HPOOPIKH

E

A'

ATPA 2000

HPOOPIKH

E

A'

EIA KEPAYNOY

K T K

ANAITH INTEA

T M

EPAIMO KOYTOYPAKH

...

TYPORAMA

/ 19971999

ISBN: 9605380781

K : H 10/1

Copyright 2000

& , 26222 : (0610) 314094, 314206 : (0610) 317244

. 2121/1993,

.

............................................................................................................................................ 11

K 1

H : E

, , E .................................................................................................. 13

1.1 ....................................................................................... 15

1.2 ................................................................. 18

1.3 .................................................................. 22

1.4 ..................................... 28

1.5 ................................................ 30

...................................................................................................................... 35

............................................................................................... 36

K 2

, , E .................................................................................................. 37

2.1 .............................................................................. 40

2.2 ......................... 43

2.3 ................................................................. 50

2.4 ...................................................................................................... 56

2.5 ..................................................................................................... 58

2.6 ....................................................................... 63

2.7 ............................................................................. 69

...................................................................................................................... 71

............................................................................................... 73

K 3

, ,

6 E I A H T H N E I T H M H T N Y O O I T N

E .................................................................................................. 75

3.1 ................................................................................................... 77

3.2 ..................................................................................................... 82

3.3 ............................................................................................... 86

...................................................................................................................... 93

............................................................................................... 94

K 4

Y

, , E .................................................................................................. 95

4.1 .......................................... 97

4.2 ..................................................................................... 102

4.3 ..... 105

4.4 ................................. 108

................................................................................................................... 110

............................................................................................ 111

K 5

: ,

, , E ................................................................................................ 113

5.1 ............................................................................................... 116

5.2 ........................................................................................ 116

5.3 ......................................................................... 117

5.4 ......................................................................... 118

5.5 ......................... 121

5.6 ................................................................................. 125

5.7 ......................................................... 131

5.8 ........................................................................... 133

5.9 ......................................................................... 135

................................................................................................................... 137

........................................................................................... 139

K 6

, , E ............................................................................................... 141

6.1 ....................................................... 143

6.2 ......... 144

6.3 ................................................................................. 151

6.4 .................................................................... 152

6.5 ......................................................... 154

6.6 ...................................................... 155

6.7 .................................... 156

................................................................................................................... 159

........................................................................................... 161

K 7

, , E ............................................................................................... 163

7.1 ......................................................................................... 165

7.2 ........................................................................... 170

7.3 ............................................................................ 174

................................................................................................................... 177

........................................................................................... 178

K 8

, , E ............................................................................................... 179

8.1 ............................................................................ 181

8.2 ................................................................................... 184

8.3 ........................................................................................ 185

8.4 ................................. 188

................................................................................................................... 196

........................................................................................... 197

7 E P I E X O M E N A

8 E I A H T H N E I T H M H T N Y O O I T N

K 9

, , E ............................................................................................... 199

9.1 .............................................................................. 203

9.2 (MIS) ............................. 205

9.3 ............. 209

................................................................................................................... 212

........................................................................................... 213

K 1 0

Y

, , E ............................................................................................... 215

10.1 .............................. 219

10.2 ........................................................................................ 221

10.3 ..................................................................... 222

10.4 ...................................... 225

10.5 : ............ 228

................................................................................................................... 234

........................................................................................... 235

K 1 1

, , E ............................................................................................... 237

11.1 ................................................................................................................ 240

11.2 (Multimedia) .................................. 240

11.3 ............................................. 244

................................................................................................................... 247

........................................................................................... 248

K 1 2

K: MQuo Vadis InfoTechnology?

, , E ............................................................................................... 249

12.1 ....................................................... 251

12.2 : .................................................................................... 252

................................................................................................................... 257

........................................................................................... 258

E ......................................................................................................................................... 259

A ......................................................... 261

A ....................................................................................... 276

.................................................................................................................................... 289

B .............................................................................................................................. 309

9X X X

,

.

-

-

-

.

,

-

.

H E

-

,

,

.

, -

-

, -

-

.

, -

-

,

-

.

,

, -

, -

.

1 2 E I A H T H N E I T H M H T N Y O O I T N

, ,

, -

. -

,

-

.

1 -

-

.

2 ,

3 -

. 4

. ,

, -

, 5.

6

. 7

, . -

,

8. 9 -

-

, 10

. 11

, . ,

12 -

.

,

,

,

, .

.

O 1998

H : E

-

. -

-

.

, :

(Computer)

(Computer Science)

(Informatics)

(Computations)

(CPU)

(data)

(bits)

(inputoutput)

E

. -

1

1 4 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

. -

. -

-

.

. -

,

.

1.1

-

, -

2200 ..

3500 ..

-

-

-

.

-

( 65 ..),

. -

, ,

.. (, 210 ..),

, ( -

, 100 ..), -

, -

.

,

. -

, John Napier,

,

, , -

,

. Napier,

[1] e, 1614, Henry

Briggs

10 .

1 51 . 1

[1] e, e = 2,71828, , .. ex = N > 0, x = lnN e.

1 6 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

-

,

. (logs)

-

(

) . -

,

() , -

, , -

() , -

.

Pascal: -

Blaise Pascal 1647 ,

, .

Pascal

( -

) 10:1,

' .

-

,

. Pascal

Gottfried Von Leibnitz 1671 -

.

Jacquard: Joseph Jacquard 1801

-

.

, ,

.

.

-

. -

.

Babbage: Charles Babbage, -

Cambridge, 1823

,

. -

Babbage,

-

Jacquard, 1834 ,

.

Babbage -

, -

. -

.

Hollerith:

19

. Herman Hollerith, , 1880

1886 -

. Hollerith -

.

. -

, Hollerith

Tabulating Machine Co.,

. -

,

1924 International Business Machine Corporation (IBM).

Aiken: -

1937, Howard Aiken, ,

Harvard

, ,

-

Hollerith.

MARK I

1 71 . 1

1 8 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

. -

-

MARK IV.

: -

(/) 1940 John Atanasoff

ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). J. Eckert

J. Mauchly

19421944 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And

Calculator), / 5.000

500 , -

. , 1949, -

M. Wilkes W. Renwick

Manchester / ,

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer).

EDSAC

.

1951

Sperry Rand Corporation UNIVAC I

(UNIVersal Automatic Computer). /

.

.

1.2

:

; ;

;

(Concise Oxford Dictionary,

1964) (Computer) -

.

-

.

-

.

. , -

(data),

,

-

.

(Informatics). -

, , -

. -

1.4.

,

...

(computing science computing).

(cybernetics).

1 91 . 2

:

. -.

- -

, .

1.1

1.2.1

18 , , C. Babbage

, -

-

.

:

(i) ,

2 0 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

()

.

(ii) ( Babbage mill),

. -

.

(iii) , -

-

(

).

(iv)

.

(v) .

,

, -

, [Central

Processing Unit (CPU)].

1.2.2

Babbage ,

. -

. -

,

, .. -

, . /

.

CPU .

/ , -

.

1 () -

0 () 000 S, 111 (),

SOS 000111000.

1 0 (binary digits) bits.

. -

.

. -

,

,

' ,

.

-

, , .

,

, -

.

.

, ,

.

, -

,

, . -

-

-

, .

2 11 . 2

:

()

() 0 1

() 0, 1

() -

() ,

()

1.2

2 2 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

1.2.3 /

E/E [Input/Output (I/O)]

CPU -

CPU . -

, -

. -

, -

-

. -

. -

, -

. ,

.

/ -

-

(CPU),

(interface) .

x

.

/ -

:

, , () (),

() ().

1.3

1.3

:

(i) :

. -

. , -

-

,

-

.

-

.

,

, -

(real time).

( )

,

( ),

(1 microsec = 106 sec),

(1 nanosec = 109 sec) -

(1 picosec = 1012 sec).

(ii) :

, -

,

.

CPU -

, ,

. -

CPU -

(auxiliary or secondary storage devices).

, -

2 31 . 3

2 4 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

. ( CPU)

, 1024

, .. CDC CYBER 73 128 (.

128 x 1024 ).

(iii) :

, -

,

.

-

, .. , -

.

(iv) : -

,

. ,

.

-

-

:

)

/,

) CPU,

) ,

) .

-

, -

.

,

.

-

-

.

(v) : -

,

. CPU ,

-

. Babbage

-

, ,

.

.

.

,

-

. -

-

.

2 51 . 3

-

:

, , , , ,

, , , , .

1.4

:

, , -

, ,

CPU, , -

, .

1.5

2 6 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

1.3.1

:

(i)

(digital), (analogue) (hybrid).

()

-

.

() , ..

, -

,

.

(ii) A -

.

(iii) A

.

,

-

.

(iv) A ,

:

(floatingpoint, specs .), ,

(throughput) .

,

.

[Personal Computers (PC)]

(-

197080) -

, -

.

(server) -

() .

(workstations) ,

.

[ (large mainframe), (medium),

(mini), (microcomputers)] -

-

, .. (supermicro), -

, .. -

, , . -

,

, .. laptop computers,

5 kg, notebook computers, -

3 kg, palmtop computers, -

1 kg.

-

.

, .. ,

5 6 , ,

[network computers (NC)], , -

, , -

, .,

.

, .

. -

bits

(qubits),

0, 1

,

. -

,

-

2 71 . 3

2 8 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

. -

, -

.

:

,

,

,

,

1.6

1.4

informatique (information = + /ique) -

, ,

.

(informatik)

(informatika),

(Computer Science).

, -

, -

.

-

() ,

-

.

, -

[Information Technologies (IT)]

, -

, .. -

, , ..,

, , , -

.., -

.

-

,

, , -

.

-

, -

(Information Science),

, .. ,

, , , ..

196070

, -

-

, .

, ,

, , , ,

. ( ) -

, , , ,

, , (Management), -

, .

-

-

.

198090

:

(i) -

, (ii) ,

, , ., (iii)

,

.

2 91 . 4

3 0 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

1.5

-

-

,

-

, -

Computing Reviews (CR).

CR

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) 1964. -

-

Communications of ACM (CACM, Vol. 25, No.1,

p.13) 1982. T

1983, 1987, 1991 1998.

1998, ,

,

.

-

,

. -

,

, -

,

.

()

.0 (, )

.1

.2 (, ..)

.m

() (HARDWARE)

.0

.1

.2

.3

,

,

.4 /

, /,

,

.5

.6

.7

B.8

.m

(C)

C.0

C.1

C.2

C.3

C.4

C.5

C.m

(D) (SOFTWARE)

D.0

D.1

D.2 ()

D.3

D.4

D.m

()

.0

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.m

3 11 . 5

3 2 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

(F)

F.0

F.1

, ,

F.2

,

,

F.3

,

,

F.4

,

,

F.m

(G)

G.0

G.1

, ,

, ,

, ,

(..), ..

,

G.2

,

G.3

G.4

G.m

(H)

H.0

H.1

H.2

H.3

H.4

.5

H.m

()

.0

.1

.2

.3

.4

I.5 (Pattern recognition)

I.6

(Simulation & modeling)

I.7

.m

(J)

J.0

J.1

J.2

J.3

J.4

J.5

J.6

(ComputerAided Engineering)

J.7

J.m

(K)

(COMPUTING MILIUX)

.0

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6 -

.7

.8

K.m

3 31 . 5

3 4 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

-

(Internet):

http://www.acm.org/class/1998/overview.html

10 12.

-

, -

-

, (-

) .

, -

( -

) :

, (, , )

, (, , )

, (, , )

, (, , )

, (, , )

-

:

, , ,

, ,

, ,

.

(Software), :

, , -

, , ,

, , .

1.7

1.9

1.8

3 51 . 5

. -

,

;

300 .

-

ACM (1998) 37 -

[ (SIGs)] -

(information technology), .. ,

, ,

, ,

, (multimedia) . -

:

http://www.acm.org/sigs/guide98.html

.

(

1.5)

;

( 200

). .

1.1

1.2

-

-

, .

() -

(users) ,

-

.

3 6 K E A A I O 1 : H / E

/ (I/O) -

.

-

: , , ,

.

, ,

.

-

, -

-

.

( ) ,

, :

, , ,

, , , -

, , ,

, .

B

[1.1] ARBIB M.: Computers and Cybernetic Society, Acad. Press, NY,

1977

[1.2] DERTOUZOS M.L., MOSES J.(eds): The Computer Age: A

twenty year view, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1979

[1.3] DROMEY G.: How to solve it by Computers, Prentice Hall, UK,

1982

[1.4] GOLDSCHLAGER H.H., LISTER A.: Computer Science: A

modern introduction, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1982

[1.5] HUNT R., SHELLEY J.: Computers and commonsense,

Prentice Hall, London, 1979

[1.6] METROPOLIS N., HOWLETT J. ROTA G.C.(eds): A history

of computing in the twentieth century, Academic Press, 1980

[1.7] STERN N., STERN R.A.: Computing in the information age,

Wiley & Sons, NY, 1993

: - -

, -

.

-

. -

-

-

.

-

.

:

,

(CPU)

,

(, , )

/ -

-

(Hardware), (Software), -

(Operating System)

(Digital)

(data)

(CPU)

(chips)

2

3 8 K E A A I O 2 :

(microprocessor)

ASCIIEBCDIC

(RAMROM)

VLSI

(registers)

MIPS

Y (Hardware)

(Software)

(windows)

E

-

, , -

,

. -

-

.

(),

, -

(PCs), -

-

.

, -

, -

(marketing) .

-

-

-

(workstations) -

(clusters) .

-

(digital) (analogue) -

. , -

-

. -

()

,

,

. -

.

, ,

(processing) -

,

, , ,

. (computer

system) : (i)

, (ii) , (iii) ,

(iv) .

(information processing) -

, ,

-

.

(hardware) ,

.

. -

, '

.

. -

3 9E

4 0 K E A A I O 2 :

.

-

,

.

.

,

.

2.1

(input),

( CPU)

(output). (CPU) -

.

M

, ..

, , .. -

.

(instructions)

-

. ,

, -

,

.

, ,

. (+, , *, /), -

.

-

[Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)].

,

-

, (Control Unit).

ALU

[Central Processing Unit (CPU)].

(-

von Neumann) 2.1, -

,

. -

. H , '

CPU, (main memory)

. H

(ROM, PROM, RAM ..).

,

von Neumann, -

.

4 12 . 1

2.1

K M E

M M

M E E

A !M

-

. K -

. H

. 2.1 -

. O ,, -

, CPU , -

. O

, .

. ALU

ALU .

ALU . -

4 2 K E A A I O 2 :

,

.

.

CPU, ,

: (i) -

, (ii)

, (iii)

/ .

CPU

, -

. -

CPU () -

() () -

(). CPU -

.

-

(chips) CPU . CPU

(microprocessor).

:

, , ,

, , , -

,

2.1

CPU :

, ,

, , -

/ ,

2.2

2.2

-

,

(integrated circuits), (magnetic cores) -

(semi conductors) .,

. -

-

, ( 0

1) .

-

-

[binary digits (bits)], -

. bits

, 09

.

(Alphanumeric Alphameric).

bits

, 26 = 64 -

, 64

. bits

32

.

(words) .

bits

,

.

8 bits 64 bits. -

bits (byte), -

8 bits. ,

8 bits, -

.

bits, -

, -

,

.

( ,

4 32 . 2

4 4 K E A A I O 2 :

) ,

. .. 21 bits

7 bits [

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

128 ]

:

1000011 1001110 1000100

D

(code)

-

. (C, A),

C

. C A ,

12 , i

< > 0 i< . ,

. -

ALU

-

.

[Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)],

-

3 (Excess3BCD), -

2421, Gray.

-

, -

.

, -

-

, , -

.

:

(i) ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) , -

7 8 bits

. 8 ASCII, 4 bits () -

, (, -

) , 4 bits

() 09.

, 1111 4 bits -

, 0100 4 bits

4.

(ii) EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code) 8 bits

.

EBCDIC, -

,

, 28 = 256 ,

ASCII 7 bits

27 = 128

.

(universal code) -

, ,

, , , .,

.

6 -

(8421) 26 = 64

-

, 8

-

( 928), -

,

, Baudot, 5

.

-

4 52 . 2

4 6 K E A A I O 2 :

, -

. -

-

8 .

(bar

codes),

. -

, , -

.

.

, .. Hamming -

(parity). -

(error detecting and correcting

codes), .. , Berger,

checksum, .

2.2.1

. H -

:

(i) , (ii) , (iii)

,

.

10, -

09.

10

, .. 2475

2 2 10, 4527 2 10 . 2

0 1. O -

, .. , ,

, ,

.

,

. O -

. T , (0 1),

-

. -

:

0 0 1000 8

1 1 1001 9

10 2 1010 10

11 3 1011 11

100 4 1100 12

101 5 1101 13

110 6 1110 14

111 7 1111 15

2 bit

, ..

4 72 . 2

O 1 1 0 1

1 20 = 1

0 21 = 0

1 22 = 4

1 23 = 8

8 +4 + 0 + 1 = 13.

36 bits, -

35 bits, 36 bit (signbit)

.

(number system)

4 8 K E A A I O 2 :

, ..

10 -

10 (): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

8 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

934.52 -

934.52 = 9 102 + 3 101 + 4 100 + 5 101 + 2 102,

736.4 :

753.4 = 7 82 + 5 81 + 3 80 + 4 81 = = 7 64 + 5 8 + 3 1 + 4 / 8 = 491.5

H -

,

-

.

-

,

-

(hexadecimal).

16 ,

0 9 A, B, C, D, E, F -

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.

34F -

:

3A4F = 3 163 + A 162 + 4 161 + F 160 == 3 4096 + 10 256 + 4 16 + 15 1 = 14927

-

.

,

-

.

54.623 -

.

4 92 . 2

= 54 = 623

0.623

54 2

27 0 1.246

13 1 2

6 0 0.492

3 0 2

1 1 0.984

0 1 2

1.968

54 = 110010 0.623 = 0.1001

54.623 = 110010.1001

( ) ,

, 23 = 8

24 = 16, 3 -

, 4

. -

3 bits ,

4 bits .

, 16 bits:

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

1 3

B

5 67 2 O

F 7 2

(binary coding)

.

5 0 K E A A I O 2 :

98 1100010, BCD

1001 1000

9 8

:

() , () 0,1,2,,9,

() 0 1, () 0,1,,9 -

.

1101 1011, -

743.40, 3E9F

.

2004 44.6875 .

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.3

-

. -

.

.

(i) : 1

1001 9

+ 110 + 6

1111 15

(ii) : 11

101110 46

+ 1101 + 13

111011 59

(iii) : 11111 : 11

10111010 186

+ 110111 + 55

11110001 241

, -

, (, *, /) . -

, .. 5 4, 5+ 5 + 5 + 5, .

-

, -

. -

-

(complement). -

, :

(i) Y 9, 9 -

(, , .)

.

(ii) -

.

(iii) 1 0

. ,

, ..

:

26 28

11 54

15 26

5 12 . 3

5 2 K E A A I O 2 :

:

26 28

1 + 88 ( + 45 ( 9

9 11) 54)

2 114 073

3 1 ( , 0 ( -

1) , 0)

15 73 (

9

73

)

26

-

:

26 11010 11010 ( 1 1011)

11 1011 + 0100

15 11110

1 ( ,

1)

1111

, .. 35/7

: 35 7 28 7 21 7 14 7 7 7 = 0( 7 ).

2.3.1 ALU

-

: (octal) 8

(hexadecimal) 16. -

, -

.

: (i)

-

, (ii) -

1 0 1 0. -

(carrying over) -

(logic elements) (logic gates).

-

(signals).

, .. , -

,

0 1.

().

, ( ),

(truth table).

: -

-

. (gates), -

AND, OR

NOT.

, -

:

(i) AND 1,

1, :

5 32 . 3

E

11

1AND

E

10

0AND

E

00

1AND

E

00

0AND

E

11

0OR

E

01

1OR

E

11

1OR

E

00

0OR

(ii) OR 1, -

1, :

5 4 K E A A I O 2 :

(iii) NOT

, :

0 1NOT 0 1NOT

-

,

1 0.

,

,

( . 2.2).

AND

Z

11 0 0 SUMOR

10 1 0 CARRY

NOT

AND0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

00

2.2

.

NOT 2.2

. -

,

-

bits,

bits .

NAND NOR.

NAND ( NOTAND) -

AND

, -

AND. NOR -

OR OR

5 52 . 3

!

A !

!A

01 0 1C = A BAND AB

C

0 0 1 1B

A

0 0 0 1C

01 0 1C = A + BOR AB

C

0 0 1 1B

A

0 1 1 1C

AB

C

0 1C = A'NOT A C1 0C

A

01 0 1C = (AB)'NAND AB

C

0 0 1 1B

A

1 1 1 0C

01 0 1C = (A + B)'NOR

0 0 1 1B

A

1 0 0 0C

01 0 1C = A'B + AB'XOR

0 0 1 1B

A

0 1 1 0C

01 0 1C = A'B' + ABXNOR

0 0 1 1B

A

1 0 0 1C

AB

C

AB

C

2.3

-

,

. M A' -

(-

) A.

. NAND NOR -

, -

AND OR .

OR [exclusive OR (XOR) gate]

1, 1,

1. XOR

OR, -

.

5 6 K E A A I O 2 :

NOR [exclusive NOR (XNOR) gate]

XOR. XNOR 1,

1

0.

-

, .

2.3.2 ALU

ALU -

-

-

. ALU

.

;

-

:

() a,

()

()

()

() , , ,

2.6

2.4

ALU

(memory unit),

(cells). -

, -

.

. -

. -

(location address).

,

-

, .

.

(

)

(operation code), ,

(), -

(. 2.4).

5 72 . 4

2.4

() ()

() (volatile memory),

, .. ,

(nonvolatile memory).

: - [RandomAccess Memory, (RAM)],

-

,

[ReadOnly Memory (ROM)] (firmware),

. -

ROM :

[Programmable

ReadOnly Memory (PROM)],

[Erasable PROM (EPROM)],

5 8 K E A A I O 2 :

[Electronically EPROM

(EEPROM)].

(cache memory)

-

, -

, , , -

. -

-

(magnetic bubble memory).

-

:

, , , ,

a

a:

ROM, PROM, RAM, EPROM, ALU, EEPROM

2.7

2.7

2.5

(Control Unit), -

,

ALU

, . -

-

, -

,

-

.

,

ALU (bus). -

-

(machine cycle), : ()

,

, () ,

.

2.5.1

(computer circuitry) -

. -

, -

()

(chip) ( -

).

, .. ,

, .

Boole -

(logical gates). -

,

(-

, , .), . -

(integrated circuit) , -

(chip). -

, -

, :

TTL (TransistorTransistor Logic) , ECL (Emitter

Coupled Logic) , MOS (Metal

Oxide Semiconductor), I2L (Integrated Injection Logic) -

, CMOS (Complementary

Metal Oxide Semiconductor) , GaAs

(Gallium Arsenide) .

5 92 . 5

6 0 K E A A I O 2 :

: [Small

Scale Integration (SSI)] 510 , -

[Medium Scale Integration (MSI)] 10100 -

(.. -

), [Large Scale Integration (LSI)]

(.. ), -

[Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)]

(.. ).

-

-

.

(combinatorial circuits) -

-

. -

: (1) O -

(fulladder), -

( ) (2) O -

(decoder), -

v 2 (3) O (multiplexer),

( -

) (4)

T (bus) , -

( ).

,

-

.

: (1) -

(FlipFlops). -

1 0 ( ) -

,

[Clock Pulse (CP)]. -

T, D, TK RS

flipflops. (2) (registers), -

. (3) (counters) ,

flipflops -

(

)

, .. .

-

, .. CPU .

ROM RAM.

2.5.2

CPU, -

, -

.

(registers).

-

-

.

,

. -

:

[Storage Data Register DR (16 bits)]

.

[Instructions Register IR (16 bits)]

.

[Address Register AR (12 bits)] -

.

[Accumulator Register AC (16

bits)] .

[Program Counter PC (12 bits)]

.

6 12 . 5

6 2 K E A A I O 2 :

[Temporary Register TR (16 bits)]

.

[Input Register INPR (8 bits)]

.

[utput Register OUTR (8 bits)] -

.

CPU,

-

CPU.

(microoperations). -

:

(i) , -

.

(ii) , -

.

(iii) ,

-

.

(iv) , -

.

x

:

-

:

[ ] TTL [ ] VLSI [ ] LSI

[ ] ECL [ ] GaAs [ ] CMOS

[ ] SSI [ ] MOS [ ] I2L

2.9

2.6

.

(word) , bits -

CPU ,

, -

. CPU -

(clock speed) MegaHertz (MHz),

-

[Millions of Instructions Per

Second (MIPS)], .. 600 MIPS

600 .

6 32 . 5 / 2 . 6

, :

, , ,

FlipFlops, , , ,

2.10

(registers), -

, , -

.

() :

IR

DR

PC

AR

OUTR

TR

INPR

AC

2.11

6 4 K E A A I O 2 :

MHz (ticks)

.

-

turbosystems.

.

,

, ,

., (mother-

board). O

, (slots)

.

(computer system)

-

. -

, ,

-

.

, .

, . -

-

. -

, .. -

, .

-

, , , -

-

. ,

,

, ..

.

-

, , -

. -

.

2.6.1

(instruction)

.

.

/-

(commands),

CPU. -

.

H CPU -

.

CPU -

.

-

-

.

(instruction) , :

6 52 . 6

() (T)

(bits). -

-

.

: (i) -

(memoryreference), (ii)

(registerreference), (iii) / (I/O).

16 bits, 3 bits -

[operation code (opcode)],

6 6 K E A A I O 2 :

13 bits .

12 bits

1 bit

(addressing mode). 0 -

(direct address) 1 (indirect

address).

0 bit -

111 . 12 bits

. -

(AC).

/ 1 -

bit 111 ,

12 bits

I/O .

4 bits 1215

. , 3 bits

111, 15. 0,

, 1,

/. 3 bits -

1214 111,

bit 15

.

:

(. = 000 110)

15 14 01211

0 1 1 1 (. = 111, = 0)

15 01211

0 1 1 1 (. = 111, = I)

15 1211

(i)

(ii)

(iii) /

-

25. -

, .

=0 =1

AND 0 8 AND AC

ADD 1 9 AC

LDA 2 A AC

STA 3 B AC

CLA 7800 AC

CMA 7200 AC

SPA 7010 AC

INP F800 AC

OUT F400 AC

ION F080

( ) -

(machinecode)

/ ,

()

. ,

(machinedependent languages).

2.6.2

CPU

. -

:

1. CPU

.

2. ,

.

3. .

4. . -

6 72 . 6

6 8 K E A A I O 2 :

.

5. CPU.

6. .

7. .

8. 1 .

5

7 ( ) .

CPU

.

(serial computers).

, -

-

. -

(parallel processing). -

CPU,

(multiprocessors) CPU

, (parallel computers).

CPU (array processors), -

-

(pipeline computers). ,

, -

.

,

:

, , -

, , /,

, .

2.12

2.7

-

-

. -

,

.

,

(primary storage), -

. -

(permanently) -

(secondary storage),

,

, o (CDROM)

[ (backup)].

-

, ..

(keyboards), (disk drivers), -

(page scanners), .

,

(line printer)

.

-

/.

hardware (machinery)

() .

(hardware)

, -

.

(-

) ,

(software).

.

-

6 92 . 7

7 0 K E A A I O 2 :

(configuration)

.

: (i) -

(systems software),

, (ii)

(application software),

.

: -

, (Operating

System),

.

-

.

( ), -

, -

( ) -

.

Disk

Operating System (DOS) Operating System 2 (OS2).

(interface). -

. -

-

. (.. DOS)

, -

(Windows),

(user friendly).

.

-

, .. -

. -

-

,

.

(): -

(packaged programs),

(documentation),

(custom programs),

.

-

-

-

(productivity tools). -

-

.

-

, , (ALU)

/. , -

ALU

(CPU), -

: (i)

, (ii)

, (iii)

() ALU.

-

( ) .

-

( 0

1).

[binary digits (bits)] -

.

(words), (bytes) (bits).

7 12 . 7

7 2 K E A A I O 2 :

-

. -

,

.

(+, , *, /) -

.

(AND,

OR, NOT .).

-

, ,

,

.

(RAM) (ROM) .

ROM

(PROM), -

(EPROM),

(EEPROM).

-

-

, (-

, , .) .

(registers) , -

.

: -

, /.

(Hardware)

() -

, -

(Software) -

.

B

[2.1] ARBIB M.A.: Computers and the Cybernetic Society, Acad.

Press, NY, 1977

[2.2] BOHL M.: Computer concepts, Science Research Associates,

Chicago, 1970

[2.3] CAVANAGH J.J.F.: Digital Computer Arithmetic,

McGrawHill, NY, 1984

[2.4] DASGUPTA S.: Computer architecture and VLSI Hardware,

Prentice Hall, NJ, 1989

[2.5] GOLDSCHLAGER H.H., LISTER A.: Computer Science: a

modern introduction, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1982

[2.6] GORSLINE G.W.: Computer Organization: Hardware and

Software, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1980.

[2.7] HUNT R., SHELLEY J.: Computers and commonsense,

PrenticeHall, London, 1979

[2.8] KRISHNAMURTHY E.V.: Introductory Theory of Computer

Science, SpringerVerlag, NY, 1983

[2.9] KULISCH V.W., MIRANKER W.L.: Computer arithmetic in

theory and practice, Academic Press, NY, 1980

[2.10] MANO M.M.: Computer systems architecture, PrenticeHall,

NJ, 1993

[2.11] PAGE E.S., WILSON L.B.: Information, representation and

manipulation in a Computer, Cambridge University Press, 1978

[2.12] PATTERSON D.A., HENNESY J.L.: Computer organization

and design: the hardware/software interface, Morgan

Kaufmann Publ., CA, 1994

[2.13] RANDELL B.: The origin of digital Computers, Studies in

the history of Mathematics and Physical Sciences,

SpringerVerlag, NYHeidelbergBerlin, 1975

[2.14] SANDERS D.H.: Computers Today, McGrawHill, 1985

[2.15] SHIVA S.G.: Computer Design and Architecture, H. Collins

Publ., NY, 1991

[2.16] STERN R.A., STERN N.: An introduction to Computers and

Information Processing, J. Wiley & Sons, NYChichester, 1985

7 3B

:

[2.5], [2.7], [2.14],

[2.16] [2.8]

.

[2.10], [2.4] [2.15] -

. [2.13]

[2.17]

.

7 4 K E A A I O 2 :

[2.17] VON NEUMANN J.: The Computer and the Brain, Yale

University Press, New Haven, CN, 1958

-

.

.

:

,

MICR OCR

,

(I/O units)

(MICR)

(OCR)

(modem)

POS

(UPC)

(printers)

(desktop publishing)

(pixels)

, (random access)

(floppy disks)

E

(/) 1946,

/ 195060.

/

3

7 6 K E A A I O 3 :

.

() ,

-

.

.

, /.

-

. /-

[Input/Output (I/O)] -

,

(peripheral devices). -

CPU -

. , -

(interface) (

)

CPU -

-

. .

-

,

.

3.1

/

( ) -

(markreading, marksensing), -

(Magnetic Ink Character

Recognition) MICR (Optical

Character Recognition) OCR.

(teletypewriter)

TV.

,

, . -

-

( -

). -

.

-

-

.

3.1.1

H -

, H. Hollerith 1889.

, , -

(coding

forms),

,

. ( )

80 -

.

12 (

), -

,

. 80

80

7 73 . 1

7 8 K E A A I O 3 :

.

-

, -

,

, .

-

.

1 , -

.

,

,

.

(channels)

8 .

,

.

-

.

()

, ..

,

, .. .

3.1.2

, , , .

:

(i) : (Mark Sense Reading)

(ii) (Magnetic

Ink Character Recognition MICR).

(iii) (Optical Character

Recognition OCR).

-

,

,

.

(i) : ,

. -

.

,

-

,

.

(ii) (MICR):

. 1966

(standards) MICR

(fonts), 13

... U.K., CMC7 -

( U.K.).

13 09 -

,

,

.

CMC7 09,

() .

-

. -

1, 0.

MICR 1.200 .

MICR ,

. ,

: ,

, ,

.

(iii) A X (OCR): OCR

7 93 . 1

8 0 K E A A I O 3 :

.

,

-

(

) .

. -

-

( )

, -

.

3.1.3

(Teletypewriter

terminal), -

(key board), -

( )

(hard copy) , -

.

[Visual Display Units (VDU)] -

.

-

, -

.

-

. -

, -

(hardwiring) -

,

(remote link)

( ).

(modem), -

.

-

.

H (bar codes)

, .. [PointOfSale

(POS) terminals]. , -

, -

. -

.

.

(),

.

(disk

drivers), (page scanners),

(voice recognition units), -

CPU. -

, ..

-

, -

-

-

.

-

.

-

. -

, ..

(mouse) , -

(touch screen), (light pens), (joy

sticks), . -

8 13 . 1

8 2 K E A A I O 3 :

(source data automation)

OCR, ,

, MICR .

(bar code readers),

OCR,

[Universal Product Code (UPC)]

. -

(automatic teller machines), -

/, (debit cards), -

, POS , ,

[Facsimile (fax)] -

(transactions).

-

, , -

(digitizer tablets), -

.

, -

:

OCR, DMA, WORM, MICR, , -

.

3.1

3.2

-

, , -

. -

.

-

.

(i)

(hard copies)

(soft copies) .

-

(line printer). -

(fonts) -

.

, -

.

,

, -

.

, -

,

. -

,

.

(hard copies) -

(impact) -

(nonimpact) .

[.. dotmatrix,

(daisywheel)],

,

[.. (band printer), , ], -

.

, -

(inkjet printers) laser, -

(desktop publishing).

(ii)

-

(graph plotters).

, , -

, ,

8 33 . 2

8 4 K E A A I O 3 :

(0.010.001 ) -

. ,

CPU -

,

.

/ .

(iii) (VDU)

, [Cathode Ray

Tube (CRT)], -

. [Visual Display Units (VDU)] -

, ..

, -

,

.

-

(dotmatrix).

5002.000 .

(RGB monitor).

(pixel). -

, -

(resolution).

(iv)

, -

, .

(software)

, ..

, -

,

. -

,

, -

, -

.

(v) (COM)

(Computer Output Microfilm COM) -

-

.

16 35 mm. ,

,

.

COM -

, .. . COM,

,

.

(vi)

,

(standard).

, -

. -

,

. -

, ,

.

,

,

. (.. COM), -

-

8 53 . 2

8 6 K E A A I O 3 :

, .. , , , ,

. (image

processing). E

video, , , ..

(resolution)

() , () , () -

(pixels) , () , () -

.

3.2

3.3

, -

(temporary) . -

,

(permanent) -

(backing stores). -

-

.

() , -

,

, -

,

() .

:

(i) ,

Kbytes, Mbytes, Gbytes (1 GB = 103 MB = 106

KB = 109 Bytes).

(ii) , -

-

.

(iii) ,

Mbytes/sec.

(iv) -

.

(v) .

-

CPU. -

: (serial) (direct).

(random

access). -

.

.. ,

. A -

, -

-

' .

, .

, -

-

. , -

( ) ,

(random access), -

.

(direct)

(indexed)

. ,

.

.

-

, .

8 73 . 3

8 8 K E A A I O 3 :

3.3.1

,

-

.

, 0,5 -

502.400 .

-

, 1 0,

(tracks), -

. ,

,

.

, ,

( )

/.

3.3.2

(mainframes) -

,

-

.

-

(disk drive).

,

. (diskpack)

-

0.5 , -

2.000 -

.

,

.

(tracks) -

bits, ,

(sector) .

( ) -

. -

,

,

. 14

800 ,

15.360 . -

, 6

122.880.000 (15.360 . 800 . 10 . 6 . ).

(density), ( -

)

.

-

, -

-

.

3.3.3

(floppydisks) -

,

.

,

(diskette), 50

8 .

77 -

985.688 -

( ).

8 -

51/4 [

1.2 . (M)]

31/2 1.44 . -

8 93 . 3

9 0 K E A A I O 3 :

(POS) (word

processing).

(softsectored) -

(formatting) . -

(double sided)

/,

.

(addresses) -

, .

.

Winchester, -

, , -

. /-

(head crash),

.

(smart cards),

.

, -

,

. -

(flashmemory), -

(laptops,

notebooks).

3.3.4

-

,

.

. -

, .

: (i)

, (ii) , (iii)

.

. CPU -

-

/.

3.3.5

(optical storage).

[Compact Disks (CD)]

(laser) :

CDROMs, , -

WORMCDs, -

CDs,

(erasable CDs).

CDROM 650Mbytes -

-

. -

CDROM

-

.

(master)

.

CDROM

(CDROM drives)

(multimedia), .. ,

(CorelDraw),

. CDROM

-

.

WORMCDs -

9 13 . 3

9 2 K E A A I O 3 :

3Gbytes -

,

.

(multifunction drives) -

WORMCDs

-

.

3.3.6

(.. -

) -

CPU. CPU

(buses) .

[Direct

Memory Access (DMA)].

CPU . -

/ -

(DMA controller),

,

.

, :

, , ,

, , , , -

,

3.3

, :

CDROM, , , , -

( ), , ,

MICR

3.4

/ (I/O) -

CPU -

,

CPU

.

-

-

( -

) -

.

(mark reading),

(MICR), (OCR).

9 33 . 3

(DMA)

:

WORMCD, (buses) , CDROM,

(DMA controllers), OCR,

3.5

(users)

(back up) ()

.

(back up procedures) -

.

( -

)

.

;

100 .

3.1

9 4 K E A A I O 3 :

(input)

: , , -

, (disk drivers), (page

scanners), , (digitizers)

-

.

(output) : -

(VDU), ,

(printers), (plotters),

-

, , , -

/.

B

[3.1] COLDSCHLAGER H.H., LISTER A.: A Computer Science: a

modern introduction, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1982

[3.2] EDWARDS B.: PC Computing for absolute beginners, Sigma

Press, Wilmslow, England, 1993

[3.3] GORSLINE G.W.: Computer Organization: Hardware and

Software, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1980

[3.4] LANGHOLZ G., FRANCIONI J., KANDELA.: Elements of

computer organization, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1989

[3.5] LEEBAERT D. (Ed): Technology 2001: the future of Computing

and Communications, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1991

[3.6] MANO M.M.: Computer system architecture, PrenticeHall,

NJLondon, 1993

[3.7] MILLER G.A.: The psychology of communication, Basic Books,

NY, 1967

[3.8] PATTERSON D.A., HENNESSY J.L.: Computer organization

and design: the Hardware/Software interface, MorganKaufmann

Publ., San Mateo, CA, 1994

[3.9] SIEWIOREK D., BELL C.G., NEWELLA.: Computer

structures: principles and examples, McGrawHill, NY, 1982

[3.10] WEIZENBAUM J.: Computer power and human reason: from

judgement to calculation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1976

:

[3.1], [3.3] -

-

-

. a a

[3.6],[3.8] -

. [3.5]

,

.

Y

-

-

.

-

.

, :

-

, ..

(Internet), ,

(email)

-

(CDROMs)

(Internet)

(email)

(animation)

(hypertext)

4

9 6 K E A A I O 4 : Y

E

, -

, -

. -

, , , , , ,

. -

.

, -

. -

, ,

. -

, .. -

.

. -

-

. J.

Gutenberg (1438),

,

,

.

, -

. '

: (1) -

(Internet), .. -

, , , (2)

, -

, (3) (-

)

(robots) ,

, ., (4) '

' (High Performance Computing)

(supercomputing), .. -

,

(computer animation),

-

,

, .. .

.

. -

. -

-

, -

.

4.1

-

:

4.1.1 ,

. ,

. -

-

0 1, -

. , 0

(), 1, , -

.

4.1.2

,

, -

9 74 . 1

9 8 K E A A I O 4 : Y

, .

, -

-

. ,

.. , , -

, , .

4.1.3

(CDROMs)

() -

, .

,

.. 20 Oxford English Dictionary

CDROM, -

(pits) .

, -

(laser)

0 1.

4.1.4

-

.

, ,

-

. ,

-

-

. (management) -

. -

,

, -

.

(information highways)

, .

(faxes).

.

(Internet),

, ,

. -

. -

. 1965 -

130 -

, 1994 (fiberoptic)

500.000 .

,

.

() ,

. -

fax,

(email) (

),

.

4.1.5

, -

(pipeline).

(bandwidth)

. -

.

, , -

() .

,

. -

.

,

9 94 . 1

1 0 0 K E A A I O 4 : Y

, .

Internet -

..., 1960

.

-

. -

, ,

,

.

,

, -

.

-

, ,

.

, , -

(, ).

O , -

-

, ..

.

4.1.6

(chips)

. -

, /

(chip) -

(transistors). -

( -

) . ,

,

. -

Intel 1971 -

, 60.000 -

(adds/sec). 25

chips -

:

1974 (290.000 adds/sec) 1979 (330.000 adds/sec)

1982 (900.000 adds/sec) 1985 (5.500.000 adds/sec)

1989 (20.000.000 adds/sec) 1993 (100.000.000 adds/sec)

1995 (250.000.000 adds/sec) 1997 (500.000.000 adds/sec)

(Internet) -

.

1 0 14 . 1

-

, :

, ,

, , -

, , ,

4.1

(Internet);

() A (email).

() (real time)

.

()

.

() A -

.

() .

4.2

1 0 2 K E A A I O 4 : Y

4.2

. :

1. ,

CDROM,

-

, .

2. (special effects) -

..

. -

. -

-

48

, -

(tracks)

. , -

(animation) ,

CDROM.

(virtual actors),

-

.

.

3. Internet, -

1995 20 -

180 .

4. CDROM,

(layers)

. 20

, -

CDROMs.

5.

. -

.

. ,

,

.

, .. ,

. -

190 -

.

.. -

-

.

(

Kilauea),

( Manua Kea,

Hawaii),

.

6. -

-

. -

,

. -

10 . -

-

-

. -

, -

, .

1 0 34 . 2

1 0 4 K E A A I O 4 : Y

7. -

.

, -

, .

. -

. -

-

, -

, -

,

.

8. -

. ( )

.. ,

,

.

, -

, , .

.

, -

,

,

.

9. .

-

,

.

-

.

4.3

, ..

, -

,

. -

-

Internet.

, :

i) ,

.

1 0 54 . 3

CDROM:

() 20 .

()

.

() -

0 1.

() .

() () ().

() (), () ().

4.3

(fan site) (Internet) -

Fox Mulder XFiles

Luke Skywalker -

Star Wars, -

S. Spielberg B. Clinton.

: () video; () video

; () (animation); () -

(virtual actors);

4.4

1 0 6 K E A A I O 4 : Y

ii) () -

, , , -

(notebooks) . -

,

,

.

iii) , , -

, -

,

.

:

a) T (Local Area Networks), ..

-

LAN, -

.

b) T (Metro Area Networks),

-

.

c) T (Wide Area Networks), ..

, ,

.

iv) ,

.. , -

. -

, , -

. -

, -

-

, ,

, . .

.

v) ,

, .

:

1) H (email):

, -

email -

. -

.

2) Y (hypertext): -

, -

. -

,

.

3) : -

, ,

,

.

4) A : -

,

. -

, -

, .

5) : -

, ,

,

.

6) A : .. -

. -

1 0 74 . 3

1 0 8 K E A A I O 4 : Y

, -

, -

.

7) N :

-

, -

.

, -

:

, , (), , ,

, , , , -

,

4.5

4.4

199899

:

1) pentium ( 450 MHz)

, -

(DRAM) ( 64 MB).

2) [Printed Circuit

Board (PCB)], .. PCI (Programmable Communication Interface)

32 bits, video

(throughput) .

3) (portability) -

(lithium ion battery),

.

4) -

CDROM .

5)

video -

.

6) (3.2

GB), ,

.

7) (.. Windows 98),

(multitasking), (interface) .

8) , -

.

.

9) ,

.

10) ,

PCI , ,

, , .

1 0 94 . 4

, -

:

, CDROM, -

, , -

, -

4.6

-

, -

. -

, -

; -

100 .

.

4.1

1 1 0 K E A A I O 4 : Y

:

,

, , -

.

(Internet) -

,

(,

).

-

() , -

(-

).

, -

, -

: , -

(special effects), -

, CDROM,

, -

, ,

, -

.

: , , -

, , . -

:

(email), , ,

, , , -

.

B

[4.1] ARBIB M.A.: Brains, machines and Mathematics, Springer,

Berlin, 1987

[4.2] EVANS C.: The making of the micro: a history of the

computer, V. Collanz Ltd., London, 1981

[4.3] FOSDICK L.D., JESSUP E.R., SCAUBLE C.J.C., DOMIK

G.: An introduction to high performance scientific computing,

the MIT press, Cambridge, Mass, 1996

[4.4] FRATES j., MOLDRUP W.: Computers and Life, an

integrative approach, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1983

[4.5] GOTLIEB C.C., BORODIN A.: Social issues in Computing,

Academic Press, NY, 1973

[4.6] HALSALL F.: Data communications, computer networks and

open systems, AddisonWesley Publ., Reading, Mass., 1992

[4.7] KROL E. The whole Internet: users guide and catalog,

OReilly & Assocs, Sebastopol, CA, 1992

[4.8] LEEBAERT D. (Ed.): Technology 2001: the future of

computing and communications, MIT Press, CA, 1991

[4.9] SANDERS D.H.: Computers Today, Mc GrawHill, NY, 1985

[4.10] TANENBAUM A.: Computer Networks, PrenticeHall, 1988

1 1 1B

: [4.4], [4.5], [4.1] . [4.6] [4.10] ,, [4.8] . [4.7] - (Internet), [4.2] - .

: ,

,

, -

.

-

. ,

, / -

.

:

, ,

,

-

(machine language)

(assembler)

(translator)

(compiler)

5

1 1 4 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

,

(debugging)

(testing)

(flow chart)

(structure plan)

E

(.. , .) -

, ,

-

. -

. , ,

. -

, , -

. -

( ) () .

-

-

( /, -

, CPU

). -

.

,

.

,

.

. -

,

. -

:

i)

ii)

iii) .

,

(D. Hilbert, 19 ).

(incompleteness) (K. Gdel, 1931), -

,

A. Church, S. Kleene A. Turing -

.

(thesis) ChurchTuring,

.

,

.

-

-

, .

, -

-

.

,

-

.

. -

.

.

.

. -

.

, -

-

.

1 1 5E

1 1 6 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

5.1

-

,

. -

,

.

(machine language) -

(hardware) . -

-

(). -

-

( )

. -

-

, -

.

.

5.2

-

,

. -

(mnemonics) , -

, .. -

1001 () 09 () -

,

MULT. MULT

1001. -

, -

(assembler).

-

,

(assembles) .

-

(assembly codes).

.

,

, -

-

(low level languages) -

.

1 1 75 . 1 / 5 . 3

:

-

:

() ()

, -

() -

.

() , ..

MULT.

() -

.

()

(hardware) .

5.1

5.3

195060 ()

(high level languages). ,

,

. -

( /) -

1 1 8 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.

.. -

, . d = a b+c, - (FORTRAN) : D = A * B + C,

.

5.4 (compilation process)

- .

(assembly languages) -

-

, (assembler).

(compiler),

, -

.

,

[] (source program),

,

[] (object

program),

.

, -

,

, (translators), -

.

(interpreter) -

,

-

. (compiler) -

, ,

. (..

PC) -

,

(linkage editor linking loader).

. ,

. FORTRAN -

FORTRAN

.

-

, -

.

,

.

. ,

, CPU,

, -

-

CPU .

, -

,

.

, -

: , -

, (interactive).

:

. -

, -

.

-

. -

1 1 95 . 4

1 2 0 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

-

.

:

, (compilers)

(interpreters):

()

.

() -

-

.

() -

-

,

.

() ,

, -

.

5.2

-

, :

, , , ,

, , (interactive), ,

.

5.3

(compilation) -

: () ,

() , ()

, () , ()

() ().

5.4

5.5

-

(), -

, ,

.

195060

. J. E. Sammet Programming

Languages: History and Fundamentals (1967) 120

, 20

, 35 , 50 -

15 -

.

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). J.

Backus 1954. FORTRAN, -

, -

-

. American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) 1966,

FORTRAN 77 (1977) FORTRAN 90

(1991). -

-

( ) -

(multiprocessor systems).

LISP (LISt Processing),

-

(functional programming), J.

McCarthy (MIT) 1959. -

Church Curry.

-

1 2 15 . 5

, -

, ;

5.5

1 2 2 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

-

.

,

.

ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)

195960.

ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68. Triplex ALGOL

60, Karlsruhe, -

.

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)

... 196162 (G. Hopper), -

.

BASIC (Beginers Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

196061 (J. Kemmeny, T. Kurtz)

,

. BASIC

-

, .

.

: Basica, GWBASIC, Turbo BASIC, Quick BASIC, Visual BASIC.

PL/1 (K. verson) 196667

FORTRAN COBOL,

. PL/1 -

, -

.

PASCAL (K.

Jensen, N. Wirth) 197172 -

ALGOL.

-

.

SIMULA (O. Dahl, B. Myhrhang, A.

Nygaard) 196566, ALGOL -

.

PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic)

197080 -

. PROLOG -

.

.

, (

LISP) .

C DECPDP11 (D. Ritchie)

197273 BCPL , -

. -

Unix

C -

. -

C

,

Assembly. C

. C++ to 198687

-

[Object Oriented Programming (OOP)].

H SMALLTALK 197576

.

SMALLTALK 80

Xerox PARC. ,

( -

) .

,

-

.

MODULA 197576 (N. Wirth)

.

MODULA PASCAL

1 2 35 . 5

1 2 4 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

(modules),

-

.

.

MODULA2 (1980) MODULA3 (1988),

( 5.6).

ADA 198182 -

, -

.

.

Visual BASIC Visual C++

(visual) , -

(interfaces)

.

-

, :

FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, Visual C++, ADA, PROLOG, Visual

BASIC

5.6

;

() FORTRAN -

-

().

() PASCAL ADA

UNIX.

() COBOL

(, -

.). -

2000,

, .. 99 1999.

()

, Visual

BASIC Visual C++.

5.7

5.6

, .

(procedural definition), -

,

,

,

. -

-

.

. -

, -

() , ..

.

() .

-

. -

:

(1) (data abstraction),

, ..

-

1, 2 -

bytes .

(2) -

(procedural abstraction),

-

, .

,

1 2 55 . 6

1 2 6 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.

, -

.

,

-

-

. , -

( ) (hardware). -

( )

.

Turing

. H Turing (A.

M. Turing, 1936), ,

-

. -

,

.

-

.

(object oriented program-

ming) .

,

. -

: (i)

(ii) -

,

,

.

-

, .. COM (Common

Object Model) Microsoft, DSOM (Distributed System Object

Model) IBM ., -

().

OOP. O

-

.

-

: -

, (encapsulation).

-

(classes), -

.

C++ C,

C ,

, C++

.

-

.

C++

.

,

.

, -

, -

, -

(abstraction).

-

(modules), , -

.

-

1 2 75 . 6

1 2 8 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.

, -

. -

, -

.

-

,

. -

.

-

, -

(visual programming).

.

.

Visual

BASIC Microsoft. -

-

.

-

, -

.

,

, -

, -

.

Visual C++, -

.

,

(Windows '98) -

(QuickWin). -

-

(interfaces) . -

-

SQL

(Structured Query Language),

(.. COBOL)

Visual BASIC

Windows. -

FORTRAN,

C.

, -

, -

.

(FORTRAN, COBOL,

PL/1 .) -

.

(4th Generation Languages) -

-

.

,

198090

, ... (ESPRIT Project),

.

1 2 95 . 6

1 3 0 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

[Very High Level Language (VHLL)].

-

.

(inferenceengine) -

. -

, -

.

.

:

(i) [Object Oriented

Languages (OOL)], .. Visual BASIC, C++, Borland

Delphi ..

(ii) [Visual Programming

Languages (VPL)], .. Microsoft Visual BASIC Visual

C++, Borland C++ Builder, Sybase Power ++.

: Sun Java Workshop,

IBM Visual Age ..

(iii) [Descriptive

Languages (DL)], .. PROLOG.

, :

, , , , -

,

5.8

-

(OOP),

:

, , , , -

,

5.9

5.7

-

,

-

.

-

.

1. : ,

, . -

, .

2. :

. -

.

3. :

.

1 3 15 . 6 / 5 . 7

OOP

;

() H

.

() O -

.

() T -

.

() O

.

() T -

.

5.10

1 3 2 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

4. : -

, ..

(key board) .

5. : -

. , -

(.. )

(.. -

).

(diagnostics).

6. : -

-

.

. -

(debugging)

-

.

7. :

. -

(

) .

. (testing), -

,

-

.

, -

.

-

:

, , , ,

, , , -

, , , , ,

5.11

5.8

, -

-

.

. -

(flow chart).

,

,

(documentation)

.

(treecharts), (decision tables), -

HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output),

WarnierOrr, (structure plans) .

-

J. von Neumann (1945)

, -

,

.

.

-

, 5.1.

1 3 35 . 8

A T

E

A (: / )

E

5.1

1 3 4 K E A A I O 5 : : ,

()

. -

, .

,

,

, -

,

, . -

.

5.1: .

-

(records) (file).

, , , ,

, . . -