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, , .

82 Shoichi Yokoi, ,

27 . Yokoi , -, . () ' 27 , , . : .

Nobuo Fujita, 85 , , - - - . Fujita, , - , . - , - - , - , - 1941. , , . . 1962 Fujita Brookings , , . , , , - - .

- 80 -

"

14

1997, C huck

Yeager ( )

Bob H oover ( )

Edwards.

Yevgeny Khaldei, " , ' - - - 1945. Khaldei 1935, (TASS), 1940 , . .

Yeager Hoover, Dick Frost Bell, FP-80. Yeager , , 55 , . F- 15D - .

14 1997, 50 - - Charles Chuck Yeager (USAF) XS-1 ( , . 6, 1997), . Edwards .. Yeager (USAF), -- F-15D Eagle, . Bob Hoover, - F-16D Fighting Falcon.

200

22 1797, Monceau , Andre-Jacques Gamerin, 700 m , , . 200 , 1997 , 200 , , .

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- , . . , , . , , , , . , von Klausewitz, .

(1) V.D. Hanson: HOPLITES, THE CLASSICAL GREEK BATTLE EXPERIENCE, Routledge, , 1991.(2) lf.D. Hanson: THE WESTERN WAY OF WAR: INFANTRY BATTLE IN CLASSICAL GREECE, O xford University Press, 1989.(3) J. Rich & G. Shipley: WAR AND SOCIETY IN THE GREEK WORLD, Routledge, , 1986.(4) M . Sage: WARFARE IN ANCIENT GREECE, Routledge, , 1996.(5) D. Kagan: THE OUTBREAK OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, Cornell U niversity Press, 1967.(6) Y. Garian: WARFARE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, Chatto and Windus, , 1975.(7) A. M . Snodgrass: ARMS AND ARMOUR OF THE GREEKS, O xford University Press, 1967.(8) S. Hornblower: THUCYDIDES, Duckworth, , 1987.(9) J. Salmon: POLITICAL HOPLITES, JHS 97(1977).(10) : , .(11) : , .(12) : , .(13) : , .(14) : , .

13

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Hermann de Zalza, , . 1225 . 1226-1255 . 1237 de Zalza , . - - - 20 . .

1346 1386 . 15 1410 , . - 1466 - . 1511 - . 1525 . 1530 Deutschmeister. . 1809 .

. 1981 86 , 62 45 .

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( H e lm u t N ic k e l D ic tio n a ry o f th e M id d le A ges).

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. - . 1480 , , - ' . Philippe Villiers de Isle Adam, 1521, Andreas d Araral . - ' ( ) 400 140.000 600 4.500 . , 1523 . , - (1530) , , - .

,

, .

1156 Barrientos, San Julian del Pereiro. To 1218 . 1158 Ramon Diego Velasquez. Calatrava, . 1546 - . , , . Santiago de Compostela, 1175. - , .

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(1291), . , , . , . , ,

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. . - , 1348 , - , . Annunciata (1360) , (1430) . , .

. , . , .

, .

1996-1997 . .

13 :

( ), ( : .. ).

(1) D om inique B ouhours: PIERRE D AUBUSSON, , . , , 1996.(2) . B a rb e r (ed itor): THE MILITARY ORDERS: FIG H TIN G FO R THE FAITH AND CARING FOR THE SICK, Variorum, A ldershot, 1994.(3) E rnie B rad fo rd : THE SW O R D AND THE SCIMITAR, London, 1974.(4) A lan Forey: THE M ILITARY ORDERS: FR O M THE TW ELFTH TO THE EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURIES, B uffa lo , N .Y., U n ivers ity o f Toronto Press, 1992.(5) Rene G rousset: , , x.x.(6) : , , 1947.(7) : 3 , . , , 1991.(8) : , , 1991.(9) H e len N icholson: TEMPLARS, HOSPITALLERS & TEUTONIC KNIGHTS, IM AGES O F THE M ILITARY ORDERS, 1128-1291, Leicester-U .P ., 1993.(10) : , . , , 1990.(11) : , 1972, . 1994.(12) Joshua Praw er: THE W ORLD O F THE CRUSADERS, London, Jerusalem , W eidenfeld and N icolson, 1973.(13) Joshua Praw er: THE LATIN K IN G D O M O F JERUSALEM , London, 1972.(14) : , . , , 1995 (2 .).(15) . Sire-.THE KNIGHTS O F MALTA, N ew H aven-London, 1994.(16) : KAI O l , 14-16 ., , 1991.(17) A rm ei de Visme: LES CHEVALIERS DE MALTE, Paris, 1972.(18) Terence W ise: THE WARS O F THE CRUSADERS, London, 1978.(19) - - , .(20) , .(21) D ic tio n ary o f the M idd le Ages, Joseph R. S trayer-ed ito r in chief, vol.3, N ew York, 1983.(22) Lexikon den M itte la lte rs , M nchen 1990, H o s p ita lle rn .(23) The O xfo rd D ic tio n ary o f B yzantium , A lexan d er K azhdan-ed ito r in chief, H o s p ita lle rs , vol. 2, N ew York, 1991.(24) Z. : 15 ., B yza n tin is c h e Forschungen,3 (1968) 191-209.(25) . : , , 1970.(26) . : , , 1987, 9-65.

19

. .

.

1950

1954 10.500

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, 14 . .

17 , 325 ( ) - . 655, . 325 ( ), . , : , , , - , - . . . .

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. , . , , , 8 .

8 22/23 1951. . ( /) 7 (.. .), , , 27 -

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468-213-361. - , - 19 . , 22/5.

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1951 , , . , , . 1951 , , , . , 1951 , . , , -

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6/10 1 , , . 14.00 2 3 , , (8/10) 16.45, . 275.

11/10 - ( ) . 300 11/12 . 48 .

(331-300-287) / 31/10/1951, -

. 9-26 5 9 , - 182 .

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18 1952 , 15 . . ., . , 8 , " .

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, 65 - . 5 7 .

19/20 " , . 24/3 - . 19/4 , . 26/4, 3 . . . 65 km , ,

. 23/5 - , 6.000 . .

26/7 , , ,

W yom ing K ansas .

. 1952, - , - . 3 . . . 6/7 , , , 3 . 167. , . 6/9 40 11 .

9-11 ,

. 18/19 , , . , - . , , . , 4 .

, .

28 , 26 1 65 , . , - . 05.30 - . 09.45 , . 28/29 , , 1 , , . 16 (2 ) 27 ( ) , 67 , 15 . 30 - 10 km , , 15 . . ., . .. W yom ing . , 28 1952, .

29 1

26 /65 . . . , - " M issouri ,

, - . 4,2 in , . , . ( - ) , .

- , . - - , ,

, . , 12/13 , , , - . , 23 , , . 1/10-19/12 3 , 14 .

19 1952 / 15 . .. , . . . 1953, , .

29 24 1953 / M issouri . 5/2, , 37 . 12/3, 18 , - - - , 20 .

3/4 2 . , . 01.30 05.30 , - .

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- . 17/5 17/6 103 , 11 38 (4 ).

, , . . , 16/6. 13 . 15 . .. , 250 400 . 17/18 , 36 , . . , , , ( ) , . , , , . , , . , 10 18 74 , . 1.673 3.800 , 102 , 533 44 . 5 19 . 471.070 . 12 , . .

, , , 12/13 6-8 km - . , .

3 . . 2. , - , 13/14 -NL, . 17 , , . , - 17 , .

20 1953 , . 25 . - , . , (150 , 15 ). 17 26 1953 15 35 (4 31 ).

(12-27 1953) 1951. - , - , . 370.000 2.800.000 . / 1.000 .

27 1953, 10.15, - , : . . 21.45 27 21.45 30 1953.

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, , , ( ) - ( ) . - ,

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, , 17 . , , ( , , ..). , , , -

32

. 1595, , ( ), ( 16 ), ( 1692), ( 19 ), ( 1817) ( 1821). 1821. (. , . , . ), , , - . , 17-25 1821 , , . - .

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. ( 1874-81) , -

- - . (B lue Book) 1880 - , , - - , - .

, 1884. 6 , . , , - ,

, - .

. 22 1885 - , '. ,

1906 , , . ( ), , ( ).

, , . , , . 23 , . , , . , .

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18 1885

18 1885 ( ). . 1880 800.000 . , . 1885 , . 13 . - , 1876, . , .

33

, 15 . , - - . 15 . - - , . 16 , - . , - , .

17 - , . , . 2.00 . 5.00 , . , -

. ,

, , . .

, 18- 40 . , , , . , , - . .

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. , . , , , . , , 2 , ( ) . - , . 6.000 , 16 . 23 , , , . - - . , , , , - - 300.000 . , , .

, . , , .

. ( ). . , , , 5 1885. . , - ! . 5 1886 , , . , - , . - 1908, .

, - , ( ) . , . , . ( 1886). 19 20 . - .

(1 8 -2 2 1885).

, 48.000 . , - . : , , , .

, , , 14 1885 , . . 60.000 - . - , . 50.000 - , , . - , , . , , ( - - ), 18 22 , , 26 . 15 .

. . , ( - , , ..). , ( ) , . , . , , - . , . , 1906, . (30 ), 110.000 , 100.000 . 1919

(1 ) , .1 4 , , 1977.(2 ) . : , , 1993.(3 ) : ( ), , 1995.(4 ) . : . . , 1990.(5 ) . : ( 19 - 2 0 .). , , .5 /6 (1993-94), 17-33.(6 ) : THE GREEK C O M M U N IT Y O F B U R G A S : ED U C A TIO N A N D CULTURE, E tu d es B a lka n iq u e s , 1994/1, . 79-85.(7 ) .. : , , 1945.(8 ) . : , . 7, . 657 -658 ( ).(9 ) . : , , . 6 (1982), . 433-455.(10) X. : . , 1885-1886, , 1963.(11) . - : . (1 4 -1 9 .), , 1991.(12) . : - - , , 1948.(1 3 ) V. C a illa rd : TH E B U L G A R IA N IM B R O G L IO , The F o rtn ig h tly R eview , 1885. . 840-851.(14) M . C houb lie r: LA Q U E S T IO N D ' O R IE N T D E P U IS LA TR A ITE D E B ER LIN , , 1899.(1 5 ) E. W h itaker: THE C O U P D ETAT IN E A S TE R N R U M E LIA . : . , / . , , .6, 283-370.

35

1918. 0

,

.

0

,

.

0 Erich Ludendorff, 1916. S om m e 9 , .

.

1918. Cambrai Passchendaele , , 12 . . 3 5 , Byng Gough . 3 -

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1917 . - Cambrai Passchendaele, , , , . , , .

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Somme, .

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G o rd o n H ig h la n d e r 51

,

.

14 , 1.120 98 260 . 5 , 11 ,119 1.790 . - . 360 .

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.

, . 5 III 10.000 , 10 . 14 18 , III , . 5 - . III , , XVIII 14 . To III , , 6-8 km

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