- 5: 04 - ()

2.2.4 CHEMCALC .................................................................................................... 111 2.2.5 ......................................................................................... 112 2.2.6 ...... .............................................................................................. 114

4. .................................................................................................1174.1. ... .......................... 1194.1.1 ... ........................................................................ 119 : ..................................... 121 : ......................................................... 127

4.1.2 MODELLUS ................................................................. 139 : ..................................... 141 : ......................................................... 149

4.1.3 : .................................................. 159 : ..................................... 161 : ......................................................... 167

4.1.4 ............ 175 - : ..................................... 176 : ......................................................... 183

4.1.5 ...................... 191 : ..................................... 193 : ......................................................... 197

4.1.6 INTERACTIVE PHYSICS..................................................... 207 : ..................................... 209 : ......................................................... 213

4.1.7 IRYDIUM CHEMISTRY LAB ................................................ 223 & p : ..................................... 225 ........................................................................................ 231 : ......................................................... 239

4.1.8 .................................. 251 , : ..................................... 253 : ......................................................... 259

4.1.9 ....................................................................... 267

6

- 5: 04 - ()

: ..................................... 269 : ......................................................... 273

4.1.10 XHMEIA : ..................................................................................... 283, : ..................................... 285 : ......................................................... 291

4.2. ... .................... 3034.2.1 ........................................................... 303 : ..................................... 305 : ......................................................... 309

4.2.2 CHEMMODELS ............................................................... 317 : ..................................... 319 ........................................................................................ 323 : ......................................................... 327

4.2.3 ....................................... 339 : ..................................... 341 : ......................................................... 345

4.2.4 CHEMCALC ................................................................... 351 () : ..................................... 353 : ......................................................... 355

4.2.5 ....................................................... 369 : ..................................... 371 : ......................................................... 375

4.2.6 ...... ............................................................. 393 : ..................................... 395 : ......................................................... 399

4.2.7 (MBL) ................ 405 : ..................................... 407 : ......................................................... 414

5. ............................................424

7

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4.

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127)

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. 20 oC : ........ ........... ................ , 40 oC. 20 oC : ........ ........... ................ , 40 oC.

, ;

........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................

1.5 . , ............................. .......... ........ 200 g 30 C 200 g 40 C ...... ...................

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129)

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;

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132)

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200 g ...................... 200 g ...................... ........... ................

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, ; .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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133)

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... 3 :3.1 , 100 g , 20 oC. ( ). . 55 oC: ...... ........... ;

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3. 1. Arons, A. (1992). ( . ), , . , . Arnold Arons, . , / , . 2. Osborne, J. & Freeman, J. (1989). Teaching Physics. A guide for the non specialist. Cambridge University Press. 3. , ., , ., , ., (1984).

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144

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, 29-31 1998. 7. , . & . (1996): ,, .. Bertin, J. (1983). Semiology of graphics: Diagrams Networks maps. Madison: The University of Winconsin Press. McDermott, L,. Rosenquist, M., Van Zee, E. (1987). Student difficulties in connecting graphs and Physics: examples on Kinematics, AM. J. PHYS. 55(6).

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146

:

, . , 1 1 . 5 - 8 (), 8 () 3 , () . : , .5. 3 , , - . , , . , . 3.3. , .

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151)

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157)

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158)

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163

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1 .................... 2 ................. .......................................

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176

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177

:

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178

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179

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> m2 , , . , . m1 m2 (m1 >> m2), .

. . ; : ......................... ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ . , . , m1=1000 kg 10 m/s m2=0,1 kg .

1 . : ...................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ .........................................................................................................................................2 (.

INTERACTIVE PHYSICS

217)

: . m1 >> m2, : m1 >> m2 ,

, . . 2.2. m2 >> m1) . , , . , . m2 m1 (m2 >> m1), . : ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ . , .

INTERACTIVE PHYSICS

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218)

:

INTERACTIVE PHYSICS 3 :

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INTERACTIVE PHYSICS

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219)

: ) : .................................. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... . ( #4) , . . . 3.2. (x,t) (x,t) ( ) m1=3 kg. (x,t) ( ) m2=2 kg.

2 . : ) . m1 = .. m2 = .. ) : ................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

INTERACTIVE PHYSICS

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220)

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INTERACTIVE PHYSICS

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221)

- 5: 04 - ()

4.1. ...

4.1.7 IRYDIUM CHEMISTRY LAB

& p : :

:

pH NaCl, NH4Cl, CH3COONa IrYdium 1. 1.1. pH : NaCl, NH4Cl, CH3COONa. IrYdium

1.2. : , .

1.3. .

1.4. .. - .

1.5. 2-3 , / . , . : IrYdium.

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, pH .

225

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226

:

.. aCH3COOH

= 1,82.10-5,

. , , , . aCH3COOH

= 10-5.

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, pH .

227

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3. IRYDIUM . IrYdium . ERLOT 2006 1 . : on line . , .

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228

:

, . , . : : -

( ): . (): (): . . IrYdium , , .. , . , , .

4. 1. One firm spot: the role of homework as lever in acquiring conceptual and perform-ance competence in college chemistry. Jordi Cuadros, Gaea Leinhardt, and David Yaron.

Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 84 No. 6. June, 2007.2. Creation of an online stoichiometry course that melds scenario based leaning with virtual labs and problem-solving tutors. David Yaron, Gaea Leinhardt, Karen Evans, Jordi Cuadros, Michael Karabinos, William McCue and David Dennis. Paper Presented on

CONFCHEM. Online Conference, Spring 2006.

IrYdium Chemistry Lab . n line , . 3. Chemistry in the field and chemistry in the classroom: A cognitive disconnect?. Karen L. Evans, Michael Karabinos, Gaea Leinhardt, and David Yaron. Journal of Chemical

Education, Vol 83 No. 4. April, 2006.4. Virtual Laboratories and Scenes to Support Chemistry Instruction. David Yaron, Jordi

, pH .

229

:

Cuadros, Gaea Leinhardt, Karen L. Evans and Michael Karabinos. About Invention and Impact: Building Excellence in Undergraduate STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Education, Proceedings from National Science Foun-dation Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement (NSF-CCLI) program conference, Arlington, Virginia, 2004, edited and prepared by NSF. April, 2005. 5. Shape, Transformation, and Energy: Critical Resources for Thinking in Chemistry. David Yaron, Gaea Leinhardt, Michael Karabinos, Internal report submitted to the SCALE

Project, 2004.

, pH .

230

IrYdium:

pH NaCl, NH4Cl, CH3COONa IrYdium

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Delete Backspace.

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:

pH IrYdium 1 :

KAI p NaCl HCl .

1.1 . 50mL Cl 0,2 ( ) 50mL NaOH 0,2 ( ). pH 25 0C : 7 7 7

. : ..................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 1.2 . . , . , ( ) : ................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ . . , 100 ml, 0,2 HCl (. HCl) 1 HCl, . HCl : CHCl 1.V = CHCl 2.V, 1.V = 0,2.0,1, V = , . ml 100 mL, , HCl 0,2M. 100 mL N 0,2M (. N). 100 mL, , N 0,2M. 250 mL 50 mL , 100 mL NaCl, (. NaCl).

, pH NaCl.

.1 (.

239)

:

mol HCl aOH , mol aCl . (aCl M) 250 mL NaCl . M.

: o . o p Cl NaOH. o p NaCl ( 1.3) . 0,2 Cl 0,2 NaOH, pH .

. HCl / (ml) / () p

. aOH

. NaCl

1.3 pH NACL . mol 50 mL. Cl : Cl 2 = CCl 2. 0,05 Cl 2 = 0,2.0,05 NaOH : NaOH 2 = C NaOH 2.0,05 NaOH 2 = 0,2.0,05 Cl mol + NaOH mol NaCl +NaOH 2 Cl 2

= mol = mol

Cl NaOH : 2

mol

NaCl : C NaCl = NaCl / 0,1 . C NaCl = .. To NaCl : NaCl Na+ + Cl

, pH NaCl.

.1 (.

240)

:

Na-

+

, NaOH, 2.

Cl , (Cl), 2. pH , .. : ( ). . 1.4 50mL Cl 0,2 50mL NaOH 0,2, NaCl. pH 25 0C : 7 7 7

pH 25 0C : 7 7 7

, ; ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 1.5 , . pH 25 0C : ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................

, pH NaCl.

.1 (.

241)

:

1.6

, pH :

, pH : , : : :

, pH NaCl.

.1 (.

242)

:

pH IrYdium 2 :

KAI p NH4Cl HCl H3.

2.1 . Cl 0,2 NH3 0,2, NH4Cl. pH 25 0C : 7 7 7

b NH3 = 1,74.10-5 Kw=10-14. . : ..................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 2.2 . . , .

, . , mol . , (CCl 2, C NH3 2) (VCl 2, V NH3 2), : Cl 2 = CCl 2. VCl 2 , NH3 2 = CNH3 2. VNH3 2 Cl 2 = NH3 2........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ . , 2.3. :

, pH NH4Cl.

.2 (.

243)

:

........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 2.3 . 100 mL 0,2 Cl (. HCl) 1 Cl . HCl 1 : CHCl 1.V = CHCl 2.V, 1.V = 0,2.0,1, V = , . ml. 100 mL, , HCl 0,2M. 100 mL NH3 0,2M (. NH3). 100 mL, , 3 0,2M. 250 mL 50 mL , 100 mL 4Cl, (. NH4Cl). mol HCl NH3 , mol 4Cl . (4Cl M) 250 mL, , 4Cl M. :

: o . o p Cl 3. o p 4Cl ( 2.4) . 0,2 Cl 0,2 N3, pH .

. HCl / (ml) / () p

. 3

. 4Cl

, pH NH4Cl.

.2 (.

244)

:

2.4 pH 4Cl - mol HCl 3 50 mL. Cl : Cl 2 = CCl 2.0,05 Cl 2 = 0,2.0,05 3 : NH3 2 = C NH3 2. 0,05 NH3 2 = 0,2.0,05 NH32 Cl 2

= mol

= mol

Cl 3 : HCl + ..mol NH3 NH4Cl ..mol ..mol

4Cl C 4Cl = 4Cl / 0,1 . C 4Cl = .. To 4Cl : 4Cl-

NH4+

+

Cl

Cl , (Cl), 2. , 4+, 3 2 : / M / / / ( - x) 4+ + 2 -x x x x x 3 + 3+

a 4+ :

K NH 3 K NH + = K w4

K NH

4

+

=

Kw ............ = = ............ K NH 3 ............

:

K NH 4 =+ KNH 4