ISLAMUM MATHA SAHISH - muslim-library.com fileCkvemapw aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw ssiJv apl-‰Zv Imc-Ip¶v...

Ckvemapw

aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw

ssiJv apl-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v

Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukvtImgn-t°mSv

]kvXm-h\hnhn[ aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ Xnßn-Øm-a-kn-°p∂ \mSmWv C¥y.Ah-bv°n-S-bnse sFIy-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw amXta \mńs‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw t£ahpwkm[y-am-hp-I-bp≈q. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, Cu cwKØv kzX-¥-`m-c-X-Øns‚ CXx-]-cy-¥-ap≈ A\p-`hw tim`-\tam ip`-I-ctam A√. h¿Kob Iem-]-ßfpw kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-´-\-ß-fpw \nXy-kw-`-h-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\vBfp-Iƒ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw tImSn-°-W-°n\v cq]-bpsS kz-Øp-°ƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

`n∂ aX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ òa-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bmWv At\ym-\y-ap≈ AI¬®°pw kwL¿j-ßƒ°pw ]e-t∏mgpw Imc-W-am-hm-dp-≈Xv. AX-h-km-\n-∏n®v ]c-kv]-c-a-dn-bm\pw ASp-°m-\p-ap≈ kml-N-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°p-∂-Xn¬ c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ A£-¥-hy-amb DZm-ko-\-X-bmWv Ct∂mfw Im-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. \mńse hnZym-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse Ncn-X-]-T\wt]mepw ]c-kv]c hnizm-khpw aa-Xbpw hf¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-a-s√∂p amX-a√, IqSp-X¬ AI-em\pw shdp-°m\pwCS-h-cpØpw hn[-hp-amWv.

Ncn-X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fmepw, Nne h¿Kob i‡n-I-fpsS Bkq-Xn-X-amb ]Nm-c-W-ß-fmepw Ckvemapwapkvenw-Ifpw Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-´p≠v. X¬^-e-ambn Ckvemw Incm-Xhpw ]mIr-X-hp-am-sW∂pw ap-kvenw-Iƒ°v A\y P\-hn- m-K-ß-fp-ambn kvt\l-Ønepw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw h¿Øn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√-∂p-ap≈[mcW hf¿∂p-h-∂n-cn-°p∂p.

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ckvem-ans\ kw_-‘n® òa-amb

sX‰n-≤m-cW Zqco-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ffnb ia-ß-fpsS mK-amWvCu sIm®p IrXn. CXc P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS t\sc Ckvem-ans‚ kao-]\w F∆n-[-am-sW∂v aqe-]-am-W-ß-fp-sSbpw N-cnX kXy-ß-fp-sSbpw shfn-®-Øn¬ CXn¬ efn-X-ambn hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

Cu KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv ]T-\m¿l-ß-fmbc≠v A\p-_-‘-ßfpw tN¿Øn-´p≠v.

aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw kmap-Zm-bnI kulm¿Zhpw hf¿-Øn kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ian-°p-I-sb∂ C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS ]Jym-]nX \bw \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ ia-ß-fpsS `mKw IqSn-bmWvCu eLp IrXn. kXym-t\z-j-I¿°v hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw sX‰n-≤m-c-W-I-f-I-‰m\pw CXv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-°p∂p. AXn-∂mbn ]m¿Yn-°p-IbpwsNøp∂p.

6 Ckvemapw aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw

˛]km-[-I¿

H∂v

Hcp -PmXn Hcp h¿Kw

apkvenw-Iƒ°v Hcp A√mlp, lnµp-°ƒ°v Hco-iz-c≥, InkvXym-\n-Iƒs°mcp I¿Ømhv, blq-Z¿s°mcp ssZhw˛ Cu k¶ev]w Ckvem-an∂v A]-cn-Nn-X-amWv. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ssZhw H∂p-Xs∂. Ah≥GI-\mWv. apgp temI-Øn-s‚bpw kjvSmhv. AJne Ncm-N-c-ß-fp-sSbpw \mY\pw \nb-¥mhpw Ah≥ Xs∂.

""]d-bpI, Ah≥ A√mlp GI-\m-Ip∂p. A√mlp Bcp-sSbpwBi-b-an-√m-Ø-h\pw F√m-h-cmepw Bi-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\p-am-Ip∂p. Ah\v k¥m-\-ta-Xp-an√. Ah≥ Bcp-sSbpw k¥m-\-hp-a√. Ah\v Xpey-\mbn Bcp-an√.''1

""Ah≥ k¿h hkvXp-°-sfbpw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''2

""ssZhw `qan-bn¬ ]¿h-X-ß-fp-≠m°n. AXn¬ A\p-KlwsNmcn™p. AXn¬ Blm-c-ßƒ \n¿W-bn®p.''3

""ssZhw a\p-jy¿°p-th≠n `qansb kwhn-[m-\n®p.''4

""ssZhw `qan-bn-ep≈ k¿hhpw \nßƒ°p-th≠n krjvSn®p.''5

ssZhw apkvenw-I-fpsS amXw kjvSm-h√. apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw I¿Øm-hmWv. F√m-h-tcmSpw Gsd kao-]-ÿ\pw.

""\n›bw, a\p-jys\ \mw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ahs‚ a\ va¥n-°p-∂-sX¥pw \ma-dn-bp∂p. Ahs‚ IWvT-\m-Un-tb-°mƒAh-t\mSv ASp-ØmWv \mw.''6

a\p-jys‚ GIXzwtemI-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw Htc ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-I-

fmWv. Ahs‚ hmbp izkn-°p-∂-hcpw sh≈w IpSn-°p-∂-h-cp-amWv.`qan-bn¬ Ah≥ kwhn-[m-\n® kuI-cy-ß-f-\p-`-hn®v Pohn-°p-∂-hcpw.

`qan-bn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw Htc Bflm-hn¬\n∂p-≠m-b-h-cmWv. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

7Hcp- PmXn Hcp h¿Kw

""P\-ßtf, \nß-fpsS \mYs\ kq£n-°pI. Hscm‰ Bflm-hn¬\n∂v \nßsf krjvSn-°p-Ibpw AtX Bflm-hn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ AXns‚ CWsb krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Ah c≠n¬\n-∂p-ambn [mcmfw kvXo]p-cp-j-∑msc temIØv hym]n-∏n-°p-IbpwsNbvX-h-\sX Ah≥.''7

lnµp-°-fp-sSbpw apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw,C¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw No\-°m-cp-sSbpw Ad-_n-I-fp-sSbpw bqtdm-]y-cp-sS-bp-sa√mw BZn-]n-Xmhv BZ-amWv. kI-ecpw At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-I-fn¬ s]Sp∂p.

""a\p-jytc, Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬\n-∂p-asX \nßsf \mwkrjvSn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]ns∂ \nßsf \mw kap-Zm-b-ßfpw tKmX-ß-fp-am°n; \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xn∂v.''8

AXn-\m¬ temI-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw PmXn H∂mWv.F√m-hcpw Htc h¿K-°m¿. Htc IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\nAdn-bn-°p∂p: ""krjvSn-I-sf√mw ssZh-Øns‚ Bin-X-cmWv. AXn-\m¬, Ah\v Gsd ]nb-s∏-´-h¿ Xs‚ Bin-X¿°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-h-csX.''9

as‰m-cn-°¬ ]hm-N-I≥ Acpƒ sNbvXp: ""\n›bw, \nß-fpsSssZhw GI-\mWv. \nß-fp-sS-sb√mw ]nXmhpw HcmƒXs∂. F√m-hcpw BZ-an¬\n-∂p-≈-h-cmWv; BZ-am-sW-¶n¬ aÆn¬\n∂pw. AXn-\m¬, Ad-_n°v A\-d-_n-tb-°mtfm shfp-Ø-h\v Idp-Ø-h-t\-°mtfm bmsXmcp tijvT-X-bp-an√; ssZh-`-‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√msX.''10

aX-ß-fpsS GIXzwa\p-jy-cm-in-°p≈ ssZh-\n¿Zn-jvS-amb Pohn-X-]-≤-Xn-bmWv aXw.

AXn-\m¬ aXw ssZh-t]m-‡-amWv. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw tkmX vH∂mWv. ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-hÿ e`n-®n-´n-√mØ P\-k-aq-l-ßƒD≠m-bn-´n-s√∂v hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂p: ""ssZhw a\p-jy-cn¬ F√m-h¿°pw Hcp \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw I¿a-am¿Khpw \n›-bn-®n-´p≠v.''11

F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w H∂mWv. `n∂-X-I-fp-≠m-bXv]n∂o-SmWv. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS CS-s]-S-emWv AXn\p ImcWw.hyXykvX ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cn-eqsS Ah-Xo¿W-amb BZ¿iw H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnip-≤-Jp¿-B-\n-eqsS A√mlp hy‡-am-°p∂p:

""\qln(t\ml)t\mSv \mw A\p-im-kn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Znhy-k-tµiw hgn Ct∏mƒ Xm¶ƒ°-h-X -cn -∏n -®n -´p -≈XpwC_vdmlow (A_lmw), aqkm(tamkkv), Cukm(tbip)F∂n-h-tcmSv A\p-im-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-amb AtX aXw Xs∂ssZhw \nßƒ°v \S-]-Sn-I-a-ambn \n›-bn®pX∂n-cn-°p∂p.''12

8 Ckvemapw aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw

aX-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-L-´-Øn¬ Ah-bp-sS-sb√mw auen-Im-[ym-]-\-ßƒ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. hni-Zmw-i-ß-fnepw NneBNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw amX-amWv Ime, tZi hyXym-k-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. aX-ßƒ°n-S-bnse auen-Im-¥-c-ßƒa\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS ê-asX.

ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿am\-h-k-aq-l-Øn\v ssZhnI Pohn-X-hy-hÿ FØn-®p-sIm-SpØ

hy‡n-I-fmWv ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿. temI-Ønse F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw\mSp-I-fnepw CØcw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿ \ntbm-Kn-X-cm-bn-´p-s≠∂v hnip≤Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p:

""\mw F√m kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ssZh-Zq-Xs\ \ntbm-Kn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≠v.'' 13

ssZh-t]m-‡-amb Pohn-X-]mX ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h¿°v ip`-hm¿ØbpwAXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v Xm°oXpw \evIp∂ ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS ]c-º-c-bnse Ah-km-\sØ IÆn amX-amWv apl-Ω-Zp-\_n. A√mlpAdn-bn-°p∂p:

""\_ntb, Xm¶ƒ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c≥ amX-am-Ip∂p. \mwXm¶sf kXy-hp-ambn \ntbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p˛ip`-hm¿Ø-b-dn-bn-°p-∂-h\pw Xm°oXv \evIp-∂-h-\p-am-bn-s°m≠v. bmsXmcpkap-Zm-bhpw AXn-semcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c≥ hcmsX Ign-™p-t]m-bn-ń√.'' 14

AXn-\m¬ ]hm-N-I-∑m-sc√mw ]c-kv]cw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv.ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ k¿hcpw ka-∑mcpw kam-Z-c-Wo-b-cp-amWv.temIØv \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb apgp-h≥ ]hm-N-I-∑m-cnepw hniz-kn-°m≥apkvenw-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. Ah-sc-sb√mw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp≠v. Jp¿-B-\n-eqsS A√mlp B⁄m-]n-°p∂p:

""]d-bpI: ssZh-Ønepw Rßƒ°v Ah-X-cn®p Inń-b-XnepwC_vdm-lo-an∂pw Ckvam-Cu-en∂pw Ckvlm-Jn∂pw bA-vJq-_n∂pw bA-vJq_v k¥-Xn-Iƒ°pw Ah-Xo¿W-am-b-Xnepwaqkm°pw Cukm°pw a‰p ]hm-N-I-∑m¿°pw Xß-fpsS \mY-\n¬\n∂v \evI-s∏-´-Xnepw Rßƒ hniz-kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ah-cn¬ B¿°n-S-bnepw Rßƒ hnth-N\w Iev]n-°p-∂n√.Rßƒ k¿hm-fl\m ssZh-Øn\v Iogvs]-´-h-cmWv.''15

GI kap-ZmbwBZn-bn¬ a\p-jy-cmin Hscm‰ kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. `n∂n-®Xpw

]c-kv]cw AI-∂-Xp-sa√mw ]n∂o-SmWv. a\p-jy¿ kzbw IrXm-i-bßfpw PohnX coXn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®-XmWv AXn\p \nan-Ø-ambnh¿Øn-®Xv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

9Hcp- PmXn Hcp h¿Kw

""BZn-bn¬ a\p-jy-scm-s°bpw GI kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂o-S-h¿ hn`n-∂-amb hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-co-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠m°n`n∂n-®p-I-f™p.''16

`n∂X Ah-km-\n-∏n®v sFIyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m-\mWv ssZhwXs‚ ZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv.

""BZn-bn¬ P\-sam-s°bpw Hscm‰ kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. (]n∂oSvAh¿ `n∂n-®-t∏mƒ) ssZhw k∑m¿Km-N-c-W-Øns‚ ip`m-¥y-a-dn-bn-°p-∂-h-cmbpw Zp¿am¿Km-N-c-W-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Xm°oXv \evIp-∂-h-cmbpw ]hm-N-I-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®-b®p. kXysØ kw_-‘n®v kaq-l-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ DS-se-Sp-Øn-cp∂ `n∂n-∏p-I-fn¬ Xo¿∏p Iev]n-°m-\mbn Ah-tcm-sSm∏wkXy-th-Zhpw Ah-X-cn-∏n®p.''17

F∂m¬ ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿ BK-X-cm-b-t∏mƒ kaqlw Ahsc \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw ]q¿hn-Im-Nm-c-ßƒ ]nSn-hm-in-tbmsS ]n¥p-S-cp-IbpwsNbvX-Xn-\m¬ `n∂n∏v Ah-km-\n-°msX Ahn-cmaw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXn-\m¬, auen-I-ambn a\p-jy-sc√mw Htc kap-Zm-b-ØnseAwK-ß-fmWv. A∆n[w \ne-sIm-≈m≥ IS-s∏-´-hcpw.

BZ-c-Wo-bXCkvem-anI ho£-W-Øn¬, temI-Ønse G‰hpw tijvT-amb

kr-jvSn a\p-jy-\mWv. Ahs‚ IpSpw-_hpw PmXnbpw h¿Khpwh¿Whpw tZihpw `mjbpw GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw icn. P∑\m Ah≥BZ-c-Wo-b-\mWv. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:

""a\p-jy¿°v \mw al-Xz-ta-In-sb-∂Xv \ΩpsS Imcp-Wy-am-Ip∂p. Ah¿°p \mw IS-enepw Ic-bnepw hml-\-ßƒ \evIn.DØa ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ Blm-c-ambn sImSpØp. \mw krjvSn®\nc-h[n krjvSn-I-tf-°mƒ ]I-S-amb Hu∂-Xy-a-cp-fp-IbpwsNbvXp.''18

AXn-\m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn F√m a\p-jycpw hnin-jvScpw ip≤-]-Ir-X-cp-amWv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""a\p-jys\ \mw hnin-jvS-amb LS-\-bn¬ krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂p.''19

]hm-N-I≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""F√m Ip™p-ßfpw P\n-°p-∂Xv ip≤-]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.''

AXn-\m¬ Htc ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-Ifpw Htc amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS a°-fp-amb apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw auen-I-ambn \njvI-f-¶cpw BZ-c-Wo-b-cp-amWv. ]n∂oSv kz¥w ZpjvI¿a-ß-fmWv Ahsc A]-cm-[n-Ifpw A]-am-\n-X-cp-am-°p-∂Xv. Ahsc Zpjn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Ah-Xs∂. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:

""]n∂oSv \mw a\p-jys\ \oN-cn¬ \oN-\m°n˛ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw k¬°¿a-ß-fm-N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-sc-sbm-gn®v.''20

1 0 Ckvemapw aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw

aX-hn -izm -k-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn a\p-jys\ am\n-°-W-sa∂vCkvemw B⁄m-]n-°p∂p. Hcn-°¬ Hcp arX-tZlw sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv I≠-t∏mƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n∂p. At∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ A\p-N-c-∑m¿ Adn-bn®p: "AsXmcp blq-Z-t‚-Xm-Wt√m.' DSs\]hm-N-I≥ ]Xn-h-Nn-®Xv, "At±-lhpw a\p-jy-\m-Wt√m' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.

A]-Imcw Xs∂ aX-]-c-amb sshPmXyw At\ym-\y-ap≈ AXn-I-a-ßƒ°v \nan-Ø-am-h-cpXv. \∑ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnepw Xn∑sb]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xnepw hnizmk sshhn-[y-X-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw kl-I-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠Xv. A√mlpBh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p:

""]pWy-Øn\pw ssZh-`-‡n°pw th≠n \nßƒ ]c-kv]cwklm-bn-°pI. ]m]-Øn\pw AI-a-Øn\pw \nß-f-t\ym\ywklm-bn-°-cpXv.''21

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. A¬-C-Jvem-kzv: 1˛-42. A¬^p¿Jm≥: 23. ^p zn-eØv: 104. A¿d-lvam≥: 105 A¬_-Jd: 296. Jm^v: 167. A∂n-km-Av: 18. A¬lp-Pp-dmØv: 139. _ m¿10. apkvenw, A_q-Zm-hqZv11. A¬am-CZ: 4812. Aiviqdm: 1313. A∂lv¬: 3614. ^mXzn¿: 23, 2415. A¬_-Jd: 25616. bq\pkv: 1917. A¬_-Jd: 21318. A¬-C-kvdm-Av: 7019. AØo≥: 420. AØo≥: 5, 6

21. A¬am-CZ: 2

1 1hnizmk kzmX¥yw

c≠v

hnizmk kzmX¥yw

ssZh-t]m-‡-amb Pohn-X-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv Ckvemw. AXn\v hy‡-amb hnizmk kwln-X-bp≠v. AXn¬\n-∂mWv Ckvem-anse BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw I¿a ]≤-Xn-Ifpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv. BZ¿ihnizm-k-ß-fw-Ko-I-cn-t°-≠Xv a\p-jy-a-\- p-I-fmWv. AXn-√msX\mhp-sIm≠v \S-Øp∂ ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ \nc¿Y-ßfpw \njv^-e-ß-fp-asX. Ckvemw am\h a\- p-I-fpsS am‰-Øn-eq-∂¬ \evIm-\p≈Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs∂. Bi-bm-Z¿i-ß-fpsS AwKo-Imcw hy‡n-I-fpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n-ev°p∂p. Ah BcpsStaepw ASn-t®-ev]n-°m≥ km[y-a√. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ckvemw hfschnim-ehpw kln-jvWpXm ]q¿W-hp-amb kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv. am\h a\- p-Iƒ°v apºn¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-®-tijw hniz-kn-°m\pw Ahn-iz-kn-°m\pw, AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw\ncm-I-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ A\p-hm-Zhpw Ah-Im-ihpw hy‡n-Iƒ°v\evIp∂p. Ckvemw Bscbpw AXw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂n√.hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn ]Jym-]n-°p∂p:

""aX-Øn¬ Hcp-hn[ \n¿_-‘-hp-an√. k∑m¿Kw anYym-[m-c-W-I-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn™v Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p.''1

""Xm¶ƒ hnfw-_cw sNøpI: CXv \nß-fpsS \mY-\n¬\n-∂p≈kXy-am-Ip∂p. CjvS-ap-≈-h¿°nXv kzoI-cn°mw. CjvS-ap-≈-h¿°v \ntj-[n°mw.''2

aX-Øns‚ ]Ya ]t_m-[-I-cmb ]hm-N-I≥am¿°p-t]mepwssZhnI ktµ-i-ß-sf-Øn-°p∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw amXta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. A√mlp ]d-bp∂p:

""ssZhnI ktµiw kv]jvS-ambn Adn-bn-°-e-√msX as‰-s¥-¶nepw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsS _m[y-X-bn-ept≠m?''3

A¥y-]-hm-N-I-\mb apl-ΩZv \_n°v AXn-e-∏pdw Hcp _m[y-X-bp-an-s√∂p hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:

""AYhm, Ah¿ ]n¥n-cn-™p-t]m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \ns∂ Ah-cpsS ta¬t\m- -°m-c-\mbn \mw \ntbm-Kn-®n- n√. ktµiw FØn-


t°≠ _m[yX amXta \n\-°p≈q.''4

""hn[n hy‡-ambn FØn-®p-X-cp∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw amXta\ΩpsS ZqX-∂p≈q.''5

Bfp-Isf \n¿_-‘n®v hniz-kn-∏n-°m≥ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-°p-t]mepw A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Jp¿-B≥ tNmZn-°p∂p:

""P\-ßƒ hnizm-kn-I-fm-hm≥ Xm¶ƒ Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm? ssZh-ln-X-an-√msX Hcmƒ°pw hniz-kn-°pI km[y-a√.''6

""\_ntb, Xm¶ƒ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI. Xm¶ƒ DZv-t_m-[-I≥ amX-am-Ip∂p. Ahsc \n¿_-‘n®v hgn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-s\m-∂p-a√ Xm¶ƒ.''7

Cßs\ Ckvemw hnizmk kzmX¥yw ]Jym-]\w sNøp∂p.aXw BcpsS taepw ASn-t®-ev]n-°-cp-sX∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw kz¥w hnizm-khpw ho£-Whpw sh®p-]p-e¿Øm\pwAX-\p-k-cn®v ]qPm-]m¿Y-\-Ifpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. AXn-en-S-s]-Smt\m AXv XS-bmt\m B¿°pwA[n-Im-c-an√. hy‡n-Ifpw kaq-l-ßfpw `c-W-Iq-S-ßfpw CXn¬ ka-amWv.

Ckvem-anI cmjvSw ]uc-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-I-bn√. Jp¿-B≥ IWn-i-ambn Iev]n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿°n-jvS-ap≈ aX-aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \evIp-Ibpw sNøpw. aZo-\-bn¬\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n(k)bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ckvem-an-I-`-cWw ÿm]n-X-am-bXp apX-en-t∂m-f-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-f-Xn\v km£n-bmWv.

aZo-\-bn-se-Ønb ]hm-N-I≥ aplm-Pn-dp-Ifpw A≥km-dp-I-fp-ambnDS-º-Sn-bp-≠m°n. AXn¬ Ahn-SsØ PqX-∑m-cp-ambn Nne Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Nne hmKvZm-\-ßƒ \evIp-IbpwsNbvXp. Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Ønse aX \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿbpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw _m[y-X-Ifpw hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-°p∂ al-Ømb Hcp ]amWw IqSn-bm-WXv. AXn-eqsS \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v A\p-h-Zn-®-Xp-t]m-ep≈ kzmX-¥yhpw kuI-cyhpwtemI-Ønse at‰-sX-¶nepw aXm-[n-jvTnX cmPy-ß-fntem aX-\n-c-t]£m \mSp-I-fntem ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. PqX-∑m¿°v kºq¿W aX-kzm-X¥yw ]Jym-]\w sNøp∂ ]kvXpX ]am-W-Øn-en-ßs\ImWmw: ""\ΩpsS `cW kmtlm-Zcy koa-bn¬ s]Sp∂ PqX-∑m¿°vh¿Km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]£-]m-X-]-c-amb s]cp-am-‰-ß-fn¬\n∂pwtZml-ß-fn¬\n∂pw c£ \evIpw. \ΩpsS klm-b-Øn\pw Zbm-]q¿Wamb kwc-£-W-Øn\pw kz¥w kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-sf-t∏mseAh¿°pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. apkvenw-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Ah¿ GI LS-\-bp≈ Hcp cmjvS-am-bn -Øocpw. apkvenw-I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂

1 3hnizmk kzmX¥yw

Ah¿°pw kzX-¥-ambn Xß-fpsS aXw BN-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.'']n∂oSv Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvSsØ \in-∏n-°m≥ AI-Øp-\n∂v KqV-

iaw \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n°v Ahsc \mSp-I-S-tØ-≠n-h∂p.AXn\v At±-lsØ t]cn-∏n-®Xv Ah-cpsS aX-]-c-amb ]iv\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v cmjvSob Imc-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. C°mcyw hneywayqb¿(Muir ) t]mepw Xpd∂v kΩ-Xn-®n-´p≠v. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:""apl-ΩZv Ah¿s°-Xnsc (_\q-Jp-ssdfm F∂ PqXtKmXw)apt∂‰w \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ auenI Imc-W-ßƒ cmjvSo-b-amWv.At±lw Ahsc Ckvemw Bt«-jn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm AXpsNøm-Ø-Xn\v in£n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń√.''8

PqX-∑m-tcm-sS∂ t]mse ssIkvXh tKmX-ß-fp-ambpw ]hm-N-I≥ k‘n-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cp∂p. AX-\p-k-cn®v Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øn-e-h¿°v kºq¿W hnizmk kzmX¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. k¿tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv Xs∂ ]e Ad_vssIkvXh tKmX-ß-fp-ambpw k‘n-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cp∂p. Ah¿°vAt±lw kwc-£-Whpw kz¥w aX-am-N-cn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-¥yhpwDd-∏p-h-cpØn. Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ khn-ti-jm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ ]g-b-t]mse \ne-\n¿Øn.''9

\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS DØ-cm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ahn-SsØ kln-jvWp-Xm-]q¿W-amb kao-]\w AtX-]Sn A\p-[m-h\w sNbvXp. c≠mwJeo^ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Cuen-bm-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-SpØc£m-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk\pw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS \mb-I-\p-amb Da¿ Cuen-bm-bnse P\-ßƒ°v \evIp∂kwc-£-W-am-WnXv. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw N¿®p-Iƒ°pw Ipcn-ip-Iƒ°pw aX-kw-_-‘-amb F√m-‰n\pw kwc-£WwDd∏p \evIp∂p. Bcp-tSbpw N¿®p-Iƒ hmk-ÿ-e-am-°p-Itbm \in-∏n-°p-Itbm AcpXv. Ahtbm Ah-tbmSv tN¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ hkvXp-h-ltbm Ipd-®p-I-f-b-cpXv. AXpt]mse-Øs∂ Ah-cpsS kzØp-°tfm Ipcn-ip-Itfm ]nSn-s®-Sp-°-cpXv. hnizm-k-Im-cy-Øn¬ Bcp-sS-taepw ]Xn-_-‘-ap-≠m-°p-Itbm aXw am‰-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm sNø-cpXv. Bscbpw D]-Z-hn-°m\pw ]mSn√.''10

Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ Awdp-_v\p¬ Bkzv CuPn-]vXp-Im-cp-am-bp-≠m-°nb Icm-d-\p-k-cn®v Ahn-SsØ ssIkvXhhnizm-kn-Iƒ°v kI-e-hn[ kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.A∂p apX-en-t∂mfw tIm]v‰v ssIkvX-h¿ AhnsS sskzc-Po-hnXw\bn-®p-h-cp∂p. Hcp hn[ aX-]o-U\hpw Ah-c-\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√. B[p-\nI CuPn-]v-Xn-e-h¿°v Bbn-cØn A™q-tdmfw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw A™q-tdmfw kwL-S-\-I-fp-ap≠v. Ah-sb√mw ÿm]n-X-am-bXv apkvenw `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv. Ckvemw hnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw A\p-h-Zn-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]Xn-aq-∂n-tesd \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ apkvenw


`c-W-Øn\p tijw CX-tbsd A\y aXm-\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ah-cpsSBcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw AhnsS Ah-ti-jn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

apkvenw-I-fpsS Cu kln-jvWpX Imc-W-ambn ssIkvXhktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ kz¥w ka-pZm-bmw-K-ß-tf-°mƒ Ahsc CjvS-s∏-ń-cp∂p. A_q-D-ss_-Z-bpsS t\Xr-Xz -Øn¬ apkvenw ssk\ywtPm¿Um≥ Xmgvh-c-bn¬ Xmh-f-a-Sn-®-t∏mƒ Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fmbssIkvXh t\Xm-°ƒ Ah¿s°-gpXn: ""apkvenw-Itf, Rßƒss_k‚m-bn≥Im-tc-°mƒ \nß-sf-bn-jvS-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah¿ Rß-fpsShnizm-k-Øn¬Xs∂ D≈-h-cm-sW-¶nepw \nß-fmWv Rß-tfmSvhm°p ]men-°p-Ibpw ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw A\oXn ]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv.''11

C¥y-bn¬ kn‘v BI-an®v Iog-S-°nb apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ Jmkn-an∂v kndn-b≥ Kh¿W¿ l÷m-Pp_v\p bqkp^v Fgp-Xnb IØv,A-°m-eØv A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ hnizmk kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°vshfn®w hoip∂p. At±-l-sa-gpXn: ""Ah¿ \ΩpsS kwc-£W hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hcn-Ibpw \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I-cmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cns° \mwas‰-¥mWv Ah-cn¬\n∂v ]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv? Ah-cpsS ssZh-ßsfBcm-[n-°m-\p≈ kzmX¥yw \mw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hcm-sfbpwXs‚ aX-Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°mt\m Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p XS-bp-hmt\m ]mSn√.''12

C¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏´ hy‡n Hudw-K-ko-_mWv. At±lw ]c-aX hntcm-[nbpw ISpØ h¿Ko-b-hm-Zn-bp-ambn apZ-Ip-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. _nó-jp-Im-cpsS hymP-]-Nm-c-W-ß-fmWv CXn\p hgn-sh-®Xv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ At±lw ktlm-Zc kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ H´pw CS-s]-ń-cp-∂n√. ]q¿Wm¿Y-Øn¬hnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. _\m-d-knseKh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ A_p¬l-k\v At±lw \evInb DØ-c-hn-en-ßs\ImWmw: ""\oXn-]q¿h-I-amb \ΩpsS Cu `cWw \S-°p∂ Ime-Øp-t]mepw _\m-d-knepw a‰p Nne tZi-ß-fnepw Xma-kn-°p∂ lnµp]P-Isf Nne¿ sshcm-Ky-Ømepw hntZz-j-Ømepw hnj-an-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn \ap°v hnhcw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fnset£X-ß-fpsS kwc-£-I-cmb _m“-W-∑msc Ah-cpsS IrXy-\n¿h-l-W-Øn¬\n∂pw `b-s∏-SpØn ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-Xmbpw\mw a\- n-em-°p∂p. \tΩmSv Iqdpw hniz-kvX-X-bp-ap≈ A_p¬l-k-t\mSv \mw I¬]n-°p∂p: Cu DØ-chv ssIhiw Inńb DS-s\-Øs∂ CØcw A\m-im-ky-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw `mhn-bn¬ _m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°vbmsXm-cp-hn[ XS- hpw D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-IbpwthWw. A\m-Zn-Imew \ne-\n¬t°-≠Xpw ssZh-Z-Ø-ambn \evI-s∏-´-Xp-amb \ΩpsS kmam-Py-Øns‚ Db¿®°pw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚

1 5hnizmk kzmX¥yw

Iq´mb \∑°pw th≠n Ah¿ \S-Øp∂ ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ A`w-KpcwXpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXv hfsc ASn-b-¥c Imcy-ambn IcpXn DS≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.''13 lnPvd 1090 d_o-D¬BJn¿ 17.

Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ aX-k-ao-]\w Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ lman¬´¨Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p: ""lnµp-°ƒ°v ]cn-]q¿W-amb aX-kzm-X¥yw e`n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa sslµh cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Iogn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-sgms° Ah¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ hX-ßfpw D¬k-h-ßfpw Ct∏mgpw BtLm-jn-°p-hm-\p≈ kuI-cy-ß-fpap≠v. aod‰v\K-c-Øn¬ amXw sslµ-h-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \qdn¬]cw hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw Ah¿ XΩn¬ ]m¿Y-\-I-fp-sStbm kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-sStbm t]cn¬ bmsXm-cp-hn[ X¿°hpw \S-°p-∂n√. GsXm-cmƒ°pwAbm-fm-K-ln-°p-∂-hn[w ssZhm¿®-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm\pw Bcm-[n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ kzmX-¥y-ap≠v. aX-[zw-k-\-ßƒ A⁄m-X-amWv.''14

\o≠ \nc-h[n \q‰m-≠p-Imew `cWw \S-Øn-bn´pw apkvenw-Iƒ\s∂ sNdnb \yq\-]-£-ambn XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬\n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ ia-ß-sfm-´pw-Xs∂ \S-∂n-cp-∂n-s√∂pw hnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw ]q¿W-ambpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Bÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ DØ-c-]-tZ-in¬ 11Dw ssakq-cn¬ 5Dw iX-am\w amXta C∂pw apkvenw-I-fp≈q. C¥y-bpsS CXc `mK-ß-fnepw Ckvemw hym]n-®Xv apkvenw `c-W-Im-e-Ø-s√-∂Xv]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv. _wKm-fnse aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\sØ kw_-‘n®v e`y-amb tcJ Cu hkvXpX kpXcmw hy‡-am-°p∂p:

""_nójv `c-W-Im-eØv \S∂ \nc-¥-c-amb aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w HcpImcyw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn®p. cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imcw Ds≠-¶nepwCs√-¶nepw _wKm-fn¬ Ckvemw Ahn-cmaw hnI-kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv1891˛se sk≥kkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. 1872˛\p tijw DØ-c-_w-Km-fn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn\p 100 hoXhpw ]q¿h-_w-Km-fn¬ 262 hoXhpw]›n-a-_w-Km-fn¬ 110 hoXhpw _wKmƒ kwÿm-\-sØm-∂msIt\m°n-bm¬ icm-icn 159 hoXhpw h¿[-\-hp-≠mbn.''15

k¿, Uªnbp. Uªnbp. l≥S¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ U¬ln-bnepw BK-bnepw apkvenw-I-fpsS FÆw]cn-an-X-amWv. U¬ln-bn-eXv ]Øn-semcp `mK-ta-bp≈q. BK-bn-eXvIm¬`mKw t]mep-am-hp-∂n√.''16

Ckvem-ans‚ Cu kln-jvWp-Xm-]-c-amb kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Zvtlm_nt\m Fgp-Xp∂p: ""aX-hn-izmkw cmjvSo-b-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn¬\n∂p hnap -‡-am-b-t∏mƒ hy‡n-]-c -amb hnizm -ksØssItb‰w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ AI-∂p-\n∂ G‰hpw DZm-c-amb aXw Ckvem-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWmw. cmjvS-Øns‚ `ZX òj-Wn°v hnt[-b-


am-b-t∏mƒ Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ aX-]-c-amb GIo-I-c-W-Øn\pF√m am¿K-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°m≥ t]cn-X-ambn. At∏mƒt]mepwCkvem-anI aqey-ß-fn¬\n∂p Dbn¿s°m≠ DZm-c-X-bpsS Cu XXzwAXns‚ ]c-a-Im-jvT-bn¬X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]oU-\-Øn-s‚bpw_em¬°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw bmsXmcp emRvO-\bpw Fhn-sSbpw \ap°vImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√.''17

Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ aXw-am-‰-Øn\v Bscbpw \n¿_-‘n-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂pw cmPysØ ]uc-∑m¿°v hnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw ]q¿W-ambn A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ign™ ]Xn-\mev \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØNcnXw kXy-k-‘-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Gh¿°pw kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. AI-an-I-fmb apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn¬ apkvenw-Iƒs°-∂-t]mse Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°pwH´p-h-fsc ]bm-k-ß-f-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-s≠∂ hkvXpX ChnsShnkva-cn-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬ Ah-bvs°m-∂pw-Xs∂ aX-]-c-amb am\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, F°m-e-sØbpw a¿ZI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS s]mXp kao-]-\-Øns‚ `mKw amX-am-bn-cp∂p AsX√mw.Ckvemw \n¿_-‘-a-X-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \njn-≤-am-°p-Ibpw ]q¿W-ambhnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aX-aq-ey-ßƒapdp-sI-∏n-Sn® ]fin-X-∑mcpw c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Hcn-°¬t]mepw n∂-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-Xmbn ImWpI km[y-a√.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. A¬_-Jd: 2562. A¬Ilv^v: 293. A∂lv¬: 354. Aiviqdm: 485. A¬am-CZ: 926. bq\pkv: 997. A¬Km-inb: 21,228. sse^v Hm^v apl-Ω-Zv, hmfyw: 3, ]pdw: 2829. Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 6010. Xz_vcn: ]pdw: 240511. k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 6712. Elliot and Dowson: Vol. 1. chachanama pp: 185-þ186, D≤-cWw. kn.sI.

Icow˛ NcnX ]T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 32713. D≤-cWw: kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 49514.Alexander Hamilton- A New Account of the East Indies, Vol. 1, pp.

159, 162, 163.15. Census of India 1891, Vol. 3, pp: 146, 147.

D≤-cWw: kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-X-]-T-\- ßƒ, ]pdw: 201.16. Sir W.W. Hunter- The Religion of India (the times february 25, 1988 ) D≤-

cWw: k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw:320.

17. D≤-cWw: k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 551

1 7Bcm-[\m kzmX¥yw

aq∂v

Bcm-[\m kzmX¥yw

Ckvemw ]q¿W-ambpw GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn--e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. _lp-ssZ-h-sØbpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kIe k¶¬]-ß-sfbpw kz`m-h-ß-sfbpw Nn”-ß-sfbpw AXv \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂Ckvemw hnK-lm-cm-[\ h¿Pn-°m≥ AXn-i-‡n-bmbn Blzm\wsNøp∂p. AXns‚ t\cnb Awiw t]mepw am\-h-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv AsXm´pw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n√. F∂n´pw hnK-l-ß-sfbpwa‰p Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-°-sfbpw Bt£-]n-°p-∂Xpw Ah-tl-fn-°p-∂Xpw Ckvemw ITn-\-ambn hne-°p∂p. Ah-bpsS Bcm-[-I¿°v at\m-hn-j-a-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hnImcw hW-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂]cm-a¿i-ß-sf√mw ]q¿W-ambpw h¿Pn-°m-\m-⁄m-]n-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬, hnizm-kn-Isf thZ-\n-∏n-°pw-hn[w Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-°-sfbpwBZ-c-Wob hy‡n-I-sfbpw Ah-a-Xn-°p-∂Xv A\m-imky IrXy-amWv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ I¬]n-°p∂p: ""A√m-lp-hn-s\-°q-SmsX Ah-cm-cm-[n-°p∂ ssZh-ßsf \nßƒ iIm-cn-°-cpXv.''1

A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-°sf Ah-tl-fn-°-cp-sX∂v B⁄m-]n-°p∂ Ckvemw kºq¿W-amb Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-¥yhpw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂p. ]hm-N-Is‚ ImeØv Ahn-SsØ ]≈n-bn¬ sh®p-t]mepw ssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\-I-f-\p-jvTn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \evIn-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ \Pvdm-\nseInkvXym-\n-Iƒ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp-ambn Bi-b-kw-hmZw \S-Øm-\mbnaZo\m ]≈n-bn-seØn. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS aXsØ kw_-‘n®v kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n F√mw i≤m-]q¿hw ihn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv Ahn-S∂v Ah¿°v Ckvem-ans\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\nsS \Pvdm-\n¬\n-s∂-Ønb AXn-Yn-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS ]m¿Y\ \n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ ka-b-ambn. DSs\\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Ah¿°v AtX ]≈n-bn¬ Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-]-Imcw]m¿Y\ \S-Øm≥ kI-e-hn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-SpØp.AXns‚ as‰mcp `mKØv Ahn-S∂v Xs‚ A\p-N-c-∑m-scmØv \a-kvImcw \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ apkvenw-Ifpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Htc ]≈n-bn¬sh®v Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-]-Imcw Bcm-[-\m-I¿a-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-I-sb∂ al-Ømb IrXy-Øn\v ]hm-N-I≥


Xs∂ ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.C]-Imcw Xs∂ FtXym-]y-bn¬\n∂v \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb kµ¿in-

°m-s\-Ønb ssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v Ahn-S∂v Xma-k-ku-I-cy-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-ØXv ]≈n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. Xncp-ta\n AhscBZ-c-]q¿hw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb kIe kuI-cy-ßfpwHcp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v kwc-£Ww \evIn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-Øn\pw Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-¥y-Øn\pw kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. \Pvdm-\nseInkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn ]hm-N-I-\p-≠m-°nb k‘n-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""\Pvdm-\nse ssIkvX-h¿°pw Ah-cpsS kl-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw A√m-lp-hns‚ A`-bhpw ssZh-Zq-X-\mb apl-Ω-Zns‚kwc-£-tWm-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-ap≠v. Ah-cpsS Poh≥, aXw, `qan, [\wF∂n-hbv°pw Ah-cn¬ lmP-dp-≈-h∂pw C√m-Ø-h∂pw Ah-cpsSH´-I-ßƒ°pw \nth-ZI kwL-ßƒ°pw Ipcniv, N¿®p t]mse-bp≈aX-Nn-”-ßƒ°pw th≠n-bm-WnXv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Hcpam‰hpw hcp-Øp-∂-X√. Ah-cpsS bmsXm-c-h-Im-ihpw Hcp aX-Nn-”hpw am‰-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. Ah-cpsS ]mXn-cntbm ]ptcm-ln-Xt\m N¿®vtkh-It\m Xs‚ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v \o°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.''

]hm-N-Is‚ H∂mw DØ-cm-[n-Imcn lkØv A_q-_-°¿ lodmhmkn-I-fp-ambn sNbvX k‘n-bn-en-ßs\ hmbn°mw: ""Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw I\o-kbpw iXp-°-fn¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sp∂ tIm´bpws]mfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. aWn-b-Sn-°p-∂tXm s]cp-∂m-fn∂v Ipcniv Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-∂tXm XS-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.''

kndn-b-bnse \nbp‡ ssk\y-Øn\v A_q-_-°¿ \evInb ]Øv\n¿tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-am-bXv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-scbpw ]qPm-cn-am-scbpw]bm-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ XI¿°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNø-cp-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p.

apkvenw ssk\nI ta[mhn A_q-D-ss_Z _A-ve_°v \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn sNbvX Icm-dn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""_A-ve-_°v \nhm-kn-Iƒ°p-≈Xpw Ah-cn-ep≈ tdma-°m¿°pw t]¿jy-°m¿°pw Ad-_n-Iƒ°pw _m[-I-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amb s]mXp Icm-dm-WnXv. \K-c-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ Ah-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ°pw N¿®p-Iƒ°pw Poh∂pwkzØn∂pw A`-b-ap≠v.''

hniz-hn-JymX tk\m\n Jmen-Zp-_v\p¬ heoZv D≠m-°nb k‘n-hy-h-ÿ-bn-en-ßs\ hmbn°mw: ""Ah-cpsS aT-ßfpw N¿®p-Ifpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. \a-kvIm-c-th-f-bn-sem-gn®v cmXntbm ]Item Ah-cn-On-°p-tºm-sg√mw aWn-b-Sn-°m-hp-∂Xpw hntij Znh-k-ß-fn¬Ipcniv Fgp-∂-≈n-°m-hp-∂-Xp-amWv.''

l_o-_p_v\p akvea, J_o¬ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambpw lpssZ-^-

1 9Bcm-[\m kzmX¥yw

Xp-_v\p¬ bam≥, Pp¿Pm≥ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambpw CØcw Icm-dp-I-fp-≠m-°n-b-Xmbn NcnX tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.

a[y-]q¿h-tZ-isØ ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-Iƒ apkvenw `c-W-Øn\p Iogn¬ kºq¿W aX-kzm-X¥yw A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬hf-sc-tbsd kwXr-]vX-cm-bn-cp∂p. \o≠ A©v \q‰m-≠p-ImewCkvem-an-Im-[n-]Xyw A\p-`-hn® tijhpw Cu Ah-ÿ-bntem A`n-]m-b-Øntem Hcp am-‰hpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√. tdma-°m-cpsS `c-W-tØ-°mƒ Xßƒ°p-Ø-ahpw KpW-I-chpw apkvenw-I-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂vDds° ]Jym-]n-°m-\p-a-h¿ aSn-®n-cp-∂n√. ]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚c≠mw ]mXn-bn¬ At¥m-Iym-bnse bmt°m-_mb ]mXn-bm¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ henb ssa°¬, tdmam `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ lndm-¢n-b- ns‚ a¿Z-\-I-Y-Iƒ hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Cß-s\-bmWvk¿h-i-‡\pw a\p-jy-cpsS kmam-Py-ßƒ Xs‚ lnX-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-h\pw Xm\n-On-°p-∂-h¿°v kmamPyw \evIp-∂-h\pw ]mh-ßsf D≤-cn-°p-∂-h-\p-amb ]Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ ssZhwCivta-ens‚ k¥m-\-ßsf, tdma≥ Ic-ß-fn¬\n∂p \sΩ c£n-°m-\mbn, sX°p-\n∂p sIm≠p-h-∂Xv. tdma-°m¿ \ΩpsS N¿®p-IfpwaT-ßfpw Ih¿® sNøp-∂Xpw \sΩ \n¿Zbw a¿Zn-°p-∂Xpw ssZhwt\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ \ap-°¬]w \jvSw kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv Im¬kn-tUm-Wn-b≥ ]£-Øp-\n∂v Gev]n-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS N¿®p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ssIbn¬Xs∂ tijn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v D≠m-bXp amX-amWv. Ad-_n-Iƒ \K-c-ßƒ A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw ssIh-i-ap≈ N¿®p-Iƒ Aß-s\-Øs∂ \ne-\n¿Øn. GXm-bn-cp -∂mepw tdma-°m-cpsS Iqc-X-bn¬\n∂pw \oN-Xz-Øn¬\n∂pw tcmj-Øn¬\n∂pw aXm-thi-Øn¬\n∂pw c£ ]m]n-°p-Ibpw \mw kam-[m-\-Øn¬ Ign-bp-IbpwsNøp-∂p-sh-∂Xv H´pw \n mc Imcy-a√.''2

tUmIvS¿ apkvX-^- n-_mC Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Daho `c-W-Im-ew-sXm´vInkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS aX-N-S-ßp-Ifpw D¬k-h-ßfpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv s]mXp \nc-Øp-I-fn¬ sh®m-bn-cp∂p. Ipcniv Npa∂v tLmj-bm-X-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv Ah¿ ]Xn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿AXn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂Xv Xß-fpsS BNmc hkvX-ß-f-Wn-™mWv. Hcn-°¬ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kvan-®¬(Michal ) henb Hcp tLmj-bm-X-bmbn Ae-Ivkm-≠vdnbm ]´-W-Øn¬ ]th-in®p. Ipcnipw sagp-Ip-Xn-cnbpw ss__nfpw Npa-∂-h-cmWv AXns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]pWy-hm-f-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ alXzwDds° hnfn-®p-]-d-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. lnim-ap_v\p A_vZn¬ aen-°ns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p ]kvXpX kw`hw.

""lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ ImeØv CuÃ¿ BtLm-j-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®vInkvXym-\n-Iƒ henb Ipcniv Npa∂v hºn® ]I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-


cp∂p.''3

""Alvk-\p-Ø-Jmkow'' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ aJvZnkn ]d-bp∂p:""ssI-kvXh BtLm-j-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v jotdmkv N¥ Ae-¶-cn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ss\¬ \Zn-bn¬ sh≈-ap-b-cp-Ibpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ipcn-ip-I-b-‰-am-tLm-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ CuPn-]vXp-hm-kn-Ifpw AXn¬ AXn-Yn-I-fmbn kw_-‘n-®n-cp∂p.''

"aJvcokn' Xs‚ JpXzXv F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:""AJvio-Zn-I-fpsS ImeØv km[m-cW P\-ßƒ amtΩm-Zok \√ \ne-bn¬BtLm-jn-®n-cp∂p. lnPm_vZw 230˛-¬ amtΩm-Zo-k-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®vhfsc at\m-l-c-amb Hcm-tLmjw \S∂p. At∏mƒ ""A¬a-\o¬''Zzo]nse ]tXyI sIm´m-c-Øn¬ AJvioZn NI-h¿Øn apl-ΩZvXzKvPv AsX√mw ho£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Aßs\ amtΩm-ZokmBtLm-j-Øn¬ F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw kt¥m-j-]q¿hw ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''

\o≠ ]Xn-\mev \q‰m≠p ImesØ Ckvem-anI Ncn-X-Øn¬apkvenw aX-]-fin-X-∑mtcm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Itfm A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[\m kzmX¥yw XS-bp-Itbm \nb-¥n-°p-Itbm sNbvX-Xmbn sXfn-bn-°pI km[y-a√. kn‘v A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Ønb apl-Ω-Zp¬ Jmkn-ans\ kw_-‘n®v Cuiz-co-]-kmZv ]d-bp∂p: ""At±lw_m“-W-∑m-tcmSv Ah-cpsS am\y-X°pw ]Z-hn-°p-a-\p-k-cn®v BZ-c-]q¿hw s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp∂p...aX-kzm-X¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p. Bcm-[-\-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ _m“-W-cpsS A`n-em-j-ßƒ am\n-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp.''4

At±lw Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""Iog-S-°-s∏´ P\-X°v Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv kln-jvWp-Xm-]q¿hw s]cp-am-dp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.''5

apkvenw tPXm-°ƒ kzoI-cn® DZm-c-amb kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v tUmIvS¿ Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw tPXm-°ƒ ]cm-Pn-X-tcmSv hfsc \∂mbn s]cp-amdn. lnµp ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw ]qPm-cn-Iƒ°pw Xß-fpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ ]q¿W-amb kzmX¥yw \evIn. ]qPm-cn-am¿°pw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°pw N´-∏-Sn-bp≈ Ah-Imiw \evIm≥ I¿j-Isc A\p-h-Zn®p.''6

apKƒ`-cW ÿm]-I-\mb _m_¿ NI-h¿Øn ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv hfsc DZm-c-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ImeØv lnµp-°ƒ°v bmsXmcp hnj-ahpw t\cn-´n-cp-∂n-s√∂pwÃm≥en-se-bn≥]qƒ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v.7

aI≥ lpa-bq-Wn∂v _m_¿ \evInb At¥ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬,lnµp-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSv AXyp-Zm-c-ambn s]cp-am-d-W-sa∂v ]tXyIw\njvI¿-jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ap≥ C¥y≥ bq\n-b≥ ]kn-U‚ v

2 1Bcm-[\m kzmX¥yw

tUmIvS¿ cmtP-µ-]-kmZv Dƒs∏sS D≤-cn® ]kvXpX At¥ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""C¥y aX-ssh-hn-[y-X-I-fpsS \mSmWv.AXn¬ \o \µn-tc-J-s∏-Sp-ØWw. A√mlp \n\°v A[n-Imcw \evIn-bm¬ aX-]-£-]m-XnXzw ImWn-°-cpXv. sslµ-hcpsS lrZbw hW-s∏Spw hn[w ]ip-°sf Adp-°-cpXv. AXv sNbvXm¬ P\w \ns∂shdp°pw. t£X-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw XI¿°-cpXv. `c-Wm-[n-Imcn `c-Wo-b-scbpw `c-Wo-b¿ `c-W-I¿Øm-hn-s\bpw kvt\ln-°p∂ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°pI. Zbm-lr-Zbw sIm≠mWv Ckvem-ans\ [\y-am-t°-≠Xv. ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-eq-sS-b√.''8

]m‰v\ bq\n-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse lnÃdn s]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂ iocm-a-]-kmZv tJmkve _m_¿ NI-h¿Ønsb ""aX-]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-ßƒ°pwk¶p-NnX ho£-W-ßƒ°pw AXo-X-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn''sb∂mWvhnti-jn-∏n-®Xv.''9

]fin‰v Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp, \oXn-am-s\∂pw ka¿Y-s\∂pw10

hnti-jn-∏n® klo-dp-±o≥ apl-ΩZv _m_¿ Xosc aX-`m-¥-\m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw lnµp-°-tfmSv hfsc kulm¿Z-]-c-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw Ae-l-_mZv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Ncn-Xm[ym-]-I-\mbtUmIvS¿ cma-]-kmZv Xn]mTn Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v.11

]ikvX Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb dqjv_q°v hneyw At±-lsØ kw_-‘n®v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tijvT-amb KpW-ß-fpsS \nd-Ip-S-am-bn-cp∂p _m-_¿. al-\o-b-amb A`n-em-j-ßƒ, I¿°-i-amb \oXn-t_m[w, Ahn-cm-a-amb hnP-b-]m-Shw, ]Pm-t£-a-X-ev]-cX, ssZh-hn-izm-kn-I-tfm-Sp≈ A\p-\b kao-]\w, ]´m-f-°m-cpsS a\ v Ih¿s∂-Sp-°m-\p≈Ignhv, \oXn-tbm-Sp≈ AS-ßmØ kvt\lw F∂o kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ _m_-dns‚ c‡-Øn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂n-cp∂p.''12

AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS aI≥ Plmw-Ko-dns‚ ImeØv hmcm-W-kn-bn¬ amXw Fgp-]Xv ]pXnb t£X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.apKnf Ime-L-´-Ønse hnhm-Z -hy-‡n-bmb Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ImeØpw \nc-h[n ]pXnb t£X-ßƒ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Bew-Ko¿\m-a-bn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""Hudw-K-ko_v _wKm-fnepw B m-anepw Nne lnµp-t£-X-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw _p≤-K-b°v hºn® `qkzØv cmP-Io-bim-k\w hgn \evIp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.''13

Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ ImeØv 1671˛-¬ Imin-hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-X-Øn\pwhmcm-W-kn-bnse hnhn[ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°pw \ne-ßfpw a‰p klm-b-ßfpw \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn. At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv Ipa-c-Kp-cp-h-cy¿ DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ Imio-a-Thpw tIZm-c-\m-Y-t£-Xhpw \n¿an-®Xv.NI-h¿Øn Ah-bv°m-h-iy-amb klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]fin‰v kpµ¿em¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""AIv_¿, Plmw-Ko¿, jmP-lm≥F∂n-h-cpsS ImeØpw Hudw-K-ko-_n-s‚bpw ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-sSbpw


ImeØpw lnµp-°-tfmSpw apkvenw-I-tfmSpw Htc kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. c≠v aX-ßfpw Xpey-ambn BZ-cn-°-s∏´p. aX-Øns‚t]cn¬ BtcmSpw Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n√. F√m NI-h¿Øn-amcpw \nc-h[n t£X-ßƒ°v Ht´sd `qkz-Øp-°ƒ \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn. C∂pw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ t£X-]q-Pm-cn-I-fpsS hiwHudw-K-ko-_ns‚ H∏p≈ cmP-I-ev]\ \ne-hn-ep≠v. Ah At±lw]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ßfpw `qkz-Øp-°fpw \evIn-b-Xns‚ kvac-W-bsX.CØcw c≠p Iev]-\-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw Cem-lm-_m-Zn-ep≠v. Ah-bn-sem∂v tkma-\m-Y-t£-X-Ønse ]qPm-cn-bpsS hi-amWv.''

Hudw-K-ko_v \S-Ønb s]mXp hnfw-_-c-Øn¬ lnµp-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°v XS w krjvSn-°-cp-sX∂v ]tXyIw\njvI¿jn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. ""Cu ip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ \mw Iev]n-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ c©o-h-s\∂ ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ hmk-ÿ-e-Øn\vap≥ hi-ambpw KwK-bpsS XocØv _\o-am-[h IS-hn-\-Sp-Ømbpw Ahn-sS-bp≈ ][m\ ]≈n-bpsS Acn-In-embpw InS-°p∂ 588 1/2 ZndhnkvXo¿W-ap≈ ÿehpw AXn-s‚-sb√mw Gsd apI-fn-embn ÿnXn-sNøp∂ as‰m-cn-Shpw Ct∏mƒ Bƒ∏m¿t∏m sIń-S-ßtfm C√msXHgn™p InS-°p-I-bm-Wt√m. Ah-bn¬ ]th-in-°p∂ lnµp-°sfNne¿ hnc-ń-tbm-Sn-°p-∂-Xmbpw A\ym-b-ambn AhnsS ]th-in-°p-∂-Xmbpw \ap°v hnhcw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p. B ÿe-Øp≈ _m“-W-∑m-sctbm a‰p lnµp-°-sftbm taen¬ Bcpw D]-Z-hn-°p-Itbm`b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNø-cpXv. ]g-b-t]mse Ah¿ Xß-fpsS tPmen-Iƒ kam-[m-\-tØmsS sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ssZh-Z-Ø-ambn \evI-s∏-´XpwA\m-Zn -Imew \ne-\n¬t°-≠-Xp -amb \ΩpsS cmPy -Øns‚t£ssaiz-cy-ßƒ°mbn ]m¿Yn-°p-∂-Xn\pw bmsXmcp hn[ XS- hpw D≠m-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X√.'' lnPvd 1069 Pam-Zp¬ BJn¿ 15 (A.D .1659)14

]hm-N-Is‚ Imew sXmń-t∂-hsc Ckvem-anI `c-W-Øn≥Iogn¬ Aapkvenw ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v kºq¿W-amb Bcm-[\mkzmX¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p t]m∂n-´p≠v. ]m°n-ÿm≥, _w•m-tZiv,Ct¥m-t\jy, atejy, kndnb, CuPn]vXv t]mep≈ apgp-h≥ apkvenw\mSp-I-fnepw Aap-kvenw-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-amb Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X¥ywA\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. aX-]-fin-X-∑mtcm `c-W-Iq-S-ßtfm AXn¬Hcp \ne°pw CS-s]-Sm-dn√.

]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ P∑m-jvSan, Zo]m-hen t]mep≈ BtLmj Zn\-ß-fn¬ lnµp-k-tlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v Acn, ]©-kmc XpS-ßn-bh ]tXy-I-ambn A\p-h-Zn-°m-dp≠v. IqSmsX emtlm¿ Pn√-bnse AwKo-IrXtImtf-Pp-I-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw ]Tn-°p∂ Ahn-SsØ \yq\-]£kap-Zm-b-°m-cmb hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v Kh¨sa‚ v kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ\evIn hcp∂p. emtlm-dnse ssIkv-Xh aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v ivaim-

2 3Bcm-[\m kzmX¥yw

\-ap-≠m-°m≥ Bdp e£w cq] k¿°m¿ klm-b-[\w \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn.

_w•m-tZ-inse ÿnXnbpw `n∂-a√. c≠p-aq∂p h¿jw-apºv Ahn-sS-\n∂p h∂ Hcp hm¿Ø-bn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""_w•m-tZ-inse lnµpt£X-ßfpw [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚ v GI-tZiw Bdp-e£w cq] A\p-h-Zn®p. Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØ \oXn-\ym-b-h-Ip-∏n-s‚bpw B[ym-flnI Imcy-ß-fp-sSbpw a¥n sI.Fw. \qdp¬Ckvemw F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw D∂-a-\-Øn¬ Xßƒ X¬]-c-cm-sW∂vAdn-bn®p.''15

akvIØv, _lvssd≥, Zpss_ t]mep≈ Ad_v apkvenw \mSp-Ifn¬ Xt±-io-b-cmb aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ hnizmk˛ Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X-¥y-apƒs∏sS kI-e-hn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂XvAhn-X¿°n-X-amb Imcy-asX. ae-bm-f-Ønse B¿.F v.F v. ]X-amb tIkcn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""akvI-Øv, _lvssd≥, Zp_mbv F∂oKƒ^v cmPy-ßƒ hntZ-i-t°m-bva°v Iogn¬ D≈Xp apX¬ `mc-Xo-bcpw lnµp-°-fp-amb kn‘n-Iƒ Chn-S-ß-fn¬ I®-h-S-kw-_-‘-ambnIpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿°pI ImcWw ]kvXpX cmPy-ß-fpsS A`n-hr-≤n-bn¬KWy-amb ]¶v hln-®n-cp∂p. ]kvXpX bmYm¿Yyw a\- n-em°n Ahn-S-ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-]-∑m¿ Ah¿°v ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ sImSp-Øp-t]m∂p.''16

Zp_mbv ssiJv Ah¿°v (lnµp-°ƒ°v )th≠p∂ F√m B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw \evIp-∂-Xn¬ ]tXyIw i≤n-®p-t]m∂p. kn‘n-I-fpsSBh-iym¿Yw lnµp-°-fpsS Hcp t£Xhpw CjvS-tZ-h-X-Isf sh®p-]q-Pn-°m-\p≈ A\p-hm-Zhpw AXp-t]mse D’-hm-Zn-Iƒ sIm≠m-Sm-\p≈ AwKo-Im-chpw \evIp-I-bp-≠mbn. lnµp-°ƒ°v ih-kw-kvImcwsNøm-\p≈ Hcp ]tXyI ivaim-\-Øn-\p≈ ÿe-hpw-IqSn A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''17

as‰mcp apkvenw \mSmb Ct¥m-t\-jysb kw_-‘n®v AtXhmcnI Fgp-Xp∂p: ""F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw ]q¿W-amb Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X¥yw \evIp∂ Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ `c-W-L-S\ B cmPy-Øns‚atX-Xc kz`mhw hy‡-am-°p∂p. Ckvemw, InkvXp-aXw, _p≤-aXw,lnµp-[¿aw XpS-ßnb \mep aX-ßƒ°pw k¿°m¿ Xpey-amb AwKo-Im-chpw t]m’m-l-\-hp-amWv \evIp-∂Xv. CXn-\mbn k¿°m¿ \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ Hcp ]tXyI hIp∏v Xs∂-bp≠v. hnhn[ aXm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ ChnsS ]ckv]cw kvt\l-tØmSpw kl-h¿Øn-Xz-tØmSpw IqSnIgn-bp∂p.''18

B[p-\nI temIsØ A[nI atX-Xc cmjvS-ßfpw A\p-h-Zn-°m-ØX B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw kuI-cy-ß-fp-amWv apkvenw-\m-Sp-IƒAhn-S-ß-fnse aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v \evIn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.cmPysØ A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmb ]uc-∑m¿°v hnizm-k-kzm-X-


¥yhpw Bcm-[\m kzmX-¥yhpw A\p-h-Zn-°mØ H‰ apkvenw \mSp-an√. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\pw ]hm-NI Ncybpw C∆n-j-b-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® kwi-b-c-ln-Xhpw Jfin-X-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sm-Wn-Xn\v ImcWw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. A¬-A≥Bw: 1082. Michael the Elder, Vol. ii, p.p: 412, 413 . D≤-cWw: k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛

Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 67.3. tUmIvS¿ apkvX-^- n-_mC˛ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Nne tim`\

NnX-ßƒ, ]pdw 113.4. History of Muslim Rule, p: 46

5. Ibid, p: 49

6. "Alvse lnµv Io apJvX-k¿ XmcoJv', ]pdw: 153. D≤-cWw: C¥ym-Ncn-X-Øns‚ c≠p apJ-ßƒ.

7. Illustrated Weekly, 12 10. 1975.

8. D≤-cWw: anknkv \otem- ¿ AlvaZv, C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v H_vP-IvSohv ÃUokv,\yqU¬ln.

9. apKƒ InwKvjn∏v, t]Pv: 20710. C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬11. Rise and Fall of the Mugal Empire.

12. Rush brook William the Empire builder of 16th century.

13. Illustrated Weekly, 5.10. '75

14. _wKmƒ Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n P¿W¬. 1911]pdw: 689, D≤-cWw: kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 496

15. amXr-`qan, 4. 10. '8516. tIkcn, 6.4. '8617. tIkcn, 5. 1. '8618. tIkcn, 7. 6. '87

2 5Bcm-[\meb-ß-fpsS BZ-c-Wo-bX

\mev

Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fpsS BZ-c-Wo-bX

apgp-h≥ aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ BZ-c-Wo-b-ß-fmWv. Ah \nµn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm AcpXv.apkvenw ]≈n-Iƒ t]mse-Øs∂ CXc kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Bcm-[\mtIµ-ßfpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v Ckvemw AXn-bmbn BK-ln-°p∂p. Ah XI¿°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A\n-hm-cy-amb \S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fmWv `qan-bn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb∂v ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p: ""A√mlp P\-ß-fn¬ Nnesc a‰p Nne-cm¬ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂ ]Xn-hn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ \maw [mcm-f-ambn kvacn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ssIkvX-h-N¿®p-Ifpw PqX-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw k\ym-kn-a-T-ßfpw apkvenw ]≈n-Ifpw XI¿°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p.''1

apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw kap-Zmb t\Xm-°fpw A\y-a-X-ÿ-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ ]cn-c-£n-°m≥ ]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-cmWv. Ahn-th-In-Ifpw Aan-Xm-th-i-°m-cp-amb apkvenw-Iƒ Ah ]≈n-I-fm°n]cn -h¿Øn-∏n -°m\p≈ ]›m-Øew t]mep -ap -≠m -h -cp -sX∂\n¿_‘w ]Kev`-cmb ]q¿hn-I¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

H∂mw Jeo-^-bmb l: A_q-_-°-dn-t\mSv cmPysØ ssIkvXhhnizm-kn-Iƒ, Xßƒ ]pXp-Xmbn \n¿an® N¿®v DZvLm-S\w sNøm≥Bh-iy-s∏´p. ""Aß-bpsS aXm-Nm-c-]-Imcw \a-kvImcw \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm≠v DZvLm-S\w \S-Øn-bm¬ aXn-sb∂v'' ]tXyIw ]d-bp-IbpwsNbvXp. At∏mƒ A_q-_-°¿ ]d™p: ""Rm\Xv DZvLm-S\w sN-bvXm¬ Fs‚ Ime-tijw bmYm¿Yy-a-dn-bm-Ø-h¿ Rß-fpsS Jeo^\a-kvI-cn® ÿe-am-sW∂v AXn-s‚-ta¬ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw AXv Ipg-∏-ßƒ°n-S-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvtX°pw.''

Jeo-^-bpsS Bi¶ Gsd ]cn-K-W-\o-b-am-sW∂v t_m[y-ambssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS DZy-a-Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn™p.

^e-kvXo-\n¬ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ kmam-Py-hm-gvN°v hncm-a-an-´Xv alm-\mb Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv BWv. lndm-¢n-b-kns‚ a¿Z-I-`-c-W-a-h-km-\n-∏n®v Ahn-S-Øp-Im¿°v Bizm-k-ta-Inbhy‡n-bm-W-t±lw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AhnSw kµ¿in® Jeo-^°vXt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb kzoI-c-W-amWv \evIn-bXv. Ah-cpsS ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ÿesØ ssIkvXh ]ptcm-ln-X-


\mb kz^¿\n-bqkpw ]cn-hm-c-ß-fp-amWv. Ah-tcm-sSm-∂n®v AhnSwNp‰n-°m-Wsh a[ym” \a-kvIm-c-Øn\v ka-b-ambn. hnhcw ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\ Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Da-dn-t\mSpw Iq´p-Im-tcmSpwAhn-SsØ N¿®n¬sh®v \a-kvI-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏´p. F∂m¬ kz-^¿\n-bq-kns‚ Cu A`y¿Y\ Jeo^ \µn-]q¿hw \nc-kn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXn\v, At±lw ]d™ ImcWw, Xm\-hn-sS-sh®v \a-kvI-cn-®m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Ahn-th-In-I-fmb apkvenw-I-fm-sc-¶nepwAXns‚ t]cn¬ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw AXv ]≈n-bm°nam‰m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p. AØ-c-sam-c-hn-th-I-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-h-cp-sX∂v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Da-dp¬^mdqJv N¿®n\v ]pd-Øp≈ Hscm-gn™ ÿeØv hkvXw hncn®v\a-kvI-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

Uam-kvI-kn¬ Ko°p-Im-cpsS Pq]n-‰¿ hnKlw ]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´Hcp ]Sp-Iq-‰≥ t£X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. InkvXym-\n-I-f-hnSw Iogvs]-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXv tbml-∂ms‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn-ep≈ N¿®m°n am‰n.Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ Ime-ØmWv ]kvXpX ]tZiw Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv. ]n∂oSv tbml-∂m≥ N¿®v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Uam-kvIkv hmkn-I-fn-e-[n-I-t]cpw Ckvem-am-t«-jn®p.AtXmsS AXv ]≈n-bm°n ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ i‡n-bmbBhiyw Db¿∂p-h∂p. F¶nepw Ckvem-anI `c-W-IqSw AXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. N¿®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ah-km-\-sØ-bmfpw Ckvem-am-t«-jn-°p-Itbm AXns‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ kza-\- mse hn´p-X-cn-ItbmsNøp-∂-Xp-hsc AXv km[y-a-s√∂ kao-]-\-amWv Ckvem-anIt\XrXzw kzoI-cn-®Xv.

]n∂oSv apkvenw-Ifpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw Xß-fpsS Bcm-[\m I¿a-ßƒ°vAXp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Hcp `mKØv apkvenw-Iƒ \a-kvI-cn-°p-Ibpw adp-`mKw ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Zo¿L-Imew Cu \neXpS¿∂p.

heo-Zp_v\p A_vZn¬ aenIv `cWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns° aZo-\-bn-sebpw ^e-kvXo-\n-sebpw ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v AXpw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bm-\m-K-ln®p. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ AX-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-bm°n am‰m≥ ]q¿W kΩXw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Icw a¿bwN¿®v ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

heoZv hfsc hn]p-e-amw-hn-[-amWv ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿am-W-am-cw-`n-®Xv. AXv ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ccp-]Xv h¿jw th≠n-h∂p. ]¥o-cm-bncw tPmen-°m-cmWv AXns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-®Xv.tdman¬\n-∂p-t]mepw hnZ-Kv[sc Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXn-t∑¬AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Ipw`-tKm-]pcw \n¿an®p. \neØv am¿_nƒ ]Xn-


°p-Ibpw Npa-cp-Iƒ AXym-I¿j-I-amb sImØp-]-Wn-IƒsIm≠vAe-¶-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp-tImSnAdp-]Xv e£w Zo\m-dmWv heoZv sNe-h-gn-®Xv. F∂n´pw tPmen]q¿Øn-bm-bn√. k-tlm-Z-c≥ kpsse-ams‚ Ime-ØmWv AXns‚\n¿amWw ]q¿W-ambXv.

Ckvem-anI `c-W-Øns‚ D¬IrjvS amXr-I-I-fmbn Pzen-®p-\n-ev°p∂ alm-c-Y-∑m-cpsS ap∂-Wn-bn¬ ÿm\-ap-d-∏n® Da-dp_v\pA_vZn¬ Akokv A[n-I-mc-ta-‰-tXmsS At±-l-Øns‚ \oXn-t_m-[-Ønepw aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bnepw ]q¿W-hn-izm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ssIkvX-h-k-aqlw ]≈n-s]m-fn®v tbml-∂m≥ N¿®v ]p\¿\n¿an-°-W-sa∂v BKlw ]I-Sn-∏n®p. heo-Zns‚ ImeØv Xßƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bmWv AXv hn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX∂v hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.A°m-esØ G‰hpw hepXpw alm-Zv`p-X-hp-amb ]≈n s]mfn-®p-am‰nN¿®v \n¿an-°pI; AXpw ]c-a-`-‡-\mb apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Imcn.km[m-cW [mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v CXv XnI®pw ANn-¥y-asX. F∂m¬BZ¿i-hm-Zn-bmb Jeo^ F°m-e-tØbpw `‡-∑m-sc-t∏mse \oXn\S-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. kXy-hn-izm-kn°v k¶p-Nn-X\pw ]£-]m-Xn-bp-ambn amdpI km[y-a√. Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Akokv ]≈ns]mfn®v N¿®v ]p\¿\n¿an-°m≥ DØ-c-hn´p. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ heo-Zns‚ ImeØv kzbw hn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m-emWv ]≈n \n¿an-®-sX∂pwAXn-\m¬ DØ-chv ]n≥h-en-°-W-sa∂pw apkvenw-Iƒ i‡n-bmbnBh-iy-s∏´p. F¶nepw Jeo^ hg-ßn-bn√. At±lw Xs‚ [oc-amb Xocp-am-\-Øn-ep-d-®p-\n∂p. Ah-km\w apkvenw-Iƒ InkvXym-\n-Isf kao-]n®v Ahsc kΩ-Xn-∏n®v Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw Iq´mbn Bh-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ amX-amWv At±lw ]≈n AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm≥A\p-h-Zn-®Xv.

Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øn-se∂pw Fhn-sSbpw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cp∂p. kz¥waXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenw-I-sftbm A√m-Ø-h-sctbm AXn-t∑¬ssIsh-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n√. AtXm-sSm∏w A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v CjvSm-\p-k-cWw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ ]Wn-bm≥ Ah-Im-ihpwA\p-hm-Zhpw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ apkvenw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ hnhn[ aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-tI-µ-ßƒ ASp-Ø-SpØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. a[y-]q¿h-tZ-iØv amdn-amdnA[n-Imcw \S-Øn-t∏m∂ tdmam˛t]¿jy≥ kmamPyi‡n-I-fpsSaX-]o-U-\-ßƒ-°n-c-bmbn ]bm-k-a-\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ PqX-∑m¿°pwInkvXym-\n-I-fnse hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw aPq-kn-Iƒ°pw apkvenw-I-fpsS km∂n-[yw A\-ev]-amb Bizm-k-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-\p≈Imc-Whpw AXp-Xs∂.

Ahn-th-In-I-fmb km[m-c-W-°m¿ a‰p aX-°m-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-


b-ßƒ A\m-Z-cn-°m≥ Gsd km[y-X-I-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Aßs\ kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ XnI™ PmK-Xbpw \njvI¿j-Xbpw ]pe¿Ø-W-sa∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Kh¿W¿am-scbpw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-scbpw \nc-¥cw DW¿ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Jeo-^-am-cpsS IØp-Ifpw DØ-c-hp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Gh¿°p-anXv kpXcmw t_m[y-amIpw. Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Akokv, A_vZp¿d-lvam-\n_v\p \Cu-an∂v FgpXn:""\nßƒ N¿®p-Ifpw aT-ßfpw aPq-kn-I-fpsS A·n-Kr-l-ßfpw \in-∏n-°-cpXv.''

C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw `c-W-Øn\v AkvXn-hm-c-an´ apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬Jmknw kn‘v hmkn-I-fp-am-bp-≠m-°nb k‘n-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬Cßs\ ImWmw: ""sslµ-h-t£-X-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw PqX-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw amln-bm≥am-cpsS A·n-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw Hcp-t]m-se-bmWv.''2

""At±lw(apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ Jmknw) ]uc-ap-Jy-tcmSpw tZi-hm-kn-I-tfmSpw _m“-W-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS t£X-ßƒ \n¿an-®p-sIm-≈p-hm\pw apl-Ω-Zo-b-cp-ambn CS-]-gIn \n¿`bw Pohn-°p-hm\pw kz¥wt£a-Øn-\p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-hm\pw \n¿tZiw \evIn. [¿a-tcmjw]q≠ _m“-W-tcmSv At±lw Zb-tbmsS h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS]q¿hn-I-cpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ap≥Im-em-Nm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v ImWn-°-Ifpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''3

apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ Jmkn-ans‚ ssk\nI apt∂-‰-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ kw`-hn® t£Xw ]p\¿\n¿an-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Jeo^ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw At±lw AX-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmbnNcn-X-tc-J-I-fn¬ ImWmw.4

C¥y-bnse apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw Ak-ln-jvWpX Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ Hudw-K-ko_v Hscm‰ t£Xtam Aº-etam \in-∏n-®n-´n√. F∂√ \nc-h[n Aº-e-ßƒ°pw t£X-ßƒ°pw Af-h‰ klmbw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. At±lwtkmta-iz¿\mYv alm-tZh t£X-Øn\v `qkzØpw ]Whpw Zm\-ambn \evIn-b-Xns‚ tcJ-I-fn∂pw e`y-amWv. A]-Imcw Xs∂ hmcm-W-kn-bnse PwKpw-_mUn inh-t£-X-Øn\v Hudw-K-ko_v `qkzØv\evIn DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xns‚ B[m-c-ß-fn-t∏mgpw Ahn-SsØal-¥ns‚ hi-ap≠v. Kn¿\m-dnepw A_p-hnepw t£X-ßƒ \nev°p∂ÿew Ah \n¿an-°m-\mbn \evIn-bXv Hudw-K-ko-_m-bn-cp∂p. iXp-≥P-b≥ t£X-apƒs∏sS \nc-h[n lnµp Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ°pwAhn-S-ß-fnse ]qPm-cn-am¿°pw At±lw Ht´sd kuP-\y-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.5

A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßsf A\m-Z-cn-°-cp-sX∂pw XI¿°-cp-sX∂pw IWn-i-ambn I¬]n-°p∂ Ckvem-ans‚A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-sc-¶nepw Aº-e-ßtfm N¿®p-Itfm aT-ßtfm \in-∏n-®-Xns‚ Hscm‰ DZm-l-cWw t]mepw KX-Ime Ncn-X-Øn¬


ImWpI km[y-a√. F∂m¬, XnI-™ atX-X-c\pw AI-anbpw [\-]q-P-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n \nc-h[n t£X-ßƒ sIm≈-bSn-®n-´p-s≠∂ hkvXpX ChnsS \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. AXn\v At±-l-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \evIn-bXv Hcn-°epw aX-am-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v [\-tam-l-am-bn-cp∂p.

apl-ΩZv Kkv\n apƒ´m-\nse kqcy-]-Xn-jvT-bp≈ t£XwsIm≈-b-Sn-®-Xmbn tUm: Cuiz-cn-]-kmZv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≠v.6 AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ [\-sa√mw At±lw A]-l-cn-s®-¶nepw t£Xw tISp-h-cp-Øp-Itbm \in-∏n-°pItbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m-en-hnsS AXn-]-[m-\-amb \mep Imcy-ßƒ ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂p.

1. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n t£X-ßƒ AI-an-®Xpw sIm≈-b-Sn-®Xpwkmº-ØnI e£yw sh®v amX-am-bn-cp∂p. ]ikvX Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C¥y-bnse F√m cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw hn`-h-ßfpw [\hpw AX-X-º-e-ß-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°m≥ Ign™ H‰-°mcywamXw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ aXn; _m“W ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚]Zhn \n¿W-bn-°m≥. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS JP-\m-hp-Iƒ Cu Aº-e-[-\-tØmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ H∂p-a-√m-bn-cp∂p. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS BI-a-W-ß-fpsS ][m\ D∂w Ac-a-\-I-tf-°mƒ Aº-e-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂Xv as‰m-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv kXyw.''7

_nw\-K¿ BI-a-W-Øn¬ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n sIm≈-b-Sn® kzØp-°sf kw_-‘n®v \evI-s∏´ hnh-c-W-Øn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""Npa-°m-hp-∂X-Xbpw kp¬Øms‚ ssk\n-I¿ FSpØp. Ah-ti-jn-®Xv]e-cp-ambn hoXn®p. kp¬Øm\v In´n-b-Xn¬ apZWw sNbvXn-cp∂kz¿W-\m-Wy-ßƒ°p-amXw F´p-tImSn Zn¿lw hne-hcpw. kz¿Whpwsh≈nbpw 7400 Bƒ®p-a-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXn\p ]pdsa \√-XcwhkvX-ßfpw a‰pw IW-°p-Iq-´m≥ Ign-bm-ØX D≠m-bn-cp∂p.''8

""DØc aYp-cm-]p-cn-bnse ioIrjvW t£X-Øn¬\n∂v apl-ΩZv Kkv-\n°v kz¿W-\n¿an-Xhpw A©p-hmc \of-ap-≈-Xp-amb A©phnK-l-ßƒ e`n®p. AXn¬ Hsc-Æ-Øns‚ IÆv c≠v amWn-Iy-°-√p-sIm≠v \n¿an-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXn\v Hmtcm-∂n\pw Aº-Xn-\m-bncwZo\m-sd-¶nepw hne-hcpw. as‰m-∂ns‚ IÆv 450 ankvJm¬(HcpankvJm¬: 4.25 Kmw) sshUqcyw sIm≠v \n¿an-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p. as‰mcphnK-l-Øns‚ Imep-Iƒ°v 4400 ankvJm¬ Xq°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CuA©v hnK-l-ßfpw IqSn 98,800 ankvJm¬ kz¿W-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''9

hnhn[ t£X-ß-fn¬\n-∂mbn Kkv\n \nc-h[n kºØv sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXns‚ t]cIw tIhew [\-tamlw amX-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ At±lw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ \in-∏n-®n-cp-∂n√.

2. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n aX-`-‡t\m aX-]-t_m-[-It\m Bbn-cp-∂n√.XnI™ tkzOm-[n-]-Xnbpw a¿ZI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. H∏w


ISpØ [\-tam-lnbpw. hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ At±lw Ckvem-ans‚Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßtfm BNm-c-co-Xn-Itfm kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fpsS ÿnXn ]ns∂ ]d-tb-≠-Xp-an-√t√m. Jmkn apKo-kp-±o≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bpsS cmjvS-Ø-e-h≥apkven-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmjvSw Ckvem-an-I-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ]cn-ip≤KŸ-ß-fmb Jp¿-B-\n-sebpw lZo-kn-sebpw A[ym-]-\-ßtfmkp∂o \oXn-\ym-b-Ønse \mep Xcw ]T-\-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßtfmcmjvSw ]n¥p-S¿∂n√. a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nse C¥ym-cmjvSw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰mWv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬apkvenw aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-Øn¬ AXv ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂n√.''10

kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""a[y-Im-e-L-´sØ `c-W-IqSwCkvemw-a-XsØ P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-°p-Itbm CkvemwaXm-Nm-c-]-Im-c-ap≈ `c-W-Iaw \S-∏m-°m≥ ian-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXpX.''11

3. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS ]´m-f-°m-cn¬ ]ecpw lnµp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p.Nne Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ß-fnepw Ah¿ \nb-an-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t£X-°-h¿®°v aX-]-c-amb am\w H´p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂vCu h-kvXpX hy‡-am-°p∂p. tUmIvS¿ Cuiz-co-]-kmZv Fgp-Xp∂p:""At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\y-Øn¬ Hcp-hn-`mKw lnµp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]´m-f-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ ]ecpw Aß-s\-Øs∂. At±-l-Øns‚ emtlm-dnseKh¿W¿ t]mepw lnµp-hm-bn-cp∂p.''12

4. apl-ΩZv Kkv\n t£X-ßƒ Ih¿® sNbvX-t]m-se-Øs∂]e lnµp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw [\-tam-l-Ømepw cmjvSo-b-Xm¬]-cy-ß-fmepw t£X-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. adm-Ø-°mcpw cP-]p-X-∑mcpw A\y-\m-Sp-I-fnse At\Iw Aº-e-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-®n-´p≠v.

""1791˛-¬ cLp-\m-Y-dmhp ]Svh¿[s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ adm-Ø-tk\]i-kvX-amb irwtK-cn-aTw sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw A\-h[n sshZnI_m“-Wsc sIm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. [mcmfw [\w A]-l-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. aTm-[n-]-Xn°v ]mW-c-£m¿Yw HmSn-t∏m-tI-≠nbpw h∂p.A∂v irwtKcn aTm-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS A`y¿Y\ am\n®v kwc-£-W-Øn\p]´m-fsØ Ab®p AI-a-Im-cn-Isf Xpc-Øn-bXv Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-\mWv.''13

sdman-fm-Xm-∏¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Imivao¿`cn® l¿js‚ DZm-l-cWw \ΩpsS apºn-ep≠v. At±-l-sØ -kw-_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw t£X-[zw-k\w Hcp kwL-SnX IrXy-am-bn-cp∂p.AXn\v `c-W-]-c-amb G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. tZthm-Xv]-X-\-\m-b-I≥ F∂ Hcp-tZym-K-ÿ-s\-Øs∂ (B ]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yw Xs∂tZh-∑msc XI¿°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ F∂mWv) l¿j≥ CXn-\mbn


\nb-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p I¬l≥ Xs‚ "cmP-X-cw-KnWn' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ hy‡-am-°p∂p. B DtZym-K-ÿs‚ apJy-tPmen t£X-ßƒsIm≈-b-Sn-°-em-bn-cp∂p. Cu IrXy-Øn\p \evIm-hp∂ hni-Zo-I-cWwl¿j≥ aX-`m-¥-\mWv F∂√. kºØv Ih¿s∂-Sp-°m-\m-bn-cp∂pAt±lw t£X-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-®Xv F∂pw B kºØv At±lwa‰p Xc-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn F∂p-asX.''14

l¿_≥kvap-Jnb Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw-Iƒ cmjvSob ]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fmbn Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn\pw FXtbm apºv iXp-cm-Py-ß-fnset£X-ß-fpsS t\sc A\-h[n lnµp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw CtX-hn[w]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX B\p-jw-Kn-I-ambn ]kvXm-hn-°s´. ]¿amc hwi-Ønse c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb kp`-X-h¿a≥(1193-˛1210)KpP-dm-Øns\ BI-an-°p-Ibpw Zmt`m-bn-tebpw Imw-t_m-bn-tebpwssP\-t£-X-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imivao-cnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb l¿j≥ \mep t£X-ß-sfm-gnsI Xs‚ kmam-Py-Øn¬s]´ F√m t£X-ßfpw sIm≈-b-Sn®v JP-\m-hn∂papX¬°q-´p-≠m°n.''15

C¥y-bnse _p≤-hn-lm-c-ßƒ°v kw`-hn® XI¿®-bpsS IYB¿°pw A⁄m-X-a-√t√m. "tIcfw ]c-ip-cm-a-\n-eqsS' F∂ KŸ-Øn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""`mc-X-sa-ßp-ap≈ At\-Im-bncw _p≤-hn-lm-c-ßƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw C∂p ImWp∂hn[-Øn-ep≈ _m“-W-\n-b-¥n-X-ß-fmb Bcm-[-\m-I-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb t£X-ß-fmbn am‰-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.''

tIc-f-k¿°m¿ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-amb "P\-]Yw' Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-∑m¿ _p≤˛ssP\-hn-lm-c-ßsf lnµp t£X-ß-fm°n am‰p-IbpwAh-tbm-sSm∏w \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnZym-e-b-ßsf thZ-]m-T-im-e-I-fm°n ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''16

apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS t£X-°-h¿® C¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-an∂pwapkvenw-Iƒ°pw Ckvem-anI ]t_m-[-\-Øn∂pw Gev]n® £Xwhnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-asX. At±-l-Øns‚ A\n-kvem-an-Ihpw A\m-im-ky-hp-amb Cu lo\-IrXyw lnµp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Ckvem-ans\ kw_-‘n®v Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ hf-cm≥ Imc-W-ambn. s]m^-k¿ l_o_v apl-ΩZv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-bpsS AI-a-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv hnK-l-[zw-k\w Cu \mń¬ \S-°p-∂Xv. ]n∂o-Sp≈F√m apkvenw cmPm-°-∑mcpw Ahn-X¿°n-X-amw-hÆw tZhm-eb \io-I-c-W-°m-cm-bmWv NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. C¥y≥ a\- n¬\n∂vHcn-°epw am™p-t]m-ImØ ]Ibpw Ahn-izm-k-hp-amWv Kkv\nAXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-°n-bXv. Ckvem-anI ]Nm-c-W-Øn\v G‰hpw henbhnLmXw Kkv\n-bpsS BI-a-W-kva-c-Wbpw AXp-≠m-°nb òI-c-X-bp-amWv. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv Kkv\n acn-®-tXmsS emtlm¿ apX¬hSs° C¥y-bpsS as‰√m `mKØpw Ckvem-ans‚ Xcn-t]mepw Ah-


ti-jn-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv.''17

F∂m¬ alm-\mb Sn∏p-kp¬Øms\ aX-`m-¥-\mbpw t£X-[zw-k-I-\mbpw NnXo-I-cn-°m≥ Nne¿ ian-°m-dp≠v. _n´o-jp-Im¿sa\-™p-≠m-°nb IrXna tcJ-I-fmWv Ah-c-Xn\v Ah-ew-_n-°m-dp-≈Xv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Sn∏p, ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS aX-hn-izm-k-tØbpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfbpw Bcm-[\m Ia-ß-tfbpw]q¿W-ambpw BZ-cn-®n-cp∂ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmWv. At±lw At\IwAº-e-ßƒ \n¿an-°m≥ klm-b-ßƒ \evIn-b-tXm-sSm∏w \nc-h[nt£X-ßƒ°v kzØp-°ƒ kw`m-h\ sNøp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. ssakq¿]pcm-hkvXp hIp-∏ns‚ dnt∏m¿´-\p-k-cn®p At±lw \©≥tImSvXmeq-°nse e£vao-Im¥w t£X-Øn\pw tate-°mSv \mcm-b-W-kzman t£X-Øn\pw B\-Ifpw kz¿W˛sh≈n-Ø-fn-I-Ifpw ÿe-ßfpw a‰p kΩm-\-ßfpw \evIn-bn-cp∂p.18

C∂pw Cu t£X-ß-fnse ]e kz¿W-Ø-fn-I-I-fnepw hnf-°p-I-fnepw ""]mZpjm Sn∏p-hn-\m¬ kΩm-\n-°-s∏-´Xv'' Fs∂-gp-Xn-b-XmbnImWmw.19

]pjv]-Kncn Aº-e-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-∂mbn sXmwK-∏≈n, sKm≈-∏≈n F∂o Kma-ßƒ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ C\m-ambn \evIn-bn-cp∂p.20

imcZm aT-Ønse PK-ZvKpcp, Aen ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS tIkv hnNm-c-Wm-th-f-bn¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ sImSpØ samgn-bn-en-ßs\ ImWmw:""irwtK-cn-bn¬ aTm-[n-]-Xn-bmb i¶-cm-Nm-cy-tcmSv Gsd `‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ \qdp-I-W-°n\v Aº-e-ßƒ ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-hm\pw a‰pw klm-bn-®n-cp∂p. amX-a√, At±-l-Øns‚ ia-^-e-ambn ]e ]pXnb t£X-ßfpw \n¿an-°-s∏-´n-´p-ap≠v.''21

cwK-\m-Y-t£Xw Sn∏p-hns‚ iocw-K-]-´Ww tIm´-°-I-ØmWvÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ac-a-\-bp-ambn \qdp-hmc ZqctaAXn-\p≈q. \c-knw-l-t£-Xhpw KwKm-t[-iz-c-t£-Xhpw At±-l-Øns‚ tIm´-°-I-Øp-X-s∂-bmWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-bpsS\S-Øn-∏n\pw BtLm-j-ßƒ°pw Sn∏p \n¿tem-`-amb kmº-ØnIklmbw \evIn-bn-cp∂p. Sn∏p kp¬Øm≥ 156 t£X-ßƒ°v kmº-ØnI klm-b-ßƒ \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tUmIvS¿ kn.sI. Icow ]am-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. 22

At±-lsØ kw_-‘n®v alm-flm-Km‘n Fgp-Xp∂p: ""hntZiNcn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Sn∏p-kp¬Øms\ aX-`m-¥-\mbpw lnµp-]-P-IsfASn-®-a¿Øn Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-®-h-\mbpw NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, At±lw AØ-c-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v, lnµp]P-I-fp-am-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ _‘w XnI®pw kulm¿Z-]-c-am-bn-cp∂p... ssa-kq¿ \m´p-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]pcm-hkvXp hn`m-K-Øn¬ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ irwtKcn aT-Ønse i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v Fgp-Xnb ap∏-Xn-tesd IØp-I-fp≠v....lnµp-t£-X-ßƒ°v Sn∏p h≥tXm-Xn¬ `qkz-

3 3hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww

Øp-°ƒ Zm\w sNbvXp. Sn∏p-hns‚ sIm´m-c-ßƒ°v A`n-ap-J-ambn\nev°p∂ io sh¶n-´-cm-aÆ io\n-hmkv, ioc-¶-\mYv XpS-ßnbt£X-ßƒ B alm-\p-`m-hs‚ kln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw hnim-e-a-\-kvI-X-bp-sSbpw A\-izc kvamc-I-ß-fmWv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `‡-\m-bn-cp∂ alm-\mb Cu c‡-km£n˛At±lw kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ c‡-km-£n-bm-bn-cp∂p˛lnµp-t£-X-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ aWn-\m-Z-ßƒ Xs‚]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°v iey-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√.''23

Npcp-°-Øn¬, apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-cpw-Xs∂ t_m[-]q¿hwt£X-ßƒ \in-∏n-®n-cp-∂n√. G‰p-ap-´-ep-I-fnepw bp≤-ß-fnepw Nne-Xn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Ifpw \mihpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv icn-bmWv.F∂m¬, aX-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ A\y-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒXI¿Ø-Xn\v Ncn-X-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ Is≠-ØpI km[y-a√. F´p \q‰m≠p ImesØ Ahn-cm-a-amb apkvenw B[n-]-Xy-Øn\ptijhpw C¥y-bnse At\-Im-bncw t£X-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn\ne-\n-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX hnkva-cn-°m-h-X√.

]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\pw ]hm-N-I-N-cybpw ]n¥p-S-cm≥ ]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-\mb Hcp kXy-hn-izm-knbpw ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ°v t]md-te¬]n-°p-I-bn√. F√m aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpwBcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂mWv Ckvemw BK-ln-°p-∂Xv. Ncn-X-Øns‚ Ccp-f-S™ Zim k‘n-I-fn¬ h√-h-cn¬\n∂pwAhn-ln-X-amb h√Xpw kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ssZh-hn-izm-khpw]c-tem-I-t_m-[-hp-an-√mØ apkvenw \ma-[m-cn-I-fmb atX-X-c-∑m-cn¬\n-∂m-bn-cn°pw. AI-an-Ifpw kzm¿Yn-I-fp-amb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°vaXhpw BZ¿i-hp-sa√mw A[n-Imcw t\Sm\pw \ne-\n¿Øm-\p-ap≈ad amX-am-Wt√m.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. A¬l÷v: 402. kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn˛ "Ad_v Hu¿ lnµv sI XA-√pJx', ]pdw:194. D≤-cWw: _n.F≥. ]msfi˛ Ckvemapw

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 83. Fen-b‰v, hmeyw: 1, ]pdw: 1864. S.M. Jafar- Islamic Culture, p: 1095. hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ°v _n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xnb "Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw' (t]Pv: 58- 73) ImWpI.6. History of Muslim Rule; p: 49, D≤-cWw. kn.sI. Icow˛ Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, t]Pv: 2397. P. Thomas: Hindu Religion.8. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. 1, p: 35. D≤-cWw: Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 3459. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. 2, p: 4410. D≤-cWw: _n.F≥. ]msfi˛ Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 5211. P\-bpKw hmcnI 26.-11.-'78.12. Dr. Iswari Prasad- "Muslim Rule in India.'13. Bundle of letters in the Temple sringeri discovered by shri Narasimhachar in 1916.

quoted by K.H. Khan- Tippusulthan, p: 355.


A©v

hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww

temI-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ aX-ß-fn-se√mw hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ aX-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amWv. hnhmlw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w, A\-¥-cm-h-Imiw, ih-kw-kvImcw t]mep≈ Imcy-ß-sf√mw Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-]-Imcw \S-Øm\m-Wv an° aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fp-am-K-ln-°pI.F¶nepw B[p-\nI temIsØ Nne atX-Xc `uXn-I-cm-jvS-ßƒAX-\p-h-Zn-°m-dn√. tZiob AJ-fi-X-bp-tSbpw kmwkvIm-cnIsFIy-Øn-t‚bpw t]cn¬ cmPysØ F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw _m[-I-am-Ip∂ s]mXp-\n-b-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-hm\pw \S-∏m-°p-hm-\p-amWvAh¿ hyKX ImWn-°m-dp-≈Xv. F∂m¬, XnI®pw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw cmPysØ aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v kz¥why‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw ]n¥p-S-cm\pw ]q¿Wm-\p-hmZw\¬Ip∂p. Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn® aX-kzm-X-¥y-Øn¬ Aapkvenw]uc-∑m-cpsS ]kvXpX Ah-Im-i-ßƒIqSn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p≠v.hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fpƒs∏sS \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS ]ucm-h-Im-i-ßƒ\ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Xo¿Øpw \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ahn-S∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""kq£n-®p-sIm-≈pI. Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msch√-h\pw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Itbm Ah-cpsS ta¬ Ign-hn-∂-Xo-X-amb \nIp-Xn-`mcw Npa-Øp-Itbm Ah-tcmSv Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Itbm Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ sh´n-°p-d-°p-Itbm sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A¥y-hn-[n-\m-fn¬ Ah-s\-Xn-cn¬ Rm≥ kzbw-Xs∂ ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv.''1

Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Øn¬ aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS Poh\pw kzØpwA`n-am-\-hp-sa√mw apkvenw-I-fp-tSXp t]mse-Øs∂ ]hn-Xhpw kpc-

14. "h¿Ko-b-Xbpw ]mNo-\- m-cX Ncn-X-c-N-\bpw', ]`mXw ]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªnjnwKv Iº\n enan-‰Uv, ]pdw: 23.15. Ibid , ]pdw: 48.16. P\-]Yw, Pq¨ 1983.17. Prof. Habeeb Mohammed of Ghazamin, p: 87, D≤-cWw: Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 343.18. ssakq¿ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ dnt∏m¿ v, 1917, ]pdw: 6019. Ibid ]pdw: 23˛-40.20. Ibid ]pdw: 249˛-95.21. D≤-cWw: Noorani, The Trial of Ali Brothers, Indian Express dt. 25-3-1973.22. Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 433- 438.

23. bßv C¥y, 1930 P\p-hcn, 23, ]pdw: 31.


£n-X-hp-am-bn-cn°pw. ]hm-N-I≥ Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""B¿ Aapkvenw]ucs\ A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂pthm Ah≥ kz¿K-Øns‚ K‘w t]mepwA\p-`-hn-°p-I-bn√.''2

Ah-cpsS ivaim\-ß-tfm-Sp-t]mepw A\m-Z-chv ImWn-°-cp-sX∂vl\ô \nb-a-K-Ÿ-amb ""A¬_-l-dp¿dm-C-Jn''¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.3

Ckvem-anI cmjvSw Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬CS-s]-Sp-Itbm Ah-bn¬ t`Z-KXn hcp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-∂-X√.AØcw hi-ß-fn¬ ico-AØv hn[n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-°p-∂-Xp-a√. hn-hmlw, hnhm-l-tam-N\w, A\-¥-cm-h-Imiwt]mep≈ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ ]iv\-ßƒAh-cpsS aXm-Nm-c-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn°pw Ckvem-anI tImS-Xn-Iƒ Xo¿∏vIev]n-°pI. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv PqX-∑m-cpsS tIkp-IƒhnNm-c-W°v h∂m¬ aZo-\-bnse ""ss_Øp¬ anZvdmkv'' F∂ PqXskan-\m-cn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ahn-SsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-tcmSv tXmd-bnse hn[n-Iƒ At\z-jn®v ]Tn® tijta Ahn-S∂v Xo¿∏v Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p≈q.4

tUmIvS¿ apkvX-^- n-_mC Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw aX-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]q¿W-kzm-X-¥y-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS ta¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈A[n-Imcw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. `c-W-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-s]-ń-cp-∂n√. tdmam `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ImeØv Adn-bp-ItbmA\p-`-hn -°p-Itbm sNømØ kzmX-¥y-amWv kztZ-in -I-fmbInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v apkvenw-I-fn¬\n∂v e`n-®Xv. alm-\mb apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^mXnlv tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ ]q¿h-]-tZ-i-ßƒs°-√m-ap≈ ItØm-en-°≥ ]mXn-bm¿°n-kns‚ ( Patriarch of

Eastern Catholic Christians ) Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p AhnSw. AXn-\m¬,At±lw Ahn-SsØ apgp-h≥ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°pw A`bw \evIn. Ah-sc√mw InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS [\w, Poh≥,hnizmkw, Ipcniv XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-sS-sb√mw kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn¬\n∂v Ahsc Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬]n-°m\pw Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°m\pw aX-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ°v A[n-Imcw \evIn. `c-W-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-s]-ń√. AXn-\m¬, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ \nhm-kn-Iƒ ]gb ss_km‚n-b≥ Ime-L-´-Øn\pw apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^mXn-lns‚ `c-W-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈ hy‡-amb A¥cw kv]jvS-ambn a\- n-em°n. ss_km‚n-b-°m¿, hnhn[hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]iv\-ßfpw X¿°-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXn-en-S-s]-Sp-Ibpw ]£-]m-X-]-c-ambn s]cp-am-dp-I-bp-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.Ah-sc-√m-bvt∏mgpw Xß-fpsS I£n°pw N¿®ns‚ Bfp-Iƒ°pw


A\p-Iq-e-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-fm-sW-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, Xt±-io-b-cmb ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-Iƒ ]pXnb Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬AXn-bmbn Biz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]q¿W-amb hnizmkw ]pe¿Øp-IbpwsNbvXp. DZm-Ø-amb aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bn-e-h¿ A\-ev]-amb Bfl-\n¿hrXn A\p-`-hn®p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^mXnlv tdma≥]mXn-bm¿°o-kn\v cmjvS-Øn-\-IØv as‰mcp cmjvS-Øns‚ ]Z-hnbpw`c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ÿm\-hp-amWv \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]mXn-bm¿°okpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ckvem-anI cmjvSw\evInb Cu B\p-Iqeyw \o≠ A™qdv h¿j-°mew A\p-`-hn®p.Ah¿°v k¿h-hn[ kzmX-¥y-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v Ah¿ kmº-Øn-Itam ssk\n-Itam Bb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw_m[y-Xbpw hln-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂n√. F√mw `c-W-IqSw \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.''5

CXns\ kw_-‘n®v F. thm¨sI-a¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Aapkvenwkaq-l-ßƒ an°-hmdpw ]q¿W-amb kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Imiw A\p-`-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, Xß-fpsS B`y-¥c Imcy-ßƒssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ kzmX¥yw `c-W-IqSw Ah-cpsS Ic-ß-fn¬Xs∂ Gev]n-®n-cp∂p. kl-a-X-ÿ-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tIkp-I-fn¬Ah-cpsS t\Xm-°ƒ°v \oXn-\n¿h-l-Wm-[n-Imcw \evIp-IbpwsNbvXn-cp∂p.''6

k¿ tXm-akv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Aapkvenw kap-Zm-b-ßƒs]mXpsh GXm≠v ]q¿W-amb kzbw `c-W-a-\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS B`y-¥-c-Imcyw t\m°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw `c-W-Iq-S-a-h¿°v\evIn-bn-cp∂p. aX-]-c-amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈A[n-Imcw Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v e`n®p. Ah-cpsS N¿®p-IfpwaT-ßfpw bmsXmcp Du\hpw X´msX \ne-\n¿Øm-\-\p-h-Zn®p.''7

Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Blm-c-]m-\o-b-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ckvemw A\p-hmZw \evIp∂p. F∂√,Ckvemw thZ-°m-cpsS Blmcw apkvenw-Iƒ°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-°pIIqSn sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""thZw \evI-s∏-´-h-cpsS `£Ww \nßƒ°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. \nß-fpsS BlmcwAh¿°pw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv.''8

apkvenw-Iƒ°v \njn-≤-amb `£-W-]m-\o-b-ßƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Aap-kvenw-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ _m[-I-am-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah-cpsSaX-\n-b-a-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]n¥p-S-cm≥ A\p-hmZw \evIp-I-bmWvsNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. F∂√, Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fpsS hnIm-c-ßƒ hW-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah-cp-t]-£n-°p∂ Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Dt]-£n-®n-cp∂p. apKnf`c-W-ÿm-]-I-\mb apl-ΩZv klo-dp-±o≥ _m_¿ ]ip-amw-k-ap-t]-£n-°m≥ k∂-≤-\m-bXpw kz¥w aIs\ AXn-\p-]-tZ-in-®Xpw

3 7Ckvem-anI ]t_m-[-\hpw \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

sslµ-h-hn-Im-csØ am\n-®mWv. At±lw Xs‚ aI≥ lpa-bq-Wn\v\evInb At¥ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""\oXn apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®v\mSv `cn-°pI. \ns‚ ]P-I-fpsS a\w Ih-cm-\mbn tKmamwkw `£n-°p-∂Xv Dt]-£n-°pI. At∏mƒ Ah¿ \ns‚ `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv \µn-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-Øocpw.''9

apkvenw c-W-Iq-S-ß-sfm-cn-°epw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS hnhmlw,IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw, A\-¥-cm-h-Imiw t]mep≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´n-cp-∂n√. \o≠ FÆqdv h¿jsØ XpS¿®-bmb apkvenw `c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw C¥y-bn¬ sslµ-hm-Nm-c-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw bmsXm-cp-hn[ t]md-ep-ta¬°msX kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-\n-ev°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn-en-S-s]-Sp-Itbm t`Z-KXn hcp-Øp-Itbm sNbvX Hscm‰ kw`hw t]mepwCkvem-anI `c-W-Im-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xmbn FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°m-\m¿°pwIgn-bn√. ]m°n-ÿm\pw _w•m-tZ-ip-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ apkvenw \mSp-I-fnsem∂pw Aap-kvenw-I-fnse hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fn-S-s]-Sp-Itbm ico-A-Ø-\p-k-cn®v Ah t`Z-KXn hcp-Øp-ItbmsNbvXn-´n√. Cu cwKØv sk°p-e¿ `c-W-Iq-S-ß-tf-°mƒ aX-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ°v kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-\-evIp-∂XvCkvem-anI hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bmWv. B[p-\n-I-Im-esØ A\p-`-h-ßƒt]mepw CXn\p km£yw hln-°p∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:1. A_q-Zm-hqZv.2. A_q-bq-kp^v-˛ InXm-_p¬ JdmPv, t]: 713. D≤-cWw, Hameedulla- Muslim Conduct of State, p.p: 114-115.

4. C_v\p-lnimw˛ kod-Øp-∂_n, hmfyw: 2, ]pdw: 2015. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX: Nne tim`-\-Nn-X-ßƒ, ]pdw: 106, 107.6. D≤-cWw: tUm. kCuZv da-Zm≥˛ Ckvem-an-I-\n-baw: km[y-Xbpw

[¿a-Zo-£bpw, ]pdw: 1467. Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 788. A¬am-CZ: 59. D≤-cWw: anknkv \otem-^¿ AlvaZv, C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v H_vP-IvSohv ÃUokv,

\yqU¬ln.


Bdv

Ckvem-anI ]t_m-[-\hpw

\n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

a\p-jy-cpsS ssII-S-Ø-ep-I-fm¬ hnI-e-am-°-s∏-SmØ GI ssZhn-I-Po-hnX hyh-ÿ-bmWv Ckvemw. AXv a\p-jys‚ Ccp-temI hnP-bhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. ]c-tem-I-c£ hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w`qan-bn¬ t£ahpw kam-[m-\hpw sskzc-Po-hn-Xhpw \evIp∂p.

hmbphpw sh≈hpw kqcy\pw Nµ-\p-sa√mw ssZh-Øn-t‚-XmWv.krjvSn-I-f-Xn¬ kam-h-Im-in-Ifpw. Ckvemapw Aß-s\-Øs∂. AXvapkvenw-Iƒ°v amX-ap-≈-X√. F√m a\p-jy¿°pw-th≠n ssZhw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xm-WXv. apl-ΩZv \_n apgp-h≥ temI-Øn-\p-ambn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h\pw. A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""temI¿s°√mw A\p-K-l-am-bn-´-√msX Xm¶sf \mw Ab-®n-´n√.''1

AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-anI ktµiw e`n® apkvenw-Iƒ AXv e`n-®n-´n-√m-Ø-h¿°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-tcm-Sp-ap≈ KpW-Imw-£bpw kvt\l, ImcpWy, hm’-ey-hn-Im-c-hp-am-Wn-Xn∂v ]tNm-ZIw. ASn-ÿm\w ssZh-]o-Xn-°m-bp≈ AZ-ay-amb A`n-em-jhpw. ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn¬ c£ ]m]n-°m-\p≈GI am¿K-sa∂v Xßƒ hniz-kn-°p∂ ssZhn-I-hy-hÿ ka-kr-jvSn-Iƒ°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ BcmWv BK-ln-°m-Xn-cn-°pI?kXyw hs∂-Øn-bn´pw AXv ]N-cn-∏n-°m-Ø-h-t\-°mƒ Iqc\pw\oN-\p-ambn Bcp≠v? AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-an-I-]-t_m-[\w apgp-h≥apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw [m¿an-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb _m[y-X-bsX. Jp¿-B≥ Iev]n-°p∂p: ""bp‡n-]q¿h-ambpw tijvT-amb kZp-]-tZ-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Xm¶-fpsS \mYs‚ am¿K-Øn-te°v ]t_m-[\wsNøpI. D¬Ir-jvS-amb coXn-bn¬ P\-ß-tfmSv kwhmZw \S-ØpI.''2

aX-]-t_m-[\w amX-amWv apkvenw-I-fpsS _m[yX. a‰p-≈-h¿°vCkvem-ans‚ ktµiw FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-em-WXv. AXv Bscbpw


AwKo-I-cn-∏n-t°≠ Npa-Xe Ah¿°n√. ]hm-N-I≥am¿ t]mepw a‰p-≈-hsc aX-aw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""\nßƒ ]n¥n-cn-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Adn-bpI: hn[n hy‡-ambn FØn-®p-X-cp∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw amXta \ΩpsS ZqX-∂p≈q.''3

""ktµ-i-sa-Øn-®p-X-cp∂ Npa-Xe amX-amWv \ΩpsS ZqX-∂p-≈Xv.''4

aXhpw hnizm-khpw a‰m-cp-sSbpw ta¬ ASn-t®¬]n-°m≥ ]hm-N-I-∑m¿°p-t]mepw A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, apkvenw-Iƒ \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ian-°p∂ ]iv\ta DZv`hn-°p-∂n√.

Ckvem-ans‚ hym]-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv hmfm-sW∂ ]N-m cWw Xo¿Øpw hymP-asX. Ckvemw sNs∂-Ønb \mSp-I-fnsekmaq-lnI, kmº-ØnI, kmwkvIm-cnI, cmjvSob kml-N-cy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ AXn-th-K-ap≈ ]Nm-c-W-Øn∂v ]mX-sbm-cp-°n-bXv. apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tf-°mfpw NI-h¿Øn-am-tc-°mfpwCkvem-ans‚ hym]-\-Øn\v ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn-®Xv aX-]-t_m-[-I-cmWv. hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn¬ Ckvemw ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xns‚ ]›m-Øew hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xnb hniz-hn-JymX KŸ-amWv ""Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw.'' JUvKwsIm≠m-Wv Ckvemw ]N-cn-®-sX∂ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS Btcm-]WwXo¿Øpw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂v Cu _rl-ZvKŸw Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-°p∂p.

a[y-]q¿h-tZ-isØ Ckvem-ans‚ hym]\w hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠vB¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taep-≤-cn® DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂vssIkvX-h-tKm-X-ßƒ kza-\- mte Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v \ap°v Duln°mw. tPXm-°-fmb apkvenw -IfpwXpS¿∂p≈ apkvenw Xe-ap-d-Ifpw Ah-tcmSv ImWn® kln-jvWpXAß-s\-bp-d-∏n-°m-\mWv \sΩ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. apl-Ω-Zo-b-cpsS CS-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw Pohn-°p∂ ssIkvXh Ad-_n-Iƒ Cu kln-jvWp-X-bpsS Poh-\p≈ sXfn-hp-I-fmWv. Nmhp--IS-ens‚ Ing-°m-bp≈A¬I-dm-°n¬sh®v apkvenw Ad-_n-I-fn¬\n∂v s]cp-am-‰-ØnepwhkvX-Ønepw Hcp XcØnepw hyXy-kvX-a-√mØ ssIkvXh Ad-_n-Isf I≠p-ap-´nb Imcyw enbmUv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p. Ign™ \q‰m-≠p-hsc Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°msX Pohn-®p-t]m∂ ssIkvX-h-k-`-I-sf-°p-dn®v ko\m ]¿h-X-Ønse k\ym-kn-Iƒ Xt∂mSv ]d-™Xv_°m¿´v D≤-cn-°p∂p...ip≤-amb Ad_v c‡-ap≈ K m≥ tKmX-Ønse AwK-ßƒ ]ecpw \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn®p. Ahcm hnizmkw Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw t]m∏n-s\-b-\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw aX-Im-cy-ßƒ°p≈ `mj-bmbn Ad_n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''5


At±lw Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""ssIkvX-h-tcmSv apkvenw `c-W-Øns‚ BZy-Im-eØv ImWn® kln-jvWp-X-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬hmfmWv aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ apJy D]-I-cWw F∂ hmZw H´pwXr]vXn-I-c-a-√m-Xm-hp∂p.''6

C¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ ]Nm-cWw \S-∂Xv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn-eq-sS-b√. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ H´pw Xev]-c-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. sN¶n-kvJm-t‚bpw lem-Kp-hn-t‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ at¶m-fn-b¿ \S-Ønb BI-a-W-Øn¬\n∂p HmSn-c-£-s∏´ aX-]-fin-X-∑mcpwkq^n-h-cy-cp-amWv DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-an-I-]-t_m-[\w \n¿h-ln-®Xv.

C¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ hym]-\-Øn∂v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv ChnsS\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ i‡-amb PmXn-k-º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""][m-\-amb Imcyw PmXn-k-º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p.a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ tImSm-\p-tImSn P\-ßƒ°vHc-\p-K-l-am-bn-cp∂p Ckvemw. Ah¿°v(ap°p-h≥am¿°v) aq∂-Sn-bn¬IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ap≈ Iqc-I-fn¬t]mepw Xma-kn-°m≥ Kh-s◊‚ v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cmb sNń-bm-∑m-scbpw \mb-∑m-tcbpw ImWp-tºmƒ kmjvSmwKw ]W-an-°-W-am-bn-cp∂p.''7

ssiJv ssk\p-±o≥ aJvZqw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ckvemw-a-X-]-Nm-c-Wm¿Yw k©-cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp kwLw apkvenw-Iƒ ae-_m¿ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ hcn-Ibpw ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cn¬\n∂vCkvemw-a-X-tØbpw AXns‚ amlm-fly-tØbpw a\- n-em-°m≥Ign™ ae-_m-dp-Im¿ A∂v Iq´w-Iq-´-ambn Ckvem-an¬ tNcm≥XpSßn. Aßs\ ae-_m-dn¬ G‰hpw ]i-kvX-amb \ne-bn¬Ckvemw-a-X-Øn\v ]Nmcw kn≤n-°p-Ibpw apkvenw-I-fpsS kwJyh¿[n-®p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

At±-lw-Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""GsX-¶nepw lnµp Ckvemw-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A°m-c-W-Øm¬ H‰ lnµphpw Abmsf D]-Z-hn-°p-I-bn√. adn®v Abmƒ FX Xmgv∂ PmXn-bnse AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ckvemw-aXw kzoI-cn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ a‰p apkvenw-I-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse Abm-tfmSv ssaXn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dp-am-bn-cp∂p.''8

tUmIvS¿ tdmbn Nu[cn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_wKm-fnse ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ A[x-IrX h¿K-Øn\v Ckvemw Hcm-izm-khpw km¥z-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. kh¿W-]o-U-bn¬\n∂pw Hcp hcw Inń-bn-s´-∂-t]mse Ah¿]nS-s™-gp-t∂‰p.''9

tUmIvS¿ Cuiz-cn-]-kmZv ]d-bp∂p: ""DtZym-K-ta-∑°pw ^yqU¬ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw sImXn-®n-cp∂ Iptd-b-[nIw kh¿W¿ apkvenw-`-c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ckvem-an-te°v h∂p. F∂m¬ IqSp-Xepw Xmgv∂PmXn-bn¬s]´ A[x-Ir-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn\p ImcWw Iqc-amb PmXn-


hy-hÿ lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ Ah¿°v arK-Xp-ey-X-am-X-amWv \evIn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw Ckvemw ka-Xz-km-tlm-Zcyw kw`m-h\ sNbvXp-sh-∂-Xp-amWv.''10

hf-sc-°mew _wKmƒ knhn¬ k¿ho-kn-em-bn-cp∂ k¿ sl≥Sn-tIm-´≥ India and Home affairs F∂ KŸ-Øn-se-gp-Xp∂p: ""Ing-°≥_wKm-fnse apkvenw-Iƒ apgps° A[x-Ir-Xcpw A[x-ÿn-X-cp-amblnµp-°-fpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-I-fmWv. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX-h-cmWv Ah-cpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿.''11

C¥y-bn-en∂pw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v apJy tlXp-hmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv PmXn-k-º-Zm-b-amWv. Bcy-k-amPv t\Xmhv kzman A·n-thiv ]d-bp∂p: ""ao\m-£n-]p-csØ lcn-P-\-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw ]oU-\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-I-bmWv. Xosc kln-°-h-øm-sX-bm-b-t∏m-gmWvAhn-SsØ lcn-P-\-ßƒ Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bXv.''12

sI.B¿. a¬°m\n Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Hcp apkvenw as‰mcp apkven-ans\ sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n√. kmaq-lyhpw a\-»m-kvX-]-c-hp-amb BI¿j-Wo-bX F∂pw Cu aX-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.Ckvem-ans‚ Cu hyXn-cn-‡X Nnesc BI¿jn-°p∂p. AXn-\m-emWv apkvenw-Iƒ°v "ao\m-£n-]p-c-ßƒ' e`n-°p-∂Xv. [mcmfwB^n-°-°mcpw Ata-cn-°-bnse IdpØ h¿K-°m¿t]mepw apkvenw-I-fmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv.''13

temI-Øn-s‚ CXc `mK-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse C¥y-bn-sebpw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ kΩ¿Ztam \n¿_-‘tamAev]w-t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. l¿_≥kv apJnb Fgp-Xp∂p: ""aX-]-cn-h¿-Ø\w \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw Bcpw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bn√._lp-P-\-X-e-Øn¬ A[n-Ihpw kw`-hn-®Xv kzta-[bm Bbn-cp∂p.P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv Ah-cpsS `mj-bn¬kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m∂ kq^n k\ym-kn-am-cpsS kzm[o-\-i-‡n-sIm-≠m-hmw Aßs\ kw`-hn-®Xv. _lp-P-\-X-e-Øn¬ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v tÃ‰v apXn¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bn√ F∂v ChnsSkqNn-∏n-°p-t∂-bp≈q...

""_p≤-aXw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw P\-ßsf aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\wsNøn-°p-∂-Xn∂pw Atim-I-N-I-h¿Øn Bhp-∂-sXms° ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw CXn-\mbn `c-W-b-¥sØ HutZym-Kn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw At±-lsØ alm-\mb Hcp NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-´mWv \mw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ a[y-Ime C¥y-bn¬ tÃ‰v aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´-tX-bn√. F∂n´pw P\-ßsfCkvem-an¬ tN¿°pI amXw I¿Ø-hy-am-°nb D]-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ A∂sØ `cWw P\-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ B£n-]vX-am-bn-Øs∂ InS-°p∂p. AØ-c-samcp kao-]-\-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ \ΩpsS a\- n¬ eo\-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ h¿Kob hnIm-c-am-Wp-≈Xv.''14


kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""a[y-Im-e-L-´sØ `c-W-IqSwCkvemw-a-XsØ P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®-ev]n-°p-Itbm CkvemwaXm-Nm-c-]-Im-c-ap≈ `c-W-Iaw \S-∏m-°m≥ ian-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXpX.''15

Z£n -tW-¥y-bnse Ckvemw ]Nm -c -WsØ kw_-‘n®vtUmIvS¿ Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C¥y-bn¬ BZyw h∂ apkvenw-Iƒ ]Ømw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ h∂ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.Ah¿ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ ÿnc-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.Aßs\ apkvenw-kzm-[o\w ItaW hym]-I-ambn hf¿∂p-h∂p.hym]m-cn-I-sf∂ \ne-bn-e-h¿ lm¿Z-ambn kzmKXw sNø-s∏´p. ae-_m-dnse cmPm-°-∑m¿ Ah¿°v `qan hmßm\pw kzX-¥-ambn aXm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m\pw A\p-aXn \evIn. Ckvemw Hcm-Z¿iaX-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Xß-fpsS kphn-ti-j-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Xt±-io-bsc ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøn-°m\pw Ad-_n-Iƒ°v Hcp hnj-a-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah-cpsS ]tXyI hnizm-k-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßfpw]Nm-c-W-co-Xnbpw e£y-hp-sa√mw lnµp-P-\-km-am-\ysØ hep-XmbnBI¿jn®p.''16

_n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ Ckvem-an∂vA\p-tbm-Py-amb Hc-¥-co-£-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬_p≤cpw ssP\-cp-am-bp≈ A[n-Imc hSw-h-en-bn¬ \h-ln-µp-bnkwapgp-In-b-Xn-\m¬ aX-kw-L¿j-ßƒ hym]-I-am-bn-cp∂p. aX-thZnkm[m-cW P\-ßsf `b-hn-lz-e-cm-°n-bn-cp∂ Hc-¥-co-£-Øn-emWvefn-X-amb hnizm-k-kw-ln-Xbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw hy‡-amb \nb-a-ßfpw ]Z¿in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ckvemw cwK-Øp-h-∂Xv. hnth-I-im-en-I-fmb [mcmfw t]¿ kzta-[bm aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \SØn. HºXmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-fn¬ ae-_m¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cmb tNc-am≥s]cp-am-fn¬ Ah-km-\-sØ-bmfpw ]pXnb aX-Øn-te°v h∂p.''17

Xs‚ Bfp-Isf ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂-cmb \mhn-I-cmbn ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m-\p≈ BK-l-Øm¬ kmaq-Xncn ""Xs‚ cmPysØ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-Ønse Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam t]¿ apl-Ω-Z≥ Bbnhf-cW''sa∂v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cp∂p.18

Ckvemw Hcn-°epw \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. apkvenw-Iƒ aXw am‰-Øn\v hmfns‚ klmbw tXSn-bn-´p-an√.k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ckvem-anI ]Nm-c-W-Øns‚ImcWw Is≠-Øm≥ Hcp ssIbn¬ hmfpw adp-ssI-bn¬ Jp¿-B-\p-ambn hs∂∂p ]d-bp∂ apØ-»n-°-Y-bnse ]S-bm-fnsb tXSn-b√t]mth-≠Xv. \nc-h[n hym]m-cn-Ifpw ]t_m-[-I-∑mcpw sNbvX ]b-Xv\-Øn-te-°mWv ItÆm-Sn-t°-≠Xv.''19

alm-flm-Km‘n Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C∂v a\p-jy-h¿K-Ønse P\-ß-fpsSlrZ-b-ß-fn¬, \n¿hn-hm-Z-amb B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcm-fpsS Pohn-

4 3apkvenw-cm-jvS-Ønse Aapkvenw ]uc≥am¿

X-Øns‚ G‰hpw DØ-a-amb hiw Adn-bm≥ Rm\m-K-ln®p. A°m-eØv Pohn-X-Øns‚ kc-Wn-bn¬ Ckvem-an∂v ÿm\w t\Sn-s°m-Sp-ØXv hmfm-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v apº-sØ-°mfpw F\n°v t_m[y-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]hm-N-Is‚ AN-©-e-amb emfn-Xyhpw DZm-Ø-amb Bfl-_-ehpw ]Xn-⁄-I-tfm-Sp≈ ZrV-amb ]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw Iq´p-Im-tcmSpw A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ AXn-c‰ A¿∏-Whpw \n¿`-b-XzhpwssZh-Ønepw Xs‚ ZuXy-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]c-a-amb hnizm-k-hp-am-bn-cp∂p,hmfm-bn-cp-∂n√ F√m-‰n-s\bpw Ah-cpsS apºn-se-Øn-®Xpw F√m XS- -ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ klm-bn-®Xpw.''20

]m›m-Xy≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb anÃ¿ tdm_¿´vk≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:""aXm-th-ihpw CXc aX-ÿ-tcm-Sp≈ kln-jvWp-X-bpsS ssNX-\yhpw Hcp-t]mse \ne-\n¿Øn-b-h¿ apkvenw-Iƒ amX-am-Ip∂p.Ah¿ hmsf-Sp-Ø-tXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ Ckvem-an¬ Xmev]-cy-an-√m-Ø-hscAh-cpsS aXw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''21

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:1. A¬-A≥-_n-bm-Av: 107

2. A∂lv¬: 125

3. A¬am-CZ: 92

4. A¬am-CZ: 99

5. Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 64

6. Ibid, ]pdw: 83

7. sIm®n≥ tÃ‰v am\p-h¬, ]pdw: 44

8. Xplv^-Xp¬ apPm-ln-Zo≥, ]pdw: 84

9. Dr. Roy Choudary-History of Muslim Rule, p: 14, D≤-cWw: Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw:

344.

10. Ram Gopal- Indian Muslims A Political History, p: 2.

11. D≤-cWw: NcnX]T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 335.

12. ae-bmf at\m-ca 23-.7.-1986

13. Ckvem-ans‚ BI¿j-Wo-bX Akv]r-iy-cn¬˛ tÃ‰vkvam≥.

14. h¿Ko-b-Xbpw ]mNo-\-`m-cX Ncn-X-c-N-\bpw, ]`mXw ]n‚nwKv B‚ v ]ªn-

jnwKv Iº\n enan-‰Uv, ]pdw: 48

15. P\-bpKw hmcnI 26.11.-1978

16. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Page: 33

17. Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 96.

18. Thara Chandh- Influence of Islam on Indian culture, page: 36

19. Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw.

20. bMv-C¥y 16.9.-1924

21. Civilization of Arabs.


Ggv

apkvenw cmjvS-Ønse

Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿

Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw A`n-am-\-Øn∂pw ]q¿W-kw-c-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. Ah-cpsS hnizmkkzmX-¥yhpw Bcm-[\m kzmX-¥yhpw hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßfpw ]cn-c-£n-°p∂p. a‰p ùXn-I-Po-hnX taJ-e-I-fn¬ apkvenw ]uc-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-Øs∂ Ah-tcbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p. Ckvem-anI cmjvS-ØnseAap-kvenw ]uc-∑m¿ "ZnΩn'Iƒ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-SpI.""cmjvSw kwc-£-W-_m-[yX Gs‰-Sp-Ø-h¿'' F∂mWv Cu Ad_n]Z-Øns‚ kmt¶-Xn-Im¿Yw. aX-\yq-\-]£ kwc-£-WsØ kw_-‘n®v \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n IWn-i-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \evIn-bn-´p≠v. Ahn-S∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""kq£n-®p-sIm-≈pI. Aapkvenw ]uc-∑mscBsc-¶nepw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Itbm Ah-cpsS ta¬ Ign-hn-∂-Xo-X-amb\nIp-Xn-`mcw sIń-tb¬]n-°p-Itbm Ah-tcmSv Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Itbm Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ shń-°p-d-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A¥y-\m-fn¬ Ah-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Rm≥ kzbw-Xs∂ ]cmXnt_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv.''1

]hm-N-I≥ ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""\ΩpsS Hcp "ZnΩn'sb h√-h\pwtZmln-®m¬ A¥y-\m-fn¬ Rm\-hs‚ iXp-hm-bn-cn°pw. Rm≥ h√-h-s‚bpw iXp-hm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-]£w Ahs\ Rm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv.''

Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw aX-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw a‰p-amb hf¿®°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂p. Ahsc k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ß-fn¬ \n›-bn-°p∂p. Cu taJ-e-I-fn-sem∂pw Xs∂ aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-tfmSv Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpwImWn-°p-∂n√.

]hm-N-Is‚ c≠mw DØ-cm-[n-Imcn Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv aZo-\-bnse


No^v F°u-≠‚mbn \nb-an-®Xv Hcp Ko°v InkvXym-\n-sb-bm-bn-cp∂p.

k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apB-hnb(661˛-680)InkvXym-\n-Isf [mcm-f-ambn DtZym-K-Øn¬ \nb-an-®n-cp∂p. `c-W-hw-i-Ønse _m°n-bp-≈-hcpw B ioew XpS¿∂p. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ]e-t∏mgpw cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ D∂-X-ÿm\w hln®p. Bÿm\ Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂ A¬-A-JvX¬ Hcp InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Zam-kvI-knse]pWy-hm-f-\mb tbml-∂ms‚ ]nXmhv Jeo^m A_vZp¬ aen-°ns‚D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂p. Jeo^m A¬ap-A-vX- ns‚ ImeØv c≠vssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ hniz-kvX-cmb A\p-N-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ k¬apø GXm-s≠mcp hntZ-i-Imcy skI-´-dn-bpsS ]Z-hn-bn-em-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Abm-sfm-∏n-SmØ Hcp cmP-IobtcJ°pw B[n-Im-cn-IX D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A]-c-\mb C_vdmlowcmPm-hns‚ apZ-bpsS kwc-£-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. s]mXp-J-P-\m-hns‚ta¬t\m-´-am-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. s]mXp-J-P-\m-hns‚]m[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ apkven-an-∂mWvB DtZymKw e`n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv.

""C_vdm-lo-an-t\mSv Jeo-^°v henb kvt\l-am-bn-cp∂p. tcmK-i-ø-bn¬ InS-°p-tºmƒ At±lw C_vdm-lo-ans\ kµ¿in®p.C_vdmlow acn-®-t∏mƒ Jeo^ h√msX ZpxJn-X-\mbn. kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv arX-tZlw sIm´m-c-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ At±-l-am-⁄m-]n®p. Ahn-sS-sh-®mWv InkvXob aXm-Nm-c-]-Imcw ac-Wm-\-¥c NS-ßp-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-´Xv.''2

At±lw Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""A¬ap-A-vX-Zns‚ `c-W-Im-eØvA≥_-dnse Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ Da-dp_v\p bqkp^v Hcp InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Hcp InkvXym\n tbmKy-\m-sW-¶n¬ B ]Zhn At±-l-Øn\p \evImw F∂mWv \nb-a\w AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Jeo^]d-™Xv. A¬ap-A-vX-an-Zns‚ ImeØv ^e-Øn¬ Jeo-^-bm-bn-cp∂A¬ap-h-^v^nJv ssk\y-Øns‚ ta¬t\m´w Ckm-bo¬ F∂ HcpInkvXym-\n-°mWv \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]pX≥ A¬ap-A-vX-Zn-Zn∂v amen-°p_v\p heoZv F∂ InkvXym-\n-bmb skI-´dnD≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv A¬ap-JvX-Zn-dns‚ ImeØv bp≤-h-Ip-∏ns‚ta¬t\m´w hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Hcp InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p.

""Z£nW t]¿jy-bnepw Cdm-Jnepw A[n-Imcw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂_ph-bvlnZv hwi-Ønse A±u-e-bpsS ][m-\-a¥n Hcp InkvXym-\n-bmb \mkn-dp_v\p lmdq-\m-bn-cp∂p. Iptd Ime-tØmfw k¿°m¿Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ ]tXy-In®pw [\-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏n¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Iptd Ign™v CuPn-]vXn-ep-a-Xm-bn-cp∂pÿnXn. AhnsS ]e-t∏mgpw DtZym-K-ßƒ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. `nj-Kz-c-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ hnti-jn®pw.''3


apl-ΩZv Kkv\n-sb- w-_-‘n®v _n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p:""lnµp-°-fpsS bp≤-X-¥-⁄-X-bn¬ Kkv\n°v \√ A`n-]m-b-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂p ]dbmw. lnµp-°-fm-hs´ At±-lsØ tkhn-°p-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp sshap-Jyhpw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n√. alvaq-Zns‚ aI≥akqZv Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-\p-am-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ k¿h-¥-dm-hp-hn-s\-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-Øn¬ Iem-]-ap-≠m-°nbKh¿W¿ AlvaZv \nbm¬Xos\ Iog-S-°n-bXv sPbvsk-∂ns‚ aI≥XneIv Bbn-cp∂p. Xp¿°n-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ bp≤-Øn∂pw sslµ-h-tk\ Xs∂-bmWv At±lw cq]o-I-cn-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-hs´, cmjvSob Imc-W-ß-fm¬ HmSn-t∏mb Kkv\n-bpsS lnµpP\-d¬ Bbn-cp∂ _nP-bvdmbvsb Xncn-®p-hn-fn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''4

At±-lw-Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv _n≥ Jmknw _m“-W-cpsSA¥ v \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw Ah¿°v ]gb ]Zhn A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AS-n®-a¿Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw AI-a-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cn¬ Ah¿°v kwc-£Ww \evIn. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw tPmen \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''5

l¿_≥kv apJnb Fgp-Xp∂p: ""`c-W-Øns‚ Xmsg-bp≈ tiWn-I-f-Xbpw ]q¿W-ambn lnµp-°-fpsS ssIbn¬ HXp-ßn-\n∂p.At∏mƒ Xp¿°n-Isf kmamPyw ÿm]n-°m≥ klm-bn-®Xv lnµp-°-fm-sW∂p ImWmw. Ah¿ Xs∂-bmWv Xp¿°n-Iƒ°p-th≠n`cWw \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-ØXpw. Ah-cpsS klm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬Xp¿°n-Iƒ°v hfsc Ipd™ Hcp Ime-b-f-hn-e-[nIw ChnsS Ign-™p-Iq-Sm≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. B lnµp-°ƒ `c-W-h¿K-Øns‚Xs∂ Hcp `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.''6

At±lw ho≠p-sa-gp-Xp∂p: ""apl-ΩZv Xp•-°ns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øp-≠mb Benjm \mYp F∂ Hcm-fpsS el-f-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°pI.Hcp Jn¬Pn Bb \mYp-hns\ Hcp ]tXyI `q]-tZ-i-Øns‚ \nIpXn]ncn-°p-hm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn. Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-™-t∏mƒ \mYphnizm-k-h-©\ sNbvXv h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]Ww [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-I-bm-sW∂Imcyw `c≥ F∂p t]cmb Hcp lnµp A[n-Ir-X-cpsS i≤-bn¬sIm≠p-h∂p. AtX XpS¿∂v ]kvXpX ]tZiw `cs‚ Iogn-te°vam‰n. Hc-hn-izm-knsb Xß-fpsS tae-[n-Im-cn-bmbn \nb-an-®-Xn¬\mYphpw ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw ]Xn-tj-[n-®p-sh-¶nepw kp¬Øms\ B\nb-a-\-Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m-\-h¿°v km[n-®n√.''7

_wKmƒ Gjym-‰n°v skmssk‰n P\-d¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hudw-K-tk-_ns‚ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Gh¿°pw apKnf `c-W-Im-eØv Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂ kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsSGI-tZi NnXw e`n°pw. At±lw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® DØ-c-hp-I-fn-sem∂vCßs\ hmbn°mw: ""alm-\mb cmPm-[n-cmP dm≥knßv \ΩpsS k∂n-[n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-®n-´p≈ \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚


[¿am-Nm-cy-\mb `K-hØv F∂ _m“W ]ptcm-ln-X\v Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn _\m-d-kn¬ KwK-bpsS XocØv am[-htdm saml-√-bn¬Hcp `h\w \n¿an-s®∂pw Nne kmaq-ly-tZm-ln-Iƒ `K-h-Øns\`b-s∏-SpØn _p≤n-ap-ń-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn\v DS≥]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°-W-sa-∂p-amWv. \mw Iev]n-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ CuB⁄ AhnsS Inńb DSs\ Ct∏m-gp-≈-hcpw `mhn-bn¬ \nb-an-X-cm-hm≥ CS-bp-≈-h-cp-amb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-tcmSv Cu ÿew \ap°vP∑m-h-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂pw c©o-h∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-Iƒ°p-ambn \mw Ic-an-√msX C\m-ambn \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw \n¿tZ-in-°Ww. AhnsS _m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw ‡-P-\-ßƒ°p-ambn ]Wn-bm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ sIń-S-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v bmsXm-cp-hn[ XS- -ßfpw D≠m-°p-∂-X-s√∂v Adn-bn-°Ww.Ah¿ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Ah-cpsS tPmen-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp-IbpwssZhn-I-ambn e`n-®Xpw A\-iz-c-ambn \ne-\n¬t°-≠-Xp-amb \ΩpsScmPym-`n-hr-≤n-°p-th≠n ]m¿Y\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v BcpwbmsXm-cp-hn[ ]Xn-_-‘hpw krjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°Ww. X≥aqew\ΩpsS ]nb-s∏´ a°fpw _lp-am-\y-cmb a¥n-amcpw ]`p-°-∑mcpwDb¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpw Ztdm-K-amcpw Ct∏m-g-sØbpw mhn-bn-sebpwsImØvhmƒamcpw Cu cmP-Iob Iev]\ F°m-ehpw am‰w hcmsXA\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Aßs\ Cu ÿe-ßƒ]kvXpX Bfp-I-fpsS ssIhiw Bhp-∂-Xn∂pw At±-lhpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Ifpw Xe-apd Xe-ap-d-bmbn ChnsS XpS-cp-∂-Xn∂pwCu ÿe-Øp-\n∂v bmsXm-cp-hn[ Ictam \nIp-Xntbm CuSm-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn∂pw _≤-i-≤-cmbn Ccn-°-W-sa∂v \mw Iev]n-°p-IbpwsNøp∂p. amX-a√, h¿jw-tXmdpw k∂Xv ]pXp-°m≥ Ah-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AcpXv.''8

_mKvZm-Zn¬ _m“W ]fin-X-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\w hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v _n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ\ hn´p-am-dmØXs‚ tcmKw NnIn-’n-°m-\mbn Jeo^ lmdq≥ Hcp C¥y≥tUmIvSsd hnfn-®-Xmbn Xz_vcn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. `c-W-Øns‚]mtbm-KnI hi-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ad-_n-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cn¬\n∂v [mcmfwA`y-kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. _m“W DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc hym]-I-ambn\nb-an-°m-\p≈ ][m\ ImcWw Ah-cpsS ]mfin-Xyhpw ]cn-N-bhpw`c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ ka¿Y-ambn \n¿h-ln-°m-\p≈ ]m]vXn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.]n¬°m-eØv bqtdm-]y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ hnkva-bm-h-l-amb Ne\wkrjvSn® Atd-_y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]e \√ hi-ßfpw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬\n∂v IS-sa-Sp-Ø-h-bmWv. XXz-imkvXw, tPymXnx-imkvXw, KWnXw, ck-X¥w, sshZyw XpS-ßnb ssh⁄m-\n-I-im-J-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°m≥ Ad_v ]fin-X-∑m¿ _p≤-`n-£p-°-fp-


sSbpw _m“W hnZzm-∑m-cp-sSbpw Im¬®p-h-´n-en-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn._mKvZm-Znse cmP-k-Z v C¥y≥ ]mfin-XysØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°-t]mepw sNbvXp. Jeo^m a≥kq-dns‚ ImeØv c≠v ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-am-bmWv Ad_v ]fin-X-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬\n∂v _mKvZm-Zn-te°v aS-ßn-bXv. _“-Kp-]vXs‚ "_“-kn-≤m¥'hpw At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂"J≥ZvJ-UvbmI' hpw.''9

]kn≤ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenwNI-h¿Øn-am¿ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ kln-jvWp-X-bp-≈-h-cmWv. IqSmsX cmPy-Xm¬]-cyhpw Ahsc kln-jvWp-X°v t]cn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. apkvenw `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fn¬ lnµp-°ƒ°v DtZymKw e`n®p.Nne-t∏m-f-h¿ D∂-X-ÿm-\-ßƒ hsc ]m]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''10

Sn∏p-kp¬Øms‚ Znhm≥ ]q¿W-øbpw JP-\mhv kq£n-∏p-Im-c≥ IrjvW-dm-hphpw t]meokv ta[mhn iyma-ø-dp-am-bn-cp∂p. iyma-ø-dpsS ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmb cwK-ø-¶mdpw \c-knw-l-dm-hphpw Db¿∂DtZym-K-ÿ-cm-bn-cp∂p. Sn∏p-hns‚ X¥-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬iohm-k-dm-hp-hn\pw A∏m-Pn-dm-hp-hn\pw apƒN-µn\pw kpN≥dm-bn°pw\mbn-°-dm-hp-hn\pw \mK-∏-ø°pw \mcm-b-W-ø°pw D≠m-bn-cp∂ÿm\w A\-ev]-am-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ t]jv°m¿ kp∫-dm-hp-hm-bn-cp∂p. A∏-dmhp, lcn-knwKv, io]-Zva-dmhp, cma-dmhp XpS-ßn-b-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Iam-≠¿am-cn¬ ][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.knhn¬ `c-W-X-e-Ønepw `qcn-]£w DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ lnµp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. aX-]-£-]m-Xn-bmbn Bt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Sn∏p t]mepw ]c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv AXyp-Zm-c-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v CuhkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p.

_n.F≥. ]msfi Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kZm-Nmc \njvT-bn¬ ImTn\yw]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v BZ-chpw hn\-bhpw Db¿Ønb Ckvemw C¥y-bn¬ lnµp-a-X-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v NnX-I-e-bp-sSbpw inev]-hn-Zy-bp-tSbpw kwKo-X-Øn-t‚bpw Ihn-X-bp-tSbpw kvt\l-Øn¬\n∂v]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≈p∂ aX-Øn-t‚bpw Io¿Øn-kvXw-`-ßƒ \n¿an-®p-sIm≠v a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nse C¥ym-N-cnX ss]Xr-I-Øn\vXneIw Nm¿Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.''11

At±-lw-Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ t\Sp-hm\pw Ah-km-\-an-√mØ kwL¿j-ß-fn¬\n∂v c£n-°m\pw P\-ßsf Hcps]mXp-km-tlm-Z-cy-Ønepw cmjvSo-ssb-Iy-Ønepw tbmPn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B Ime-L-´-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb Bhiyw aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw cmjvSob˛-kmwkvIm-cnI k¶-e-\hpw tZiob DZvK-Y-\hpw atX-Xc ho£-W-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu alm-b⁄w \n¿h-ln-°m≥ hn[n-bp-≠m-bXv apKn-f¿°m-bn-cp∂p.''12

Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw Aapkvenw ]uc≥am¿°v kºq¿W aX-kzm-X¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Poh∂pw kzØn∂pw kwc-£Ww

4 9kln-jvWpX \oXn-]m-e-\-Øn¬

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""Hcp apkven-ans‚c‡w FX-amXw ]cn-ip-≤-amtWm AX-Xs∂ ]cn-ip-≤-amWvAapkvenw ]ucs‚ c‡hpw.''

Ahn-S∂v ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""B¿ Hcp ZnΩnsb(Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Ønse Aapkvenw ]uc≥) A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂pthm Ah-s\m-cn-°epw kz¿K-Øns‚ K‘w t]mep-a-\p-`-hn-°p-I-bn√.''

H∂mw Jeo^ lkØv A_q-_-°¿ Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""kwc-£-W-Øn-ep≈ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cn-em-scbpw h[n-°-cpXv. \nßƒAßs\ sNbvXm¬ ssZh-tIm-]-Øn-∂n-c-bm-hp-∂Xpw \nßsf \c-I-Øn¬ ]th-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv.''13

Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Xs‚ tk\m-\m-b-I-∑m¿°v \evInb ktµ-i-Øn¬, Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc D]-Z-hn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw Ah-cpsSkzØp-°ƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw apkvenw-Isf XS-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Icm-dnse a‰p hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]men-°-W-sa∂v ]tXyIw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.14

C]-Imcw kwc-£Ww Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°v apkvenw-I-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ F√mA[n-Im-cm -h-Im-i-ßfpw \evIp∂p. kmaq -lnI, kmº-ØnI,kmwkvIm-cnI, cm-jvSo-b-cw-K-ß-fn¬ Db-cm\pw hf-cm-\p-a-h¿°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. C∂v ]e sk°p-e¿ kaq-l-ß-fnepw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Ah-k-c-k-aXzw aXm-[n-jvTnX Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Øn¬ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿°ve`n-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. KX-Ime \q‰m-≠p-Ifpw ka-Im-eo\kaq-l-ß-fp-a-Xn\p km£n-bmWv.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:1. A_q-Zm-hqZv, InXm-_p¬ PnlmZv2. Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 763. Ibid,]pdw: 77, 784. Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 105. Ibid,, ]pdw: 246. "h¿Ko-b-Xbpw ]mNo-\-`m-cX NcnX-c-N-\bpw', ]pdw: 44, 457. Ibid, ]pdw: 458. _wKmƒ Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n P¿W¬ 1911, ]pdw: 689, D≤-cWw:

Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ, ]pdw: 4979. Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 1210. D≤-cWw: atX-X-c-Xzhpw C¥y≥ apkvenw-Ifpw, ]pdw: 5711. Ckvemapw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw, ]pdw: 4712. Ibid, ]pdw: 8613. D≤-cWw: C_v\p kAZv˛ Xz_-JmØv

14. Xz_vcn


F v

kln-jvWpX \oXn-]m-e-\-Øn¬

Ckvemw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ D¬IrjvS aqey-ß-fn¬ AXn-]-[m-\-amb H∂mWv \oXn. kXy-hn-izmkn kZm \∑-bpsS \nZ¿i-\hpw \oXn-bpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cn-°Ww. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p:

""\n›bw, A√mlp \oXnbpw \∑bpw \S-Øm\pw IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßƒ ]pe¿Øm\pw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.''1

""\nßƒ \oXn ]men-°p-hn≥, \n›bw A√mlp \oXn-am≥am-sc-Øs∂ kvt\ln-°p∂p.''2

]hm-NI \ntbm-K-Øns‚ apJy-e-£y-ß-fn-sem∂v \oXn-bpsS kw-ÿm-]-\-asX.

""hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-ßfpw am¿K-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-ambn \mw \ΩpsSZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w thZhpw XmkpwAh-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v˛P\-ßƒ \oXn-]q¿hw \ne-sIm-≈m≥.''3

\oXn-]m-e\w kz¥-Øn\pw kz¥-°m¿°pw IjvS-\-jvS-ßƒ°n-S-h-cp-Øp-sa-∂p-d-∏p-s≠-¶nepw apkvenw AXv \S-Øm≥ _m[y-ÿ-\mWv. Jp¿-B≥ Iev]n-°p∂p:

""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf, \nßƒ \oXn-bpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Imcpw A√m-lp-hn-∂p-th≠n km£yw hln-°p-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°p-hn≥.\nß-fpsS \oXn-]m-e-\-Øn-t‚bpw km£y-Øn-t‚bpw ^ew\nßƒ-t°m \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒt°m _‘p-an-Xm-Zn-Iƒt°m FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂mepw. I£n [\n-I-\m-hs´, Zcn-Z-\m-hs´, A√m-lp-hm-Ip∂p \nß-sf-°mƒ Ah-tcmSv KpW-Imw£]pe¿Øp-∂-h≥. AXn-\m¬, tkzO-Isf ]n¥p-S¿∂v \oXn-bn¬\n-∂-I∂p t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-hn≥.''4

kz¥w kap-Zm-b-tØmSpw kulr-Z-Øn-ep-≈-h-tcmSpw amX-a√,iXp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw \oXn-]p-e¿Øm≥ kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ ]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-cmWv.


""hniz-kn-®-htc, \nßƒ A√m-lp-hn-∂p-th≠n t\¿am¿K-Øn¬\ne-sIm-≈p-∂-hcpw \oXn°v km£yw hln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-hpI.Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp≈ hntcm[w \oXn-]m-en-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßsft]cn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°s´. \oXn-]m-en-°p-hn≥. AXmWv ssZh-`-‡n°v G‰hpw A\p-tbmPyw.''5

""aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \nß-tfmSv bp≤w sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kz¥w`h-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nßsf ]pdw X≈m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h¿°v \∑ sNøp-∂Xpw Ah-tcmSv \oXn-]q¿hw h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw A√mlp \nß-tfmSv hntcm-[n-°p-∂n√.''6

\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv _\q-k-^¿ tKmX-Øn¬s]´ _io-dp_v\p Dss_-cnJv Hcp A≥km-cn-bpsS ]S-b¶n tamjvSn®p. ImWm-Xmb A¶n DS-a-ÿ≥ At\z-jn-°m-\m-cw-`n-®-tXmsS Abm-fXv HcpPqXs‚ ASp-°¬ ]W-bw-sh®p. If-hp-km-[\w Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsStI v ]hm-NI k∂n-[n-bn-seØn. At∏mƒ PqX≥ kw`-h-Øns‚kXym-hÿ hy‡-am°n. F¶nepw _io-dp_v\p Dss_-cnJv AXv\ntj-[n®p. Ip‰w B \nc-]-cm-[n-bpsS ta¬ Btcm-]n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. Abm-fpsS _‘p-°fpw anX-ßfpw AXn¬ ]¶p tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ ]d™p: ""Ch-s\mcp PqX-\mWv. kXy-tØbpwkXy-]-t_m-[-I-t\bpw \ntj-[n-°p∂ Chs‚ hmZ-sam-cn-°epw hniz-k-\o-b-a√. hnizm-kn-I-fmb Rß-fpsS hmZ-Øn-\mWv hne I¬]n-t°-≠Xv.''

kaq-lhpw kml-N-cy-sØ-fn-hp-Ifpw PqX-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS a\- p-t]mepw Atßm´v Nmbp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.F¶nepw hn[n ]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂n√. AXn-\p-apsº hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n-eqsS A√mlp At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-]-cm-[nXzw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXp-sIm≠v bYm¿Y Ip‰-hm-fnsb shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h∂p. apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xnsc PqX-∂-\p-Iq-e-ambn Ah-Xo¿W-amb ]kvXpX ssZh-h-N-\-ß-fn-ßs\ hmbn°mw:

""\_ntb, \manXm Cu thZw kXy-k-taXw Xm¶ƒ°v Ah-X-cn-∏n®p X∂n-cn-°p∂p. A√mlp ImWn-®p-X∂ ]ImcwXm¶ƒ P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hn[n Iev]n-t°-≠-Xn-\mWXv.Xm¶ƒ h©-I¿°p-th≠n hmZn-°p-∂-h-\m-h-cpXv. A√m-lp-thmSv am∏-t]-£n-°pI. Ah≥ hfsc am∏-cp-fp-∂-h\pw GsdZbm-]-c-\p-at√m. Bfl-h-©-I-cmb Bfp-Iƒ°p-th≠n Xm¶ƒhmZn-°-cpXv. sImSpw h©-I\pw alm-]m-]n-bp-amb BscbpwA√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. Xß-fpsS sNbvXn-Iƒ P\-ß-fn¬\n∂v ad-®p-sh-°m-\-h¿°v Ign-bp∂p. F∂m¬, A√m-lp-hn¬\n∂v Hfn-®p-sh-°m-\-h¿°v km[y-a√. Ah¿ \nim-th-f-I-fn¬ Ahs‚ ]oXn°p hncp-≤-ambn KqVm-tem-N\ \S-Øp-


tºmgpw Ah≥ Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap≠v. A√mlp Ah-cpsS]h¿Ø-\-ß-f-Jn-ehpw hebw sNbvX-h-\m-Ip∂p. AsXsFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \nßƒ Cu ]m]n-Iƒ°p th≠n hmZn-°p∂p. F∂m¬, ]p\-cp-∞m-\-\m-fn¬ Ah¿°p-th≠n BcmWvA√m-lp-hn-t\mSv hmZn-°pI? As√-¶n¬ AhnsS Bcm-W-h-cpsS h°o-em-hpI?''7

Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv At±-l-Øns‚ CuPn-]vjy≥Kh¿W¿ Awdp-_v\p¬ Bkzns‚ aI≥ apl-ΩZpw tIm]v‰v hwi-P-\mb Hcp InkvXym-\nbpw Hm´-∏-¥bw \SØn. apl-ΩZv AXn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´p. ]Xn-Imcw Xo¿°m-\mbn At±lw Xs‚ InkvXy≥ktlm-Z-cs\ Nm´-hm-dp-sIm≠v ASn®p. a-I-s\-Xnsc ]nXmhv \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bn-s√∂v tXm∂n-b-Xn-\m¬ At±lw Kh¿W-tdmSv ]cmXn]d-bmsX hnhcw Jeo-^sb Adn-bn-®p. H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX Da¿]cm-Xn-°m-c-t\bpw Kh¿W¿ Awdn-t\bpw aI≥ apl-Ω-Zn-t\bpw hnfn-®p-h-cpØn hnNm-cW sNbvXp. kw`hw icn-bm-sW∂v t_m[y-am-b-tXmsS Nm´-hm¿ tIm]v‰v hwi-P-\mb InkvXy≥ ktlm-Z-cs‚ hiwsImSpØv apl-Ω-Zns\ ASn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏´p. Aßs\ Abmƒ Xs∂X√n-b-Xn\v ]I-c-ambn apl-Ω-Zn-t\bpw ]l-cn®p. At∏mƒ Da-dp¬^mdqJv ]d™p: ""C\n Awdns‚ Xe°pw ASn-°pI. A√m-lp-hmW!Abm-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]Z-hn-sIm≠v amX-amWv apl-ΩZv Xm¶sfX√n-bXv.''

""hnizm-kn-I-fpsS \mbIm, Rm≥ aXn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Fs∂]l-cn-®-h-t\mSv Rm≥ ]Xn-Imcw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p''˛- ssIkvX-h-kp-lrØv kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS ]d™p.

]n∂oSv Ah¿ ]ncn-™p-t]m-Ish Awdns‚ t\sc Xncn™v Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Kuc-h-kz-c-Øn¬ tNmZn®p: ""Ft∏m-gmWv Xm¶ƒ P\-ßsf ASn-a-I-fm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv? Ah-cpsS amXm-°ƒ AhsckzX-¥-cm-bmWv ]k-hn-®Xv.''

as‰m-cn-°¬ Awdp-_v\p¬ Bkzv Hcp ssIkvXh kvXobpsShoSv \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]kvXpXkvXo AtX-°p-dn®v Jeo-^-tbmSv ]cmXn ]d™p. Bh-emXn e`n®DSs\ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Kh¿Wsd hnfn®p hnNm-cW sNbvXp. kw`hwkXy-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn® At±lw Xs∂ AXn\v t]cn-∏n® ]›m-Ø-e-an-ßs\ hnh-cn®p: ""apkvenw-I-fpsS AwK-kwJy hf-sc-tbsdh¿[n®p. ]≈n-bn¬ ÿe-an-√msX ]bmkw t\cn´p. AXv hnim-e-am-°m≥ ian-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ ASpØv B kvXobpsS hoSp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn\v \ymb-amb hne \evIm-sa∂v ]d™v Bh-iy-s∏-s´-¶nepw Ah¿ hn-ev°m≥ k∂-≤-bm-bn√. AXn-\m¬ hoSp-s]m-fn®v]≈n-tbmSv tN¿°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXns‚ hne B kvXo°vBh-iy-ap≈ GXp \nan-jhpw kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw-hn[w s]mXp-


J-P-\m-hn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-´p-ap≠v.'' km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \ΩpsSImeØv temI-sØßpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´ Imcy-am-WnXv. F∂m¬ Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ kao-]\w XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. Awdns‚kw`-h-hn-h-cWw icn°pw i≤n-®p-tI-´-tijw ]≈n-bpsS ]kvXpX`mKw s]mfn-®p-am‰n ]Icw B ssIkvXh kvXobpsS hoSv bYm-ÿm\w ]Wn-Xp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXv.

lnwkzv Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ Dssa-dp_v\p kAZv Hcn-°¬ Hc-apkvenw ]uc-t\mSv kwkm-cn-°sh ]d™p: ""A√mlp \ns∂ \nµn-®n-cn-°p∂p.'' ]n∂oSv At±-l-Øn\v Xs‚ ]tbm-K-Ønse ]¥n-tISvt_m[y-ambn. AXn¬ Bflm¿-Y-ambn ]›m-Ø-]n-°p-Ibpw ]mb-›nØw sNøm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ At±lwJeo-^-bmb Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ ASp-Øp-h∂v hnhcw Adn-bn®p.HutZym-KnI ]Zhn D≈-Xn-\m-emWv Xm≥ Aßs\ ]d-™-sX∂pwAXn-\m¬ Kh¿W¿ ÿm-\w cmPn-sh-bv°p-I-bm-sW-∂p-am-bncp∂pAt±-l-Øns‚ Xocp-am\w. AX-\p-k-cn®v, A°m-esØ G‰hpw\nkzm¿Y\pw \oXn-am-\p-sa∂v ]cs° ]iw-kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Dssa¿Kh¿W¿ÿm\w Hgn-bp-Ibpw Jeo^ AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

lkØv Aen Jeo-^-bm-bn-cns° At±lw Xs‚ cmjvS-ØnsetImSXn-bn¬ Hcp tIkv sImSpØp. ]Xn Hcp PqX-\m-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚]S-b¶n tamjvSn-®p-sh∂pw AXv ]Xn-bpsS hi-ap-s≠-∂p-amWv ]cm-Xn-bn¬ ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. hnNm-cW Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ PUvPn ipssdlvPqXs‚ t\sc Xncn™p tNmZn®p: ""Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\os‚ Bh-em-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Xm¶-sf¥p ]d-bp∂p?''

""Cu ]S-b¶n Ft‚-XmWv. Ft‚Xv amXw.'' Abmƒ adp-]Sn]d™p.

""Xm¶-fpsS hmZw sXfn-bn-°m≥ km[y-amtWm?'' ipssdlv Jeo-^-tbmSv tNmZn®p.

""AsX. CXv Ft‚-XmWv. F\n-°-Xn\v c≠v km£n-I-fp-ap≠v''-˛Jeo^ ]d™p.

""km£n-Iƒ BcmWv?''- PUvPn Bcm™p.""aI≥ lk\pw `rXy≥ Jadpw.''""Ah¿ Xm¶-fpsS kz¥-°m-cmWv. AXn-\m-e-h-cpsS km£yw

kzoIm-cy-a√''˛- ipssdlv ZrV-kz-c-Øn¬ ]d™p. Aen°v a‰p sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw lmP-cm-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ PUvPn, PqX-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n®p. ]S-b¶n Abmƒ°p-Xs∂ hn´p-sIm-SpØp.Aß-s\ Abmƒ AXp-ambn apt∂m´p \S∂p. Aen Abm-sf-Øs∂t\m°n-\n∂p. ]S-b-¶n-bp-ambn Aev]-Zqcw \S-∂p-\o-ßnb PqX≥s]s´∂v Xncn-®p-h∂p. PUvPn ipssd-lns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®v Abmƒ]d™p: ""\n›bw! CXv ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \nbaw Xs∂-sb∂v Rm≥km£yw hln-°p∂p. Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥ X\n-s°-Xnsc Xs‚


PUvPn-bpsS ASp-°¬ A\ymbw t_m[n-∏n-°p∂p. aXn-bmb sXfn-hn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ tImSXn At±-l-Øn-s\-Xnsc hn[n ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.CXv hfsc al-Øcw Xs∂. AXn-\m¬, A√m-lp-h-√msX as‰mcpssZh-an-s√∂pw apl-ΩZv Ahs‚ ZqX-\m-sW∂pw Rm\nXm km£ywhln-°p∂p.''

XpS¿∂v Aen-bpsS t\sc Xncn-™n-ßs\ ]d™p: ""A√m-lp-hmW, Xo¿®-bmbpw Cu ]S-b¶n Xm¶-fp-tS-Xp-Xs∂. \nßƒkzn^vô-\n-te°v t]mhp-tºmƒ Rm≥ ssk\y-Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xm¶-fpsS Nmc-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ H´-I-Øns‚ ]pd-Øp-\n∂vRm\Xv Xń-sb-Sp-Ø-XmWv.''

CXp-tI´ Jeo^ Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ]d™p: ""Rm\Xv Xm¶ƒ°p-Xs∂ Zm\-ambn X∂n-cn-°p∂p.''

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-s°-Xnsc Hc-apkvenw ]uc\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n]kvXm-hn-°m≥ \njv]-bmkw km[n-°p-amdv \oXn-]q¿hhpw kln-jvWp-Xm-]q¿W-hp-amWv Ckvem-ans‚ kao-]-\-sa∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂At\Iw kw`-h-ß-fn-sem∂p amX-am-WnXv.

Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Ako-kns‚ \nkvXp-e-amb \oXn-t_m-[sØkw_-‘n®v tI´-dn™ ka¿J¥v hmkn-Iƒ Hcp-an-®p-IqSn. Kh¿W¿kpsse-am-\p_v\p A_o-kn¿dn-tbmSv ]d™p: ""JpssX_ Rßsfh©n-°p-Ibpw A\ym-b-ambn Rß-fpsS \mSv ]nSn-®-S-°p-IbpwsNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. ssZhw \mń-seßpw \oXnbpw s\dnbpw kvYm-]n-®n-cn-°-bm-Wt√m. AXn-\m¬, Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o-t\mSv Bh-emXn\evIm≥ Rß-fn¬\n∂v Hcp \nth-Z-I-kw-L-Øn\v A\p-aXn \evIn-bmepw.''

kpsse-am≥ Ah-cpsS A`y¿Y\ kzoI-cn®p. Aßs\ HcpkwLw ka¿J-¥p-Im¿ Jeo-^-bpsS ASp-Øp-h∂v ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n®p. Imcy-ßsf-√mw i≤n-®p-tI-´-tijw Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬Akokv Kh¿W¿-s°-gpXn: ""ka¿J¥v hmkn-Iƒ Xß-f-\p-`-hn®A\o-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Bh-em-Xn-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. JpssX_ Ahsc Xß-fpsS \mń¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-°n-b-Xmbn ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬, Xm¶ƒ Fs‚ IØp-In-ń-bm-ep-Ss\ Ah¿s°mcp\ymbm-[n-]s\ \n›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI. At±lw Ah-cpsS Imcyw ]cn-tim-[n®v Ah¿°-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-fpsS Xmh-f-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw \nßƒ JpssX-_-bpsS]th-i-\-Øn\v apºp≈ ÿm\-tØ°v \oßp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-XmWv.''

IØp-In-ńb DSs\ kpsse-am≥, Pan-D_v\p lmfn-dp¬ _mPnsbPUvPn-bmbn \nb-an®p. At±lw ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-IbpwAXn¬ ]c-am¿Y-ap-s≠∂v t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xnsc hn[n ]kvXm-hn®p. Ah¿ ka¿J¥v hnSp-Ibpw \K-cm-Xn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ aXn-en∂v ]pd-Øp≈ Xß-fpsS Xmh-f-ß-fn-te°v


aS-ßp-Ibpw thW-sa∂v Iev]n®p.8

CXv ka¿J¥v hmkn-Isf A£-cm¿Y-Øn¬ AZv`p-X-kvX-_v[-cm°n. Hcp apkvenw PUvPn kz¥w aX-Øn\pw kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-°p-Itbm? Ncn-X-Øn¬ kam-\-X-bn-√mØ CØ-c-samcp kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v k¶¬]n-°m≥t]mep-a-h¿°v km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, kz¥w ssk\y-Øn\pwtk\m-\m-b-I-\p-sa-Xnsc hn[n \S-Øp-∂Xv t\cn¬ ImWm-\n-S-bmbka¿J¥v hm-kn-Iƒ \oXn-\n-jvTcpw kln-jvWp-°-fp-amb apkvenw-Iƒ AhnSw hnSp-∂Xv CjvS-s∏-´n√. Ah-cpsS kvt\l-]q¿h-ambA`y¿Y\ am\n®v Ckvem-anI ssk\yw ka¿J-¥n¬Xs∂ \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`-h-Øn\v temI-N-cn-X-Øn-se-hn-sSbpwXpeyX Is≠-ØpI km[y-a√. ssk\yw Hcp \Kcw Pbn-®-S°nAXn¬ ]th-in-°p∂p. At∏mƒ ]cm-Pn-X¿ hnP-bn-®-h-cpsS `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv ]cmXn ]d-bp∂p. Aßs\ Ahn-SsØ \ymbm-[n-]≥hnPbw hcn® kz¥w ssk\y-Øn-s\-Xnsc hn[n ]Jym-]n-°p-IbpwAh¿ \mSp-hn-S-W-sa∂p \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AtXmsStPXm-°ƒ AhnSw hnSp-∂-Xn¬ Xt±-io-b¿ Akz-ÿ-cm-hp-Ibpw AXphne-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. B[p-\n-Ihpw ]pcm-X-\-hp-amb kaq-l-Øn-sem∂pw CXn\p kZr-i-amb as‰mcp amXrI Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\m¿°pw km[y-a√. Ckvem-anI kaqlw kXy-Øn-t‚bpw \oXn-bp-tSbpw aqey-ß-fm¬ C∆n[w _‘n-X-am-b-t]mse kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-Isf CØcw XXz-ßƒ apdpsI ]nSn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ at‰-sX-¶nepw aXtam BZ¿itam temI-Øn√.

e_-\m-\nse Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ Xß-fpsS Kh¿W¿Aen-øp_v\p A_vZn-√m-ln_v\p A∫m-kn-s\-Xnsc Iem-]-s°m-Sn-bp-b¿Øn. AXn-\m¬, At±lw Ahsc t\cn´v ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn.At∏mƒ, Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂v a‰n-S-ß-fn-te°v am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Ahsc At\ym-\y-a-I-‰p-∂Xpw cmPy-Øns‚ `Z-X°v \√-Xm-sW∂v At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B[p-\nI ]cn-jvIrX \mSp-I-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ km[m-cW kzoI-cn-°m-dp≈ \S-]-Sn-Isf At]-£n®vFXtbm \n m-c-amb in£. F∂n´pw kndn-b-bnse ]apJ ]fin-X\pw Nn¥-I-\p-amb HukmCu AXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. hnπ-h-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°mØ \nc-]-cm-[sc in£-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv icn-b-s√∂pw AXn-\m¬ e_-\m-\nse Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc H∂-S¶w am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xv H´pw \ymb-a-s√-∂p-ap≈ i‡-amb A`n-]mbw At±lw]c-ky-ambn ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Kh¿Wsd \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. HukmCu Kh¿W¿°-b® ktµ-i-Øn-en-ßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p: ""Xm¶ƒ e_-\m-\n¬\n∂v Ahn-SsØ Aapkvenw


]uc-∑msc am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-®-Xmbn Adn-bm≥ km-[n®p. Ah-cn¬ Nne-sc√mw Iem-]-s°mSn Db¿Øn-b-h-cmWv. F∂m¬, GsX-¶nepw Hcphn`m-K-Øns‚ sX‰ns‚ t]cn¬ Xm¶-sf-ß-s\-bmWv F√m-h-scbpwin£n-°pI? Ahsc kz¥w hoSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw kzØp-°-fn¬\n∂pwAI-‰n-\n¿ØpI? Bcpw as‰m-cm-fpsS ]m]-êw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-s√-∂m-Wt√m A√m-lp-hns‚ hn[n. G‰hpw DØ-a-amb kao-]-\hpwicn-bmb \ne-]mSpw AXsX. Xm¶ƒ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m≥ G‰-hp-a-[nIw IS-s∏-´Xv \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS D]-tZ-i-amWv. Ahn-S∂p AcpƒsNøp∂p: ""Bsc-¶nepw Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Ønse Aapkvenw ]ucs\tZmln-°p-Itbm Akm-[y-am-b-Xn-\-bmsf \n¿_-‘n-°p-ItbmsNbvXm¬ A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ Rm\-hs‚ iXp-hm-bn-cn°pw.''

Camw HukmCu CX i‡hpw [oc-hp-amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ Xm≥ \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-hsc BZ-c-]q¿hw Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ e_-\m≥ Kh¿-W¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mbn. Cßs\, h√-t∏mgpwCkvem-ans‚ aln-X-amb aqey-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IƒAap-kvenw-I-tfmSv A\oXn ]h¿Øn-®m¬ DSs\ aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿CS-s]´v \njvIr-jvS-amb \oXn \S-∏n¬ hcp-ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.

kndn-b-bn¬ Xm¿Øm-cn-I-fp-ambp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ [mcmfw apkvenw-Ifpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw PqX-∑mcpw XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-°-s∏´p.]n∂oSv Xm¿Ømco t\Xm-hn-t\mSv ssiJp¬ Ckvemw C_v\p-ssX-anø _‘-\-ÿ-cpsS tamN-\-]iv\w N¿® sNbvX-t∏mƒ apkvenwXS-hp-Imsc kzX-¥-cm-°m-sa∂v hm°p-sIm-SpØp. InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw PqX-∑m-scbpw tamNn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂-dn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.F∂m¬, ssi-Jp¬ Ckvemw CXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. At±lw ]Jym-]n®p:""apgp-h≥ InkvXym-\n-I-tfbpw PqX-∑m-tcbpw tamNn-∏n-°p-I-Xs∂thWw. apkvenw-I-sf-t∏m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-W-hcpw.''

bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏´ iXp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw A\oXn ]h¿Øn-°m≥]mSn-s√∂v Ckvemw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. Ipcn-ip-ssk-\y-Øns‚ ]nSn-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v Ckvem-anI \mSp-Iƒ tamNn-∏n® kp¬Øm≥ kem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS ASpØv Hcp ssIkvX-hkvXo h∂v Xs‚Ipńsb ]´m-f-°m¿ Xń-sb-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]cm-Xn-s∏´p. kvXobpsS kw`-h-hnh-cWw tI´v At±-l-Øns‚ IÆp-Iƒ \\™p. DSs\ Xt∂mSpbp≤w sNbvX iXp-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s]´ ]kvXpX kvXobpsS IpńsbIs≠-Øm≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-Ibpw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. Aßs\ A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Ip™ns\ Is≠ØnamXm-hn-t∂-ev]n-®p-sIm-SpØp. AtXm-sSm∏w \n¿`-bbpw kam-[m-\-Nn-Ø-bp-ambn kz¥w Xmh-f-Øn-te°v aS-ßm≥ km[n-°p-amdv BkvXotbm-sSm-∂n®v At±lw c£m-`-S-∑m-tcbpw Ab-®p-sIm-SpØp.iXp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw C∆n[w \oXn-]q¿hhpw DZm-c-]q¿W-hp--amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn® kem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

5 7Pnkvb

I≠v ]I-®p-\n∂ ]m›m-Xy≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ t]mepw At±-lsØAtß-b‰w ]iw-kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]kn≤ Ncn-X-]-fin-X-\mban°mUv ]d-bp∂p: ""At±lw XS-hp-Im-cmb Ipń-Isf amXm-°ƒ°pw`¿Øm-°-∑msc `mcy-am¿°pw hn´p-sIm-SpØp. At\Iw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS hne-]n-Sn® hkvXp-°-fp-t]-£n®v £oWn-X-cmbamXm-]n-Xm-°-tfbpw tcmKn-I-fmb kplr-Øp-°-tfbpw sIm≠p-t]mbn.Cu ImgvN kem-lp-±os\ BIp-e-Nn-Ø-\m°n. At±lw ]cm-Pn-X-cmb iXp-°ƒ°v Bh-iy-amb km[-\-ßfpw klm-b-ßfpw kΩm-\-ßfpw \evIn.''

apkvenw `c-W-Im-eØv C¥y-bnse lnµp-°ƒ°v apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-t∏mepw \oXn e`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Iymw_nUvPv lnÃdn Hm^vC¥y hy‡-am-°p∂p.9

B[p-\nI ]m°n-kvXm-\n¬ `cWw ]q¿W-ambpw Ckvem-an-I-a-√m-Xn-cp-∂n-´p-IqSn aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°v kºq¿W \oXn e`n-°p-∂p≠v. kn‘v ]hniym "aplvX-kn_n's‚ ASp-°¬ Hcp ]cmXn]cn-K-W-\°v h∂p. ]cmXn lnµp-°-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. FXn¿I£napkvenapw. Xß-fpsS Hcp t£Xw FXn¿I£n AI-an®v A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]cmXn. t£X-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v kzØp-°ƒ Abmƒ°v ssIam-dn-b-t∏mƒ t£X-hpw-IqSnA\ym -b -ambn ssIh-i-s∏-Sp -Øp -I -bm -Wp -≠m-bXv. AbmsfAXn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬ \S∂ ia-ßƒ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏m-gmWv lnµp-°ƒ aplvX-kn_v Bb PÃnkv apl-ΩZv CJv_m-ens‚ apºmsI ]cmXn ka¿∏n-®Xv. kXyw lnµp-°-fpsS hi-am-sW∂v t_m[yamb aplvX-kn_v Ah¿°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn tIkv hn[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]m°n-kvXm-\n¬ Ckvem-anIhyhÿ ]q¿Wm¿Y-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°-s∏-ń-ń-s√-¶nepw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]\w XnI®pw \oXn-]q¿h-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂\nc-h[n kw`-h-ß-fn-sem∂p amX-am-WnXv.

Ckvem-anI hyh-ÿbpw c-Whpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-t∏m-sg√mw \oXn-]m-e\w F√m-hn[ ]£-]-mXn-Xz -ßƒ°pw AXo-X-am-bn -cp∂p.cmPysØ ]uc-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. ImcWw, Ckvemw PmXn, aX, tZi, `mj, h¿K, h¿WsshPm-Xy-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ \njvIr-jvS-amb \oXn\S-Øm-\mWv AXns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv B⁄m-]n-°p-∂Xv.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. A∂lv¬: 90

2. A¬lp-Pp-dmØv: 9

3. A¬l-ZoZv: 25


4. A∂n-km-Av: 135

5. A¬am-CZ: 8

6. A¬apw-X-ln\: 8

7. A∂n-km-Av: 105˛-109

8. Xz_vcn, `mKw: 6, ]pdw: 567˛-568

9. hmfyw: 3, t]Pv: 89, 90. D≤-cWw: _n.F≥. ]msfi˛ ""Ckvemapw C¥y≥

kwkvIm-chpw,'' ]pdw: 11

10. A_q-Zm-hqZv, ss_lJn

HºXv

Pnkvb

temIØv Gsd sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏´ Ckvem-anI kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv "Pnkvb'. AXv Ckvem-anI cmjvS-ß-fnse aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hnth-N-\-ambpw Ahsc c≠mw-Xcw ]uc-∑m-cmbnImWm-\p≈ ]h-W-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-ambpw Bt£-]n-°-s∏-Sm-dp≠v.Aap-kvenw-I-fpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]tXyI \nIp-Xn-bpsS]›m-Øew a\- n-em-°m-Ø-XmWv sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ°pw hna¿i-\-ßƒ°pw ImcWw. kp]-[m-\-amb c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm -emWvAapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS ta¬ Ckvem-an-I-cm„w "Pnkvb' Npa-Øp-∂Xv.

1. apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-fpsS Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am-\-ß-fpsS ]Øp iX-am-\hpw a‰p hcp-am-\-ß-fpsS c≠c iX-am-\hpw kImØv C\-Øn¬s]mXp JP-\m-hn¬ (ss_Øp¬am¬) AS-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.CXv Hcp kmº-Øn-I-_m-[yX F∂-Xn-ep-]cn aX-]-c-amb Bcm-[-\m-I¿aw IqSn-bmWv. AXn-\m¬, AXv Aap-kvenw-I-fpsS ta¬ \n¿_-‘-am-°m≥ \n¿hm-l-an√. ImcWw, AX-h-cpsS aX-kzm-X-¥y-Øns‚\ntj-[-am-bn-cn°pw. AXn-\m¬, kaq-l-Ønse kmº-ØnI k¥p-en-XXzw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS ta¬ Ckvem-anseaX-N-S-ßp-I-fp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ as‰mcp \nIpXn Npa-Øp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXmWv Pnkvb. At∏mƒ apkvenw-I-fn¬\n∂v cmjvSw\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ kIm-Øn\v ]I-c-ap≈ Hcp \nIp-Xn-bm-WXv.

kº-Øp≈ apkvenw-I-sf√mw kImØv \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.

5 9Pnkvb

kvXoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw hr≤-∑mcpw tcmKn-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS Bcpw-Xs∂AXn¬-\n∂v ap‡-c√. F∂m¬, AXns\ At]-£n®v "Pnkvb'bn¬Ht´sd Cf-hp-Ifpw B\p-Iq-ey-ß-fp-ap≠v. kvXoIƒ, Ipń-Iƒ,A‘≥-am¿, hr≤≥am¿, amdm-tcm-Kn-Iƒ, `m¥-∑m¿, aT-ß-fnsek\ym-kn-am¿, ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ t]mep-≈-h-cn¬\n-s∂m∂pw PnkvbCuSm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. AXn-\m¬, Pnkvb Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m-tcm-Sp≈hnth-N-\-a√. adn®v, Ah¿°v kmº-Øn-I-ambn Cfhv e`n-°p-hm-\p≈D]m-[n-bmWv.

Hcn-°¬ ]hm-N-Is‚ c≠mw DØ-cm-[n-Imcn Da-dp¬ mdqJv sXcp-hn-eqsS \S-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ A‘\pw Ah-i-\p-ambHcp hr≤s\ I≠p-apń. Da¿ At±-l-Øns‚ tXmfn¬ ssIsh-®p-sIm≠v tNmZn®p: ""\nßƒ BcmWv?'' ""Xm≥ Hcp PqX-\msW''∂t±lw Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ ho≠pw tNmZn®p: ""\nßƒ°v CuAhÿ FØm≥ ImcWw?''

""hr≤\pw Ah-i-\p-amb Rm≥ Pnkvb \evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-\mWv.'' PqX≥ ]d™p. DSs\ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv At±-lsØ Xs‚Xma-k-ÿ-e-tØ°v Iqń-s°m-≠p-t]mbn kz¥w kºm-Zy-Øn¬\n∂vHcp kwJy sImSpØp. H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX "s]mXp-J-P-\mhv' ta[m-hn°v Abmƒ-hiw Hcp ktµ-i-a-b-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p: "'Ct±-l-tØbpw Ct±-l-sØ-t∏m-ep-≈-h-tcbpw Is≠-ØpI. A√m-lp-hmW! Abm-fpsS buh\w \mw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hm¿[Iy-Øn-e-bmsf hgn-bm-[m-c-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂XvH´pw-Xs∂ \oXn-b√. kIm-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ hcp-am\w km[p-°ƒ°pw(^pJ-dm-Av) \n¿[-\¿°pw (akm-Io≥) Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv. ^pJ-dm-Cs‚ hnh£ apkvenw-I-fmWv. thZ-°m-c-\mb Ct±lw akm-Io-\n¬s]-Sp∂p. XpS¿∂v Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv B hr≤s\ Pnkvb-bn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''1

"Pnkvb' kIm-Øn\p ]I-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Bsc-¶nepw apkvenw-I-sf-t∏mse kImØp \¬Im≥ kzbw k∂-≤-am-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Ahsc Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw "Pnkvb'bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-XmWv. Ncn-X-Øn-en-Xn\v Gsd DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ ImWmw. H∂n-hnsS tN¿°p∂p.k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""...Ah-tcmSv (XKven_v tKmXw)Aapkvenw tKmX-ßƒ°v \evIp∂ kwc-£-W-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn Npa-Øp∂ Icw˛ Pnkvb˛ AS-°m\pw At±lw (Da¿) Bh-iy-s∏´p.F∂m¬, Pnkvb HSp-°p-∂Xv A]-am-\-ambn Icp-Xnb XKven_vtKmXw Xßsf apkvenw-I-sf-t∏mse \nIpXn(kImØv) AS-°m≥A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´p. Jeo^ AX-\p-h-Zn-°p-IbpwAh¿ apkvenw-I-sf-t∏mse Pnkvb-bpsS Cc-ń-h-cp∂ kwJy JP-\m-hn-te-°-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''2


Pnkvb Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw A[n-I-am-h-cp-sX∂v ]hm-N-I≥\njvI¿jn-®n-´p≠v. Ahn-S∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""DS-º-Sn°v hnt[-b-am-b-hs\ (ZnΩn) D]-Z-hn-°p-Itbm Aan-X-amb \nIpXn Npa-Øp-ItbmsNøp-∂-h-s\-Xnsc A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ Rm≥ hmZn-°p-∂-XmWv.''3

2. Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºm-sg√mw \n¿_‘ ]´m-f-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-°m≥ apkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. CXv Ah-cpsS aX-]-c-amb Npa-X-e-Iq-Sn-bmWv. Hcm-Z¿i-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\vB BZ¿iw AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-hsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂Xv icn-b√. AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw Aapkvenw ]uc-∑msc ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn\v\n¿_-‘n-°p-I-bn√. AtX-k-abw kzbw apt∂m-´p-h-∂m¬ Ahsc]´m-f-Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Ckvem-an-I-cmjvSw Ahn-SsØ apgp-h≥ ]uc-∑m-tcbpw kwc-£n-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-amWv. AXn-\m¬, apkvenw-I-fpsS amX-a√, Aap-kvenw-I-fp-tSbpw Poh\pw kzØpw A`n-am-\hpw kwc-£n-°m≥apkvenw-Iƒ \n¿_‘ ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn\v Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. C∆n[w kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-\-evIp-∂-Xn∂pw ]´mf tkh-\-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn∂pw ]I-c-am-bmWv Ah-cn¬\n∂v "Pnkvb']ncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv. Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Ah¿°v kwc-£Ww \evIm≥km[n-°msX hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Pnkvb Xncn-®p-\-evIp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw.A]-Imcw Xs∂ kzbw k∂-≤-cmbn ]´m-f-tk-h-\-Øn\v hcp-tºmgpwAhsc Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn -hm -°p -∂-XmWv. k¿ tXmakvB¿WƒUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Nne¿ \sΩ hniz-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse apkvenw hnizm-kw kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-Xns‚in£-bmbn ssIkvX-h-cpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-´-X√ Cu \nIpXn.F√m Aapkvenw ]uc-∑mcpw AS-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. aX-]-c-amb Imc-W-ßƒsIm≠v ssk\nI tkh-\-Øn¬\n∂v Ah¿ Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ \evIn-bn-cp∂ kwc-£-W-Øn\v ]I-c-am-bmWv Ah¿ Pnkvb HSp-t°≠n h∂Xv. lod-bnse P\-ßƒ Icm¿]Im-c-ap≈ kwJy AS-®-t∏mƒ, AXv a¿Z-I-cn¬\n∂v (Ah¿ apkvenw-Itfm a‰p-≈-htcm Bhs´) c£n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]I-c-am-sW∂v apkvenw-I-tfmSv ]tXyIw hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. lod-bpsS kao-]-]-tZ-i-Øp≈ Nne tKmX-°m-cp-ambn Icm-dp-≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ JmenZv hy‡-am°n: "Rßƒ \nßsf kwc-£n-°p-tºmƒ Pnkvb Rßƒ°-h-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv. Rßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXn¬ Rßƒ°-h-Im-i-hp-an√.' Jeo^m Da-dns‚ Ime-Øp-≠mb Hcp kw`hw CØcwIcm-dp-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ FX _≤-i-≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-°p∂p. lndm-¢n-bkv NI-h¿Øn apt∂-dp∂ apkvenwssk\ysØ Xncn-t®m-Sn-°m≥ Hcp henb ]´m-f-kw-L-sØ k÷o-I-cn®p. AXn-\m¬, apkvenw-Iƒ°v apgp-h≥ Du¿Phpw At±-lsØ

6 1Pnkvb

t\cn-Sm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ad_v ssk\n-I-ta-[m-hn-bmb A_q-D-ss_Z kndn-b≥ \K-c-ß-fnse apkvenw Kh¿-W¿am¿°v AXn-\Iw tiJ-cn-®p-I-gn™ Pnkvb apgp-h≥ Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Iev]n-®p-sIm-s≠-gpXn. Aapkvenw ]P-I-tfmSv Cßs\]d-bm\pw \n¿tZ-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p: ""\nß-fn¬\n-s∂-SpØ [\w\nßƒ°v Xncn-®p-\¬Ip∂p. Rßƒs°-Xnsc Hcp alm-ssk\ywapt∂-dp-∂-Xmbn hm¿Ø-bp≠v. \nßƒ°v kwc-£Ww \evIm-sa-∂mWv Rßƒ Icm¿ sNbvXXv. Ct∏mƒ Rßƒ°-Xn\p Ign-hn√.AXn-\m¬, \nß-fn¬\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-sX√w Rßƒ Xncn-®p-\¬Ip-I-bmWv. hnP-bn-I-fm-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ho≠pw Rßƒ Icm-d-\p-k-cn®v]h¿Øn-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cn°pw.'' Cu Iev]\ ]Imcw s]mXp-J-P-\m-hn¬\n∂v [mcmfw [\w hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.InkvXym-\n-I-fm-hs´ apkvenw-I-fpsS hnP-b-Øn-\mbn ]m¿Yn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. "ssZhw \nßƒ°v ho≠pw Rßsf `cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈Ignhp \evIs´. \nßƒ tdma-°m-cpsS ta¬ hnPbw hcn-°s´. Ah-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Rßƒs°m∂pw Xncn-®p-\-evIp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pamX-a√, Rß-fpsS ]°¬ tijn-®n-cp-∂Xpw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp∂p.''

imco-cnI tijn-bp≈ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS taemWv Pnkvb Npa-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂v \mw I≠p. ssk\y-Øn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn\v]I-c-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. GsX-¶nepw ssIkvX-h¿ ssk\y-Øn¬tN¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ahsc Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p.At¥m-Iy-bpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-ep≈ Pp¿Pnam tKmX-Øns‚ Imcy-an-Xm-bn-cp∂p. apkvenw-I-fpsS ]£w tN¿∂v kacw sNøm-sa∂ \n_-‘-\-bn¬ Ah¿ apkvenw-I-fp-ambn kJy-ap-≠m°n. Pnkvb Bh-iy-s∏-S-cp-sX∂pw ka-cm¿PnX kzØp-°-fn¬\n∂v Hcp ]¶v Ah¿°pwe`n-°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p a‰p \n_-‘-\-Iƒ. Ad_v apt∂‰w lnPvd22-˛¬ t]¿jy-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS AXn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ Hcp tKmX-hp-ambn apkvenw-Iƒ CØ-c-samcp Icm-dn-te¿s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.

""Xp¿°n `c-W-Im-eØv ssk\y-Øn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Pnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.sImdn≥Xv Ic-bn-Sp-°n-te°v \bn-°p∂ knØn-tdm¨, Kdm-\nb Npc-ßƒ Im°m≥ Hcp kwLw kmbp-[sc \evIm-sa∂ hyh-ÿ-bn¬A¬t_-\n-b≥ ssIkvXh h¿K-amb saKm-cn-Isf Xp¿°n-IƒPnkvb-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. Xp¿°n ssk\y-Øns‚ aptº-t]mbn \nc-Øp-Ifpw ]me-ßfpw \∂m-°nbn-cp∂ InkvXob kwL-Øn\v Pnkvb Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh∂p amX-a√, IcwhmßmsX `qan ]Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. sslº-bnse


InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kp¬Øm∂v Pnkvb \evIn-bn-cp-∂n√. ]I-c-ambnAh¿ 250 ZrV-Km-X-cmb \mhn-Isc Xp¿°n-∏-S°p \evIn.

""B¿a-tØmfn F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sX°≥ dpam-\n-b-°m-cmWv]Xn-\mdpw ]Xn-t\gpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Xp¿°n ssk\y-Øn¬ apJyLS-I-am-bn-cp-∂Xv. kvIq´m-cn°v hS-°p≈ ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fn¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ an¿Zn-Iƒ F∂ A¬t_-\n-b≥ ItØm-en-°¿ Ic-Øn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. bp≤-th-f-bn¬ Hcp kmbp[ kwLsØ \¬Im-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ]Xn⁄. AtX-t]mse Ko°v InkvXym-\n-I-tfbpw Pnkvb-bn¬\ns∂m-gn-hm°n. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°vip≤-Pew sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ inem-\m-fn-Iƒ Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p kwc-£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. \K-c-Ønse shSn-a-cp-∂p-im-e°v Imh-en-cp-∂-h-tcbpw Ic-Øn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, CuPn-]vXnse KmaoW I¿j-I¿ ssk\nI tkh-\-Øn¬\n∂p Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS ta¬InkvXym-\n-I-sf-t∏mse Icw Npa-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''4

\_n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv aZo-\-bnse Aapkvenw hn`m-K-ßƒcmjvS-Øns‚ ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cn¬\n∂p Pnkvb CuSm-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ssItdm-hn¬\n∂p sN¶-S-en-te°v Hcp I\m¬ Ipgn-°m-\p≈ ÿewsXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn® Aap-kven-ans\ Jeo^m Da¿ ^mdqJvPnkvb-bn¬\n∂p Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p.''5

kp¬Øm≥ kem-lp-±o≥ kndn-b-bn¬\n∂p ]n≥hm-ßm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ Xt±-io-b-cn¬\n∂p ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Pnkvb aS-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. CØcw Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ß-ƒ ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm≠v tUm: Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-sIm-Sp-°m-\m-hmØ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Jeo-^-am¿ Cu \nIpXn Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp∂p.''6

Npcp-°-Øn¬ Pnkvb Hcp aX-\n-Ip-Xn-b√. Bbn-cp-∂n-´p-an√.AYhm AXv aX-\n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kvXoI-sfbpw Ip´n-Isfbpw hr≤-∑m-scbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mscbpw AXn¬\ns∂m-gn-hm-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Pnkvb bp≤ \nIp-Xn-bmWv. IgnhpwImbn-I-_-ehpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-°m≥k∂-≤-cm-hm-Ø-h-cmWv AXv \evtI-≠Xv. \n¿_‘ ]´m-f-tk-h\w\ne-\n-\n¬°p∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ AXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w imco-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb kpc-£n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]Xn-^-e-am-WXv. F∂m¬, Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Ønseapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ \n¿_‘ ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-®mepw `c-W-Iq-S -Øn\p kImØv \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. F°m-eØpwkImØv kwJy Pnkvb-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cp∂p F∂hkvXpX ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv. AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-an-I-cm-jvS-Øn¬ Pnkvb \evIp∂ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿ apkvenw-I-tf-°mƒ

6 3A\p-_‘w 1

F¥p-sIm≠pw kuI-cyhpw B\p-Iq-eyhpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cmWv.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. A_q-bq-kp^v˛ InXm-_p¬ JdmPv, ]pdw: 126 ImWpI.

2. tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 62

3. A_q-bq-kp^v˛ InXm-_p¬ JdmPv, ]pdw: 71

4. tXmakv B¿WƒUv˛ Ckvemw ]t_m-[-\hpw ]Nm-chpw, ]pdw: 73˛- 76

5. Camw kpbqØn˛ lpkv\p¬ aplm-fd ^o AJv_mcn ankzv¿ h¬ Jmlndx

6. D≤-cWw: Do: Roy Choudhary.

A\p-_‘w i

Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øns‚ ]Ya `c-W-L-S\

]hm-N-I≥ apl-Ω-Zv\_n(k) P∑-tZ-i-amb a°-bn¬\n∂v bYvcn-_n-te°v ]em-b\w sNbvXp. Ckvem-anI ]t_m-[\ Ncn-X-Ønsekp]-[m-\-amb kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. \∑-bpsS \mºp-Iƒ hf-sc-thKw Xg-®p-h-f-cm≥ ]‰nb aÆm-bn-cp-∂n√ a°. F∂m¬, bYvcn-_nse kml-Ncyw kXy-]-t_m-[-\-Øn\v Gsd klm-b-I-am-bn-cp∂p. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n AhnsS FØn-b-tXmsS B ]´-W-Øns‚ t]cp-t]mepw amdn. AXv \_n-bpsS \Kc˛ aZo-\-Øp-∂_n˛ambn.

aZo-\-bn¬ hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]hm-N-Is‚BK-a -\-tØmsS AhnsS Hcn -kvem -an -I -cmjvSw ÿm]n -X-ambn.AXns‚ \mb-I≥ \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. blq-Zcpw _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw apkvenw-I-fp-sa√mw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hc-h¿Kob cmjvS-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

aZo-\-°p-th≠n ]hm-N-I≥ Hcp ]amWw Xøm-dm°n. B[p-\nIkm-t¶-XnI `mj-bn-e-Xns\ `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂p hnfn°mw. hnizmkw,Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, BNm-c-k-º-Zm-b-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se√mwhºn® hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m´nse apgp-h≥ ]uc-∑m-scbpwHscm‰ P\-X-bm-bmWv ]kvXpX ]amWw ]cn-K-Wn-®Xv. apgp-h≥aX-k-aq-l-ßƒ°pw Xp-ey-]u-c-Xzhpw ]Z-hnbpw Ah-Im-i-_m-[y-X-Ifpw AXv ]Jym-]\w sN-øp∂p. AXnse D≈-S-°-amWv Jfin-I-I-fmbn Xncn®v ChnsS tN¿Øn´p-≈Xv.

Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øns‚ ]Ya c-W-L-S\i) Jpssd-in-I-fnepw bYvcn-_p-Im-cnepw s]´ hnizm-kn-I-tfmSpw

apkvenw-I-tfmSpw Ahsc A\p-K-an-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv tNcp-IbpwAh-tcm-sSm∏w ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂F√m-h-tcmSpw ssZh-Øns‚ ZqX\pw Zmk-\p-amb apl-ΩZv ]Jym-]\w sNøp∂ ]am-W-am-WnXv.

ii ) Ch-sc√mw Hscm‰ P\X(DΩØv)bmWv. a‰p-≈-h-c-Xn¬ s]Sp-


Ibn√.iii ) Jpssd-in-I-fn¬s]´ aplm-Pn-dp-Iƒ°v Nne _m[y-X-I-fp≠v.

Ah-cn¬s]´ _‘-\-ÿsc kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ \oXnbpwacym-Z-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v tamN-\-Zhyw \evIn Ah¿ hos≠-Sp-t°-≠-XmWv.1

iv) Hu^v tKmX-Øn\v Ah-cpsS kº-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v ap≥Im-e-ß-fn-se-t∏mse _m[y-X-I-fp≠v. Ah-cn¬ Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Xß-fnse XS-hp-Imsc hnizm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \S-∏p≈ \oXnbpw \ymb-hp-a-\p-k-cn®v tamN-\-Zhyw \evIn tamNn-∏n-t°-≠-XmWv.(kmCZ,A¬lm-cnkv, Ppiw, A∂-÷m¿, Awdp-_n≥ Hu^v, A∂-_oXvXpSßn A≥km-dp-I-fn¬s]´ apgp-h≥ tKmX-ß-fp-sSbpw t]sc-SpØp]d™v Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F√m-h¿°pw _m[-I-am°n.)

v) kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬ Btcbpw acym-Z-]q¿hw ]mb-›n-ØtamtamN-\-Z-hytam \evImsX \nkz-\mbn hnSp-∂-X√.

vi ) Hcp hnizmkn kzX-¥-\m-°nb ASn-a-bp-ambn as‰mcphnizmkn, At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX, kJyw sNøp-∂-X√.

vii ) kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬s]´ Bsc-¶nepw AI-atam A\o-Xntbm ]m]tam ]h¿Øn-°mt\m ]I t]m°mt\m hnizm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ B`y-¥-c-°p-g∏w krjvSn-°mt\m ian-®m¬ apgp-h≥ apkvenw-Ifpw ssZh-`-‡cpw H‰-s°-´mbn Abmsf t\cn-Sp-∂-XmWv; \mi-ImcnXß-fn-sem-cp-hs‚ aI≥ Xs∂-bm-sW-¶nepw icn.

viii ) Hcp Ahnizm-kn°v ]I-c-ambn Hcp hnizmkn as‰mcp hnizm-knsb h[n-°p-∂-X√. Hcp kXy-hn-izmkn Hcp kXy-\n-tj-[nsbas‰mcp kXy-hn-izm-kn-s°-Xnsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xp-a√.

ix) ssZh-Øns‚ Cu ]amWw Ahn-`m-Py-amWv. F√m hnizm-kn-Ifpw Ah-cn¬s]´ G‰hpw \n m-c-\mb hy‡n-°p-t]mepw A`bw\evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw kwc-£-W-_m-[y-X-bp-≈-h-cmWv. CXc P\-hn-`m-K-ß-f-Xn¬ s]Sp-I-bn√.

x) \map-ambn tN¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ blq-Z-∑m¿ \oXn°pw ka-Xz-Øn\pw \ΩpsS kulr-Z-Øn\pw klm-\p-`q-Xn°pw A¿l-cm-bn-cn°pw. Ah-tcmSv A\o-Xntbm ]£-]m-Xtam ImWn-°p-∂-X√. Ah¿AI-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-hp-I-bp-an√. Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn Bcpw klm-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.

xi ) kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ sNøp∂ kam-[m-\-k‘n GI-am-bn-cn°pw. A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ bp≤-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp hnizmknas‰mcp hnizm-knsb Ah-K-Wn®v k‘n sNøp-∂-X√. AXv ]q¿W-

1. h[n-°-s∏´ hy‡n-bpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ LmX-I-cn¬\n∂v tamN-\-Zhyw kzoI-cn®v sIme-bm-fnsb ]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-bn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°p∂ ]Xnhv ]pcm-X-\-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. LmX-Is‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fmWv ]mb-›n-Ø-kwJy kzcq-]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Cu ]amWw aplm-Pn-dp-Isf apgp-h≥ Hscm‰ IpSpw-_-ambn ]cn-K-Wn®v Ah-cnse Hcm-fpsS tamN-\-ZhywF√m-hcpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn®v Iq´mbn \evtI-≠-Xm-sW∂p ]Jym-]n-°p∂p.

6 5A\p-_‘w 1

ambpw ka-Xz-Øn-t‚bpw \oXn-\n-jvT-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw.

xii ) F√m bp≤-ß-fnepw s]mcp-Xp∂ ]S-b-Wn°v ]n∂n¬ ka-c-k-÷-cmb c≠m-w AWnbp≠m-bn-cn°pw. ssZh-am¿K-Øn¬ acn-®p-ho-gp∂ Hmtcm hnizm-kn°pw th≠n ]S-sh-´m≥ hnizm-kn-I-sfm-∂-S¶w _m[yÿ-cmWv.xiii ) `‡-cmb kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ G‰hpw D¬Ir-jvShpw EPp-hp-

amb k≥-am¿K-Øn-emWv. Hcp Jpssdin(aZo-\-bnse Ckvem-anIcmjvS-tØmSv iXp-X-]p-e¿Øp∂ a°-°m-c≥)t°m Abm-fpsSkº-Ønt\m aZo-\-bnse _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkn kwc-£Ww \evIp-∂tXm kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬\n∂v A°mcyw ad-®p-sh-°p-∂tXmA√. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Jpssd-in-Isf hnizm-kn-s°-Xnsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xp-a√.

xiv) \ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX Hcp kXy-hn-izm-knsb h√-hcpwh[n-®m¬ LmX-I≥ ]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-°¿l-\m-bn-cn°pw. F∂m¬,h[n-°-s∏-´-hs‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v ]ng kzoI-cn®v ]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬\n∂v LmX-Is\ Hgn-hm-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. A√m-Ø-]£wsIme-bm-fn-s°-Xnsc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m≥ apgp-h≥ kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw _m[y-ÿ-cmWv. AXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-™p-\n¬°m-\-h¿°vA\p-hm-Z-an√.

xv) kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-sf√mw Cu hyhÿ ]men-°p-∂-XmWv.xvi) Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw A√m-lp-hnepw A¥y-Zn-\-Ønepw

hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hscm‰ kXy-hn-izm-kn°pw Ip‰-hm-fnsbklm-bn-°mt\m Abmƒ°v A`bw \evImt\m ]mSn√. Bsc-¶nepw Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ Ah¿°v A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ im]-tIm-]-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. ]›m-Øm-]tam ]mb-›n-Øtam Ah-cn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√.

xvii) \nßƒ°n-S-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw ]iv\-Øn¬ A`n-]m-b-`n-∂-X-I-fp-≠m-bm¬ AXv Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°-s∏-Sm-\mbn A√m-lp-hn-te°pwAhs‚ ZqX-\n-te°pw ka¿∏n-t°-≠-XmWv.

xviii) blq-Z-∑m¿ hnizm-kn-I-tfm-sSmØv bp≤w sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬AXn\m-h-iy-amb sNehv hnizm-kn-I-sf-t∏mse Ahcpw kzbwhlnt°≠Xm-Wv.

xix) hnizm-kn-I-tfm-sSm∏w Pohn-°p∂ Hcp hn`m-K-amWv Hu^v tKmX-Ønse PqX-∑m¿. PqX-∑m¿°v Ah-cpsS aX-ap≠v; apkvenw-Iƒ°vAh-cp-tSXpw. F¶nepw Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw tN¿∂v Hcp P\X (DΩØv)Bbn-cn°pw.

xx) F∂m¬ AI-ahpw Ip‰-Ir-Xyhpw ImWn-°p-∂-h¿ CXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-bn-cn°pw. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kzi-co-c-tØbpw kz¥w IpSpw-_-tØ-bp-am-W-bmƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv.


xxi) \÷m¿ , lmcnkv , kmCZ , Ppiw , Hukv, kA-ve_ , P^v\,ibvXz_ XpS-ßnb tKmX-ß-fnse blq-Z-∑m¿s°√mw Hu^vtKmX-Ønse blq-Z-∑m-cpsS F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw _m[y-X-I-fp-ap≠v.

xxii) kA-ve_ tKmX-Øns‚ kJy-I-£n-Iƒ°pw CXv _m[-I-amWv.blq-Z-cpsS Iq´p-Im-cpsS ÿnXnbpw AXp-Xs∂.

xxiii) Ch-cn-em-cpw-Xs∂ apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX bp≤-Øn\vCd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. F∂m¬, apdn-th-‰-Xn¬ ]Xn-Imcw tNmZn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v CX-hsc XS-bp-∂n√.

xxiv) Bsc-¶nepw Hcmsf h[n-°p-∂-]£w AXns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzwLmX-I∂pw Abm-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-amWv. h[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv a¿Z-I-\m-sW-¶n¬ CXv _m[-I-a√. At∏mƒ A√mlp B ]hrØnkzoI-cn-t®°mw.

xxv) PqX-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS sNe-hnepw apkvenw-Iƒ Ah-cpsS sNe-hnepw Pohn-°pw. F∂m¬, Cu Icm¿ ewLn-°p-∂-h¿s°-XnscCcp hn`m-Khpw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°pw.

xxvi) Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-®-h-tcmSv Bsc-¶nepw bp≤w sNbvXm¬Cu ]am-W-Øns‚ Bƒ°m¿ At\ym\yw kl-I-cn®v ]Xym-I-aWw \S-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw.

xxvi i ) Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]c-kv]c _‘-Øn-\m-[mcwKpW-Imw-£-bmWv. AI-ahpw tZml-hp-a√.

xxviii) F∂m¬ kJy-I-£n-I-fn-sem-cmƒ sNøp∂ A]-cm-[-Øn∂vadp-`mKw Ip‰-°m-c-\m-hp-∂-X√. klm-b-a¿Yn-°p-∂Xv a¿Zn-X-\mWv.

xxix) Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v bYvcn_v Hcp bp≤-\n-tcm[taJ-e-bm-bn-cn°pw˛ BZ-c-Wob ]tZiw.

xxx) tZmltam Ip‰-Ir-Xytam sNømØ Ime-tØmfw Ab¬°msckz¥-sa-∂-t]mse Icp-Xp-∂-XmWv.

xxxi) Hcp kvXobpsS IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX Bcpw-Xs∂Ah-fpsS kwc-£-W-_m-[yX Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-X√.

xxxii) Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ AXns‚ ewL\w `b-s∏-Sm-hp∂ h√ X¿°tam `n∂-Xtbm D≠m-hp∂ ]£w A√m-lp-hn-te°pw Ahs‚ ZqX-\n-te-°p-amWv aS-°-s∏-tS≠Xv. A¥naXocp-am-\-Øn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw A√m-lp-hnepw ]hm-N-I-\mb apl-Ω-Znepw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn°pw. Cu Icm¿ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ \∑-bp-sSbpw kq-£va-X-bp-sSbpw kwc-£-I≥ A√m-lp-hmWv.

xxxiii) Jpssd-in-Iƒ(a°-bnse iXp-°ƒ)t°m Ah-cpsS klm-bn-Iƒt°m A`bw \evI-s∏-Sp-∂-X√.

XXXiV) bYvcn_v AI-an-°-s∏-´m¬ Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn®v iXpsh t\cnSpw.

xxxv) blq-Z-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS kJy-I-£n-I-fp-ambn Hcp k‘n°v

6 7A\p-_‘w 2

£Wn-°-s∏-´m¬ Ah¿°v Icm-dn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap≠v.xxxvi) A]-Imcw k‘n°v apkvenw-Iƒ £Wn-°-s∏-´m¬ Ah¿°pw

AXn-\-h-Im-i-ap≠v.xxxvii) Cu ]am-W-aw-Ko-I-cn® F√m hn`m-K-Øn\pw Xßƒ°¿l-X-

s∏´ Ah-Imiw Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X√.xxxviii) Hukv tKmX-Ønse blq-Z-∑m¿°pw Ah-cpsS kJy-I-£n-

Iƒ°pw Cu Icm¿ AwKo-I-cn® CXc hn`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n-°m-hp∂ F√m \∑°pw A¿l-X-bp≠v.

xxxix) F∂m¬ ]pWy˛]m]-ßƒ hyXn-cn-‡-amWv. ]m]-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw AXv sNøp-∂-h¿°v amX-amWv.

XL) AI-ant°m Ip‰-hm-fnt°m Cu ]amWw Hcp kwc-£-Whpw\evIp-∂-X√. Ahsc in£n-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv XS- -am-hp-I-bp-an√.

XLi) Cu \K-c-Øn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂h\pw t]mIm-Ø-h\pw \n¿ -b-\mWv.

XLii) F∂m¬ AI-an°pw Ip‰-hm-fn°pw CXv _m[-I-a√.XLiii) kq£vaX ]men-°p-Ibpw k¬°¿aw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-h¿°v A√m-lp-hns‚ A`-bhpw kwc-£-W-hp-ap≠v.

A\p-_‘w ii

Ncn-X-c-N-\-bnse IrXn-a-ßƒ

(]apJ ]fin-X\pw Nn¥-I\pw Ncn-X-K-th-j-I-\p-amb io. _n.F≥.]msfi 1985 Unkw-_¿ 19, 20, 21 Xnø-Xn-I-fn¬ ]m‰v\-bn¬ \S-Ønb JpZm-_Ivjv kvamcI hm¿jnI ]`m-j-W-ßƒ kam-l-cn®v]kn-≤o-I-cn® ""Ckvemw B‚ v C¥y≥ Iƒ®¿'' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬\ns∂SpØ GXm\pw `mK-ß-fmWv ChnsS A\p-_-‘-ambntN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv. an. ]n.]n. Da¿ ^mdqJv hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv tImgn-t°ms´ A¬lpZm _pIvÃmƒ hnX-cWw \S-Øn-h-cp∂ "Ckvemapw

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpw' F∂ ae-bm-f-]-Xn-∏mWv CXn\v Ah-ew_w.)

C¥ym-N-cn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hym]-Ihpw, Bg-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb Hcp\njv]£ ]T\w ASn-b-¥-c-ambpw \S-t°-≠-Xp≠v. Cu ]T\w apsº-∂-tØ-°mfpw C∂v hfsc AXym-h-iy-amWv. ]k-‡-amb Hcp tNmZy-an-XmWv˛ Ncn-XsØ hn`-Pn-®p-sIm≠v CXv ]ucm-Wn-I-N-cnXw, CXvB[p-\nI NcnXw, CXv a[y-Im-e-N-cnXw F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bm-\m-Iptam? alm-\mb HmIvkvt^m¿-Uv s]m^-k¿ ^oam≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv, B[p-\nI imkvXob ho£-W-Øn-eqsS NcnXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\ kn≤m¥w NcnXw XpS¿®bpw sFIyhpw \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂-XmWv. CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-®p-sIm≠v tUm. _n.B¿._fim¿I¿ ]d-™-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:


""C¥ym-N-cn-XsØ aq∂mbn hn`-Pn-®p-sIm≠v lnµp-Im-e-L´w,apl-Ω-Z≥ Ime-L´w, _n´ojv Ime-L´w F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bm≥\ap°v km[y-a√. Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-tXmfw _p≤n-iq-\y-ambn as‰m-∂p-an√. H∂m-a-Xmbn NcnXw lnµpthm apkventam InkvXym-\ntbmBbn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw, a[y-Im-ehpw, B[p-\n-I-hp-am-bn-cn°pw. kmap-Zm-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ C¥ym-N-cnX hn`-P\wF√m Ncn-X-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw \o°w sNtø-≠-Xp≠v. c≠m-aXv ]d™ hn`-P\w ]T-\-Øn\v, ]tXy-In®v kmwkvIm-cnI hni-I-e-\-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-bn-cn°pw. F∂m¬, NcnXw Hcp XpS¿®-bm-sW∂ Imcyw Ft∏mgpw a\- n¬ sht°-≠-Xp≠v. ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-sh®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Ncn-X-Im-e-ßsf Xm¬°m-en-I-ambnhn`-Pn-°m-sa-t∂-bp≈q. Ncn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-aqeyw CXm-sW∂vGsXmcp Ncn-X-hn-Zym¿Ynbpw \tΩmSv kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-XmWv.

C¥y-bnse hnhn[ aXkap-Zm-b-ßƒ XΩn¬ XpS¿®-bmbnAss\-Iyhpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw D¬K-Y-\-an-√m-bvabpw \ne-\n¬°p-hm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ \mw ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. Cu sX‰n-≤m-cW]e cq]-Ønepw DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw, ]e `mh-Ønepw ]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. c≠v hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´ bmYm-ÿn-XnI¿ C¥ym-N-cnX bmYm¿Yy-ßƒ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXp Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ßsfXß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-°-\p-tbm-Py-amb \ne-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. Bfp-I-tfbpw Ah-cpsS e£y-ß-tfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ \ΩpsS hn[n-sb-gpØv AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Ipg-∏-ßƒ°v ImcWw. \n m-c-amb Hcp kw`hw s]m°n-∏n-Sn®v˛ ASn-®-a¿Øtem, \n mc Ie-ltam, Ia-k-am-[m-\sØt\cn´ coXntbm˛ Ah t_m[-]q¿htam, GI-]-£o-btam Bkq-Xn-Xtam BsW∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m≥ ian-°p∂p. Cu kwibw Pohn-X-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Isf A∏msS am‰n-a-dn-°p∂ BNm-c-Øntem,s]cp-am-‰-Øntem, hkvX-[m-c-W-Øntem, kwkm-c-co-Xn-bntem D≈kzm`m-hnI hyXym-k-ßsf s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Iem-cw-K-ß-fnepw, kmº-ØnI˛kmaqlnI˛ cmjvSob˛ Bflo-b-cw-K-ß-fnepwAKm-[-amb `n∂-X-bp-≈-Xmbn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw hy‡ntbm, GXm\pw Bfp-Itfm X\-Xmb]iv\-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ Ie-l-ßƒ kmaq-lnIhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpwkmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb Ak-ln-jvWp-X°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ AZv`p-X-an-√t√m.

]iv\w hfsc Kuc-h-ap-≈-XmWv. ImcWw, \ΩpsS kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂C¥ym-N-cn-X-ßƒ bqtdm-]y≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ kwK-ln-®p-≠m-°n-b-XmWv. Xß-fpsS bqtdm-]y≥ Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m¿ IpØn-sh® ]£-]m-X-c-N-\-Iƒ Cf-°n-am-‰p-∂-Xn¬ C¥y-°m¿ CXp-hsc hnP-bn-®n-´n√. Cu

6 9A\p-_‘w 2

kzbw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cm-Is´ tZiob Pohn-XsØ aen-\-am-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep≈, ambv°m-\m-hmØ ]mSp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS hmb-\-°m-cpsS a\- p-I-fn¬ krjvSn-°p∂p. Ch¿ ]m[m-\y-tØmsS hc-®p-Im-´p-∂Xv lnµp-°fpw apkvenw-Ifpw XΩn-ep-≠mb AIa-ßfpwbp≤-ßfpw el-f-Ifpw _em-ev°m-c-ßfpw aX-`m-¥p-Ifpw Hs°-bmWv. Ch¿ apkvenw-Isf Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv lnµp-kw-kvIm-chpw]mc-º-cyhpw \in-∏n-®-hcpw, lnµp-t£-X-ßfpw sIm´m-c-ßfpw aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-hcpw, ZpjvS-cmb hnK-l-`¿’-Icpw, lnµp-°sf aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-®-hcpw, hnk-Ω-Xn-®-hsc hmfn-∂n-c-bm-°n-b-hcpw Hs°-bm-bn-´mWv.

C¥y-bnse hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Cu hnj-en-]vX-amb]Nm-c-W-Øn¬ hniz-kn®v Pohn-X-Øns‚ \√ Ime-ß-fn-se√mw ]c-kv]cw iXp-X-bn¬ ho£n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv AZv`pXw Xs∂-bmWv.FÆqdv sIm√-Øn-e-[nIw \o≠p-\n∂ C¥ym-N-cn-X-Ønse apkvenw-Im-e-L´w Hcp Imf-cm-Xn-bm-sW∂v lnµp-°sf hniz-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°-bmWv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ A`n-am-\n-°-Ø-°-Xmbn H∂pw Ah¿ImWp-∂n√. ]Sn-™mdp \n∂p≈ Hcp ssIkvX-h-cm-jvS-Øns‚ssII-fm¬ A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏´ apkvenw-I-fm-Is´, Xßƒ shdpwssItb-‰-°m-cmbn lnµp-°-fm¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv kln-t°-≠n-h-cp∂p. Xß-fpsS ]gb ]Xm-]hpw bp≤ hnP-b-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv kln-°msX Ah-bn¬ A`n-am-\n-°m-\p≈ hI ImWp∂p. Cu hnIm-c-ßsf _n´ojv Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ Fß-s\-bmWv NqjWw sNbvX-sX∂v k¿, F®v.Fw. Fen-b-‰ns‚ ""kz¥w Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d™ C¥ym-N-cnXw''(History of

India as told by its own Historians ) F∂ KŸw hy‡-am-°p∂p. AXns‚apJ-hp-c-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""\mw cmPm-°-∑msc i≤n®p.... \mi-Øn¬ apßn aeo-a-k-ambnInS-°p∂p. AØcw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn¬ \oXn-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-Xs∂ XI¿∂p I≠-Xn¬ bmsXm-cZv`p-X-hp-an√. k¿hX Agn-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p. _e-]-tbm-K-an-√msX \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂n√. AI-a-ßƒ \S-amSn; Kma-ßƒ Np´-I-cn®p; P\-ßsf ]cp-t°-ev]n-°p-Itbm, ASn-a-I-fm°n hnev°p-Itbm sNbvXp. Ah¿°v kwc-£Ww \evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-cmb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿Xs∂ sIm≈-°m-cmbn amdn. AI-an-Iƒ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw km[m-c-W-°m-c\v Ahs‚ [n°m-cw-IqSn kln-t°-≠n-h∂p.''

Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse GXm\pw hcn-IƒIqSn i≤n-°pI: ""apkvenw-I-fp-ambn G‰p-ap´n lnµp-°ƒ acn-®p-hoWp. hnK-l-ßƒ l\n-°-s∏´p.t£X-ßƒ aen-\-am°n, \n¿_‘ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw hnhm-l-ßfpw\S-Ø-s∏´p; ssItb-‰-ßfpw ]nSn-®-S-°-ep-Ifpw \S-amSn, Iq´-s°m-e-Ifpw \S∂p; CsXm-∂pw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-b√.''


_nó-jp-Im-cpsS HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Ah-cpsS`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI F∂ X¥w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂va\- n-em°mw. F¬Kn¬ ]`p-hn∂v tÃ‰v knI-´dn apºv Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:

""Hcp hn`m-KsØ as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Cf-°n-hn-´p-sIm-≠mWv C¥y-bnse \ΩpsS A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv. Cu \bwXpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°Ww. AXn∂v km[y-am-b-sXms° sNøWw.AXns\ Hcp s]mXp-hn-Imcw Db-cmsX XS-bm≥ km[n°pw.''1

C¥ym knI-´dn tPm¿Pv ^m≥knkv slan¬´≥ tIgvk≥ ]`p-hn-s\-gpXn: ""Fs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse \ΩpsS `c-W-Øn\vicn-bmb òjWn Ct∏m-g√; 50 sIm√-ßƒ°p tij-am-Wp-≠m-hpI˛At∏m-tg°pw ]m›mXy BZ¿i-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw ChnsS hf¿®]m]n°pw. AXp-sIm≠v XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn¬C¥y-bnse _p≤n-Po-hn-Isf \ap°v c≠v hn`m-K-ambn `n∂n-∏n-°Ww.Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ amXta \ΩpsS ÿm\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈q. hnZym-`ymk ]Nm-c-W-am-[y-a-Øn-eqsS Cßs\ sNtø-≠Xv \ΩpsS `c-W-co-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-eqsS kap-Zm-b-ßsf XΩn¬ sX‰n-∏n-°p∂ ]≤Xn IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bmbn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp≠v.''2

tImkv Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬ [^vdns\ Adn-bn-®Xv C]-Im-c-amWv:""aX-hn-Im-c-ßsf hW-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \bw \ap°v hfsc ]tbm-P\wsNbvXn-´p≠v. C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-tØbpw ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-tfbpwkw_-‘n® \nß-fpsS At\z-j-W-I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬\n∂pw Rm≥ NneXv]Xo-£n-°p∂p.''3

Aßs\ Cu ]Im-c-Øn¬ Hcm-kq-XnX \b-Øn-eqsS C¥ym-N-cnX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ hnIr-X-ambn hf-s®m-Sn-s®Sp°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nse C¥ym Ncn-X-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ sX‰mbnIpØn-\n-d-®Xv, apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ssII-fm¬ Ah-cpsSlnµp-]-P-Iƒ hfsc tZmln-°-s∏-´p-sh∂pw apkvenw `cWw lnµp-°ƒ°v Xmßm-\m-hmØ bmX-\-Iƒ hcp-Øn-sh-®p-sh-∂p-sam-s°-bp-≈ sX‰mb Imcy-ß-fmWv. kmaqlnI˛cmjvSob˛kmº-ØnIPohn-X-Øn¬ bmsXmcp [mc-W-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v ]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

Cu Btcm-]-W-ß-fpsS kXym-hÿ \ap°v efn-X-am-sbm∂v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ka-Im-eo\ apkvenw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ F¥mWv]d-bp-∂-sX∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

Jmkn sambo-kp-±o≥ hne-]n-°p∂p: ""a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bpsS cmjvS-Ø-e-h≥ apkven-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmjvSw Ckvem-an-I-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ]cn-ip-≤-K-Ÿ-ß-fmb Jp¿-B-\n-sebpw lZo-kn-sebpw B⁄m-]-\-ßtfm, kp∂n \oXn-\ym-b-Ønse \mep-Xcw ]T-

7 1A\p-_‘w 2

\-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßtfm cmjvSw ]n¥p-S¿∂n√. a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠nseC¥ym-cmjvSw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰mWv.F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, apkvenw aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-Øn¬ AXv ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂n√.''

13˛-mw \q‰m≠v apX-ev°p≈ C¥y-bnse Hmtcm apkvenw cmPmhpwico-AØv A\p-k-cn-®p≈ `c-W-co-Xn-bpsS hnj-a-ß-tfbpw Akm-[y-X-I-tfbpw Ipdn-®mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. C¬Øvanjv, _m¬_≥,Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn, apl-ΩZv Xp•°v XpS-ßnb apKƒIm-e-L-´-Øn\papºp≈ cmPm-°-∑m¿ apkvenw \nb-a-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏m-°m-\p≈km[y-X-Iƒ tNmZyw sNbvX-h-cmWv. Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb knbm-hp-±o≥_¿Wn At±-l-Øns‚ "^Xmhm ^l≥Zcn'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""bYm¿Y aXw ]hm-N-Is‚ Imev]m-Sp-Isf ]n¥p-S-c-emWv. F-∂m¬, cmP-Iob `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ°v Ipkpdp ]¿hm-kn-t‚bpw alm-∑m-cmb Cdm≥ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw \b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°mt\ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p≈q.'' At±lw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-XmWv: ""apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw(kp∂Øv) Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw XΩnepw, Cdm≥cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS BNm-c-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw XΩnepw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ A¥-c-ap≠v.''

At±lw C]-Imcw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p: ssZhn-Im-⁄-bmb ico-AØv Nne ]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ amXta cmjvS-Im-cy-ß-fn¬]n¥p-S-tc-≠-Xm-bn-´p≈q. ico-AØv \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ apl-Ω-Zv\_nhnP-bn-®Xv At±lw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂v t\cn´v ]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv. \mev Jeo-^-am¿°pw AXv km[n-®Xv \_n-bp-am-bp≈Ah-cpsS ASp∏w sIm≠m-bn -cp∂p. ]hm-N-IXzw aX-Øns‚kºq¿W-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmPm-[n-Imcw `uXn-I-t\´w amX-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu c≠v KpW-hn-ti-j-ßfpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bpsS kwtbm-P\w km[y-X-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√.''

\mkn-ap-±o≥ C]-Imcw ho£n-°p∂p: ""cmPy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ _m¬-_≥ aX-tØ-°mfpw Iogvh-g-°-ßƒ°mWv ap≥K-W\ \evIn-bXv.''4

_¿Wn ]d-bp∂p: ""in£-bp-tSbpw cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ At±lw ssZhsØ `b-s∏-Sm-sX-bmWv ]h¿Øn-®Xv. `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v KpW-I-c-am-sW∂v tXm∂n-b-sXms°At±lw sNbvXp. Ah ico -A-Øn\v A\p -tbm -Py -amtWmFs∂m∂pw At±lw ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂n√.'' Jmkn sambo-kp-±o-\p-am-bp≈ Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn-bpsS hmZ-]-Xn-hmZw ]kn-≤-am-Wt√m.Ah-km\w At±lw ]d-™p-]n-cn-™Xv C]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p: ""ka-tbm-Nn-X-sa∂v tXm∂n-bXpw, `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-sa∂v ImWp-∂-Xp-amb Imcy-ßƒ F¥m-bmepw AXv Rm≥Iev]n°pw. hn[n-Zn-\-Øn¬ D∂-X-\mb ssZhw Fs∂ Fßs\ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-sa∂v F\n-°-dn-bn√.''5


s]m^. Fw. l_o_v ]d-bp∂p: ""hntZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p h∂apkvenw cmPm-°-∑m¿ Btdm Gtgm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ C¥y≥ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv kXy-amWv. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsSBtcm-lWw apkvenw `c-W-Øns‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂n√.Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬t]mepw Ah¿°v \ne-\n-ev]p-≠m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''6

C\n, Ncn-X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv hf-s®m-Sn-°-s∏- Xv F∂-Xn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Rm≥ AWn-\n-cØmw:

1928˛-¬ Ae-l-_m-Zn¬ Rm≥ Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-s\-°p-dn®v Kth-jWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Bwt•m˛_wKmfn tImtfPvhnZym¿Yn bq\n-bs‚ Nne `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ Fs∂ h∂p ImWp-IbpwAh-cpsS lnÃdn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ DZvLm-S\w sNøm≥ A`y¿Yn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ssIbn-te-¥n-s°m≠v tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw Ah¿ t\cn-´mWv h∂Xv. kwK-Xn-h-im¬ Rm≥ Ah-cpsS NcnX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ H∂p ItÆm-Sn-®p-t\m°n. Fs∂ sRń-®p-I-f™ AXnse Hcp hmNIw CXm-bn-cp∂p: ""ap∆m-bncw _m“-W-∑m¿, Sn∏p Ahsc _ew-]-tbm-Kn®v Ckvemw aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ Bfl-lXy sNbvXp.'' ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ I¿Ømhv I¬°Ø k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse kwkvIrXhIp∏v ta[mhn alm-a-tlm-]-[ymb tUm. lcn-]-kmZv imkvXn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Rm≥ DSs\ Fhn-sS-\n-∂mWv Cu hnhcw Inń-b-sX-∂-t\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v tUm. imkvXn°v FgpXn. ]e XhW FgpXn Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ adp-]Sn Inń. ssakq¿ Kk-‰n¬\n-∂mWv Cu hnhcwInń-b-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]Sn. ssakq¿ Kk-‰¿ Ae-l-_m-Zntem,I¬°-Ø-bnse Cºo-cn-b¬ sse_-dn-bntem In´m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.AXn-\m¬, Rm≥ imkvXn-bpsS ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kXym-hÿAt\z-jn-®p-sIm≠v ssakq¿ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS A∂sØ sshkvNm≥k-e¿ k¿, _Po-µ-\mYv koen∂v Hcp IsØ-gpXn. A∂vssakq¿ Kk-‰ns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cp∂ s]m^. ioI-WvTy°v Fs‚ IØv k¿, _Po-µ\m-Yvko¬Ab-®p-sIm-SpØp.

3000 _m“-W-∑m¿ Bfl-lXy sNbvX-Xm-bp≈ IY ssakq¿Kk-‰n¬ Fhn-sS-bp-an-s√∂v s]m^. ioIWvTy Fs∂ Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ssakq¿ Ncn-X-hn-Zym¿Yn F∂ \ne-bn¬, Aßs\ Hcpkw`hw \S-∂n-ń-s√∂v Dd-∏mbpw ]d-bm≥ km[n-°p-sa-∂p-IqSnAt±lw Xd-∏n®p ]d™p. At±lw XpS¿∂-dn -bn -®Xv Sn∏p -kp¬Øms‚ ][m-\-a¥n ]q¿W-øbpw k¿h-ssk-\ym-[n -]≥IrjvW-dm-hphpw _m“-W-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥hm¿jnI [\-k-lmbw \evIm-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂ 156 t£X-ß-fpsS Hcp

7 3A\p-_‘w 2

enÃv At±lw F\n-°-b-®p-X-cn-I-bp-≠mbn. Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-\p-ambnhfsc kulm¿Z-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ irwtK-cn-bnse PK-ZvKpcp i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ Ab® 30 IØp-I-fpsS t^mt´m-Ãm‰vtIm∏nbpw At±lw Ab-®p-X-cn-I-bp-≠mbn. ssakq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS]mc-º-cy-a-\pk-cn®v Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ Znh-khpw ]mX¬ Ign-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn iocw-K-]-´Ww tIm´-°-I-Øp≈ iocw-K-\m-Y- t£Xwkµ¿in-®n-cp∂p. s]m^. ioIWvTy A`n-]m-b-s∏-´Xv tUm. imkvXntIW¬ ssa¬kns‚ kzbw hnfn-°p∂ ""ssakq¿ NcnXw'' F∂]pkvX-IsØ B[m-c-am-°n-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂mWv. hnIvtSm-dnbm cm⁄n-bpsS kzImcy sse_-dn-bn¬\n∂v Inńb ""Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥'' F∂t]¿jy≥ ssIsb-gpØp ]Xn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-bm-Wn-sX∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-cp∂p. hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-Øn¬ hnIvtSm-dnbm dmWn-bpsSsse_-dn-bn¬ Aßs\ Hcp ssIsb-gpØp ]Xntb Cs√∂pwtIW¬ ssa¬kns‚ Ncn-X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ an°Xpw sIń-®-a-®-hbpw ]®-°-≈-hp-am-sW∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n®p.

tUm. imkvXn-bpsS ]pkvXIw _wKmƒ, B mw, _olm¿,Hdo , DØ¿]-tZiv, a[y-]-tZiv, cmP-ÿm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnsesslkvIqƒ Ncn-X-]m-T-K-Ÿ-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p.Rm≥ A∂sØ I¬°Øm k¿h-I-em-imem sshkvNm≥k-e¿k¿, AjvtSmkv Nu[-cnsb kao-]n-°p-Ibpw tUm. imkvXn,ssakq¿ k¿h-I-em-imem sshkvNm≥k-e¿ k¿, _tP-µ-\m-Yvko¬, s]m^. ioIWvTy F∂n-h-cp-ambn \S-Ønb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Bt£-]m¿l-amb]cm-a¿i-Øn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Bh-iy-amb \S-]Sn FSp-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tUm: F®v. ]n. imkvXn-bpsS Ncn-X-]p-kvXIw]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬\n∂v ]n≥h-en-®-Xmbn DS-s\-Øs∂ k¿, AjvtSmkvNu[cn adp-]Sn Ab-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

F∂m¬, Fs∂ \Sp°nb Imcyw 1972˛ -se DØ¿]-tZivsslkvIq-fnse 6,7,8 ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v Xøm-dm-°nb Ncn-X-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnepw Cu Bfl-l-Xy-bpsS IY ]Xy-£-s∏´p F∂-XmWv.

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS ""bMv C¥y'' 1930 P\p-hcn 23˛-mw\p 31˛-mwt]Pn¬ C]-Imcw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: ""hntZi Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ssakq-cnse Sn∏p-kp¬Øms\ aX-`m-¥-\mbpw, lnµp-]-P-IsfASn-®-a¿Øn Ckvemw-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®-h-\mbpwNnXo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, At±lw AØ-c-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®vlnµp-]-P-I-fp-am-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ _‘w XnI®pw kulm¿Z-]-c-am-bn-cp∂p...ssakq¿ \m´p-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]pcm-hkvXp hn`m-K-Øn¬Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ irwtKcn aT-Ønse i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿s°-gp-Xnb ap∏-Xn-tesd IØp-I-fp≠v. I∂-S-bn-emWv Ch Fgp-Xn-bXv...Cu IØp-I-fn¬ H∂v 1793-˛¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv. Sn∏p-hn\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Ab®


IØv ssI∏-‰n-b-Xmbn AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p. X]- -\p-jvTn-°m\pw, temI-t£-a-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse \m´ns‚ t£a-Øn\pw, ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p -th≠n]m¿Yn-°m\pw AXn¬ A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p≠v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-tcmSv ssakq-cn-te°v aS-ßn-h-cm≥ A`y¿Yn-®p-sIm≠pw, \m´n¬ \√ Bfp-I-fpsSkm∂n[yw ag h¿jn-°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn \√ hnf-sh-Sp-°p-hm\pwklm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂pw ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv IØ-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv.C¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn¬ kz¿W-en-]n-I-fm¬ A®-Sn-∏n-t°≠ Hcp IØm-WnXv. [mcmfw kwkvIr-X-hm-°p-Iƒ \nd™ I∂-S-bn-ep≈ BIØnse Nne hmN-I-ßƒ AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øs´.*

io aXv]-c-a-lw-k-Zn-tbm¿X. ]c-Xmw-Kn-Xm-X¥irwtKcn io k®n-Zm-\µ `mc-Xn-kzm-an-K-ew-_-antb, Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ _mZp-jmc hcp-e-k-Xm-f-_cUnI-e-lp-knX ]XnI C≥X kIe A`n-em-jmbDXn-fn-b-em-bnXp, Xmf PK-ZvKp-cp-hmep k¿htemI-i-Ip-t£a BI-t_Iq. P\-dp-kzm-ÿ-Z√nCc-t_Iw _nZman X]-c-kp-am-´p-c-XteCtUcn, km¿Im-cXv t£ahr DØ-tcm-ØcA`n-h¿[≥am≥ B¶-ht¥ XnIme X] pamSp-h-√nbp Cuizc ]m¿Yt\ amSpØ _cp-hXpXΩ≥ ¥m sXmS-hcp bmh-tZ-i-Z√n C≤m-ctbwB tZi-°-a-sf-_sf kI-e-hr-BInkp`n-£-hmKn Cc-X-°Xm XcnX ]c-ÿ-e-`√n_lf Znhk Xmf-bm-Xt° Cc-t_-Iq-tlmZtIme-k-h\p £n]-`√n A\p-Iqe ]Sn-kn-s°m≠pkzes° kmKn _cp-_t¥ amUn-kp-hXp, Xmcn]p21 amc-l-cm-Pn-km¬ kl¿k\ 1220 apl-ΩZv. ]cn-¥mhn kwh-Xvk-cX amK-_-lpf 14epJØv kp_mC ap≥jn lkq¿.lnµp-t£-X-ßƒ°v Sn∏p h≥tXm-Xn¬ `qkz-Øp-°ƒ Zm\w

sNbvXp. iosh-¶n´ cmaÆ io\n-hmkv, ioc-¶-\mYv XpS-ßnb Sn∏p-hns‚ sIm´m-c-ßƒ°v A`n-ap-J-ambn \nev°p∂ t£X-ßƒ Balm-\p-`m-hs‚ kln-jvWp-X-bp-tSbpw hnim-e-X-bp-tSbpw A\-iz-c-kvam-c-I-ß-fmWv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `‡-\m-bn-cp∂ alm-\mb Cu c‡-km£n˛At±lw kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ c‡-km-£n-bm-bn-cp∂p˛ lnµp-t£-X-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ aWn-\m-Z-ßƒ Xs‚ ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ°v iey-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√. kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n bp≤w sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv Sn∏p acn-®p-ho-WXv. iXp-°-fpsS ap∂n¬ Iog-S-ßm-\p≈\n¿tZiw At±lw ]p—-tØmsS X≈n-°-f-bp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. \nc-h[n A⁄mX `S-∑m-tcm-sSm-∏-amWv Sn∏p-hns‚ arX-tZlw Is≠-

* aqe-K-Ÿ-Øn¬ Xmsg hmN-I-ßƒ tZh-\m-Kncn en]n-bn-emWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv.

7 5A\p-_‘w 2

Øn-bXv. Ah-cpsS Zp¿hn-[n-bn¬ At±lw A`n-am-\-]q¿hw ]¶m-fn-bm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ac-W-Ønepw Xs‚ ssI hmfns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂pwAt±lw hn´n-cp-∂n√˛ kzmX-¥y-]-Jym-]-\-tØmsS Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®D]-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Sn∏p-hns‚ hm°p-Iƒ Hm¿°pI:

""Ccp-\qdp sIm√w \mb-sb-t∏mse Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mfpw c≠pZnhkw knwl-ambn Pohn-°p-∂-XmWv DØaw.''

At±-l-Øns‚ _lp-am-\m¿Yw cNn® hnem-]-Km-\-Ønse ]Zy-i-I-e-ßƒ Hm¿an°mw: ""A√m-lpth! \nµn-X\pw A]-am-\n-X-\p-ambnPohn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mfpw \ΩpsS Xe-bn¬ c‡w sNmcn-™p-sIm≠vbp≤-`q-an-bn¬ acn-®p-ho-gp-∂-XmWv DØaw.''

CtX ]Im-c-Øn¬ Rm≥ Ae-l-_mZv ap≥kn-∏¬ sNb¿am-\m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv (1948˛-58) Fs‚ ]cn-K-W-\°v Hcp tIkv hcn-I-bp-≠mbn. tkmta-iz¿\mYv alm-tZh t£X-Øn\v Zm\w sNbvX HcpkzØn-s\-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp∂p X¿°w. al-¥ns‚ ac-W-tijw kzØn\vc≠-h-Im-in-Iƒ cwK-Øp-h∂p. Ah-Im-in-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ IpSpw-_-hIssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne B[m-c-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. CuB[m-c-am-Is´ Hudw-K-ko_v NI-h¿Øn \evInb DØ-c-hm-bn-cp-∂p.Hudw-K-ko_v `qkzØpw ]Whpw t£X-Øn\v \evIn-b-Xm-bn-´mWvtcJ. Rm≥ AZv`p-X-s∏´p t]mbn. Cu B[m-c-ßƒ IrXn-a-am-tb-°ptam F∂v Rm≥ kwi-bn-®p-t]mbn. t£X [zwk-I-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hudw-K-ko_v, ""Cu PmKo¿ ]qP°pw tlma-Øn-\p-ap-≈-XmWv'' F∂v ]d-™p-sIm≠v Fßs\ `qan \evIpw? Hudw-K-ko_vhnK-l-t]-an-bm-hp-∂-sX-ßs\?

Cu B[m-c-ßƒ kXy-a-s√∂v F\n-°p-d-∏m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬,Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v apºmbn t]¿jy-\nepw, Ad-_n-bnepwHcp henb ]fin-X-\mb tUm. k¿ tXPv _l-Zq¿ k]p-hns‚ A`n-]m-b-am-cm-bm-sa∂p Xocp-am-\n®p. tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n® tijw tUm.k]p ]d-™Xv Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ DØ-c-hp≈ Cu tcJ kXy-am-sW-∂mWv. XpS¿∂-t±lw Xs‚ Kpa-kvX-t\mSv hmcm-W-kn-bnsePwKpw-_mUn inh-t£-X-Øns‚ tI v kw_-‘n® ^b-ep-IƒsIm≠p-h-cm≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. Ae-l-_mZv sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ CXpkw_-‘n® [mcmfw A∏o-ep-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°msX InS-°p-∂p≠v.PwKpw-_mUn inh-t£Xw al-¥ns‚ ssIbnepw t£X-Øn\v Hudw-K-ko_v `qkzØp \evIn-s°m≠v DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xns‚]e B[m-c-ß-fp-ap≠v.

CsX-\n°v Hudw-K-ko-_ns\ kw_-‘n® Hcp ]pXnb Adn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Rm≥ hf-sc-tbsd AZv`p-X-s∏-´p-t]mbn. tUm. k]p D]-tZ-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ ]e t£X-ßƒ°pw Rm≥IØ-b-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah-cpsS ssIbn¬ t£X-Øn\v Hudw-K-ko_v `qan Zm\w sNbvX h√ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS


t^mt´m-Ãm‰v Ab-®p-X-cm≥ A`y¿Yn®p. Ch-bpsS tiJcw Xs∂as‰m-cZv`p-X-am-bn-cp∂p. alm-Im-te-izc, Ds÷-bn≥ _mem-Pn-t£Xw,NnXm-°p´v, Dam-\µv t£Xw, tKml´n XpS-ßnb ][m\ t£X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw iXp-©-bn≥ ssP\-t£-X-Øn¬\n∂pw F\n°v Hudw-K-ko_v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Iev]-\-I-fpsS ]I¿∏p-Iƒ e`n®p. IqSmsXDØ-tc-¥y-bnse thsdbpw t£X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw, Kpcp-Zzm -c-I-fn¬\n∂pw CØcw ]I¿∏p-Iƒ In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu DØ-c-hp-I-sf√mw lnPvd 1065˛∂pw(1659) 1091˛∂pw (1685) CS-bn-ep-≈-h-bmWv.

lnµp-°-fp-tSbpw Ah-cpsS t£X-ß-fp-tSbpw t\sc-bp≈ Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ hnime at\m-`m-h-Øns‚ GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ amX-amWv Ch-sb√mw. Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ At±-lsØ Ipdn-s®-gp-Xnb Imcy-ß-sf√mw If-hm-sW∂pw NnX-Øns‚ Hcp hiw amX-am-sW∂pwhy‡-am-°p-hm≥ C\nbpw [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\vt£X-ßƒ ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ Hcp henb cmPy-amWv C¥y. icn-bmbKth-jWw \S-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hudw-K-ko_v Aap-kvenw-Iƒ°vsNbvX \∑-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂ [mcmfw Imcy-ßƒ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-sa∂v F\n-°p-d-∏p≠v.

Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ kw_-‘n® Fs‚ At\z-j-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]m‰v\ ayqkn-b-Ønse ap≥ DtZym-K-ÿ-cm-bn-cp∂ io.Kb≥Nµ, tUm. ]n. F¬. lpkvX F∂n-h-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ Ncn-X-]m-[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v Kth-jWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cmWv. thsdbpw Nne Kth-j-W-]-fin-X-∑mcpw Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ aen-\-s∏´ NnXw hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xn¬Ah-cp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \evIp-∂p-s≠∂v I≠Xv Fs∂ kwXr-]vX-\m-°n-bn-´p≠v. I]S Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ sX‰mbNcn-X-sØ-bmWv C¥y-bnse apkvenw `c-W-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambnhc-®p-Im-´p-∂Xv. ZpxJn-X-\mb Hcp Ihn k¶-S-tØmsS ]mSn:

lkmtdmw km¬ sa≥ _Uvbm-tZmtIm ZUp-Xm-¥n\nsI. Be-¶o¿ lnµp-IjvXmkmenwXm, knXw-K¿Xm

(C¥y-bnse Bbncw sIm√sØ apkvenw `c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿°vH∂p amXta ]d-bm-\p≈q˛Be-¶o¿ lnµp-°-fpsS kwlm-c-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. Iqc\pw GIm-[n-]-Xn-bp-amb NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p.)

Hudw-K-ko-_ns\ Hcp lnµp-hn-tcm-[n-bmb NI-h¿Øn-bmbn NnXo-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw ""_\m-dkv B[mcw'' F∂ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤-amb HcptcJ-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bm-\p≠v. Cu B[mcw saml√ Kucn-bnse Xma-k-°m-cmb hmcm-W-kn-bnse (_\m-dkv) Hcp _m“W IpSpw-_-Øn-t‚-XmWv. 1905-˛¬ tKm]n D]m-[ym-b-bpsS aI-fpsS ]pX-\mbawKƒhmsU Cu tcJ Pn√m aPn-kvtS‰v apºmsI lmP-cm°n. CXv]e ]fin-X-∑m-cp-tSbpw i≤ BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw 1911-˛se Gjym-

7 7A\p-_‘w 2

‰n°v skmssk‰n Hm^v _wKmƒ°m-cpsS tP¿W-en¬ CXm-Zy-ambn]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw ]e Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpwCu tcJ D≤-cn-°m-dp≠v. Cu DØ-c-hns‚ bYm¿Y hiw a\- n-em-°msX, Hudw-K-ko_v t£X-\n¿am-WsØ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-\mbnAh¿ Btcm-]n-°p∂p.'7

Hudw-K-ko_v Cu DØ-chv lnPvd 1065 Pam-Zp¬ A∆¬ 15-˛\v(am¿®v 10, 1659) t£X-kw-c-£-Icpw, Nne-cpsS ]oU-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-cp-amb Nne _m“-W-cpsS ]cm-XnsbØpS¿∂v _\m-d-knse ]mtZ-inI `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°v \evIn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXv Cßs\ t]mIp∂p:

""\ΩpsS cmP-Iob HuZm-cyhpw hnizm-khpw A_p¬l-k≥A¿ln-°p-∂-h-\mWv. F∂m¬, ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb HuZm-cy-ßfpw\ΩpsS hn`-h-ti-jn-bp-sa√mw h¿K-]-c-amb bmsXmcp hnth-N-\-hp-an-√msX F√m hn`m-K-°m-cmb P\-ß-fp-tSbpw t£a-Øn-∂p-≈-Xm-sW∂v At±lw Adn-™n-cn-°s´. \ΩpsS ]cn-ip≤\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn® ]ucm-WnI t£X-ßƒ H∂p-t]mepw \in-∏n-°-cp-sX∂v \mw Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p≠v. ]pXn-bXv \n¿an-°p-Ibpwth≠.\oXn \ne-\n¬°p∂ Cu \mfp-I-fn¬t]mepw _\m-d-kn-tebpw]cn-kc ]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw lnµp-°sf Nne¿ D]-Zhw sNøp-∂-Xmbn \ΩpsS cmP-k-Z- n¬ hnhcw Inń-bn-´p≠v. Cu ]ucm-WnI t£X-ß-fpsS kq£n-∏p-Imcpw Npa-X-e-°m-cp-amb_m“-Wsc ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Cu ]Z-hn-bn¬\n∂v \o°m≥Nne ia-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p≠v. _m“-W-cpsS Imcy-Øn-ep≈ CuCS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ B kap-Zm-bsØ Akz-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.AXp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS cmP-Iob DØ-chv Fs¥-∂m¬, Cu ]`-tb-dnb Iev]\ Inń-bm¬ `mhn-bn¬ bmsXm-cmfpw Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fnse _m“-W-sctbm a‰p lnµp-°-sftbm _p≤n-ap-ń-°p-Itbm Ah-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cpXv F∂v\nßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°Ww. Aßs\ Ah¿°v ]gb tPmen-I-fn¬ a\x-k-am-[m-\-tØmsS XpS-cp-hm\pw ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Cukmam-Pyw Fs∂∂pw \ne-\n¬°m-\p-≈ ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ \S-Øm\pw km[n°pw. Cu DØ-chv ASn-b-¥c kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xmbn]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv.''

Cu DØ-chv kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambn sXfn-bn-°p∂ Imcyw, GsX-¶nepw ]pXnb t£Xw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn Hudw-K-ko_v]pXnb DØ-c-hp-I-sfm∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-ń-s√-∂-XmWv. \ne-hn-ep≈Hcp \nbaw ]cm-a¿in-°p-Ibpw, AXv I¿i-\-ambn XpS-c-W-sa∂v\n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw amX-amWv At±lw sNbvXXv. \ne-hn-ep≈ t£X-ßsf kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Ah-bpsS \io-I-c-W-Øn∂v At±lw


Xo¿Øpw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ lnµp-]-P-Iƒ kam-[m-\-tØmsSPohn-°-W-sa-∂-Xn-ep≈ Xs‚ Xmev]-cyhpw Cu DØ-c-hn¬\n∂vhy‡-am-Ip-∂p≠v.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ DØ-chv CXv amX-a√ D≈Xv. Xs‚ lnµp ]P-Iƒ kam-[m-\-Øn¬ Pohn-°-W-sa∂v Hudw-K-ko-_n-∂p≈ Xmev]cyw]I-S-am-°p∂ as‰mcp _\m-dkv DØ-chv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""Cu ip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ al-\ob DØ-chv Fs¥-∂m¬˛alm-cm-Pm-[n-cmP dmwknßv Cu ]hnX cmP-k-Z- n¬ \nth-Z\w \S-Øn-b-X-\p-k-cn®v At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhv Xs‚ aXm-Nm-cy-\mb `K-h-XvsKm-ssk∂v Xma-kn-°p-hm-\mbn _\m-d-knse saml√ at[m-cm-an¬ bap-\-bpsS XocØv ]WnX aµn-c-Øn¬sh®v sKmssks\ NneBfp-Iƒ iey-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn Adn-bm≥ km[n®p. AXp-sIm≠v\ΩpsS cmP-Iob DØ-chv Fs¥-∂m¬ ]`-tb-dnb Cu Iev]\In´p-∂-tXmsS Ct∏m-gp-≈-hcpw, `mhn-bn¬ hcp-∂-h-cp-amb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-tcmSv \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ bmsXm-cmfpw bmsXmcpImc-W-h-imepw sKmssks\ iey-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm, At±-l-Øns‚Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cpXv. Aßs\ At±lw a\x-k-am-[m-\-tØmsS ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Cu kmamPyw \ne-\n-ev°m-\p≈ ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ \S-Øs´. CsXmcp ASn-b-¥c kz`m-h-ap≈ Imcy-ambn Icp-Xs´. XnøXn 17, d_o-D¬ BJ¿, 1091 lnPvd.''8

PwKw-_mcn aT-Ønse al-¥ns‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ DØ-c-hp-I-f-\p-k-cn®v Hudw-K-ko_v Xs‚ ]P-I-fpsS˛AXv lnµp-hm-bmepw, apkven-am-bmepw˛t\sc-bp≈ AI-a-ßƒ kln-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂v hy‡-am-°p∂p. Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf At±lw I¿i-\-ambn in£n®p. Cu DØ-c-hp-I-fn¬ H∂v Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ cmP-k-Z- n¬ PwKw kap-Zm-b-°m¿_\m-d- nse Hcp apkvenw tZi-hm-kn-bmb \mkn¿ t_Kn-s∂-Xn-cn¬\evInb ]cm-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p≠v. AXp-kw-_-‘n® cmP-im-k\w C]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p:

""kp_lv Ae-l-_m-Znse _\m-dkv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ lthenapl-Ω-Zm-_nse DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Adn-tb-≠-Xn-te°v˛ ]¿Km\ _\m-dkv hmkn-I-fmb A¿Pp-≥am¬, PwKwkv F∂n-h¿ NI-h¿ØnapºmsI ]cm-Xn-s∏-´n-´p-≈-X-\p-k-cn®v Ikv_m _\m-d-kn¬ Ah-cpsSssIh-i-ap≈ A©p ÿe-ßƒ _\m-dkv hmkn-bmb \mkn¿ t_Kv_ew ]tbm-Kn®v ssItb-dn-bn-cn-°-bmWv. Cu ]cmXn icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ \mkn¿ t_Kns\ Cu ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]th-in-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv. Aßs\ `mhn-bn¬ PwKw-kp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS ]iv\-ß-fp-ambn \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°msX kq£n-°Ww.'' ""DØ-chv XnøXn 11, jA-_m≥ km≥ 13 Ppeqkv(1672F.Un.)''9

CtX aT-°m-cpsS ssIbn-ep≈ as‰mcp Iev]\(XnøXn, 1. d_o-

7 9A\p-_‘w 2

D¬-A-∆¬ 1078) PwKw-kp-Im¿°v A\p-h-Zn® `qan ]Xn®p \evIm≥DØ-chv \evIn-s°m-≠p-≈-XmWv. AXv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""kp_lv Ae-l-_m-Zn¬s]´ lthen _\m-dkv ]¿Km-\-bnse Ct∏m-g-tØbpw`mhn-bn-tebpw PmKo¿Zm¿amcpw Itdm-dn-amcpw Adn-tb-≠Xv. 9 Aa¿ZmZvCemln Xnø-Xn-bnse cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-a-\p-k-cn®v 178 _oKmkv\ne-ßƒ PwKwkv kap-Zm-b-°m¿°v Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-am¿K-ambnA\p-h-Zn-®-XmWv. ]gb DtZym-K-ÿ¿ C°mcyw apºv ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xp-amWv. Ct∏mƒ ]¿Km-\-bnse amen-°ns‚ kotem-Sp-IqSn ka¿∏n®sXfn-hp-tc-J-bn¬\n∂pw ]≠p-ap-X¬t° Cu `qan Ah¿ ssIhiwsh®-Xm-sW∂ Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw hy‡-ambn sXfn-bp-∂p≠v.AXp-sIm≠v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v AX-h¿°v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS inc v bmK-ambn (\nkm¿) A¿l-X-s∏-´-XmWv. Cu`qan-k≥ 10 s‚ Jmcn^v hnf-sh-Sp-∏n∂v apºmbn Ah¿°v, apºv Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂-t]mse Xncn®p \evIWw. Bcpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNø-cpXv. Aßs\ PwKwkv kaqlw Hmtcm [m\y-Øns‚hcp-am-\hpw NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Cu cmPyØv Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°s´. CXn¬ hogvN hcp-Øp-Itbm at‰m sNø-cpXv.''10

Cu DØ-chv At±-l-Øns‚ \oXn-t_m-[sØ amX-a√, lnµp-`n-£p-°ƒ°v bmK-Zm\w(\nkm¿) \evIp-∂-Xn¬ hnth-N\w ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-∂p-IqSn hy‡-am-°p∂p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ 178 _oKmkv `qanan°-hmdpw Hudw-K-ko_v Xs∂ PwKw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v kw`m-h\\evIn-b-Xm-sW∂v Icp-tX-≠-Xp≠v. lnPvd 1071 da-fm≥ 5-˛∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp DØ-c-hn¬ Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n C]-Imcw ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v:

""kp_ Ae-l-_m-Zns‚ D]-ta-J-e-bmb _\m-d-knse ]¿Km\lth-en-bnse Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ Adn-tb-≠-Xn-te°v˛ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v ]¿Km\ _\m-d-knse 178 _oKmkv `qan PwKw kap-Zm-b-Øn∂v Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-e\sNe-hn-∂mbn \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu ka-bØv NI-h¿Øn-bpsSZ¿_m-dn¬ PwKw-kp-Im¿ ]Xy-£-s∏-ń-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒAwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. AtX Bfp-Iƒ Pohn-®n-cn-∏p≠v. Ah¿`qan-bpsS ssIh-i-°m-cp-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v AtX `qan-Xs∂Ah¿°v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS inc v bmK-ambn apºv \evIn-b-t]mseho≠pw \evIp∂p. Cu qan a^vSn qan-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww. At∏mƒAh¿°Xv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw, Ahn-S-Øs∂ NI-h¿Øn-bpsSkmam-Py-Øns‚ \ne-\n-ev]n-∂p-th≠n ]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw sNømw.''11

Hcp lnµp-aX ]t_m-[-I∂v _\m-dkv \K-c-Øn¬ lnPvd 1098˛-¬ Hudw-K-ko_v `qan \evInb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ C]-Im-c-amWv: ""Cuip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-chv C]-Im-c-amWv˛ _\m-d-kn¬ bap\m XocØv _\n-am-t≠m-L-ń¬ 588 òc-hym-]vXn-bp≈


c≠p-Xp≠v `qan-Iƒ (Hcp Xp≠v cmwPo-h≥ sKmk-bns‚ hoń∂vapºn¬ ]≈n-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Øm-bn´pw as‰m∂v Aev]w IqSn apI-fn-em -bn´pw) sIń -Stam H∂p-an -√msX Hgn -™p-In -S -∏p≠v. CXvss_Øp¬am-en¬ (s]mXp-J-P-\mhv) s]´-XmWv. Ch cmwPo-h≥sKmssk∂pw ]pX-∂p-ambn \mw Zm\w \evIp∂p. Aßs\ AhnsS`‡-cmb _m“-W¿°pw ^Jo-d-∑m¿°pw th≠n aµn-c-ßƒ ]WnXv]m¿Y-\-bn¬ apgpIn ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Cu kmam-Py-Øns‚ \ne-\n-ev]n∂v hgnsbmcp-°s´. Cu DØ-chv \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv \ΩpsS a°-fp-sSbpw a¥n-am-cp-sSbpw ]`p-°-fp-sSbpw D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cp-sSbpw, Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw sImØp-hmƒam-cp-tSbpwI¿Ø-hy-amWv. ta¬]-d™ `qan-Iƒ, AX-\p-h-Zn-®-h-cpsS kwc-£-W-bn¬ \n¿Øp-Ibpw, F√m ]ncn -hp -I-fn¬\n∂pw \nIp-Xn -I-fn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-XmWv. Hmtcm sIm√hpw]pXnb k\Zv Ah-cn¬\n∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bp-a-cpXv.12

Xs‚ ]P-I-fpsS aX-hn-Im-c-ßƒ am\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hudw-K-ko_vhfsc i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-tX-≠-Xp≠v.13 Xs‚ `c-W-Ønse 9˛-mw h¿j-Ønse k^¿ amkw 2-˛\v NI-h¿Øn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® c≠p DØ-c-hp-Iƒ Rß-fpsS ]°-ep≠v. B m-an¬ Kul-ń-bnse Dam-\µv t£X-Ønse ]qPmcn kpZm-a≥ _m“-W-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xm-WXv. B m-anse lnµp-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Cut£X-Øn∂pw AXns‚ ]qPm-cn-°p-ambn Ipd®p `qanbpw, h\-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ Nne hcp-am-\-ßfpw ]cn-]m-e\ sNe-hp-I-fn-te-°mbnA\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p. Cu kwÿm\w Hudw-K-ko-_n∂v Iog-S-ßnb DS-s\-Øs∂ At±lw Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ lnµp A\p-h-Zn®`qanbpw hcp-am-\hpw t£X-Øn∂pw ]qPm-cn°pw A\p-h-Zn-®-Xns\AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

Kulń DØ-c-hns‚ ]q¿W-cq]w C]-Im-c-amWv: ""Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw kp]-[m\ Imcy-ß-fpsS Npa-X-e-°mcpw,Nu[-cn-am¿, Im\q≥Im¿, apJ-±w-Im¿, t]´ _≥tK-k-dnse Irjn-°m¿ F∂n-hcpw Adn-tb-≠-Xn-te°v˛ UJn≥Ip¬ k¿°m-dns‚]m≠p ]¿Km-\-bnse kImc Kma-Øn∂v ]pd-Øp≈ 21/2 _niz-`qan,dh\yq C\-Øn¬ 30 cq] aXn-°p∂ ]kvXpX ÿew ap≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Dam-\-µnse ]qPmcn kpUm-a∂pw ]pX∂p-ambn \evIn-b-XmWv....C‚-Jmen Kma-Ønse dh\yq Hgn-sI-bp≈ h\-`q-anbpw]cn-]m-e\ sNe-hn-te-°-\p-h-Zn-®-XmWv. AX-h-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ÿnc-ambn ]cn-]m-en-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-XmWv. AhnsS Ah¿ Cukmam-Py-Øns‚ A\-iz-c-X-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ apgp-Is´. dh\yq \nIp-Xn-I-fp-sStbm, as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]iv\-ß-fp-sStbmt]cn¬ Ahsc Bcpw iey-s∏-Sp-Ø-cpXv. Hcp ]pXnb k\Zv thW-sa∂ Bh-iyhpw D∂-bn-°-cpXv... Ah¿ CXn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-t°-

8 1A\p-_‘w 2

≠-Xn√. NI-h¿Øn-bpsS 9-˛mw ÿm\m-tcm-lW h¿jw k^¿c≠n∂v Fgp-Xn-bXv.''14

Hudw-K-ko-_n∂v lnµp-°-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS aX-tØmSpw kln-jvWp-Xm-a-t\m-`m-h-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂ A`n-]m-bsØ Dss÷-\n-bnse alm-Im-te-iz¿ t£X-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑mcpw ]n¥m-ßp≠v. ][m-\-s∏´ inh-t£-X-ß-fn¬ H∂m-WnXv. ChnsS cmhpw ]Iepw Hcp-t]mse Zo]w sXfn-®p-sh-°m-dp≠v.

CXns\ ""\µ-Zo]w'' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv. \mev tk¿ s\øvZnh-khpw Cu ""\µ-Zo]'' Øn∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. ]≠p-ImewapX¬t° `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fmWv CXp \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv. t£X-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv apKƒIm-e-L´w CXp XpS¿∂p F∂mWv. Hudw-K-ko_v t]mepw Cu ]ucm-WnI ]mc-ºcyw am\n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.\n¿`m-Ky-Øn∂v CXn-∂p-t]m¬_-e-I-amb cmP-Iob hn⁄m-]-\-ß-sfm∂pw Ah-cpsS ]°-en√. F∂m¬, lnPvd 1061 i∆m¬ 5˛-∂vapdm-Zv_Ivjv Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp DØ-c-hns‚ ]I¿∏v Ah-cpsS ]°-ep≠v. NI-h¿Øn-°p-th≠n At±lwCu hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®Xv alm-Im-te-izc t£X-ØnseA∂sØ ]qPm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ tZh-dm-ans‚ ]cm-Xn-sb-Øp-S¿∂mWv. ]cm-Xn-°m-cs‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\mbn l°ow apl-ΩZvsalZn ]gb tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂vt£X-Ønse Cu "Zo]'Øn∂m-h-iy-amb \mev tk¿ (AIv_cn)s\øv \evIn-s°m-≠n-cn-°m≥ N≠pX tIm´phm Xl-kn¬Zm-tcmSv\n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

Cu DØ-c-hns‚ ]I¿∏v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®Xv 1153 lnPvd h¿j-Øn¬apl-ΩZv kmZp-√-bmWv. AXm-bXv, A ¬ DØ-c-hns‚ 93 h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw Ct∏m-gsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ hfsch¿j-Øn-∂p-tijw. Cßs\ Hcp ]I¿∏v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂ve`n-°p∂ kqN\ A°m-e-a-Xbpw ]gb \S-]-Sn-Iaw XpS¿∂p-sh-∂-XmWv. Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ `c-Whpw Cu Ime-Øn-∂n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.C∂sØ ImeØv Cu hn⁄m-]-\-Øn∂v hne-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠vB Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ ]gb DØ-c-hns‚ ]I¿∏v kq£n-°p-∂-Xn¬Bcpw i≤ ImWn-®n-´n-s√-t∂-bp≈q. Cu t£XsØ kw_-‘n®pFs‚ i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-hm-\n-S-bmb ]pcm-h-kvXp-Im-cpsS ssIh-i-ap≈Nne cmP-Iob tcJ-I-fn¬ A∂sØ al¥v e£vao \mcm-b¨ Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ Ime-sØ Nne tcJ-Iƒ ssIhiw sh®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v.

Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Znse \mK¿tkYv \n¿an® Nn¥m-a≥ t£Xw X-I¿Ø-Xmbn s]mXpsh Nne Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepwAXp If-hm-Im-\mWv km[yX. ImcWw, CtX Hudw-K-ko_v Xs∂-bmWv CtX \mK¿tk-Yn∂v iXp-≥P-b≥ t£X-Øn∂pw A_p-


t£-X-Øn-∂pw-th≠n `qan \evIn-bXv.iXp-≥Pb≥ t£X-Øn-∂p-th≠n `qan \evIn-s°m-≠p≈ DØ-

chv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""...Ah-km\w kt¥m-j-I-c-amb Hcp Imcyw B`-cW hym]m-cn-bmb kXn-Zmkv Xs‚ al-\ob km∂n-[yw-sIm≠v cmP-k-Z- n∂v \nth-Z\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°-bmWv...NI-h¿Ønsb At±lwtkmf-a-s\∂pw, ssZh-Zm-k-\mb(apl-Ω-Zns‚)]n≥Km-an-sb∂pw ]pI-gvØn-s°m≠v ka¿∏n® \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ ap∏Øn H∂mw h¿jw ]cn-ip≤ amkw da-fm≥ ]sØm≥]Xmw XnøXn kp_m-A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zns‚ `mK-amb tkmdØv k¿°m-dn¬s]´ (c≠p-e£w "Zmw' dh\yqD≈) kXvc≥P F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]men-Øm\ Pn√ C\m-ambn\nth-Z-I∂v cmP-k-Z v A\p-h-Zn-°p-sa∂v ]Xym-in-°p∂p. AXp-sIm≠v apºv \mw sNbvXp-t]m∂ AtX amXr-I-bn¬ apI-fn¬ ]d™Pn√ \nth-Z-I∂v C\m-ambn \evIp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v kp_-bnseCt∏m-g-tØbpw mhn-bn-sebpw amt\-P¿amcpw ta¬]-d™ k¿°mdpwAdn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xv Cu ]hn-X-amb DØ-c-hp-]-Imcw ta¬]-d™Pn√ ta¬]-d™ hy‡n-bpsS A[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°v ]n¥p-S¿®m Ia-Øn¬ Xe-ap-d-X-e-ap-d-bmbnAXp ssIam-d-s∏Spw. F√m-hn[ \nIp-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw a‰p \n_-‘-\-I-fn¬\n∂pw At±-lsØ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. F√m h¿jhpw]pXnb k\Zv thW-sa∂ Bh-iy-sam∂pw D∂-bn-°-cpXv. Cu DØ-c-hn¬ bmsXmcp hyXn-bm-\hpw ]mSn√. sX¬°‚ v amkw 9˛-mw XnøXnlnPvd h¿jw 1068˛-¬ (1658˛¬) Fgp-Xn-bXv.''15

\mK¿tkYv Hudw-K-ko-_ns\ Nne bp≤-ß-fn-se√mw klm-bn-®n-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ tkh-\-Øn¬ kwXr]vXn tXm∂nb NI-h¿Øn kΩm-\-ambn `qkz-Øp-°ƒ \evIn-bn-cp∂p. Kn¿\m-dnepwA_p-hnepw t£X-ßƒ ÿm]n® ÿe-ß-fm-Wnh. AXp-kw-_-‘n® DØ-c-hp-Iƒ C]-Im-c-amWv:

""]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I\pw Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-amb A√m-lp-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬:

(XpKvd) A√tbm hnizm-kn-Itf, ssZhsØ A\p-k-cn-°pI; ]hm-N-Is\ A\p-k-cn-°pI, \nß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw.

(ko≥) A_p¬ apk-^¿ apl-bp-±o≥ apl-ΩZv Hudw-K-ko_vBew-Ko¿ _mZpjm Jmkn:

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Cu al-\ob DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ j¿hmIv kap-Zm-b-Ønse kl-kv_m-bn-bpsS ]pX≥im¥n-Zmkv Ph-lcn ssk\y-Øns‚ \o°-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIwklmbw sNbvX hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]tXy-I-amb Nne B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p≠v. AXp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS BZ-c-kq-N-I-ambn Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬s]´ ]men-´m\ Pn√bpw, t£Xw ÿnXnsNøp∂ ]kn-≤-amb kXp-c≥P -Ip-∂n≥]tZ-i-ßfpw apgp-h≥ \mw

8 3A\p-_‘w 2

j¿hm°v kap-Zm-b-Ønse im¥n-Zmkv Ph-l-cn°p \evIp∂p.kXvc≥P -Ip-∂p-I-fn¬ It≠-°m-hp∂ ac-ßfpw hnd-Ip-Ifpw j¿hmIvkap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈-XmWv. AX-h¿°v GXm-h-iy-Øn∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. kXvc≥P Ip∂p-I-fp-tSbpw t£X-Øn-t‚bpw ]me-I¿ Bcm-bmepw Ah¿ ]men-´m-\-bnse hcp-am-\-Øn-\¿l-cmWv. CuA\-izc `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn-∂p≈ ]m¿Y\ Ah¿ XpS-cs´. Ct∏m-g-tØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw `c-W-k-anXn DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿,PmKo¿Zm¿am¿, Itdm-dn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ Cu DØ-chv IWn-i-ambpw ]men-t°-≠Xpw, AXn¬ bmsXmcp hogvNbpw ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-amWv.

""CXn∂v ]pdsa kntdm-ln-bn¬s]´ Pq\m-K-dn¬ Kn¿\¬ F∂v]kn-≤-amb Hcp aebpw, A_p-Pn-bn¬ Hcp Ip∂p-ap≠v. Hcp ]tXyIB\p-Iq-ey-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw Ch-c≠pw j¿hm°v kap-Zm-b-Ønseim¥n-Zmkv Ph-l-cn°v \evIp∂p. Aßs\ At±lw ]cn-]q¿W-ambpw kwXr-]vX-\m-hs´. Ch-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Bcpw CS-s]-Sm≥]mSn-s√∂ Imcyw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ Adn-™n-cn-°s´. cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬s]´ Bcpw At±-lsØ XS-b-cp-sX∂v amX-a√, \ΩpsS cmP-Iob ]oXn°v ]mXo-`q-X-cm-Ip-hm≥ At±-lsØ klm-bn-°pI IqSnsNøWw. Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]pXnb k\Zv thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sm\pw ]mSn√. Cu Kma-sØtbm, aq∂v Ip∂p-I-sftbm Ipdn®v Bsc-¶nepw Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ P\-ß-fpsS F∂-t]mse ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw tIm]-Øn\pw im]-Øn∂pw Cc-bm-Ip-∂-XmWv. At±-l-Øn\v Hcp ]tXyI k\Zv Xs∂ \¬In-bn-´p≠v.

lnPvd-h¿jw 1070-˛¬ dP_v amkw 10˛-mw\p Fgp-Xn-bXv. (am¿®v12, 1660)''16

F∂m¬, hmcm-W-kn-bnse hniz-\m-Y-t£-Xhpw, tKm¬Jp≥U-bnse Ppam-a-kvPnZpw s]mfn-°p-hm≥ Hudw-K-ko_v DØ-c-hn-´-Xn\vhy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. Cu t£Xhpw, ]≈nbpw s]mfn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Nne kml-Ncy Imc-W-ßfpw KpW-ßfpw Hudw-K-ko_v I≠n-cn-°m-sa∂v tXm∂p∂p. hniz-\m-Y-t£Xw s]mfn-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-amb kw`hw C]-Im-c-amWv: Hudw-K-ko_v _wKm-fn-te-°p≈ bmXm-at[y hmcm-W-kn-°-Sp-Øp-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚]cn-hm-c-Øn¬s]´ lnµp-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ bmX Hcp Znh-k-tØ°v\n¿Øn-sh-°p-hm≥ At]-£n®p. Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ Xß-fpsS dmWn-am¿°v hmcm-W-kn-bn¬ sN∂v, KwK-bn¬ Ipfn®v, hniz-\mY `K-hms\sXmgm≥ kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ah¿ \n¿tZ-in®p. Hudw-K-ko_v CuA`y¿Y\ kk-t¥mjw AwKo-I-cn®p. hmcm-W-kn-bn-te°v A©p-\m-gnI Zqc-ap≈ hgn-bn¬ ssk\nI Imh¬ G¿s∏-SpØn. ]√-°p-I-fn¬ dmWn-am¿ bmX-sNbvXp. KwK-bn¬ Ipfn®v Ah¿ hniz-\m-Y-t£-X-Z¿i\w \SØn. ]qPm-I¿a-Øn\p tijw Hs∂m-gnsI˛ I®n-se alm-dmWn HgnsI˛F√m dmWn-amcpw Xncn-s®Øn. t£X ]cn-


k-c-ß-fn-se√mw At\z-jn-®p-sh-¶nepw dmWnsb Hcn-SØpw Is≠-Øm-\m-bn√. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-\n-S-h-∂-t∏mƒ Hudw-K-ko_vhfsc Akz-ÿ-\mbn. dmWnsb I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ At±lw Xs‚D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v \n¿tZiw \evIn. Ah-km\w KtWivhnKlw ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ aXn¬ Cf-°n-am-‰m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂-h¿Is≠Øn. hnKlw am‰n-b-t∏mƒ Xmsg \ne-bn-te-°p≈ GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS i≤-bn¬s]´p. Ahsc sR´n-∏n-°p-amdp ImWmsXt]mb dmWn A]-am-\n-°-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-sS-\n∂v Ic-bp-∂XvI≠p. hniz-\mY K-hms‚ Ccn-∏n-S-Øn∂v Xmsg-bm-bn-´mWv Cu Xmsg-\ne ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. cmPm-°-∑m¿ tcmj˛]Xn-tj[w sIm≠-edn. kvXoIƒs°-Xn-cmb Cu Iqc-X-bn¬ amXr-Im-]-c-amb in£thW-sa∂v Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏´p. ]cn-ip≤ thZn aeo-a-k-am-°n-b-Xp-sIm≠v hniz-\mY `K-hms\ as‰mcp ÿm\-tØ°v am‰n ]Xn-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Hudw-K-ko_v DØ-c-hn´p. al-¥ns\ AdÃv sNbvXv in£n-°p-Ibpw, t£Xw CSn-®p-\n-c-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

""Xqh-ep-Ifpw I√p-Ifpw''( Feathers and the Stones ) F∂ Xs‚]kn≤- K-Ÿ-Øn¬ tUmIvS¿ ]´m-_n-ko-Xm-cm-aø tcJm-aq-e-ambsXfn-hp-I-tfmsS Cu kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. ]m‰v\m ayqkn-b-Ønseap≥ta-[mhn tUm. ]n. F¬. Kp]vXbpw Cu kw`hw ZrV-ambn ka¿Yn-°p-∂p≠v.

C\n Ppam-a-kvPnZv s]mfn-®p-\o-°nb IY˛ tKm¬Ip¨Unse]kn-≤-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Xm\mjm kwkvYm-\sØ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ]ncn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw U¬ln-bn-te-°p≈ hnlnXw AS-®n-cp-∂n√.GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ-sIm≠v AXp tImSn-I-fmbn h¿[n®p. Xm\m-jmsb J_-d-S°w sNbvX-Xn\v apI-fn¬ Jkm-\-bn¬ Hcp Ppam-a-kvPnZv \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. Hudw-K-ko_v CX-dn-bm-\n-S-h-∂-t∏mƒ ]≈ns]mfn-®p-am-‰m≥ DØ-c-hn´p. J_-d-S-°nb Jkm\ ]nSn-®-S-°p-IbpwP\-t£-a-Øn-∂p-th≠n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu c≠pkw`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv \oXn \n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ Hudw-K-ko_v ]≈n-sbt∂m, t£X-sat∂m D≈ hyXymkw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-∂mWv.

Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ a[y-Ime˛B[p-\nI C¥ym-N-cn-X-Ønse kw`-h-ß-tfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-tfbpw Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, sX‰mbnNnXo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-hsb AtX \ne-bn¬ ssZhn-I-k-Xyw-t]mse AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv. bmYm¿Yyßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-h-tcbpw, kXym-k-Xy-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw, hf-s®m-Sn-®h Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-°p∂ Hcp ]h-W-X-bmWv C∂p ImWp-∂Xv. ÿm]nX˛-h¿Kob Xm¬]-cy-°m¿NcnXw hf-s®m-Sn-°m\pw Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw XpS¿∂v i≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

8 5A\p-_‘w 2

hfsc thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb as‰mcp Imcyw, c≠v hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´bmYm-ÿn-XnI¿ a[y-Ime C¥ym-N-cnXw amX-a√; thZ-ß-fn-tebpwJp¿-B-\n-tebpw A[ym-]-\-ßƒ t]mepw sX‰mbn hymJym-\n-°p∂pF∂-XmWv. a\- m-£n-bn-√mØ cmjvSo-b-°m¿ ]I-bpsS Im‰v hnX-°p-I-bmWv. Xs‚ \m´p-Im¿ Cu sImSp-¶m-‰n¬ ]ngp-sX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂vAh¿ ad-°p-I-bmWv.''

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ:

1. hpUv t]t∏¿kv: hpUv Sp F¬Kn≥, am¿®v 3, 1862

2. lman¬´¨ Sp I¿k≥, 26 am¿®v, 1888

3. tImkv Sp U^vcn≥, 14 P\p-hcn 1887

4. Xz_vJmsX AIv_cn, hmeyw 1, t]Pv: 82

5. XmcoJv˛F˛jmln

6. anUo-h¬ C¥y tIm¿´¿en, t]Pv: 5

7. lnÃdn Hm^v Hudw-K-ko_v˛PUp-\mYv k¿°m¿

8. ]m°n-ÿm-\nse B¿°-hoUv Ub-d-IvS¿ F v. Fw. Pm^¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bXv˛ io. Kym≥N-µ°v.

9. sslt°m-SXn tcJ-Iƒ. Ae-l-_mZv sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ IrjvW-Kn-cnbpw

a‰pw PK-ZvKpcp io. al¥v amenIv A¿Pp≥ kzman-s°-Xnsc 1934- ¬ ^b¬

sNbvX A\ymbw. FIvkn-_n‰v˛20

10. Ib id, FIvkn-_n‰v \º¿˛ 11

11. Ib id, FIvkn-_n‰v \º¿˛ 16

12. F v. Fw. Pm^¿ Ah¿Iƒ Kym≥N-µ-bpsS i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn-bXv.

13. ]P-I-fpsS hnIm-c-ßƒ am\n-®p-sIm≠v B m-an¬ ]pc-mhrØ apZ-

bp≈ \mWbw _wKmfn en]n-tbmsS ]pd-Øn-d°n.

14. B mw dnk¿®v skmssk-‰n-bpsS tP¿W-en¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv. P\p-

hcn˛G]n¬, 1942. t]Pv: 1-12

15. C¥ym No^v knI-´-cn°v 1923- ¬ Pbn-\-∑m¿ ka¿∏n-®Xv.

16. t_mws_ k¿h-I-em-imem tP¿W¬, hmeyw 1, t]Pv: 54

17. k¿k-ønZv˛aJm-emXv˛F˛ k¿k-ønZv. F v.Fw. Ckvam-bo¬ FUn‰v

sNbvXXv. hmeyw 10, t]Pv: 50

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