1

- :

:

2 , 3 8

:

ENOTHTA 4

2

4: ....................................................................................................................... 3

................................................................................................................................. 3

.................................................................................................... 3

............................................................................................................................. 3

4.1: Family and social rules ...................................................................................... 4

4.2: Modal verbs for obligation and permission ....................................................... 5

4.3: Our Europe ......................................................................................................... 6

4.4: that clauses and linking words ......................................................................... 8

4.5: The world ........................................................................................................... 9

............................................................................................................................... 13

............................................................................................................................... 13

................................................................................................................. 15

...................................................................................................... 16

.............................................................................................................................. 17

............................................................................................. 17

3

4:

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

. ,

(modal verbs) .

.

.

.

.

.

- Family and social rules

- Obligation and permission

- Describing people

that clauses and linking

words

- Describing countries

4

4.1: Family and social rules

1.: Answer the questionnaire by yourself.

A QUESTION OF ATTITUDE

What are your attitudes on the importance of rules?

Write T (true) F (false) or ? (maybe)

Rules arent important nobody follows them anyway.

Rules are necessary, even if theyre sometimes inconvenient.

Many of our national heroes were and are rebels.

Its important to follow the rules because it shows respect.

Its often exciting to break the rules.

We only have rules because some people love authority.

People like to have rules thats why we have them.

2.: Look at what people in a family of five children said about rules in

their house. Match what they say with the rule and say if its the parents or the

children talking.

Who says these things? a parent (P) a child (C ) What theyre talking about

a. If youre not here when were ready to

start, then you dont get pudding __

b. You mustnt interrupt when somebodys

talking youve got to wait till theyve

finished __

c. After dinner, weve got to help with the

washing-up, cause with seven of us,

theres a lot to do __

d. Television is banned in the week and

theyre only allowed to watch it at

weekends __

e. You dont let us watch the news, even at

weekends __

f. The trouble is, theyre reaching an age

where nobody else ever has to do the

washing-up __

1. Helping with the washing-up

2. Arriving on time for meals

3. Rules in friends houses

4. Talking at mealtimes

5. Watching the news on TV

6. When they can watch

television

5

3.: Match the different ways of talking about obligation and permission

with the appropriate form of the verb. Some forms are not used.

1. We mustnt

2. They dont let us

3. Were never allowed

4. Were banned from

argue

arguing

to argue

helping

5. Weve got

6. They have

7. We can

8. They let us

9. They make us

help

to help

stay up

to stay up

staying up

4.2: Modal verbs for obligation and permission 1.: How old do you have to be to do these things in your country?

go to school marry drink alcohol pay on public transport

drive work for money buy cigarettes leave school vote

: Now read what the law says in England and Wales

about these things. Do you find any of them surprising or unfair?

At what age can I / do I have to ?

at 5 You have to go to school! You have to pay to go on trains, busses, etc. You can

drink alcohol in private for example at home.

at 10 You can be convicted of a criminal offence.

at 12 You can buy a pet.

at 13 You can get a part-time job, but you cant work for more than two hours on a

school day or on a Sunday.

at 14 You can go into a pub but you cant buy or drink alcohol there.

at 16 You can leave school. You can marry but you must have your parents consent.

A boy can join the armed forces with his parents consent. You can buy cigarettes and

tobacco. You can have beer, cider, or wine with a meal in a restaurant.

at 17 You can have a license to drive most vehicles. You can go to prison.

at 18 You reach the age of majority you are an adult in the eyes of the law. You can

vote in election. You can open a bank account. You can buy alcohol in a pub.

at 21 You can become a Member of Parliament.

6

2.: Complete the sentences with the correct verb or phrase.

1. You can / must have a driving license when youre 17.

2. You have to / cant vote until youre 18.

3. You mustnt / dont have to be 18 to drink alcohol at home.

4. You are allowed to / cant leave school when youre 16.

5. They dont let / make you open a bank account before youre 18.

6. You dont have to / mustnt drink alcohol in public if youre under 16.

4.3: Our Europe

1.: Read this survey about what Europeans think of each other. Choose

from the three country options what you think.

What do Europeans really think of each other?

Which country do you think ?

1. has the best quality of life

2. is the best place for a holiday

3. has the most attractive people

4. has the most trustworthy people

5. has the nicest, most fun people

6. has the highest standard of living

7. produces the best quality goods

8. has the worst food

Austria

Spain

Italy

Germany

Germany

Britain

France

Britain

France

Greece

Sweden

Denmark

Italy

Germany

Germany

Portugal

Sweden

France

Greece

Italy

Greece

Belgium

Britain

Holland

7

2.: Look at what the people sitting next to you wrote. Do any of their

answers surprise you? Now look at what the actual survey results were. Do any agree

with yours? Do any of them surprise you?

1. Sweden 2. France 3. Italy 4. Denmark 5. Greece 6. Germany 7. Britain

8. Britain

3. : In pairs decide if these people adjectives are

Positive (+), Negative (-) or Neutral. (n)

old-fashioned

lively

arrogant

modest

intense

romantic

genuine

provincial

attractive

racist

down-to-earth

polite

open

superficial

melancholy

egalitarian

reserved

tolerant

suspicious

cosmopolitan

conformist

easy-going

narcissistic

individualistic

distant

sophisticated

welcoming

forward-thinking

narrow-minded

trust-worthy

behind-the-times

sensitive

4.: How easy was it to agree?

5. : Read the texts. Think of an adjective to describe each

person.

Paul Segersvaro 39, optician, Helsinki(Finland)

Our seasons are good for the soul. When spring comes after the dark days of winter

you feel you are being reborn. Because summer is so short there is a sense of

desperate living before winter closes in. The darkness gives you time to spend leisure

time with your friends. I also love the birdlife. Favourite alternative

Costa Rica because its good for birds.

Ria Vandenhaute 47, bank teller, Berg(Belgium)

Openness to new things and people is the best thing. And I like our family values: we

are very attached to our houses and gardens. There is a saying that each Belgian has a

brick in him. Favourite alternative Australia because you can change

jobs, location, lifestyle really easily, while here our lives are quite rigid.

Tina Joyce 19, student, Liverpool(England)

People are much more friendly and welcoming in the north. In Liverpool, which used

to be a great port, the population is so mixed that people arent racist. I would say

that were not sophisticated, but we are very tolerant and down-to-earth, which is

more important. Favourite alternative New York for its job

opportunities and nightlife.

8

Camilla Bratntas 24, policewoman, Stockholm(Sweden)

As a woman, I can get a job and earn my own living. I also appreciate our social

security system. Its difficult to become homeless in Sweden. Favourite

alternative Britain, especially London. Its a beautiful city and I love the language.

Ana Pinto-Coelho 23, accountant, Lisbon(Portugal)

I like the fact that the sea makes us melancholy. The Atlantic makes you dream of far-

off places. It makes you look outwards. The Mediterranean makes you narcissistic

Favourite alternative Rome or Milan because they have open minds.

:

.

.

. ,

.

4.4: that clauses and linking words

1.: Do you agree with the following statements?

You cant be both successful and nice.

People usually have to choose between professional success and their personal

life.

There are many different types of success not all of them are professional.

In the end, only money and power really matter.

It isnt possible to be rich and still have real friends.

Your family is the most important thing in life.

Every successful person stands on their familys shoulders.

Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.

2. : Choose some of the above statements and tell the

person next to you how you feel about them using the following introductions to

opinion. Agree or disagree with the others opinions.

I ( absolutely / definitely ) agree that

I ( really ) think that

I ( certainly / really ) dont agree that

I dont ( really / necessarily ) think that

9

That clauses

That .

That

I think that you are right.

That , .

I believe that you cant be both successful and nice.

I am really shocked that you believe that.

I dont agree with the idea that only money and power really matter.

That

It is true that

Im sure that

I hope that

Its worrying that

Its a fact that

It is believed that

Linking words because / so / although / despite etc

/

/ .

I dont agree because it doesnt make any sense.

I think the law is right despite being so unpopular / its unpopularity.

3.: Choose the correct linking word / phrase to complete the sentences.

1. A lot of people still smoke despite / although its bad for their health.

2. A lot of people still smoke in spite of / even though knowing the risks.

3. A lot of people still smoke so / because its so hard to quit.

4. A lot of people still smoke so / because the costs of healthcare remain high.

5. A lot of people still smoke because / because of its addictive power.

4.5: The world 1.: What has changed in the last year? Think of these topics.

your life

your family

your country

the world

10

How do you hope that these things will change in the next two to ten years?

2.: Do you know where Thailand is? Describe where it is using these

phrases: near / next to / close to / north of / between etc.

3. : Read the article and make notes about

the most surprising thing

similarities between Taiwan and your country

differences between Taiwan and your country

how Taiwan is changing

TAIWAN the difference

Asia is different, they say. But Taiwan, for example, has a successful, modern,

capitalist economy. It is now the worlds third largest exporter of high-tech goods like

computers. It believes in doing business and making money. So how is it different?

One major difference, according to Professor Jessica Lu from the Psychology

Department of Kaohsiung Medical School, is that here, in the West, we keep work

and family life separate. But in Taiwan there is no difference. So, for example they

have the ground floor of a building as a shop or office, and the family lives on the

second floor.

Also, in Taiwan, family businesses stay in the family. But as family firms get

big, they need more people (i.e. sons) to run them. So where do all the sons come

from? In the words of Professor Lu, from wives without a title: a rich man decides

how many sons he will need to run his business, and then he finds a number of wives

11

to provide them. And the wives all live in the same house, calling each other sisters.

There is only one official wife, recognized by the law, says the Professor Lu, but the

others dont mind.

This is still true today, and there will be a conflict when more multi-national

companies come into Taiwan to invest. And it is changing, but very very slowly, and

these Taiwanese businesses will survive because they have survived for thousands of

years.

4.:

1. Describing the world. Put the words / phrases in the box under the appropriate

topic.

an island humid socialist traditional to produce conservative

modern a social security system hard-working the mainland a democracy

religious mountainous to export capitalist densely populated open spaces

geography people / culture politics / economy

2.What are the nationalities and languages of these countries?

Britain

China

Czech

Republic

Denmark

Egypt

France

Germany

Japan

Korea

Mexico

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Switzerland

Thailand

Turkey

Cyprus

Israel

12

:

:

politics

people

how it has changed

culture

economics

what you think of it

13

, .

,

. (modal verbs)

.

4.1

questionnaire -

its a question of

attitude -

follow -

necessary -

inconvenient -

national hero

rebel -

respect ,

4.2

marry

public transport

vote

law

age

have to ,

in private

convict

criminal offence

authority -

pudding ,

interrupt

washing-up

banned

allowed

even

reach

consent

join the armed forces

cider

license ,

age of majority

adult

elections

bank account

member of parliament

14

4.3

survey ,

quality

attractive

trust-worthy

fun ,

standard of living

goods ,

old-fashioned

lively ,

arrogant

modest

intense ,

genuine

provincial /

racist

down-to-earth

polite

superficial ,

egalitarian

reserved ,

tolerant

suspicious

conformist ,

easy-going ,

individualist

distant

sophisticated - , ,

welcoming

forward-thinking

4.5

exporter

narrow-minded

behind-the-times

sensitive

season -

soul

reborn

sense

desperate

close in

darkness

birdlife

favourite ()

alternative

values-

attached

brick

location

rigid ,

port

population

opportunity

nightlife

a living

appreciate

social security system

homeless

comforting,

predictable

group pressure

conflict

15

high-tech

major ,

according to

medical school

separate -

ground floor

firm

i.e.

run ,

provide

official

recognize

not mind /

multi-national

invest

humid

traditional

produce

conservative

hard-working

mainland

religious

mountainous

densely populated

open spaces ,

4.1

2. a. 2 b. 4 c. 1 d. 6 e. 5 f. 3

3. 1. argue 2. argue /stay up 3. to stay up / to argue 4. arguing / staying up

5.to help 6. stay up / help 7. stay up / help 8. stay up / help 9. Help

4.2

2. 1. can 2. cant 3. dont have to 4. are allowed to 5. dont let 6. mustnt

4.3

3. Suggested answers

Positive (+) lively, modest, romantic, genuine, attractive, down-to-earth, polite,

open, egalitarian, tolerant, cosmopolitan, easy-going, sophisticated,

welcoming, forward-thinking, trust-worthy, sensitive (aware of others

feelings)

Negative (-) old-fashioned, arrogant, racist, superficial, reserved, suspicious,

conformist, narcissistic, distant narrow-minded, behind-the-times,

sensitive ( over-sensitive, easily hurt /offended)

Neutral (n) provincial (can be negative), intense (can be negative), melancholy,

individualistic

16

5. Suggested answers

Paul (Finland)

Ria (Belgium) down-to-earth, tolerant

Tina (England) tolerant, lively

Camilla (Sweden) individualistic, serious

Michiko (Japan) genuine

Ana (Portugal) romantic, melancholy

4.4

3. 1. although 2. in spite of 3. because 4. so 5. because of

4.5

4. 1. Geography: an island, humid, the mainland, mountainous, densely

populated, open spaces

People / culture: traditional, modern, conservative, hard-

working, religious

Politics / economy: socialist, to produce, conservative, modern,

a social security system, a democracy, to export, capitalist.

2. British, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Egyptian, French, German,

Japanese, Korean, Mexican, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian,

Spanish, Swiss, Thai, Turkish, Cypriot, Israeli

Grammar Link 4, Maria Karyda, Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-50467-8

Face2face Intermediate, Chris Redstone & Gillie Cunningham, Cambridge University

Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60061-3

Practical English for Adults 2, C. N. Grivas, Grivas Publications. ISBN 13 978-960-

409-568-1

17

Clockwise Pre-intermediate, Bruce NcGowen & Vic Richardson, Oxford University

Press. ISBN 0-19-434074-0

Clockwise Intermediate, Will Forsyth, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-434078-3

Clockwise Upper-intermediate, Jon Naunton, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-

434082-1

English 365 Book 1, Bob Dignen, Steve Flinders, Simon Sweeney, Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-75362-3

English 365 Book 2, Bob Dignen, Steve Flinders, Simon Sweeney, Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 0-521-75368-8

. 1974

.

York University. 1985

1988 .