PAPPY' BOYINGTON ""

V III 1940 (1917-18}: 1 :

H i \ h U i J i / j L

UP /J i l 'M i i m ''/. ...... . .. . ............

6 (1807)

"0 "

14

2 2 SS - "" '

3 2 V II I 1940

4 0 (732 . .)

4 6 GREGORY "PAPPY" BOYINGTON0 ""

51 (4 . - 1309)

5 6 (1917-1918)

62

6 8 / " 1

9 "'" . ( Jean Baptiste Edouard Detaille).

4 5

76 77 78 ;79 80 82 QUIZ

" - -: : - \ - . ~ - . : , .. / , .. / : - .../ , .., ... / .. / V x r . o e c j o : .. / / / / / / / V = = / / / / / . ^- K S U . - 1 / / / / / / A W E S 'S : - : 49, 10683 / " ^ I " - , . 3951, 10210 : 38.21.985 / 38.11.386 FAX: 38.11.386 ( 11 ): 8 800 . / --^., I V ;. : 10.000 . / 10.000 . / 10.500 . (): E T O F A " : , 49, : FILMS: G R A F F T - -. : . &

100

. 100 ( ), 1897, , , . " , () : I , 100 , 1897-1997". - , - 1-31 1997. - , , , .

, , - - ( , .) . , , - , . , , .

- , 13-22 1997, 75 . - . , 19 - , . .

50 MARSHALL

50 Marshall (1947)

( ' ), George C. Marshall. - - ' - , - . (, ) . ( ) " Marshall' - , ' 40. , .

, 5 1997 Arlington ( Marshall) , . " Thomas Pickering

Michael S. Coughlin. , , Gerald Ford, Helmut Kohl.

, 50 Marshall (. AUSA News, Vol. 19, No. 9, Ju ly 1997).

11 1997 Jane Skiles Dea, , , . O' Dea , , NAS Corpus Christi, . 1973, - - . ( / Navy Recruiting District) , , .

Dea, 23 3.000 , C-130, C-1A, -34, EC-130Q .., VR-24, VT-2, VQ-4, USS Lexington (AVT-6).

nSSHJSS, . ...... * ! , .

. . , . , , , .. . . , Phantom, Spitfire, Bismarck, Sukhoi, Patton . .

, . , . . - . . . - , . . ; ; , .

.

, . . , , . - . , '. Tiger Panther. - 1.000 lb 2.000 Ib. , 1944-45, Sherman. 120 mm ' 6 km. 120 mm 8-10 km. - , . , . -13, Katyusha, 42,3 kg, 18,5 kg , 4,6 kg . ' 50-60 m. -67 ( -48), 90 m. , 1937, .

, . .

, . . .

, , . . . .

, . , . 1974 (1964-67), , , , . ...

, , . , , , (), .

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, .

,

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,

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, , Jacqu es- Lo u is David, . " 1807,

.

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L \ # . / \ /

c Y A A U Y ,

(1807)

,

,

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" / /

- , " . . . , , . , , ' - . , ^ status quo . .

1806, - . , , . . 35 .

1807 - , , - . , , , , 63 , , - . 1807

, , , , . , , , , , - .

- 33 , -

11 . Lasalle 30!. , 34 .

8 , . . 10 1806 III Davout , - , , . 1807 , , , V VII - , Lannes ! - 56.000 . - .

Romanov , . 27 1806 , ( ), . , Sebastian!; , () . , , , - . , - .

, . 1806, , Alexander Kamenskoi 70.000 , 15.000 Lestocq. , , ,

1807: , , : .

. , , . , , , : 25 , , ... , - ! .

. . . Savary , : . . , , .

, . , , . . Kutusov , , Kamenskoi ,

(Bennigsen Buxhowden) !

. 61 204 , . . , . ". , , . - ,

. , . . , - . , . . . 26 Lannes - - 37.000 Davout, . , . , , . ,

Levin Bennigsen (1735-1626),

& . 9

,

.

-

1.000 ,

1.000 - - . .

:

,

,

, . , - . Bennigsen, , , . , - ^- ,- , , Bernadotte ' - . , Ney - . , Alexandre Berthier, 13 , 27 . ' , Bennigsen . , - . -

, , 1807. , V II , .

Murat IV Soult, , . 3 , , , . Bennigsen, 1.600 , , .

7 1807 Murat Soult , . Joachim Murat, , 1795, - 40 . , Caroline, , . , , , , , , -

JO . - ,

, . 30 , , , ( Lasalle, , Colbert , Sainte-Croix Montbrun ).

VII Augereau . . -10 -16. , Murat Soult - , 6 . , ,

. 08.00

. Soult , ,

, . , VII Augereau ( 9.000 - ) Soult, -

Bennigsen - , . , , .

,

. - . , , . , . . 45.000 200 , Davout 15.100 23 . Ney, 14.500 - . Bennigsen 67.000 460 , Lestocq

Bennigsen Murat, Davout Augereau, . Davout, - , .

Soult , . , . , Davout . Soult , . -

19 .

:

. Pierre Francois Charles

Augereau, , 51 . , . , ( ). Suvorov 60 ! , - (1796). 8 1807 . , , . VII , , . , , . Augereau , , , Desjardins Heudelet , , , 70 . ' , .

, , - , . , . 14 . - , - , - , . , ,

. .

Augereau 14 . . 24 Marcellin de Marbot. , Lisette, . , , 14 . , , , . Marbot ", - . - 14

Vive Empereur! Marbot . , . Marbot , Lisette. , . " . crua.ocpo- 14 ' " , - . , 105 , .

10.30 . Soult ! , Augereau , .

. . , . Murat, Augereau. 10.700 - Bessieres. 1, 2 3 2 , , , .

11.30 , - . , 80 . Emmanuel Grouchy, Augereau, Bennigsen . d Hautpoul 70 - , , . , Klein Milhaud Nicholas Dahlmann, . , -

12

! , , . 1.500 , 14% . .

Bennigsen . , - . , , . 100 , - , .

Berthier

. , , , ! ! .

Corbineau ,

.

. , 148 , 1807

0,93 m,

.

- , . , , . . : ! .

, . Bennigsen , Davout , Soult, Augereau Murat . , Davout 15.30 , . , - Lestocq 9.000 . - , Lestocq . . , Davout . 7 Ney, Lestocq . - , , 22.00 IV Soult, -

. .

,

. - . . , . , . , . Bennigsen 60.000 , 2 1

:' w 8 " *i V ! Marbot

f P . - - im U " 14

. 36 590 .

. , . 9 , . - - .

, . - , , . ! Ney, . , - . - , : , - . 7.600 , 25.000, 20.000. Larrey, . SoultTOu : , . Soult, , : . ! .

, ~ - . Augereau -

. 1804, , . 14 , . , 1806: .

, , . , .

Bernadotte 3 , . , ( ) . . Davout . - , . , . , VII . Bennigsen 7 , , .

, - . , Murat , , .

, . , . , , - - Bennigsen . : "' , , ". Bennigsen ' ", .

, , . Walewska , - . 0 . 1807, . "j - .

(1) David Chandler: ON THE NAPOLEONIC M R S .Green hill Books, 1994.(2) David Chandler: THE CAMPAIGNS OF NAPOLEON, Macmillan Publishing Company. 1966.(3) David Chandler: DICTIONARY OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS, Greenhill Books. 1993.(4) Owen Conelly: BLUNDERING TO GLORY.Scholarly Resources, 1987.(5) John Elting: SWORDS AROUND A THRONE. The Free Press, 1988.(6) Michel de Grece: : , . 1996.(7) Philip Haythornthwaite: NAPOLEON S MILITARY MACHINE, Sarpedon Publishers. 1995.(8) Philip Haythornthwaite: DIE HARD!. Arms &Armour Press, 1996.(9) A.G. MacDonell: NAPOLEON AND HIS MARSHALS, Prion, 1996.(10) Ira Meistrich: EN AVANTI, Military History Quarterly, Spring 1989.(11) Theodore Rabb: DAVIDS NAPOLEON. Military History Quarterly, Spring 1997.

01 , , . , , , .

, - . 550 .., , , , . . (....): . , .

, - 546 .. . 530 .., , - . , , ,

, , 5 .. ( ).

. -

, , . 522, , , 521, - , , - . - , .

, , . , 6' 6 , . , , , - , ,

, , , . ,

15

I!

1 16

. , , . , - (521 -486), - . .

, . , - . , , , . - - , . , - , , , - .

, - , .

, , - .

, . , - . , .

, , . , , . 10.000, . , , , . , .

, , - , . ,

' . .

. , ( ).

, 7 .. . .

. , - . , , . , , , . , .

480 .., 45 , 29 . , . , , , , - , .

- - , . , , : , . , . , (.. ").

, , , . . , - : ; - _ . .

(530-522)

+ (522 - 486) ()

+

(486 - 465)

(465 - 424)

+

, . . . . , ' .

, . . , . , . - , . , , , . (, ) , . ' - .

17

.

, . . , - - , . , , - - , , -

. . , - .

, , , , . , , , . , 360 . , , 130 . . , , -

,

, .

(. ,

).

, . , ( ).

.

, , . -

' & , .

- 6 .

, , . , 480 .. , 12 - . , . ' . - , , . , , . , .

- . : .

480 .., . , , , ( ), .

. , . , ( ), - . 514 .. , , . , , . , . , . 2 , - -

.

. 514 .. . . , . " , . . , . .

, , . -

, . , . pony express , . , ' , - .

, , . , , . . , .

- , . , . , - , - , . , , . , , ( , ), .

480 .. , , - - , , - . , . 80.000 1.207 3.000 . , - - . - - , . , , - .

, () ( ).

, . - , 100.000 - , 40.000 60.000 . . Bury Meiggs 200.000 800 , . , , , .

, - , . , , : , - . , , . , , . - .

, . - - , .

,

9 .

( ), , , . , , , . . . ,

. , , . . ,

, .

(1) , 1-9. . .

(2) - . . .(3) ACHAEMENID HISTORY, vol. 2: The Greek sources, Leiden.(4) Bury J.B. & Meiggs R.: A HISTORY OF GREECE. Oxford, 1900.(5) Bum A.R.: INTRODUCTION IN HERODOTUS, the Histories, Penguin London, 1972.(6) Burn A.R.: PERSIA AND THE GREEKS. London. 1962.(7) Ceadel M.: THINKING ABOUT PEACE AND WAR. Oxford, 1987.(8) Cobet J.: HERODOTUS AND THUCYDIDES ON WAR IN PAST PERSPECTIVES, London. 1979.(9) Garlan Y.: WAR IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

(translated from French by Janet Lloyd). London.Chatto and Windus, 1975.(10) Gould J.: HERODOTUS. London. 1989.(11) Hart J.: HERODOTUS AND GREEK HISTORY, London, 1982.(12) Hignett C.: XERXES' INVASION OF GREECE, Oxford, 1963.(13)HornblowerS.: THUCYDIDES. London.

1987.(14) How W. W. and Wells J. (H. W.): A COMMENTARY ON HERODOTUS. Oxford. 1912.(15) Immerwahr H.R.: HERODOTUS ", p. 426-441. in Easterling P. and Knox B.M.W. CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE. Cambridge. 1985.(16) Lazenby J.F.: THE DEFENCE OF GREECE 490- 479 BC, Warminster, 1993.(17) Lewis D.M.: Persians in Herodotus " in THE GREEK HISTORIANS. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. Papers presented to A.E. Raubitschek. p. 101-117. Stanford, 1984.(18) MomiglianoA.: Some observations on causes of war in ancient historiography in STUDIES IN HISTORIOGRAPHY, London. 1966.(19) Myres J.: HERODOTUS, FATHER OF HISTORY. Oxford, 1953.(20) Sage M.: WARFARE IN ANCIENT GREECE. New York, 1996.(21) Shimron B.: POLITICS AND BELIEF IN HERODOTUS, Stuttgart (HISTORIA Einzelschritten. Heft 58), 1989.(22) Shipley G.: The limits of war" in WAR AND SOCIETY IN THE GREEK WORLD. London. 1986.(23) Ste Croix G.E.M.: HERODOTUS. G&R 24. p. 130.1977.(24) Wardman A.E.: HERODOTUS ON THE CAUSES OF GRAECO-PERSIAN WARS. AJPh 82. p. 134-150. 1961.(25) . ""9, 1935.

21

S S Der Fhrer" 1944. .

- -

.

-, 1923, Saal- Schutz, ,

, , , . Stoss Truppe, , , Schutz-Staffel derNationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiten Partei: ". . .

, " , 17 1933, . -

24

S S . .

; .

: , , . 1935 . - 25 , , - , . .

: ' 1,60 m, . . . . SS . SS . , -

) , SS - . SS -

. - , - - ", . . 1934 12 , 85 346 , , . - - SS, 1.000.000 .

, , SS ( 30 1934) , (Rohm). , (

, 1 S S Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler .

, .

1929 SS . SS . , , 120

S S ,

1940.

.

SS , , SS , . , SS . , SS - , , -

26

SS1 S S L e ib s ta n d a r te A d o lf H it le r 2 S S D a s R e ic h 3 S S T o te n k o p f4 S S P o lize i I 5 S S W ik in g 6 S S N o r d 7 S S P rin z E u g e n 8 S S F lo r ia n G e y e r 9 S S H o h e n s ta u f fe n "10 S S F r u n d s b e r g 11 S S N o r d la n d 12 S S H it le r -J u g e n d 13 W a ffe n S S H a n d s c h a r 14 W a ffe n S S G a liz ie n 15 W a ffe n S S L e t t la n d 16 S S R e ic h s fu h r e r S S 17 S S G o e tz v o n B e r lic h in g e n 18 S S H o rs t W e s s e l 19 W a ffe n S S L a tv ia "2 0 W a ffe n S S E s t la n d 2 1 W a ffe n S S S k a n d e n b e r g 2 2 S S M a r ia T h e r e s a 2 3 S S N e d e r la n d 2 4 W a ffe n S S K a rs t ja g e r 2 5 W a ffe n S S H u n y a d i2 6 W a ffe n S S G o m b o s 2 7 S S L a n g e m a r k 2 8 S S W a llo n ie 2 9 W a ffe n S S Ita lia "3 0 W a ffe n S S W e is s ru th e n ie n 3 1 S S B h m e n u n d M a h r e n 3 2 S S 3 0 J a n u a r 3 3 W a ffe n S S C h a r le m a g n e 3 4 W a ffe n S S L a n d s to rm N e d e r la n d 3 5 S S P o liz e i I I 3 6 W a ffe n S S D ir le w a n g e r 3 7 S S L u tz o w 3 8 S S N ib e lu n g e n

, " 1750!!

SS . : , . . .

SS

3 , . 9 , - , , , , - . 14 1934 - (SS Verfugungstruppen) - .

, (15 . ), , - .

~ - -

WAFFEN SS

, , , . SS . . , , , . - , ", , , . - , , , - . ( ) , . . - , , - .

SS , . , 410.000, : 4.000, 2.000, 100, (- ) 8.000, 15.000, 3.000, 2.000, 10.000, 6.000, 600, 1.000, 15.000, 5.000, 500, 10.000, 15.000, 2.000, 30.000, 10.000, 25.000, - 5 .000, 8 .000, 40.000, 40.000, 2.000, 30.000, 5.000, 18.000, 4.000, 6.000, 300, 10.000, 15.000, 5 .000, 4.000, - 10.000, 300 .000 (, - - , , , ( ), , , -, ..).

Das Re ich .

, , . . . S.A. . S.A. - . , SS , , .

, , SS.

1934 SS , ( S.A.) . , , , 500.000 .

. - , ,

. SS - . 1 1934 ( ) 1 1935 . , . 10 . 240 , . , -- ,

X A I N P I X

( ), 7 1900. , . , , 1922. , , . , , .

" SS 168, . 1924 . 1928 ( - ) , 200 . 1929 , . 6 SS. - (30 - 1933), . - . SS, , , S .A . ( ). - , ,

. . SS S .A . 1931 - , -

, .

, , - 1933. 30 1934,

SS . - SS ( ), , , 38 W a ffen SS. To 1943 1944, (20 ), .

, - , , , . , . , . , , , , , . - , . . . : -

, , - , , , -, -, , , , , .

, , . , , , - - , , ,

, - .. 20% SS . , , , , .

SS 27 , . , .

: , , , .

- SS, . , , , , , , , . SS , , .

1936 , , SS , .

'

; . ''.

. , , . , 24 .000 . , . 1940 , , ( - ), . , . , .

, - ' (919-936 . .), . , ,

, . , , - , , , . SS, - , , . , SS, , .

, , , : SS " , , , SS .

, , , .

SS.

. . 23 1945 , - . , : " - , SS . 23 , , " - . . SS . , ' . , - - . , , .

29

. .

- , SS SS (Totenkopfwachsturmbanne SS).

, , . SS. 12 , SS 4 .

. , 1939, - - ", SS .

. , , , . : , . 20.000 1.000 25

. 1939 - 16 ( 320.000 ) 50 ( 75.000 ), 1943 20 500.000 ^ 65 97.000. , . , I ( ), II" ( III ( ). ' , , - 20 .

: 4 5.000.000

Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler .

2, 3 9 . : " , , , " , " " . SS . SS, , . SS 37 : 3 , 11 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 4 , 5 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 . 14 , , , .

SS , , 6 5 , Luftwaffe (18.917 2.500 , 6.000 ). 6 1 . SS - , 1945.

SS ,

- . 1 , , 2 , 3 4 ,

.

, 2.500.000 1939 , 520.000 , 473.000 100.000 .

22 1941, , . - .

SS -

1 1936. . 1940 100.000 , 150.000, 1941 220.000, 1942330.000, 1943 540.000 1944 910.000, 38 , . , 1,

S tu G III SS.

, . , . , , - . SS , . , . - , " . , .

, : 1, 2, 5, 7, 15, 20, 22, 23, 25 27. 1, 2 3, 1, 2, 3 4 1 4. 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 17, 34 37. 1, 2, 9 12. 2, 9

29. 2, 4, 7, 11, 13 21.

SS , , 180.000 , 400.000 40.000 .

, SS , .

25 1947 9 1948, 24 . SS. : , , , . 90.000 , . ( 1 ). . - 20 , 15. ,

. 20 , 10.

(1) C. Bloch: LA NUIT DES LONGS COUTEAUX. Julliard, Paris, 1967.(2) G. Blond: VAGONIE DE L ALLEMAGNE Fayard, Paris, 1952.(3) E. Calic: HIMMLER ET SON EMPIRE. Stock. Paris, 1966.(4) J. Delarue: HISTOIRE DE LA GESTAPO.Fayard, Paris, 1962.(5) L. van Greelen: LES WAFFEN S S AU COMBAT. France-Empire, Paris, 1965.(6) E. Kogon: L ETAT SS, Seuil. Paris. 1970.(7) H. Landemer: LES WAFFEN SS. Livre de Poche, ed. Bailand, Paris. 1972.(8) R. Lazzero: Ol TON -. , . . 95. 1976.(9) J. Mabire: LES PANZERS DE LA GARDE NOIRE, Presses Pocket, Presses de la Cite. Paris.1978.(10) G. Mayda: - , . , . 88, 1975.(11) H. OdegardandJ. Deeter: FOREIGN VOLUNTEERS OF HITLER'S GERMANY. Odegard. London, 1968.(12) W. Shirer: LE TROISIEME REICH. Stock. Paris. 1959.(13) D. Virgili: , . , . 121, 1978.

L3-33 . . , Bren Carrier.

13/40 . 1940 . 1941 . 14 , 30 mm 47 mm 8 mm.

' ", FOCH. NO 1940, . 1940 , .

VIII 1940

1919 1927 . (1927) . 1920 1930 , Pavesi Ansaldo, .

1931 Garden-Loyd M ark VI. 6 L3/33

L3/35. 1936-37

(Reggimento Fanteria Carrista), . , . , L3/35, .

L3-33.

8 mm. CV33 Serie II.

1933.

, 1941.

, , . , 1940. , , .

- 14 , .

( 1938) 24 Rheinmetall 37 mm. . _ , 36 , .

1939 1.786 14 mm, - . -

, 24 , 500 .

32 Hotchkiss 13,2 mm, . 50.000 75 mm 25.000 ( 120 mm) , - - .

-

- 100 km .

, . - , , - , . - ( ), (, - ). , , .

, :

- - - -.

- - - - .

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. - - - - ().

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: - - - - - .

, , , . VIII , (6-9-39), ( ). - - :

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, .

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, .

- -/

VIII

1939 , () . , , () . , , () . , 3 , (M X) . , . - , . , , - , .

1.420.000 . 1939-40, - 1,3% - . ( ) - , , - .

, , ( ) .

4,5 . .

- : - - 100 m , . . 200 m. 200 m. - - , 60 m. .

- : ( 550 m) , , 1100 m. 4 m 4 m.

. - . 2 km, 4 m 3,5 m, . 12 .

) , 10 . - , VIII ( 37 mm) ( 13.2 mm) .

. L3-35 CV35. L3-33 .

( ). - - - . . - . 1.200 , , .

. , : - - . - - - - . - .

-

XXV , 23 , 51 " " , 131 . , 31 (150 ) 5 - ( ). (60 ) XXVI , (50 ), " ( 40 ).

, , . Carro Veloce L3/35 3,5 t, 3,40 m, 1,30 m, 1,40 m Fiat 42 bhp. 45 km/h 10 km/h. 15 mm 10 mm . 2 m, .

, 4 ( ): , , ( ). 9 , , , - , 4 29 .

, , - , .

, VIII , ,

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28/10/40

. , , . , , , .

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. , - , , ( ): , , . .

, . 1/3 . .

, ' , - , , , , , - , . .

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05.30 28

VIII , , - .

, , . . ( - . ), . - ( ), - , . , - .

,

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, . ( - ) , .

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, 3 , , .

37 , - , . : ( ) . - ( ) .

3 16.00,50-60 80 , , ( ) - . - . , , VIII () , 75 ( () .

) 105 ( () . - ) () , - .

, 500-600 m , . (15-20 ) , (30-40 300 m. , , 300 m , . , ( ) . -

, - . . - , , .

9 , , 50 - , , , 20 12 . .

, . , . VIII - . 3/4 - .

, 4 , , . 4/5 . ,

38 -

. 5

. 14.30, , . - . , - . - , 15 - .

7 . VIII , 14 mm ,

12, 4, . , .

8 - .

, 150 90 . " " , 50 . , Klotzen nicht Kleckern ( , ).

, Liddel Hart - , . - VIII , . , . , - .

1939. . , , - . , . ,

. - , . . , .

. , , .

, , . -

: ~

. . .

. , , , , . 3 , , .

, 8 , 1940 - .

, , . , - ( ) , , .

L3-33. L3 1.300.

, - .

. , . - , - , ( - ), . ,

.

- , , - . - - . .

(1) , 1923-1940. /, 1969.(2) 28 -17 1940, /, 1960.(3) - - , 1940-41, /. 1982.(4) . : , /. 1982.(5) Ad. : 01 1940-41. I , 1958.(6) . 9: AI I 1940^1. 1946.(7) 01 , /7 , 1993.(8) Encyclopedia of Tanks.

.______________

'

,

(714-741)

(

),

,

(741-768),

,

(768-814).

,

732

,

717-718

740

.

' 8 .. , (: Carolus Martellus, : Charles Martel) - (major domi) ,

, 714/717 741 .. - (. , ) , (687/688-714), , (741-768 / 751/752). , , , - , .

, , (H. Davis) - , , . .

.. , M . Phil, .

732 ..(

, 19 .).

- -

0 , , , 639 .., ,

(732 ..)

' (715-731).

, . 688, -(=) , ( martellus, . m a r te a u , 732.

, 9 . " (

) 687 688 ( ) ( ^ "' . , 714. . , , , , , . . , , , , .

( ) , , , , .

, , . , , . , . - , , ( ) , (-) , - . - , (714-719) .

, , , 715, . - , - . , , ' " . , , (716) (717), (719), , Charles Oman , , . .

. 717 - - - (717-719), , ,

(719-720). (720-737), .

719-724 , , , . , , , . 724 -

( ").

, , - 714-71-9. , , (- Yto-) .

() , 718-737.

( , al- Andalus), 718, 720-721 ( ) , , -. 725 , 732, , - -. , -

- , , . .

, , (731) ( ), , - - , . , - , , .

732, - ( in suburbio Pictavensi ), (Poitiers) (Tours), . -

()

Henstal=A*

moussais de la bataille ( ), . , , .

, , . , . Edward Gibbon . - - () , - (. ), , - (!), - . , ( 114 ) . , J. Saunders, , - Balat al-Shubada ,

- , , (731.741)

- 9 . Davis . - ( ) , . , , .

.

,(731-741).

732

. John Bagnell Bury History of the Later Roman Empire , - . Henry Pirenne, Mahomet et

Charlemagne , 717-718 , . - - . - . ( , - , . , , . ),

, 673/674 - 677/678 ' 717-718 - ' , - (. Afyun Kara Hisar ) 740 .. T , (718) (732), ".

, , . . , - - - , . . , ' 759 , . 735 . . - - - , (Arles) , (736-737). 737 - , B e . -e1.

, , 730 732. (Weser). .

43

733-736, 734 Boorne , - , . , 735, , (735-740) , , - . - (721-737), , 742 , . 737 742, , . (domus regiae major ) (. 538-. 594), Historia Francorum".

, . , , - , , . ,

, , . , , , 741.

- - (715-731)- Willibrord , , , Winfrith - , , 723/724-754.0 , ( , , Eleanor Duckett Anglo-Saxon saints and scholars The wandering saints of the early Middle Ages").

, 724 - - . 724 727 - - , (Huckbert), " ,

r ' , 727-728 - ( ).

, (Lantfred), .

" ( Liber Pontificalis ), 739 (731-741), subregulo Carolo ( ), - . - , , . - ( : 717-741). , , ,

. , I , , - , - - .

741 ( - ) , Charles Oman, , -- (Quierzy - sur- Oise), . -

, , , ' (752-757) (Ponthion) ( 6 754), (patricius Romanorum), .

741 ( , ), , " , -

-

, - . 747, Monte Cassino , ' . , , , , , . - , , (768-800) - (800-814).

(1) G. Adams: CIVILIZATION DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, , 1910.(2) E. Almedingen: CHARLEMAGNE: A STUDY, , 1968.(3) S. Bachrach: CHARLES MARTEL,MOUNTED SHOCK COMBAT, THE STIRRUP AND FEUDALISM, Studies in Medieval Renaissance History 2,1970.(4) J. Bryce: THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, t , , 1928.(5) J. Bury: HISTORY OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE... A.D. 395-800,2 , 1889, . 1966.(6) CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ISLAM, 2 , 1970, . 1980 ( ).(7) C. Davis: MEDIEVAL EUROPE, , 1963.(8) Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 1982-1989 ( Carolingians, Mayor of the Palace, "Merovingians" P. Geary,Charles Martel J. Strayer, "Poitiers battle

of Th. Noble).9) E. Duckett: ANGLO-SAXON SAINTS AND SCHOLARS, , 1967.

, .

(10) : THE WANDERING SAINTS OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, , 1964.(11) H. Ebling: PROSOPOGRAPHIE DER AMTSTRAEGER DES MEROWINGERREICHS VON CLOTHAR II. (613)

BIS KARL MARTELL (741), Beiheft der Francia 2, 1974.(12) Encyclopaedia Britannica, ' , , 1980 ( Charles Martel , Pepin the Short" E. Duckett).(13) , , 1996-( ... - . ).(14) C. Fenolio: : 732, () 53, 1972.(15) . Fisher: A HISTORY OF EUROPE, A

() 732 .X.

, 1972.(16) . Gibbon: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, , . 1923.(17) L. Halphen: CHARLEMAGNE ET L EMPIRE CAROLIGNIEN, , 1947.(18) E. Hlawitschka: KARL MARTELL. DAS ROEMISCHE KONSULAT UND DER ROEMISCHE SENAT, Festschrift E. Ennen. 1972.(19) J. Jarnut: UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR HERKUNFT SWANAHILDS, DER GAWN KARL MARTELLS, Zeitschrift fuer bayerische Landesgeschichte 40, . 1977.(20) N. : , 5-11 AI.. .1996.(21) LEXIKON DES MITTELALTERS. - , 1977-1997 ( Karl Martelf. Poitiers Schlacht von Okt. 732 " U. Nonn. Karolinger Th. Zotz, Hausmeier" J. Fleckenstein, Merowinger" H. Anton).(22) F. Lot: ETUDES SUR LA BATAILLE DE POITIERS, Revue beige de Philologie et cf - stoire 26, , 1948.(23) T. Lounghis (T. ): LES AMBASSADES BYZANTINES EN OCCIDENT...407-1096. . 1980.(24) T. : ... 395-1071, . 1989.(25) ~". 1978-1988 ( " . . ", . . , . ).(26) H. Mikoletzky: KARL MARTELL UND GRIFO. Festschrift E. Stengel, 1952.(27) U. Nonn: DAS BILD KARL MARTELLS IN DEN LATEINISCHEN QUELLEN VORNEHMUCH DES 8. UND 9. JAHRHUNDERTS, Fraehmittelalterche Studien, 4, , 1972.(28) Tou : VON MAJOR DOMUS ZUM REX. DIE AUFFASSUNG VON KARL MARTELLS STELLUNG IM SPIEGEL DER TITULATUR Rheinische Viertelsjahrsblaetter 37. 1973.(29) : DIE SCHLACHT BEI POITIERS Beitraege zur Geschichte des Regnum Francorum, . R. Schieffer. 1990.(30) C. Oman: THE DARK AGES. EUROPEAN HISTORY, 476-918, . 1908.(31) Tou : A HISTORY OF THE ART OF WAR IN THE MIDDLE AGES, A: A.D. 378-1278. , . 1924.(32) . Pirenne: MAHOMET ET CHARLEMAGNE . , 1970.(33) M. Rouche: V AQUITAINE DES WISIGOTHS AUXARABES, 418-781, . 1979.(34) J. Roy-J. Deviosse: LA BATAILLE DE POITIERS, 1966.(35) J. Sauders: A HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL ISLAM. , 1978.(36) J. Semmler: DIE PIPPINIDISCHE KAROLINGISCHEN SUKZESSIONSKRISE. 714-723. Deutsches Archiv fuer Erforschung des Mittelalters 33, , 1977.(37) Z. : , ' , . 1996.

.

G R( (

BOYINGTON0 BOYINGTON . , , 0 (VMF-214, ), 28 ( ). VMF-214 203 . ", , 2 20 . , " 12/9/43 3/1/44 .

" / /

0 GregoryBoyington.

0 Gregory Boyington 4 1912 Coeur d Alene Idaho. , . Washington, 1934, Boeing, Seattle, . 1936 (USMC Reserve) (NAS) Pensacola, . - Boyington . 1937 Boeing . 1940 .

KINA 1941

, Gregory Boyington. Boyington Pensacola. 1941 - Claire Lee Chenault CAMCO, - - . Chenault, , , , Boyington . Chenault ( " - AVG) Tomahawk .

Boyington ( AVG ), . 1942 AVG , -

Boyington ... .

1943. Pappy Boyington ", " Rabaul.

() Claire Lee Chenault. Boyington . ( , 3,5) ( ) .

1942 : F4U Corsair. Vought 2.000 , ( ) ! - , . Boyington. -40 , Corsair !

Curtiss -40 Tomahawk . Boyington 1 AVG ( "). - 8182" 21 .

()

VMF-214.

, .

Corsair, Gregory Boyington 122 (VMF-122), . , - . ( ). VMF- 122 , Boyington .

VMF-214 -

1943 William Bull Halsey , (Solomon). , - .

. Mitchell, , (VMF-214), Solomon ( Russell). VMF-214 , Gregory Boyington, , !

. Boyington 27 , 21 200 . , Corsair ! -

, Boyingtons Bastards ( ). Walton Black Sheeps ( ), .

VMF-214 BOUGAINVILLE -

1943 VMF-214 (28 , Walton ) 880 . , Guadalcanal. 14 (MAG-14) Brice. VMF-212, VMF-215 VMF ()-531 27 Corsair , ,

!

Vought F4-1A Corsair Lulubelle , Gregory Pappy Boyington, VMF-214. Vella Lavella, 1943.

(... ). ( ) , Boyington !

Espiritu Santo , Corsair - - . : , . . , Frank Walton, Boyington! VMF-214 ( Pappy , )

( 12 ), VMF-214 Bougainville, Munda . (-24 Liberator/B- 25 Mitchell SBD Dauntless) . fighter sweep ( ), Boyington, , Boyington , - .

VMF-214. . , .

VMF-214. , , .

, Frank Walton, Chicago Daily News", George Weller, . George Weller .

Boyington ---

. Pappy -

sg, - ,

!

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Espiritu Santo 1943. , () ( F4U-1A, - ) . ( 50 - , Boyington - ), Pappy . , , 16 , . , Boyington . , : ... . , . . , . , , Boyington , - Corsair Zero.

, & ! ( Corsair , ).

hit and run ( ) . F4U fighter sweep .

RABAUL,

1943 VMF-214 , Bougainville . , , Rabaul . Rabaul . Pearl Harbor . . Munda Vella Lavella ( ) -

Nicolas Trudgian, Gunfight Over Rabaul . 0 Rabaul 1943, -24 Rabaul, Corsair VMF-214 Zero.

, . , . Boyington fighter sweep" .

FIGHTER SWEEP PAPPY

fighter sweep"

. - ( 80 ), . . - " . ( Luftwaffe , RAF Boyington . . - ,. Boyington ! Zero . ', VMF-214 , ! " Boyington . yp r. , .

, , Boyington . , VMF-214 . Boyington (best-seller) ,

49

, . , , Boyington - , . ( ) Boyington " - - , . Boyington , .

3 1944

Boyington fighter sweep Rabaul. , . . 2 George Ashman. Rabaul Zero - , . Pappy Zero . Ashman - Zero, - , Boyington. . - Zero. VMF-214, . . - 65 Zero 253 !

Corsair Ashman . Boyington, , Corsair , . Ashman .

27 Corsair Munda. ( ) .

, Corsair . , . To Zero Corsair Boyington Masajiro Kawato (18 - ). Boyington : 650 . , . ( , ). Zero Boyington , VMF-214 . , MAG-14 , . 5 - 1944 Boyington (- ).

Boyington - , Omori , 1945.

. , , . VMF-214 , - (Navy Cross)

, (Congressional Medal of Honor). - Boyington , . 1947 Gregory Boyington . 50 Baa Baa Black Sheep", , .

NBC, David Conrad Pappy Boyington, (1976-1978), 80 90 ( 35 ). Boyington VMF-214. .

1988 Gregory Boyington .

(1) AMERICAN VOLUNTEER GROUP, Operational Archives.(2) Boyington G.: BAA BAA BLACK SHEEP, G.P. Putnam & Sons, New York, 1958.(3) Brooks J.: THE COMPLETE DIRECTORY TO PRIMETIME NETWORK TV SHOWS, 1946 - PRESENT, Ballantine Books, New York, 1992.(4) Jablonski E.: AIRWAR, Doubleday & Company, Stow, 1971.(5) Skulski P.: ASY PRZESTWORZY 1939-1945,Ace Publications, Wroclaw, 1995.(6) Styling M.: CORSAIR ACES OF WORLD WAR 2, Osprey Publishing, London, 1995.(7) United States Marine Corps: AWARD RECIPIENT ARCHIVES.

,

, , . , . , . .

(4 - 1309)

(610- 641) " (7 ). .

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51

52

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,

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, Giuseppe Rosaccio (Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoii, Venezia 1630) (. , , ).

13 14 - . 1300 (), , , 1302/3, 1303/4 1307.

1306, , - - . 1307 - , . 1310, , .

1311/12 . - , , - , Fulques de Villaret. To 1312 , . 1321/22 , , . 1318/19 . 1310 1523 . .

(642-668) 14 ( ). .

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, .

13 . , 1250 , , (. 1275 - . 1278), Giovanni dello Cavo (. 1278 - . 1282) Andrea Moresco (1282/3-1305/6), - , (1259- 1282) (1282-1328). 1278 ,

. , . , .

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, 11 . , . , . , , -. , - (4 - 7 ). 10 , , . , , . 11 12 , . 13 , 1204 ( ), , ' , . . , - , , . . , , . () , , ( ). , (1250), .

(1204-1240) (1240-1250)

- , . , , .

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. (1185- 1204), . (1204) , ( ), / . ( , ' ) . (1204/5-22), , (, , ). .

, (1222-54), . 1225 - 1226 . , , , , , . , , , - - . - , , , .

-

. , - - , , .

. , . Giorgio Marsiglio 1234, . , , 1235, Ivan Asen .

, , , - . , . , 1240. , (1240-1250), . , Henri I Lusignan (1218-53) 1240. . - .

(1248-1250)

1248 , , , , , . , , . , , ,

. 1248, , , . : - ... . - , , , . (.. ) - . - , - . , , !

Guillaume de Villehardouin, . , 100 . , , . - , 300 . , . , . - , 1250 - , . , . , , .. . , - .

1250, . -- . , . - 1261 ( ) -

717-718 .. .

(1259/61-1282). ( ). .

. , . 1278-1282 Giovanni dello Cavo, '. 1282/3-1305/6 Andrea Moresco, , . , (1306-1309/10). 213 , 1522.

(1) : , . August Heisenberg, 1903. . P. Wirth, , 1978.(2) . . A. Heisenberg, Byzantinische Zeitschift. 1905.(3) : . ( ), . A. Heisenberg. Nicephori Blemmydae Curriculum vitae et carmina. . 1896.(4) : , . ',. , 1855.(5) , . J. Bider - L. Parmentier, Amsterdam, 1984 (.).(6) : . : -1261 .. (1313 ..), P.G 143. 11- 380. . , Ephraem Monachi Imperatorum et Patriarcharum Recensus, 1840 ( . . . , , 2 ., 1984-5: , .(7) : , . , -, 1841, 1844, 1897.(8) : , . C. de Boor, . '-, Mildesheim, 1963 (.).(9) : , .7, . , 1836.(10) : , . A. Pertusi, . 1952.(11) : (De administrando imperio), . G. Moravcsik - . R. Jenkinks, Washington, 1967(' .).(12) : , . , 1831.(13) , : , . C-de Bood. 1880. . . . , 1994.(14) : , '-'. , , 1835.(15) : . . , 1835, J -. van Dieter. -. , 1975 (Corpus Fontium Historiae, Byzantinae).(16) X.l. (+1989): . (1948), 1972 1994 (.).(17) ...: , . , 1994 1995(' .).(18) ...: 1248-1250 .X., : 21-23 1989. . 32 (1990) , , 1990.(19) ...: 13 .. 12, , 1983.(20) Savvides A.G.C.: RHODES FROM THE END OF THE GABALAS RULE TO THE CONQUEST BY THE HOSPITALLERS A.D.C. 1250-1309. 2, , 1988.(21) Z.: . 20. 1991, (. 1994).

55

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, - , -

(1) Bryan Perret: LIGHTNING WAR. Panther- Granada Publishing, , 1983.(2) Martin Gilbert: A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, Henry Holt and Co. . 1994.(3)A.J. Taylor: AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, Penguin Books. 1991.(4) Bevin Alexnader: HOW GREAT GENERALS WIN. IV. IV. Norton and Co, , 1993.(5) John Connell: WAVEL, SCHOLAR AND SOLDIER. Collins of London, 1964.(6) T.E. Lawrence: THE SEVEN PILLARS OF WISDOM, Penguin Books. 1964.(7) Werner Keller: THE BIBLE AS HISTORY. Hodder and Stoughton of London. 1974.(8) B.H. Liddell Hart: . , 1963.

JJ

50 5 1947, 0 (1880-1959) . , .

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, . (, , .) UNRRA - United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. , 1948 - 1951, , . , - - (2) . 1946-49 ( ). , , , 25% . . . 33.000 . 956 , 135.000 . 1.200 . . . . . / . . - -. . . . 3.500 . 250 * , . . , , . .

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.

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