10.

, . , .

, , . .

, . (operational amplifiers, op amps, OAs), (integrated circuits, ICs). ( ) .

. - , .

2

10.1

, . , .

10.2

()

4:

1. :

2. : . ( )

3. D: DC .

4. : push/pull .

1,2 3,4 1. .

3

, . , .

(V+-V-)

V+-V- ( ) , {Vout=(V+-V-)}.

: 104 - 106

Rin Rout

VS- Vout VS+ , VS . VS- Vout VS+ . .

4

10.3

, . , .

, , ( ) ( ) kHz. .

1 2

3

4 5

.

: (inverting) (non-inverting), - + , ( ) . (2) ( ) (1).

5

, . , .

, . (bipolar), , . 15 V. . , , .

V- V+, :

( ) (open-loopgain) . =104-106

(1) , 1-2 V () . , -15 +15 V, (1) V0 -13 +13 V (). (operational range) .

6

0V A V V (1)

, . , .

V+ - V- , 200.000 -12 +12 V, (saturation), (1).

. (1) V+ - V- = Vo/A V0 = -12 V +12 V

V+ - V- = = (-12 V) / 200.000 = -0,00006 V -0,06 mV

V+ - V- = = (+12 V)/200.000 = +0,00006 V +0,06 mV

, , V+ - V- -0,06 +0,06 mV.

7

1

(1) 200.000 -12 +12 V.

, . , .

, (a). :1. (. V+ - V- )

, ( ) .

2. . , .

3. , .

(1) V0 V- , , 180 , .

(closed loop), ( b) (feedback), ( ). , . , (closed loop gain).

8

(a)

(b)

, . , .

() . () . .

.

( ) ( ).

( ) .

9

10.4 :

, . , .

R2 . R2 . R2 .

10

10.5

, . , .

10.5.1

:

:

u1 u2. .

(virtual ground) 2 , , , u1 . 1 .

11

0

1

UG

U

0

2 10

uu u

A

, . , .

R1 :

R2 .

:

, :

. , . .

12

1 0

1

1

1 1

u

I Iu U u

iR R

0 2

1I

u RG

u R

u0= U1 i1 R2 = 0i1 R2=-(u1/R1)R2

, . , .

u0/A. , - u0/A.

i1 R1 :

i1 R2, .

:

:

13

10.5.2 (

)

0 01

1 1

I Iu u A u u A

iR R

0 0 0

0 1 2 2

1

Iu u u u A

u i R RA A R

0 2 1

2 11

1I

u R RG

R Ru

A

, 1800 .

, . , .

Rin, R1. R2/R1 R2 , ( ). .

(u2-u1) .

14

10.5.3 /

1

1

I

in

I

uR R

u R

, . , .

R1 R2 Z1 Z2

( )

15

10.5.4

0 2

1i

V Z

V Z

, . , .

16

10.5.5 Miller

+

-

R

C

+Vs -

Vo

is

iC

+ VC -

i_

V(t)

Vs

Vo

t

,

i_=0 is=ic

.

, . , .

17

, 1=R 2=1/sC=1/jC,

CRjV

V

i

10

. . 6dB/octave . dB ( ) (1/CR). =0 . dc , dc . dc .

, . , .

2=R

18

10.5.6

11Z

sC 0

i

VsCR

V

0

0

I

i

du tVsCR u t CR

V dt

, CR ( )

d =1/CR

, . , .

.

i1,i2,,in

i=i1+i2++in Rf

:

19

10.5.7

1 2

1 2

1 2

, ,..., nn

n

u u ui i i

R R R

0o f f

u iR iR 0 1 21 2

...f f fn

n

R R Ru u u u

R R R

1.

2.

3. .

, . , .

(I/V) (current-to-voltageconverter, current follower). To ". .

V0 , . Rf. ,

I/V :

.

. -, (electron multipliers). , .

20

i=(v--vo)/Rf=-vo/Rf

vo=i/Rf

3. I/V

10.5.8

, . , .

uI , R1

21

10.6

, . , .

,

, uI.

R1 uI/R1. R2.

:

:

22

0 2

1

1I

u R

u R

0 2

1

I

I

uu u R

R

, . , .

(u2-u1),

23

, . , .

. (buffer amplifier) .

.

R2=0 R1=.

24

10.6.1 -

, . , .

+, - .

. .

:

.

25

10.7

, . , .

26

()()

() ()

. : RL

10.7

, . , .

28

10.1:

.

. . ( u12) u01 u11(. ).

2

43

121

1

20

/1

/1u

RR

RRu

R

Ru

)1(1

2

43

4202

R

R

RR

Ruu

1

1

201 u

R

Ru R3, R4

u02

u0

, . , .

29

2

43

121

1

20

/1

/1u

RR

RRu

R

Ru

u0=0 u1= u2 R2/R1=R4/R3.

)( 121

20 uu

R

Ru

R2/R1 . ( ) .

, . , .

10.2:

30

, (), . , .

() () ()

, () (), () R , () - (: ).

, . , .

( ). , (i < 1 ) . , .

. R ( ), iR. (' ) (V)., (Rin) R, RRin/ (R + Rin) .

31

, . , .

I/V. :

1. , ' ( ). , . () - iR ( ) .

2. , , .

3. Rf 2-3 2-3 .

32

, . , .

33

: . () () . () () .

10.2 :

, . , .

R ( -1.34 V Hg). (1-2 C) . 36-38 C :

34

2.1

R ( ) = 185.2 - 3.20 ( C) :() 36.0 38.0 C. () ( 37 C).

. () (i) , V0 = f(), :

V0 = -(-1.34 V) x 200 / (185.2 - 3.20) = 268 / (185.2 - 3.20) V (ii)

(ii) = 36.0 38.0 C ,

V0 = 268 / (185.2 - 3.20x36.0) = 3.829 V V0 = 268 / (185.2 - 3.20x38.0) = 4.214 V

() V0 = f() ( ii)

dV0/d = (-3.20)x[ -268 / (185.2 - 3.20)2 ] = 857.6 / (185.2 - 3.20)2

= 37.0 C

dV0/d = 857.6 / (185.2 - 3.20x37.0)2 = 0,193 V / C.

(i)0 2

1I

u RG

u R

, . , .

, .

35

= 36.0 38.0 C ,

0 = 1390.9/(185.2 - 3.20x36.0) - 19.87 = 0.00 V

0 = 1390.9/(185.2 - 3.20x38.0) - 19.87 = 2,00 V

() (iii)

dVo/d = 4450.9 / (185.2 - 3.20)2 (iv)

= 37.0 C.

dVo/d = 4450.9 / (185.2 - 3.2037.0)2 = 0,997 V/ C.

1,34 1,341038k 1390,9 185,2 3,20 19,87

185,2 3,20 k 70kov (iii)

.

() :

, . , .

:

200

1038 . 1038

36 38 C

() +19.9 +21.9 V .

.

() +13 V.

36