ENERGEIAKA DIPLWMATIKI
297
ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΤΩΝ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΙΚΗΣ ΙΣΧΥΟΣ ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ Πλήρης ηλεκτρολογική μελέτη ενός πλοίου μεταφοράς φορτίου χύδην, ενός δεξαμενόπλοιου και ενός γενικευμένου τύπου πλοίου Θίμο Γ. Άντζελα Επιβλέποντες : Α. Γ. Κλαδάς Ι. Μ. Προυσαλίδης Αθήνα, Μάρτιος 2013
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Diplwmatiki
Transcript of ENERGEIAKA DIPLWMATIKI
-
,
.
: . .
. .
, 2013
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,
.
: A. . K
. .
19 2013.
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, 2013
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Copyright . , 2013
. All rights reserved.
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5
.................................................................................................... 5
........................................................................................................... 11
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 12
.......................................................................................................... 13
1 ...................................................................................................... 15
.............................................................................. 15
1.1 ........................................................................................................... 15
1.2 .......................................................... 15
1.3 ................................................................................. 20
1.4 ................................................................................... 21
1.4.1 .................................................................................................... 21
1.4.2 ................................................................ 22
1.4.3 ......................................................... 23
1.4.4 ......................................................... 24
1.5 ............................................... 24
1.5.1 ......................................................................................................... 24
1.5.2 ............................ 25
1.5.3 ............................................................................... 27
1.6 .................................................... 30
1.7 ...................................................................... 32
2 ...................................................................................................... 33
........................................................................................ 33
2.1 ..................................................... 33
2.2 ................................................ 35
2.2.1 .................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2 ............................................................... 36
2.2.3 .......................... 37
2.3 ............................................................................... 41
2.3.1 ....................................................................................................... 41
2.3.2 ......................................................................................................... 42
2.3.3 .................................................................... 43
2.3.3.1 .............................................................. 43
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6
2.3.3.2 diesel ....... 44
2.3.3.3 ............................................................. 46
2.3.3.4 ......................................................................... 48
2.4 ...................................................................... 49
2.4.1 ...................................................................................... 49
2.4.2 ....................................................................... 51
2.4.3 .................................................................. 52
2.5 ............................................................................... 52
3 ...................................................................................................... 53
, ,
.................................................................................................. 53
3.1 .............................................................. 53
3.1.1 ......................................................................................................... 53
3.1.2
............................................................................................................................ 55
3.1.3
. ...................................................................................................... 55
3.1.4 .................................................... 56
3.1.5 ........................................................ 61
3.1.6 ..................................... 61
3.2 .................................................................. 62
3.2.1 ......................................................................................................... 62
3.2.2 ........................ 64
3.2.3 ................................................................................ 66
3.2.4 ................................................................................. 67
3.2.5 ......................................................................... 67
3.3 ..................................................................... 69
4 ...................................................................................................... 70
IEC 61363-1 .............. 70
4.1 ........................................................................................................... 70
4.2 ..................................................... 71
4.3 ........................................................... 71
4.4 ......................................................... 71
4.5 IEC 61363-1 ........................................................................... 73
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7
4.5.1 ............................................................................... 73
4.5.2 , , ....................................................... 74
4.5.2.1 ................................................................................................ 74
4.5.2.2 ............................................................................................... 78
4.5.2.3 ................................................................................................. 80
4.5.2.4 ................................................................................................. 81
4.5.3 ........................................................................... 81
4.5.3.1 ................................................................................................... 81
4.5.3.2 ......................................................................... 82
4.5.3.3 ............................................................................... 83
4.5.3.4 .......................................................................... 84
4.5.4 ............................................................... 85
4.5.4.1 ............................................................................. 85
4.5.4.1.1 ......................................................................... 85
4.5.4.1.1.1 ...................................................................................... 85
4.5.4.1.1.2 ................................................ 85
4.5.4.1.1.3. .............................................................. 85
4.5.4.1.1.4 ........................................... 87
4.5.4.1.1.5 ......... 87
4.5.4.1.2 A .................................................................... 90
4.5.4.1.2.1 ...................................................................................... 90
4.5.4.1.2.2 ................................................ 91
4.5.4.1.2.3 ............................................................... 91
4.5.4.1.2.4 ................................................... 91
4.5.4.1.2.5 ................................................................... 91
4.5.4.1.2.6 ............... 92
4.5.4.2 ................................................................................ 93
4.5.4.2.1 ............................................................................................ 93
4.5.4.2.2 ......................................................................................... 93
4.5.4.2.3 ........................................................................... 94
4.5.5 ............................................................................. 95
4.5.5.1 ................................................................................................... 95
4.5.5.2 ............................................................................... 95
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8
4.5.5.2.1 .............................................. 95
4.5.5.2.2 ............................................... 96
4.5.5.2.3 ............ 96
4.5.5.2.4 .. ........... 96
4.5.5.2.5 ................ 96
4.5.5.2.6 ......................................................................... 97
4.5.5.3 .......................................................................... 97
4.5.5.3.1 ...................................................................... 97
4.5.5.3.2
............................................................................................. 98
4.5.5.3.3 ......................................... 98
4.5.5.3.4 ........................................... 99
4.5.5.3.5 ...........................100
4.5.6 ...........................................................................100
4.5.6.1 ..................................................................................................100
4.5.6.2
.........................................................................................101
4.5.6.2.1 ...........................................................................................101
4.5.6.2.2 .....................................................................................101
4.5.6.2.3 .....................................................................................102
4.5.6.3 .........................103
4.5.6.3.1 ............................................103
4.5.6.3.2 ...............................................104
4.5.6.3.3 / .........104
4.5.6.4
............................................................104
4.5.6.5 ................................................................................105
4.5.6.6 ....................................................................106
4.5.6.6.1 ...........................................................................................106
4.5.6.6.2 ........................................107
4.5.6.6.3
.........................107
4.5.6.6.4 ...108
4.5.6.6.5 ......................108
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9
4.5.6.6.6 ........................................................108
4.5.6.6.7 .....................................108
4.5.6.6.8 .......................................................109
4.5.6.6.9 .............................................................109
4.5.7 .............................................109
4.5.7.1 ..................................................................................................109
4.5.7.2 1kV ............................................................................110
5 .....................................................................................................113
Matlab. .......113
5.1 ..........................................................................................................113
5.2 . .................................................113
5.2.1 ........................................................................................................113
5.2.2 ..................................................................116
5.3 .................119
5.3.1 ........................................................................................................119
5.3.2 ...................................................................122
6 .....................................................................................................124
.................................................................124
6.1 Generic ......................................................124
6.1.1 ..........................................................124
6.1.2 ..................126
6.1.3 .......................................................................132
6.1.4 ................................................136
6.1.5 .......................................................................137
6.1.6 ......137
6.1.7 generic ...........................................144
6.2 Bulk carrier - ...............................................158
6.2.1 ..........................................................158
6.2.2 ..................168
6.2.3 .......................................................................169
6.2.4 .......................................................................173
6.2.5 ......186
6.2.6 bulk carrier ...............................................186
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10
6.3 Tanker - ..................................................................................206
6.3.1 ..........................................................206
6.3.2 ..................207
6.3.3 .......................................................................217
6.3.4 .......................................................................221
6.3.5 ......233
6.3.6 tanker .......................................................234
7 .....................................................................................................256
......................................................................................................256
7.1 ..................................................................................................256
7.2 ......................................................................256
..................................................................................................258
..................................................................................................272
..................................................................................................290
..................................................................................................295
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11
:
, ,
, ,
, , IEC 61363,
.
, (generic
), (bulk carrier)
(tanker) GL
SOLAS . ,
(, , , )
.
,
.
,
, .
, IEC 60092-352
(3rd
edition)
.
IEC 61363 GL,
,
,
.
Matlab.
-
12
KEY WORDS:
Ship Electric Energy Systems, Electric Load Balance, Extended Electric Load
Analysis, Determination of Cross-Sections of Conductors and Busbar Carriers,
Selection of Switchgear and Protection Devices, Short Circuit Calculations, IEC
61363, Short Circuit Breaking Capacity.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this diploma thesis is the complete study and design of the electrical
network of three types of vessels, of a generic (nonexistent) vessel, of a bulk carrier
and of a tanker in accordance with the rules and regulations of GL, the international
convention of SOLAS and the international standards. Initially, the main
characteristics (voltage, frequency, insulation, protection) of the ship electric energy
systems, as well as the significance of the complete and detailed electrical study, are
described. Then, the construction of the electric load balance, of the extended electric
load analysis and their importance in the selection of the ships generators, is
presented in details. In the effort of a more realistic electrical design, existing main
and emergency generators for the three ships have been selected. Afterwards, the
cross-sections of the cables have been calculated in accordance with the international
standard IEC 60092-352 (3rd
edition) and a short presentation of the protection
devices from overload and short circuit in ships electrical system, is made. Based on
the international standard IEC 61363 and the rules and regulations of GL, the short
circuit current calculations for each vessel, for a symmetrical short circuit that occurs
in the main busbars in all three phases simultaneously, have been carried out and the
short circuit breaking capacity of the protection devices has been determined. The
selection of the cables and the short circuit calculations have been accomplished with
the aid of the programming environment of Matlab.
-
13
2012- 2013
....
(generic, bulk carrier, tanker)
, ,
, , .
, , ( ),
.
.
GL
SOLAS (
). , :
1 :
(, ). ,
, ,
,
,
( ) .
2 :
,
.
3 :
,
.
4 :
IEC 61363-1 ,
.
.
5 :
Matlab
-
14
.
.
6 :
, ,
( )
.
7 : .
,
. :
. . , .
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
, 2013
.
-
15
1
1.1
.
, ,
: , -.
, ,
. ,
.
, (AES-
All Electric Ships)
.
( )
:
7%, Containerships 9,1 %, 7,3%, 12%.
1.2
,
.
. 1.1 :
.
(diesel generators, DG) .
(shaft generators,
SG)
(turbo generators, TG).
, ,
.
(emergency) .
.
-
16
,
..
, ...
1.1 [24]
:
-
.
-
.
- ,
.
-
17
,
..,
:
- (
,
40-80 W ).
-
.
.
- ().
-
(, , ) (
50 1000 ).
- ,
() (),
(
50 60 Hz, 400 Hz
, .. ,
..). (.. )
.
(..) (..).
..
.. . , /
, .
. .. ..
..
60V .. 220V
.
, , 3 ,
440 V .
. 380 V .
3.3 kV, 6.6 kV 11 kV.
,
.
, .. .
-
18
,
, 13.8 kV.
,
, .
.
1.2 [23]
.. 50
60 Hz. 50 Hz
,
, 60 Hz.
.
220 V 110 V.
440 V.
220 V (
1.3a)
1.3b.
1.3 440 V 220V [11]
,
-
19
(
). ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
. ,
, .. .
,
,
,
1.4.
.
.
,
.
,
.
1.4 ( )[23]
, ,
, .
-
20
.
1.5 [11]
1.3
,
(shaft generators)
.
,
, .
.
(static converters).
.
(inverter) 1.6.
1.6
[24]
(
condenser). 80%,
-
21
,
:
,
.
1.4 [25]
1.4.1
( )
diesel,
. diesel,
,
,
,
prime movers ( ).
, -,
.
55 .
, ../.. (
Ward-Leonard) .
. 1950,
...
. ( )
,
,
.
1.7 ( )
[26]
-
22
1.4.2
( 90)
.
:
-
-
-
-
-
,
.
,
:
-
(S), ,
, ,
, , ...,
- ,
-
,
-
(
)
1.8.
1.8 [25]
-
23
,
,
.
,
:
(Full Electric Propulsion - F.E.P.) :
. -
,
( ).
.
(Integrated Full Electric
Propulsion - I.F.E.P.) :
-
, ,
.
( All Electric Ship -A.E.S. ) :
.
(Propulsion Network) :
( )
.
(Ship Service System) :
, , .
1.4.3
:
-
0 - 100 %.
-
.
- .
- ,
, .
-
,
.
- .
- .
-
24
- ( ) ,
, .
-
, ,
x
, .., Diesel
,
.
-
,
.
1.4.4
:
- .
- Y ,
.
.
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
, -
, ,
( , ,
, ).
1.5
1.5.1
,
,
S.O.L.A.S
MARPOL ( ).
-
25
GL (Germanischer Lloyd IACS
(International Association of Classification Societies)).[7]
GL,
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
(.. ,
, ,
).
(..
, ,
, , , .). ,
.
O
.
.
1.5.2
GL, 1.1.
1.1 [7]
-
26
50 V
1000 V, 50 60 Hz
1500 V.
1 kV
17,5 kV , 50 60 Hz
1500 V.
, :
.. :
- 2 , (1//)
- 1 (1/)
- 2 (2/)
:
- 4 ,
(3//)
- 3 (3/)
- 3 (3/)
, [7].
1600 GRT.
..
.
,
.
.
.
1.2 .. [7]
1.3 .. [7]
-
27
1.4 [7]
,
5%, ,
8%.
1.5.3
,
. ,
,
(,
) ()
1.5, 1.6, 1.7.
1.5 [7]
-
28
1.6 [7]
1.7 / [7]
, ,
, . ,
.
.
1.8
.
-
29
1.8 [7]
,
.
. ,
,
:
- :
,
,
.
- ( )
-
.
-
30
1.6
, GL.
,
.
,
,
SOLAS, /12.1
SOLAS Amendments 2003, 2004 2005,
23-3. :
,
,
.
,
,
IP 68 IEC 60529.
,
IP 56 IEC 60529.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
()
.
. ,
GL, :
1.
- 2 ,
2.
- 3
-
31
tankers,
, :
-
-
- .
,
, .
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, .
.
, .
,
, , ,
, ,
GL 2010, I-Part 1,
Section 15, .
60 C,
60 C, (LNG)
.
GL 2010, I-Part 1, Section 15, , C, D, E.
[7].
-
32
1.7
,
.
,
,
, , .
.
,
,
,
.
-
33
2
2.1 [2]
.
.
[2] .
, ,
.
, .. ,
.
.. , , , ,
(),
(), ,
.
,
( ),
() . 2.1
.
o :
P.. [kW] = P.. [kW]/ (2.1)
.
P. [kW] = P.. [kW]* (2.2)
.
(2.3)
-
34
2.1 [2]
-
35
i 24-
24-.
P. [kW] = P.. [KW]* N*fs (2.4)
.
.
2.2 [14]
2.2.1
. ,
. , kW,
. , ,
.
,
. , ,
0,8 ,
,
.
, .
,
. .
, ,
: , . P-Q
,
- (
2.2). , ,
2.2,
0,9 0,8 .
,
.
-
36
2.2 (
) [14]
2.2.2
,
. ,
D
. :
-
37
:
1)
(2.5)
2)
(2.6)
:
(2.7)
, .
.
2.2.3
.
slf (service load factor), :
lf (load factor),
.
sf (simultaneity factor)
.
:
(slf)=(lf)(sf) (2.8)
slf . ,
.
.. ,
0,8 1.
, ,
(2.9) 2.3. [14].
pf (power factor) = pf (slf) (2.9)
2.3
Matlab,
. :
>> slf=[0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1];
-
38
>> pf= [0.48 0.65 0.76 0.82 0.86];
>> p=polyfit(slf,pf,4)
p =
0.5208 -0.8333 -0.2708 1.1833 0.2600
4
,
(2.9):
pf(slf)= 0,26 + (1,1833slf) + (-0,2708slf2) + (-0,8333slf
3) + (0,5208slf
4) (2.10)
2.3 (
) [14]
, (
) ( (2.11) 2.4).
Q=Q(slf) (2.11)
2.4 (
) [14]
-
39
.
,
.
() (Q)
(S) ( 2.5), :
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.4).
2.5
(P) (Q) (S) [14]
-
40
.
.
:
(2.14)
, (2.15) 2.6.
(2.15)
2.6 G1 G2
(
*) [14]
,
,
0,8 1
( ).
2.7 .[15]
.
.
,
,
.
-
41
.
2.7 (
) [14]
2.3
2.3.1
SOLAS [16] GL (
) :
, , ,
, (), ,
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.
Dead ship condition-
,
, .,
,
-
42
. ,
.
.
.
,
.
:
-
-
, 375
kW
- ,
, ,
, .
2.3.2
GL,
, ..
.
.
,
, , ,
.
,
60 [7].
, ,
/
-
43
.
15
, 22,5, 5 7,5 [7].
85 C
90-95 C.
.
(, E, B, F, )
.
, ,
.
,
.
(
( )),
, , ....
1 1000V
(1+UN/1000) 1000V 15000 V.
,
.
,
.
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
GL SOLAS,
.
.
,
,
,
, :
-
-
-
-
44
,
, , , , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, (
).
, ,
.
.
2.3.3.2 diesel
,
,
80%
.
. ,
, ,
80%.
75-100%
-
( ). ,
.
MARPOL ( 19 2005) Annex VI
Regulations 13, 14 [19].
(Reg.13) (Reg.14). 13,
1
2000 (ier I) (..
)
130kW,
diesel.
1 2011 (Tier II).
, 1 2016 (Tier III),
(NOx ECAs).
2.8 diesel .
-
45
2.8 diesel [20],[19]
14, ,
. 1
2012 3,5% m/m
4,5% m/m. 1 2020 0,5%
m/m. (SCAs- Sulphur
Emission Control Areas)
, :
- 1,5% m/m 1 2010
- 1,0% m/m 1 2010
- 0,1% m/m 1 2015.
2.9 (SECAs).
, , ,
-
46
,
, (
/) (
75-100% ).
2.9 SECAs [20], [19]
2.3.3.3
M GL
:
, ,
.
, .
.
3MW,
-
47
.
.
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
150% 0,5
() .
,
,
2,5%
.
,
, 85%
120% ,
.
3 % 1,5 .
.
.
,
10%
.
,
,
:
- 10%
- 25%
-
48
,
,
.
,
,
.
black-out,
, 30
.
,
-
.
(stand-by)
.
2.3.3.4
GL, o
(
3).
50% .
(
) ( 300 500 ms). ,
.
, 10%
50%,
(2) .
.
50 kVA,
.
, /-
2-6%, diesel 8-15% ,
-
49
2 5 .
50% .
. 70-35%
,
.
.
130%
5
.
10%,
5 10 . ,
(stand-by)
.
:
-
()
-
-
black-out,
.
2.4
2.4.1
SOLAS GL,
, GRT
500 ,
.
.
,
:
1) 3 , ,
.
-
50
2) 18 ,
, , , , ,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
- sprinkler ( ), ( )
,
.
3) 18 ,
COLREGs (Convention on the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 ) VHF, MF,
MF/HF.
4) 18 , ,
,
.
5) 18 ,
,
.
6) ( 10 10000 GRT
10000 GRT 30 )
, ,
, 1
.
.
,
. ,
45
,
.
, ,
80%,
1,2,3,4 (
) .
30 ,
, 12%
, .
-
51
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
""
.
.
dead ship.
2.4.2
,
.
/
,
.
, , ,
, ,
, .,
.
, .
3,5% 4%
5 , .
22,5
, 22,5, 10
10 [7].
, . ,
.
-
52
2.4.3
.
,
.
.
.
,
22,5
40.
.
GL :
- -
- -
.
2.5
SOLAS,
500 GRT,
FSS (Fire Safety Systems Code).
,
.
.
.
.
-
53
3
, ,
3.1
3.1.1
, ,
.
(polyvinyl-chloride, p.v.c.).
. ( GL)
, ,
.
. [7]
. IEC
60092-352 (3rd
edition),
3.1. , , C
[5].
17,241
mm2/km 20 C.
( , ) ( ,
) .
.
-
54
, , /
,
.
3.1 [5]
,
(
).
,
.
,
(
).
,
,
.
.
3.1
[7]
-
55
3.1.2
[2]
,
:
) - :
(3.1)
) :
(3.2)
) :
(3.3)
, ,
j ( ).
:
:
(3.4)
:
(3.5)
,
.
(, ,
).
(3.3)
,
( ), .
3.1.3
.
,
,
.
-
56
,
,
(
) (3.4) (3.5)
,
. ,
10%.
3.1.4
GL,
,
.
80 C 85 C,
.1, .
30 60 .
3.2 30 60 [5]
-
57
,
, 30 ,
, 3.2.
(
) 3.3.
3.3 [5]
45
C.
[7].
1, ,
6
. [7]
-
58
.
85% .1, .
, ,
, Annex A IEC
60092-352 (third edition). ,
(.1, .2, C, E, F ,G)[5]
85 C .3,
, .
(
), .4, .5,
.6, , ,
.3,
. .4,
, :
-
.
-
,
.
- n n/2 n/3 .
- 5%.
, Annex B, GL
.
10mm2
, ,
.
, 5 ,
,
-
59
.
.
,
0,9
.
,
,
10
.
.1 .3, ,
.2, .
, ,
,
,
. ( )
.
, ,
.
3.2.
3.2 [7]
-
60
,
.
(stranded) 2 (flexible) 5.
5,
,
2 .
, ,
.
, :
- ,
,
.
-
, -
.
-
.
.
-
,
.
-
30m
150 mm2,
15 m.
-
. ,
.
,
.
-
61
,
IEC 60092-354 60502 GL.
3.1.5 [2]
GL, ,
, ( )
6% 10%
50 V .
:
.. :
(3.6)
:
(3.7)
V , l ,
( GL), S
[] .
3.1.6 [2], [7]
.
3.3
.
3.3 (45C) [7]
-
62
45
.
. ,
,
( )
.
,
,
.
(W), ()
(/W)
(1200kp/cm2) :
(3.8)
h, b : ( cm)
(3.9)
F, l : ( cm),
(3.10)
d : ( cm)
( kA)
/W 1200 kp /cm2.
, ,
fm 5-10 Hz.
(3.11)
kp J (
3.2 [2], [7], [22]
3.2.1
:
- (isolators), .
-
63
- (load switches),
, .
, .
- ,
,
.
- .
, ,
.
().
().
20%,
() ( 200%).
( ),
( ).
.
:
-
-
-
,
.
.
-
64
,
, , .
:
To
(
)
,
.
,
. , ,
.
(
) .
(short circuit breaking
capacity) (short circuit making
capacity).
, .
3.2.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
6, 10, 16, 20, 25, 35, 50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 224, 250, 315.
315 , GL.
-
65
.
,
,
,
,
. (
),
,
.
,
( )
, .
.
,
.
.
, ,
,
.
. ,
.
, .
,
, ..
.
. ,
.
500ms.
.
ABB :
16, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, 160, 250, 400, 630, 800, 1000, 1250, 2000, 2500
: 10, 15,
25, 36, 50 kA.
-
66
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
:
25, 35, 63, 80, 100, 160, 250, 315
.
3.2.3
2,
, , , ,
( )
. ,
. ,
,
, ( >50 kVA)
. , ,
, diesel
.
,
.
.
-
67
,
.
3.2.4
>1kW
. , ,
, ()
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
3.2.5
:
-
-
-
- ( >1000V)
-
-
.
.
1.
(
) .
-
68
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
, /
.
-
, .
.
.
, .
,
,
.
315 ,
. ,
. /
,
.
. ,
-
69
.
. ,
, ,
.
3.3
. ,
GL, .
,
.
,
5%.
3.4:
3.4
45 C [7]
80C,
.
.
,
10% .
.
,
.
, :
- 5
- 2
, ABB.
kVA
.
-
70
4
IEC 61363-1
4.1
.
, Ohm :
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
( ).
.
.
( Joule), ,
, () ,
, ( /
) Laplace,
, .
(),
,
-
71
(, , ),
.
4.2
. .
3 .
4.3
(International Electrotechnical Committee- IEC)
:
IEC 61909 (AC)
IEC 61363 (AC)
IEC 61660-1 (DC)
,
IEC 61363-1
Germanischer Lloyds (GL)
IEC.
4.4
,
. ,
.
, ,
(R-) (L-). ,
, ,
(R-) (L-)
( Thevenin-Norton).
.
.
:
, ,
.
-
72
.
Faraday Lenz, =LI
(Xd
-
73
,
.
(
) ,
.
( L/R).
,
,
,
0,
.
,
Thevenin Norton.
4.5 IEC 61363-1 [4]
EC 61363-1,
(/2)
( ).
.
4.5.1
..
.
,
a) 50 z 60 z,
b) EC 60092-
201 2,
c) ,
d) , ( ),
, , ,
e)
(
)
-
74
f) .
,
.
(..)
.
100ms .
100ms
. 100ms
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
4.5.2 , ,
, IEC
61363-1,
:
4.5.2.1
4.5.2.1.1
: ,
, ,
. [IEV 151-03-41]
4.5.2.1.2
:
-
75
. . [IEV 441-11-
07]
4.5.2.1.3
( ):
. [IEV 441-17-01,
modified]
4.5.2.1.4
: r.m.s. () ..
() ,
, , . [IEC 60909,
3.4)
4.5.2.1.5
k: r.m.s. () ..
()
. [3.5 IEC 60909, 2)
4.5.2.1.6
kd : r.m.s. ()
( )
( ) .
4.5.2.1.7
kd : r.m.s. ()
( )
( ) .
4.5.2.1.8
kd : r.m.s. ()
,
, .
4.5.2.1.9
(..) idc :
,
.
-
4.2.
4.5.2.1.10
ip:
() ( 4.2 3.8
IEC 60909).
-
76
-
.
4.5.2.1.11
d:
,
, 1/e, 0,368
, ( )
. [IEV 411-48-30,modified]
4.5.2.1.12
d:
,
,
, ,
1/e, 0,368 ,
. [IEV 411-48-29,modified]
4.5.2.1.13
d:
,
1/e, 0,368 ,
. [IEV 411-48-28,modified]
4.5.2.1.14
d:
, ,
, 1/e, 0,368
, . [IEV 411-48-27,modified]
4.5.2.1.15
.. dc: ..
,
, 1/e, 0,368 ,
( 20 IEC 60034-4).
4.5.2.1.16
d( ):
..
,
, ..
,
. [IEV 411-50-11,modified]
-
77
4.5.2.1.17
d( ):
..
,
, ..
,
.
[IEV 411-50-09,modified]
4.5.2.1.18
d:
.. ,
,
.
4.5.2.1.19
Ra: ,
.. .
4.5.2.1.20
:
..
.
4.5.2.1.21
:
,
.[IEV 131-01-37]
4.5.2.1.22
Un: ()
( IEC 60038).
4.5.2.1.23
: r.m.s. ()
,
.
4.5.2.1.24
: r.m.s. ()
,
.
4.5.2.1.25
(n): ,
,
. [IEV 151-04-01].
-
78
4.5.2.1.26
(r): ,
, ,
. [IEV 151-04-01].
4.5.2.1.27
(-) (): ()
()
,
()
, .
4.5.2.2
.
,
, systme international dunits (SI).
, ,
,
( (%)).
- (, ),
r.m.s.() .
q , Eq q- (r.m.s.)
EM (r.m.s.)
F
fr
IM (r.m.s.)
Ikd, Ikd
(r.m.s.)
I (r.m.s.)
Iac .. (r.m.s.)
IacM (r.m.s.)
idc ..
idcM ..
ik
Ikd (r.m.s.)
-
79
iM
ip , ipM
Ir (r.m.s.)
LC
PCu
R
Ra
RC
Rdc ..
RM
RR ()
RS
RT
SrT
t
tr
Td , Td
Td , Td
e, e
e
dc ..
dce ..
dcM ..
dcMe ..
Uo ()
Un ()
-
80
Ur ()
urk
UrM
urR
r 2fr
X
d, d
Me
d
R, XS
XT
Z
Zd, Zd
Ze, Ze
ZM
ZT
4.5.2.3
0
ac
C
d
dc
e ()
, , U
G
HV
i
j
-
81
k
L
LV
M
n
q
R
r
S
T
4.5.2.4
4.5.3
4.5.3.1
4.1 IEC 61363-1,
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
.
, .
,
.
,
.
.
-
82
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
-
, , , , ,
,
.
/
. ,
.
, --
- .
4.5.3.2
4.2 IEC 61363-1, 4.5.4 (IEC
61363-1, 5)
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
83
,
.
(
4.5.5),
.
.
4.5.3.3
4.3 IEC 61363-1,
, .
, ,
,
.
.
,
(
4.2).
,
, :
a) ,
b) ,
,
c) ,
,
d) ,
e) ,
f) ,
g) ,
,
h) ,
.
,
.
-
84
(ms)
( ), ms (
) (s) ( -
) .
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
4.5.3.4
4.4 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.4
.
,
.
.
. 4.5.6
.
,
. ,
. ,
, -
( ) ..
( ),
.
,
. ,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
-
85
,
.
.
.
- 4.5.5.3.3.
4.5.4
4.5.4.1
4.5.4.1.1
4.5.4.1.1.1
5.1.1.1 IEC 61363-1,
/
, .
.
.
.
- ,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
4.5.4.1.1.2
5.1.1.2 IEC 61363-1,
,
4.1.
4.5.4.1.1.3.
5.1.1.3 IEC 61363-1,
-
86
4.1 - [4]
.
(,
, .) ( ) ,
.
.
a)
,
,
( )
,
.
b)
.
, , ,
,
.
c)
..
.
d
.. ,
(
).
-
87
d ..
.
.
.. dc
.
4.5.4.1.1.4
5.1.1.4 IEC 61363-1,
.
4.2
[4]
. .. ..
4.2.
4.5.4.1.1.3.
,
( 4.1) .
4.5.4.1.1.5
5.1.1.5 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.4.1.1.3, ,
-
88
. ,
.
,
+10%
.
, ,
.
1 -
,
.
,
. 4.2
.
:
(4.1)
, .. , ..
a) ..
.
.. ,
.
d d.
(4.2)
,
,
(4.3) (4.4).
-
89
(4.3)
(4.4)
= ,
.
:
,
(4.5) (4.6)
(4.7) (4.8).
(4.5)
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
:
2
, .
b) H ..
(~60ms).
-
90
.
.. (4.9).
(4.9)
c)
t=0 t=T/2 .
,
. ,
/2, - ,
(4.10).
(4.10)
4.5.4.1.2 A
4.5.4.1.2.1
5.1.2.1 IEC 61363-1,
:
- ,
-
. ,
, ,
,
( , , .)
.
,
. .
.
,
.
-
91
4.5.4.1.2.2
5.1.2.2 IEC 61363-1,
,
( 4.3).
4.3 [4]
4.5.4.1.2.3
5.1.2.3 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
,
, .. .. ,
.. .
4.5.4.1.2.4
5.1.2.4 IEC 61363-1,
( 4.3)
, ,
s=1.
(4.11)
(4.12)
4.5.4.1.2.5
5.1.2.5 IEC 61363-1,
TM ..
.
(4.13).
-
92
(4.13)
..
.
(4.14).
(4.14)
4.5.4.1.2.6
5.1.2.6 IEC 61363-1,
4.4.
(4.15).
(4.15)
4.3
[4]
a) ..
..
(4.16).
(4.16)
(4.17).
-
93
(4.17)
,
. (4.18).
(4.18)
(4.18)
(4.19).
(4.19)
b) ..
.. (4.20).
(4.20)
.
c)
(4.21).
(4.21)
t=T/2.
4.5.4.2
4.5.4.2.1
5.2.1 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
.
4.5.4.2.2
5.2.2 IEC 61363-1,
4.4.
.
.
-
94
4.4 [4]
20 C .
, 8.5.2 IEC
60092-202.
4.5.4.2.3
5.2.3 IEC 61363-1,
4.5 .
.
4.5 [4]
,
(4.22), (4.23) (4.24).
urR urk %.
(4.22)
(4.23)
-
95
(4.24)
,
(4.25).
(4.25)
4.5.5
4.5.5.1
6.1 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.4
. ,
.
. ,
.
, 4.5.4 .
,
.
,
.
, .
4.5.5.2
4.5.5.2.1
6.2.1 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.4.1.1.5
.
,
,
,
.
:
a) , ,
b) ,
5% 10%,
-
96
c) .. ,
,
d) .. ,
.
4.5.5.2.2
6.2.2 IEC 61363-1,
Ra
(4.3), (4.4), (4.5), (4.6), (4.7), (4.8).
,
.
.
4.5.5.2.3
6.2.3 IEC 61363-1,
, 0 (4.5), (4.6),
(4.7) (4.8) q0 Eq0 ,
.
,
( 10%).
4.5.5.2.4 ..
6.2.4 IEC 61363-1,
.. ,
.
,
.
, (4.2) :
(4.26)
4.5.5.2.5
6.2.5 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.4,
,
. ,
..
..
.
.
-
97
0,5 .
:
(4.27)
(4.28)
(4.29)
(4.30)
1 U0 .
,
,
.
2 0,5 ,
2 1,8.
4.5.5.2.6
6.2.6 IEC 61363-1, ..
.. ,
:
a) ( 1 ms 30 ms):
(4.31)
b) ( 20 ms 1200 ms):
(4.32)
c) .. ( 15 ms 300 ms):
(4.33)
4.5.5.3
4.5.5.3.1
6.3.1 IEC 61363-1,
,
, ..
-
98
. ( 4 7
.)
.
.
.
4.5.5.3.2
6.3.2 IEC 61363-1,
(4.18) (4.19)
.
:
(4.34)
, ,
, :
(4.35)
(4.17) (4.20) .. .. ,
:
(4.36)
(4.37)
4.5.5.3.3
6.3.3 IEC 61363-1,
100 kW 15%
, 4.5.4 .
,
.
a)
50 Hz 60 Hz
zM = 0,16 ..
x = 0,15 ..
rS = 0,034 ..
-
99
rR = 0,021 ..
rM = rS + rR = 0,055 ..
.
b)
- 60 Hz, =18,67 ms, TdcM=11,73 ms
- 50 Hz, =22,4 ms, TdcM=14,08 ms
c)
,
:
(4.38)
(4.39)
(4.40)
d)
.
e) , kVA
:
1kW=1,34 kVA
1.0 .. 1kW=1 kVA
0,8.
4.5.5.3.4
6.3.4 IEC 61363-1,
,
, .
,
:
a)
50 Hz 60 Hz
zM = 0,2 ..
x = 0,188 ..
-
100
rS = 0,043 ..
rR = 0,027 ..
rM = rS + rR = 0,07 ..
b)
- 60 Hz, =18,67 ms, TdcM=11,73 ms
- 50 Hz, =22,4 ms, TdcM=14,08 ms
c)
,
:
(4.41)
(4.42)
(4.43)
d) 4.5.5.3.3
kVA .
4.5.5.3.5
6.3.5 IEC 61363-1,
,
,
.
4.5.6
4.5.6.1
8.1 IEC 61363-1,
:
a) ,
b) ,
c)
.
, .
4.5.4 4.5.5
.
-
101
,
,
.
,
4.5.6.7 .
,
4.5.6.3
.
4.5.6.2
4.5.6.2.1
8.2.1 IEC 61363-1,
( )
( ),
.
,
, ...
.
4.5.6.2.2
8.2.2 IEC 61363-1,
a)
.
(4.3) (4.4)
:
(4.44)
(4.45)
(4.7) (4.8),
:
-
102
(4.46)
(4.47)
b)
.
:
(4.48)
:
(4.49)
.. :
(4.50)
(4.51)
4.5.6.2.3
8.2.3 IEC 61363-1,
a)
.
(4.11) (4.12) :
(4.52)
(4.53)
b)
.
:
(4.54)
.. :
(4.55)
-
103
4.5.6.3
8.3 IEC 61363-1, o
:
a) ,
b) ,
c) /
.
4.5.6.3.1
8.3.1 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
,
5%,
4.5.6.2.
5%,
.
,
.
,
.
5%,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
,
7 IEC 61363-1,
.
-
104
4.5.6.3.2
8.3.2 IEC 61363-1,
.
.
4.5.4. ,
4.5.5.3.3 .
,
..
. 0,5 3 .
4.5.4
.
.
7 IEC 61363-1.
4.5.6.3.3 /
8.3.3 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
,
4.5.6.3.1 4.5.6.3.2
.
,
7 IEC 61363-1.
4.5.6.4
8.4 IEC 61363-1,
,
,
7
IEC 61363-1,
.
-
105
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
7 IEC
61363-1.
4.5.6.2,
.
4.5.6.5
8.5 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
.
:
a)
.
b)
.
,
.
,
-
106
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ( )
.
5%
,
.
,
.
,
,
, .
20%,
. ,
,
.
- ..
Ikd. Ikd k
,
.
,
() ,
.
4.5.6.2.
4.5.6.6
4.5.6.6.1
8.7.1 IEC 61363-1,
.
-
107
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
4.5.6.6.2
8.7.2 IEC 61363-1,
:
a)
,
b) ,
c)
d)
,
e)
,
f)
,
g) .
4.5.6.6.3
8.7.3 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
,
. .
.
,
.
-
108
.
4.5.6.6.4
8.7.4 IEC 61363-1,
,
.
.
4.5.6.6.5
8.7.5 IEC 61363-1,
.
,
,
.
,
.
4.5.6.6.6
8.7.6 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.5.2.5, ,
. 4.5.5.3
.
1 ,
. , .
.
.
2 , . ,
,
.
4.5.6.6.7
8.7.7 IEC 61363-1,
4.5.4.1.1.5
-
109
..:
a)
.
.
b) ,
.
.
4.5.6.6.8
8.7.8 IEC 61363-1,
,
,
.
,
. , ,
,
.
4.5.6.6.9
8.7.9 IEC 61363-1,
.
.
4.5.7
4.5.7.1
9.1 IEC 61363-1,
:
a) o
,
b)
,
-
110
c) .
,
.
,
,
, . ,
,
.
4.5.7.2 1kV
9.2 IEC 61363-1,
1kV
.
1kV,
, :
-
-
-
-
-
a)
,
ip .
.
b)
.
..
ac(t)
.
.
-
111
,
.
c)
.
,
. ..
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
1
(ip)
.
2 ,
0,2,
0,05 0,20. (..
0,2 0,5),
.
d)
, :
-
-
-
-
-
,
ip,
-
112
.
Iac(t)
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
IEC 61363-1 : 2, 5.1.3, 5.1.4,
5.2.4, 7, 8.6, 9.3.
4.5 .
-
113
5
Matlab.
5.1
Matlab
,
.
5.2 .
5.2.1
,
IEC 61363-1, 4,
( 5.1).
IEC 61363-1, 4.5.6.3
4, :
1) ,
2) ,
3) /
,
4) ,
,
,
5)
.
IEC 61363-1, 4.5.6.4
4 ( 5.2).
-
114
5.1
5.2
/
,
( ),
-
115
.
,
(
).
.
,
( , ,
)
( ).
5.3
,
,
.
.
:
.
.
-
116
,
, .
,
,
,
(4.30) ( ) 4,
.
,
,
, 4.5.3.3 (g) 4
.
.
5.2.2
Matlab,
:
f(Hz):
Ub(V):
===================================================
:
1
, Um(V):
, Sm(VA):
, Xs:(%):
, Xr:(%):
E , Rs(%):
E , Rr(%):
, cos:
o ,
L(m):
, Rc(/m):
, c(/m):
===================================================
:
Em''=
Im''=
..:Iacm(t)=
.. t=0: Iacm(0)=
.. t=T/2: Iacm(T/2)=
..: Idcm(t)=
: Im(t)=
-
117
K t=0: Im(0)=
t=T/2: Im(T/2)=
:
1,
1
.
2
,
, :
:
E , urr (%):
, urk (%):
, S(VA):
/ , L(m):
, Rc(/m):
, c(/m):
o
, L(m):
, Rc(/m):
, c(/m):
=================================================
:
V :
Em''=
Im''=
..:Iacm(t)=
.. t=0: Iacm(0)=
.. t=T/2: Iacm(T/2)=
..: Idcm(t)=
: Im(t)=
K t=0: Im(0)=
t=T/2: Im(T/2)=
:
=================================================
V :
..:Iacm(t)=
.. t=0: Iacm(0)=
.. t=T/2: Iacm(T/2)=
..: Idcm(t)=
: Im(t)=
-
118
K t=0: Im(0)=
t=T/2: Im(T/2)=
:
=================================================
:
:
1,
:
(VA):
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1
, Uo(V):
, Sg(VA):
, Xd.(%):
, Xd.(%):
, Xd(%):
d-,
Td.(ms):
d-, d.(ms):
E , Ra(%):
,
L(m):
, Rc(/m):
, c(/m):
, cos:
===================================================
:
Eq''=
Eq'=
Eq=
Ikd''=
Ikd'=
Ikd=
..:Iac(t)=
.. t=0: Iac(0)=
.. t=T/2: Iac(T/2)=
..: Idc(t)=
: Ik(t)=
K t=0: Ik(0)=
t=T/2: Ik(T/2)=
:
-
119
; (0,1,2...)]:
===================================================
:
Itot=
t=0: Itot(0)=
t=T/2: Itot(T/2)=
===================================================
:
,
:
, ,
,
:
.
(
) , .
(.1)
5.3 [5] - [9]
5.3.1
,
GL IEC 60092-352 (third edition), IEC 60287-1-1
IEC 60228 (third edition),
-- ,
.
85 C,
,
.
,
,
.
85C
2.1.1 IEC 60287-1-1.
-
120
2.1.1 IEC 60287-1-1, DC
:
(5.1)
Ro DC 20 C (/m).
Ro IEC 60228.
,
. ,
.7, .
20 20
C ( .7,
)
.
Ro IEC 60228 (Third edition)
class 2
.8, .
, DC ,
AC ,
.
AC 2.1
IEC 60287-1-1. AC DC
.
2.1 IEC 60287-1-1,
,
:
(5.2)
R AC
R DC
ys
yp
2.1.2 IEC 60287-1-1,
ys , :
-
121
(5.3)
(5.4)
f hertz.
ks .9, .
xs
2.8
.
2.1.4.1 IEC 60287-1-1,
,
, :
(5.5)
(5.6)
dc (mm)
s (mm) .
: , s
.
, .
kp .9, .
xp
2.8
.
,
Mitsubishi Electric Company, :
(5.7)
-
122
,
.
.10, .
close-spaced .
,
GL, Section 12, B.1.1 B.1.2 Annex B, B.1 IEC
60092-352 (third edition), 1, ,
85C (
), 0,85,
6
3.
,
3
.3, .4, .5, .6 .
.
,
.1,
.4, ,
(,C,E,F).
, 2, .4, .
, 6, .4, ,
, .3,
, 5%.
.4 .1,
.
5.3.2
Matlab,
:
.
(Hz):
(A):
-
123
:
(1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 12 ,16, 20 ):
:
1: , ,
2: ,
3:
4:
5:
:
x( 1* mm2) ,Rc= m/m, Xc= m/m
===================================================
:
x(2* mm2) ,Rc= m/m, Xc= m/m
x((3 4)* mm2) ,Rc= m/m, Xc= m/m
===================================================
,
:
.
;(y/n)
n(no)
,
.
,
:
.
;(y/n)
n ,
.
n ,
5 .4, ,
n/2 .
n , .
20,
, 10
10 .4, ,
9 .
(
) ,
(.2)
-
124
6
6.1 Generic
,
(generic).
440V 115V,
, 60
Hz. 115 V ( )
Dd ( ),
.
(440V) (insulated neutral
system) (3 ) (220V-2 ).
6.1.1
generic
: 1) , 2)
, 3) .
6.1
:
.11, .
:
( )
( 1 + 1 + 1 ).
0,70 0,20 0,20 0,70 0,00 0,00
.11, .
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,80
.11, .
-
125
0,50 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,20
.
0,85 0,85 0,00 0,80 0,80 0,00
.
0,85 0,85 0,30 0,85 0,85
0,00 .
0,85 0,85 0,50 0,85 0,85
0,20 .
,
, (
) 0,10 0,10 0,10
0,10 0,00 0,10 .
.
0,10 ( ),
.
0,30 - 0,00 - 0,00
.
.
.
0,40 .
0,20 0,00 0,50
( ) (
) .
(, ,
) ,
.
,
0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,00 0,20
.11, .
1,00 0,90
.
-
126
0,50 0,50 0,00 ,
.
0,00
.
,
.
O 0,85
1,00 .
6.1
:
= 709,11 kW
= 696,23 kW
= 460,38 kW
,
S.O.L.A.S,
2 generic 6.2,
, 1
.
6.1.2
: ,
,
.
2200 kW [2],
,
. 85%-90%
709,11 kW, :
709,11 kW /0,85 = 834,25 kW
generic
