24369123 Rafale International, "Fox Three"no.15 http://www.dassault-aviation.com/ fileadmin/user_upload/redacteur/Defence/Rafale/
(STEALTH)
-
FoxThree_Fox15.pdf28 David Hambling, "Cloak of LightMakes Drone Invisible?", Wired, 09-05-08, http://www.wired.com/danger-room/2008/05/invisible-drone34 Bill Sweetman, "Killer Angels",Journal of Elecrtonic Defense, Nov.2002, http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/rafale.htm35 , DassaultRafale, F.3 -, , 39,.-.09, .32-49,http://www.interception.gr /app/ web-root/objects/39_DASSAULT_RAFALE.pdf36 Bill Sweetman, "A Stealthier Rafale?",posted in Aviation Week, 05-04-10,http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post% 3aa516b9ad-cec2-4ad8-b583-d79faa5b305237 Briganti, Giovanni. "Rafale inCombat: War for Dummies", postedin Defense-aerospace, 31 May 2011,http://www.defense-aerospace.com/arti-cle-view/feature/125860/rafale-in-com-bat%3A-%E2%80%9Cwar-for-dum-mies% E2%80%9 D.html40 Hoyle Craig, "France's Rafale fighterproves its 'omnirole' skills", FlightInternational, 14 June 2011,http://www.flightglobal.com/news/arti-cles/frances-rafale-fighter-proves-its-omnirole-skills-357687/43 Stephen Trimble, "F-15 Silent EagleMedia Briefing", posted in FlightGlobalBlogs, 17-03-09, http://www.flightglob-al.com/ blogs/the-dewline/2009/03/f-15-silent-eagle-media-briefi.html
: ( - 30-04-12)
1
http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/ news_releases.html?d=167827
2
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2009/06/090625-hitlers-stealth-fighter-plane. html
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology
7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_ Nighthawk
8
http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/ articles/20051121.aspx
16 http://www.globalsecurity.org/mili-tary/world/ stealth-aircraft-rcs.htm
17 http://www.defence.pk/forums/mili-tary-fo-rum/20908-rcs-different-fight-ers.html
19
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~dheb/ 2300/ Articles/PG/PGSA.htm
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbe-nt material
24 http://www.military-heat.com/43/russian-pla-sma-stealth-fighters/
25
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread89869/pg1
26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_stealth
27 http://air-attack.com/page/19
29 http://www.globalsecurity.org/mili-
54 95 2012
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tary/systems/aircraft/systems/an-apg-77.htm
30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1B_Lancer
31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2
32 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22
33 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35
38 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_FA
39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_J-20
41
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_air-craft
42
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Eagle
44 http://www.airforce-magazine.com/DRArchive/Pages/2009/March%202009/March%2023%202009/Clarification.aspx
:
IV () , V (I) , " - ("Stealth") - / F-35". 2011-2.
(STEALTH)
-
56 95 2012
2002, / AS-332 (Super Puma) .. SRR/FIR. , - 43 . / .. - 8. - - -, - , . .. .. - . Shephard Media, - . - - .
. / AS-332 (SuperPuma), 2002 - 358 , 384 . - , - ..
. 384
1958 112 , , 357 -, (4)/ Sikorsky H-19D ( 1), - / - - . - - .
384 2002
()
-
57
1967 13/ Sikorsky -19 ( 2). 1969 357 359 - , . 1970 .
, 1971,/ H-19 Augusta-Bell-205 1 ( 3), -, Augusta-Bell -206 (4), . 1976 (6) -205 (2) -212 ( 5), - , -
. -212 VIP 352 .
1981 (2) -212 - 1983.
1981 (5)Boeing CH-47C ( 6), , .. .
1983 358 - / CH-47C, AB-205,B-212 AB-206. 112
/ . , - 358 . 1988 / CH-47C . / -206 - 2002.
1999 - / EurocopterAS-332 C1 (Super Puma) (7), (3) 2000. 2003 AS-332 C1Combat SAR (C/SAR) ( 8)
384 2002
1: Sikorsky H-19
2: 357
3: AB-205
-
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, - (3) - / Augusta -109 Power ( 9).
- / 358, - . 27 2006 384 / AS-332. 358 -205 -212,
- () / -109, / - /. 21 2011 -109 358 .
58 95 2012
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4: AB-206
5: B-212
-
59
.
1. -
2002 AS-332 C1 (Super Puma) Aydin Kaptan, . , (10), , 230 -. 30 , -, - , - - - ( - ). 30 , , SOS
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384 2002
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- - , - , - -. -, - /, - - -
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60 95 2012
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11: HMS Beagle
-
61
- , - ActiveEndeavour -, . To SPSExtremadura, , - AydinKaptan, HMS Beagle - . ,
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, 2519 / , - . 58, / 13:05 . - , -
384 2002
12: SPS Extremadura
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-
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/ - , / , - - . 25 - , , -, - ( ) - .
. - , , , . , - . Super Puma HNLMS Amsterdam, SPSExtremadura, - . - . , - , 030. / , 3 7 knots., - - ( 7-8, ). : ] , .
, , - .
62 95 2012
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- /, . - - 40-50 - deck - - . hoist, / . hoist -, , - . -, hoist operator - . - 40 knots, hoist - . - , - , deck / .
- -
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384 2002
14: Billy Pugh
-
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bingo - , - / . HNLMS Amsterdam - Super Puma, - -. 2519 - , - (15). , -, - . - - - ( 40 knots, , 1,5 ), - 1 20 . - .
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, 4 . - - -. , / HNLMS Amsterdam -, .. . - - -. 5 , 31 hoist, 19 , - 16 () 1 . hoist - . 58 HNLMSAmsterdam -, -.
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64 95 2012
15:
-
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384 2002
16: S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk
-
95 2012 66
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384 2002
17:
-
- - (Special Projects)Allied Forces Southern Europe 2002 PressReleases (http://www.manp.nato.int/JFCN_Archives/2002releases.htm)http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=351088Washington Report on Middle East Affairs(http://www.wrmea.com/component/con-ten t /a r t i c l e /237 /4051 - i ssues - i n - the -news.html)Hellenic Resources Network(http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2002/02-01-03_1.apeen.html)The Guardian (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jan/03/3)Ship and Harbor Photos (http://www.ship-sandharbours.com/picture/number3620.asp)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extremadura_%28F-75%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Amsterdam_%28A836%29http://www.eunavfor.eu/2010/11/eu-navfor-thanks-hlmns-amsterdam-after-more-than-2-months-of-operationshttp://www.hellenicnavy.gr
http://www.haf.gr 358 . - () . 384
68 95 2012
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70 95 2012
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72 95 2012
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74 95 2012
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76 95 2012
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78 95 2012
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84 95 2012
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, 75,8 . , 40,5% . - , 29,6 . , 15,8% 25,3 . , 13,5%. - 63,1 . , 33,7% - . : 44,8. , 23,9% 8 . -
, 4,3%. , -
- , 1, - - - . - - (87-88%) , - // (37/27/23 21/54/14 ). -, -, . / -, - , - 2010
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. . , - - 8, - , - - . , - , - -9, -, .
, . . , 20 - , - .10, - A. Mahan,N. Spykman . Mackinder. - ( . ) - - (, , ),
86 95 2012
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-
87
- . Mackinder - , Heartland, Spykman - - , Rimland (. 1) - Mackinder 11.
(containment) - - - Truman . 14-3-1947, Monroe, - -. - , -- . - - Truman12 , , - . . - : - -,
.,
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, Brzezinski (. - 2) . , - - , - 14.
, -, . ,
-
-
, - , - ( -), - - 15.
1990 , - -, -
, - .
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88 95 2012
2
-
89
. , - - 17.
- - - 18.
. , - - -, .
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. ,: ) - ( ), - - , ( . Nabucco, ITGI,TAP) - , ) - . , - - ) .
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, , , -_ 22.
, - , CIA (Ajax) - Mosaddegh 1953 23, -
90 95 2012
-
91
- 1980-1988, - - - .
, - 1988 , 1990., - , - 199624, G. Bush - , , 25 - - , . , - Assad , - , - , .
.
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, , - ,
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-
95 2012 92
, SaddamHussein . , -, -, .
- ( 1991, 2003), G. Bush, -, - ] 27. Hussein, 28. , Hus-sein 29.
Hussein . : - ] 1973 - . - 30. , - . , - - -
11 - , 31.
11 , -. - Hussein Al Qaeda -. , - ]32 - . 33 - - Paul Wolfowitz34, .. , . - - - , - , - . -, - ,
-
93
35, . Bush - , domino-effect, - . , - . Bush - , - . , , - . -- -- - -. , - Hosni Mubarak : Osama Bin Laden, 36.
- . 19 20 , -37 -
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. - - , - .
. , .
. . , . , , ] - .
. , .
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, Cheney , - ] 1998, : , , .38
- , 2001 , - , - 39,
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-
94 95 2012
3
-
95
Baku-T--Ceyhan (BTC), 2006 upsilondiaeresis , - (. 4). 1 . /. , BTC - , :
. H BTC ] 41. - ]- 7 . , 0,5% . -
- - - (, -, , ) 42l. , 39,8 . , 2,9%.
. - 38% 43 - . , -
-
4
-
CPC44 (Caspian Pipeline Consorti-um), - 2006, 2008 - - BTC., , 2005 45 .
. - -- - (. 4). 2008, - ,
( ) - . , , 46. ---]. ], 1994 - - , - , - ]47. - BTC
96 95 2012
5
-
97
. , - - -, , - ]--48. , BTC - , - -49, - Saddam .
BTC --, ( ) . , - - 1,2 . /50, - - , - BTC, . -, - - - BTC, - , -- 15 2007.
-
BTC, - 2006 &2009, . (. 5). - Nabucco, I.T.G.I(Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy) T.A.P (Trans Adriatic Pipeline) - - - . , 51 , - :
. : - (29,6 , .16%), - ] 1,3 , .0,7%. , - (8 ), (1,8 )& (1,6 ) 15 - 52, - , - .
. - BTC.
Nabucco - - 31 . / ,
-
-
- . , I.T.G.I & T.A.P, - 11 / , - , - . , - - , - - .
- - - ( & ) , , , , - - . , -, - - , - .
.
Brzezinski , -, - , 53. - - , - .
33% ( 17 -) , , , . - 70-80% - . , ] 68% . 1/3 , 1939, - .
, , - -- , :
. - . , 2006 55% , 27% . , - 1998,
98 95 2012
-
99
90% 36% .. 2007, - -54
. ] . , 2010 ] 186,45 .., .. 13,40 ...55
. . - , - . , , .
. , - - . , 2010, 41,74% 28,69% . , ., , , -, , , , - , 50,92% 37,74% . -,
, ] , 2030 - - ., 33% 22% 200056.
- 2011 - Nord Stream, 25% 80% ( 20% Yamal-Europe - - 32,9 /57). , 80% - 65% , 80% , 90% - 100% - 58. -, , 59 :
. , 2006 2008 .
. - ]-, , Yushchenko -- 2008.
-
-
. - ].
. -.
. - , .
. - - , - Gazprom, - 2009 .-.
. -
Nord & South Stream
- - - , - . - -
100 95 2012
6
-
101
. , (Nord Stream) (South Stream). - - -, -. , (. 6), - 65%,60 :
. , - , , .
. -, - , - .
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55/.61
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. , South Stream 63:
. : - 31/, - , 64. -, , - 62 /, - .
. / - : , - 28-12-201165 - --
-
-
- -- , 16 - 201066.
, 16 2011 EDF ]- Gazprom-ENI 67, . - . , - , - , , BTC. ,
- , . - - - , , - : . , -- , - (--) - - . -,
102 95 2012
7
-
103
, , - . -, .
- -
-, ] / - -, - - -., , - (- : 28 /10 1920), - - -68. , -, - , - .
-, , . -, ( ), - , , , , - , - , . 80% ( -) ] , , - - 69.
, - -, , - -. -- - , A. Davutolu, - ,
-
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- , - - -, 70.
, Davutolu, -, , , -, - , , , , 71. , - -, - , - - - 72:
. / ( , , ).
. ( / - , - ).
, . , - - -, -. , - - , Assad, ( ), - , . , -- , - - PKK PJAK 201173, , , 74. , - ]- - 2009, 75, - - ,
104 95 2012
-
105
76.
-
, - - , Barack Obama , 6 7 2009 - , . , - , . Obama - - G. Bush - ..-, 77:
. - -, , .
. , .
. ,
, - .
. - , ..
, - - Obama G. Bush , - - . , :
. , () - - , . Obama: (Obama 2009).78 - ..
. , -
-
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, - . , Obama - , ( ) G. Bush , - -. , - -, - --, - .
. (), - , , . , - . - - - , -
.
, - - - , - - - - ., - . , - -, - - - - 79 - - , - (, ,, ).
-- - - . , - . ,
106 95 2012
-
107
- -, -, .
-
- - . , , - , 80:
. - - 2003 , - (-) .
. - - (. - ), , .
. , -
, - Blue Stream - (. 6), - SouthStream -] , ,-, - -.
, - , , - -. , - : ( ) -, - -. , - - - , . Davutolu - 81 .
- - --
-
-
-- . - , - - 10 2009. . , - ]-, - -] , -. , -, - - - , -.82
. - South Stream , , - - , . SouthStream, Nabucco . , -
Blue Stream ( ) South Stream . 28 2011 , , - Samsun- Ceyhan83.
, Samsun- Ceyhan, 84:
. , - , status , ;
. , ;
. - - , , , - ; - ;
108 95 2012
-
109
., - , - - .
-
- , - - - -, . , - - :
. ( - ): - . , ] ,
- , - - ] . , - ] . - -, , ] -, - - .
. -.: - - - - , - - (. , ), , , - - , - . - - (), , , ,
-
-
- - . .
. : . - - -- South Stream ., , - . -- , , Traicho Traikov - 7 2011 85., -- - ( ), . South Stream, Gazprom ,
, Putin 86., E - - - - : . - .. I.G.B (Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria), - ... ...(] ) ] - 2009.87 - -, - , ( ) - .
110 95 2012
-
111
, - ., , - , , , , - . -. , -, -, , . ( , , - ), -.
- , - - . , - - . -, - , - -
- - . , , , - - , , - - , - -.
1 BP Statistical Review of WorldEnergy, June 2011, . 5.2 - , -, - ( 2010), BPStatistical Review of World Energy,June 2011, .3 :, , , , ., , , - , , , - .
-
-
. , , . ],, , , 2010, . 129-132, PaulRoberts ,, , 2006, .144. 4 ] . , , . ], .., .164-167, 179-180 Paul Roberts,.. . 145.5 211 . , 2/3 , , -, . , , -, . -, , . ]-, .., . 330-331 PaulRoberts ,, , 2006, .74, 85, 237..6 . BP Statistical Review of WorldEnergy, June 2011, . 47 . , - , , 2011, . 164, 1788 . BP Statistical Review of WorldEnergy, June 2011, Reverse/Production (R/P) ratio . 6.9 Paul Roberts, .. . 165-167.10 . -
- . - Standard Oil(Esso) & Royal Dutch Shell, , . /.. , - , , . 84,/, (. 70-119), 2008,. 78 , , . ],.. . 72-74.11 - Mahan, Spykman Mackinder, . / .. , . . 76-79.12 / .. ,.. . 80, 81.13 Z. Brzezinski, The GrandChessboard, Perseus Book Group:New York, 1997, . 194-195, Lutz Kleveman, , . , 2005, . 406.14
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php ? context=va&aid=642315 , -: , -, .., . 15-16, (.183-203), 2008- 2009,. 194-196.16 , , .., . 39.17 Daniel Drezner, The SanctionsParadox: Economic Statecraft andInternational Relations, Cambridge:Cambridge Univerity Press:1999 p.135, . , , .., . 38.18 . . , .. . 42-44.19 . . , . . 160-162.
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20 Gazprom, . , , . ], -, , , 2010,. 317-319.21 - . . -, , . ]-, .., . 64-65, 72-74.22 . -, , . ]-, .., . 288-290.23 Stephen Kinzer, All the ShahsMen.An American Coup and theRoots of middle East Terror, JohnWiley and Sons, 2003, p.x, :http://www.en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Iran,6 Dec 2011, Lutz Kleveman, , ., . 193 , , . ], .. .111-113.24 - D Amato, ,. , , . ], .., .190.25 , -, , - : - - -, -, .., . 15-16, (.108-132), 2008- 2009,. 108-132 Lutz Kleveman, , . , 2005, . 24, 209, 407 .26 -
. Lutz Kleveman, .. . 196 -200,219-228.27 , , . ], .., .264 Paul Roberts , .. . 156, 157.28 - , - - - - . , . Paul Roberts, ... 151-152 -, , . ]-, .., . 186-188.29 Hussein - April Glaspie, - 1990 - , : . , . , -, . Robert Fisk, SaddamHussein: The Last Great Tyrant, TheIndependent, December 30, 2000.: www.globalpolicy.org/compo-nent/content/article/168/34647.html30 Paul Roberts, .. . 145, 153.31 . Lutz Kleveman, .. ,. 19-20 Paul Roberts, .. .337-340, 413.32 . , -
-
-
, -, .., . 15-16, (. 133-157), 2008- 2009, . 134-139.33 . -, G.W. Bush : - , , ..,. 15-16, 2008-2009, . 69-95 Lutz Kleveman,.. . 401-414. . PaulRoberts, .., . 156-161.34 , ..,. 79. 35 Lutz Kleveman, .. . 408-409.36 Lutz Kleveman, .. . 405.37 Lutz Kleveman, .. ,. 13-15.38 Guardian, 23 October 2001, p. 19 Lutz Kleveman,.. , . 16.39 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 93, 107.40 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 256-262, 351-357.41 Russia Sceptical about BTCPipeline, :http://www.en.rian.ru/business/20050602/40460669.html42 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 236-239.43 . , .. .42-43.44 CPC , Chevron, Mobil,Shell, ENI .,http://www.cpc.ru/EN/about/Pages/shareholders.aspx45 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1298071.stm,14-Dec2011 .46
- . LutzKleveman, .., . 57-87.47 Lutz Kleveman, .., . 54-55.48 . , .. . 237-243.49 6--2008 - 25--2008, :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline #cite_note-rian-25, last modi-fied 28 Nov 2011. 50 -- . . , .. . 263-266.51 Nabucco,..G.I & T.A.P . . ... 228-254 & 287.52 - . . , .. . 189-194. 53 Zbigniew Brzezinski, ThePremature Partnership, ForeignAffairs, Vol.73 (2), 1994 pp. 67-82,p.70, . ,.. . 45.54 - , -- ,. . , .., .159-171.55 BP Statistical Review of WorldEnergy, June 2011, . 2856 -] , -- ,. . , .., .172-183.57 : Gazprom,
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http://www.gazprom.com/produc-tion/projects/pipelines/yamal-evropa/58 - . . , .. . 44-55.59 . , .. . 147.60 . , .. . 224-225.61 : NordStream, 18/12/2011, http://www.nord-stream.com/ pipeline/62 : Gazprom,http://www.gazprom.com/produc-tion/projects/pipelines/south-stream/,18/12/2011.63 . . , .. . 28764 . . , .. . 19765 . http://premier.gov.ru/eng/events/ news/17530/index.html, 28-12-2011.66 - . . -, .. . 273-274.67 : Gazprom,http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2011/october/article120839/, 17-10-2011.68 . . , -: ,(:1-39), 13 2011, . 3, :http://www.skai.gr/news/articles/arti-cle/164954/davoutogliani-proseggisi-kai-geopolitiki-analusi-kritiki-parousi-asi-/69 - - ,. . . , .. . 4-6.70 . . , .. . 6-7.71 . . , .. . 19.72 . . , .. . 7-8.73: http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp? catid=22769&subid=2&pubid=63477402, 21-10-2011.
74 : http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=328727, 27-11-2011.75 : http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el. article &id=63416, 14-7-200976 Lutz Kleveman, , . , 2005, . 159-189.77 -- B. Obama 2009, . , : ; , ..,. 15-16, (: 23-68), 2008- 2009, . 39-60.78 . , .. . 45.79 A.Davutolu, . . . , .. .23-26. 80 . . , - -; , 2011, :http://ceregreece.org/81 . . . , .. .
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144 95 2012
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148 95 2012
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152 95 2012
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.
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* () -
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158 95 2012
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160 95 2012
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162 95 2012
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164 95 2012
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