Γενική διδακτική ΟΛΑ
-
Author
chessmaster81 -
Category
Documents
-
view
87 -
download
3
Embed Size (px)
description
Transcript of Γενική διδακτική ΟΛΑ
-
1 1:
1.1.
1.2
1.3
.
.
-.
, , , ,
-
2 1.1
- .
1.2 ,
..
1.3 ,
.
1.1
. B.O.Smith (1960)
.
(,2002) .
:
. ,
.(,1984). Saunders
(1978),
-
3, ,
.
.
.
, ,
, , ..
.
.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. - ;
6. ;
7. ;
8. ;
9. ;
-
410.
.
1.2
.
.
.
.
:
.
_
. ,
.
-
5 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4. .
-
6
(,1998)
,
..
1.3
,
,
.
,
.
.
:
-
7.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
1. .
2. .
,
,
.
3. .
4.
. .
-
8
,
.
.
, .
(Douglas 1983)
,
,
,
, ,
,
..
1. .
2.
3.
.
1.
.
-
92.
.
.
.
1.1
.
1.2
.
1.3 ,
.
1. :
.
.
.
-
10
.
2.
.
.
.
.
3. ,
.
.
.
.
Douglas,T. Groups Understanding People Gathering Together, Tavistock
Publicationw, London 1983.
Mialaret,G., .
. , & . (),
(..). : ,1997.
-
11
Saunders, P.(1978). Instructional Objectives.Resource Manual for Teacher Training
Programs in Economics, JCEE,New York.
Smith,B.O. , concept of Teaching.Teachers College Record ,Feb.1960
, . ,
- , ,GUTENBERG 2002
, . . .
. 1984
,.,,,,1998
2:
2.1 2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 H project ( )
2.6
2.7 Dewey
-
12
,
.
,
:
.
, , , ,
, Dewey
.
.
2.1
-
13
. 2.2
.
2.3,2.4,2.5, 2.6 2.7
, project (
) , Dewey .
2.1
.
.
Skinner, ,
.
.
()
().
-
14
. ,
(E. L. Thorndike, 1931). .
Pavlov Thorndike .
.
.
2.2
.
.
,
.
- .
.
.
, ,
, , , ..
-
15
.
.
.
.
.
(
).
.
2.3
(Problem-Based Learning)
.
-
16
.(Powers, K., Powers T. (1999).
.
( , ..)
.
.
,
, ,
.
.
.
-
17
.
.
.
2.4
,
.
.
.
.
(Adams, D.M. & Hamm, M.E (1990)).
.
-
18
.
(Schrage, M.(1990)).
(,2004).
.
.
.
-
.
,
.
.
.
-
19
2.5 H project ( )
.
.
-
.
.
.
(Norris,
1997) .
(Matthews, 1998,, 2001).
,
-
.
.
-.
-
20
2.6
,
, , ..
.
Vygotsky.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
-
.
-
21
2.7 Dewey
(Dewey 1980)
, .
.
- .
- -
. O Dewey
, 1986
.
,
.
1. :
.
.
.
.
.
.
2. :
.
-
22
.
.
.
3. :
.
.
.
.
4. :
.
.
.
.
5. Dewey .
:
. .
.
.
. .( )
-
23
.
,
2.1
. 2.2
.
2.3,2.4,2.5 2.6 ,
,
project ( ) .
Adams, D.M. & Hamm, M.E (1990). Cooperative learning: Critical thinking and
collaboration across the curriculum, Springfield: Charles Thomas Pubs IL
Dewey J., Democracy and Education, in J.A. BOYDSTON, JOHN DEWEY :The
Middle Works,1899-1924,Vol9,Carbonade: SIU PRESS,1980
Matthews, M. (1998). In Defense of Modest Goals When Teaching about the Nature
of Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 35 (2), 161-174.
-
24
Norris, S. (1997). Intellectual Independence for Nonscientists and Other Content-
Transcendent Goals of Science Education. Science Education, 81, 239-258.
Powers, K. ,Powers T.(1999).Making Sense ofTeaching Methods in Computing Education,Frontiers in Education Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Schrage, M.(1990). Shared Minds, New York: Random House
Thorndike E. L. Human Learning, Appleton-Century, New York 1931.
, . (2001).
o. , 4, 145-159.
, .(2004) , ...
,2004
3:
3.1
3.2
3.3 Bloom
-
25
,
loom
Perry.
,
:
.
loom.
, , Bloom
3.1
.
.
3.2
Perry, ,
-
26
,
Bloom.
3.3 ,
Bloom
3.1
.
.
Cagne (1971)
.
.
( ) ,
,
.
.
-
27
(Slembeck, 1998)
.
(1998) , () () ,
()
,
,
,
..
3.2
Bloom 1956 (Bloom,1956)
. Perry (Perry 1981)
,
Perry Bloom .
O .
(Bloom)
(Perry)
(Bloom)
-
28
(..
/)
(
-
29
)
.
.
.
-
30
Perry
Bloom.
Perry
.
-
31
3.3 Bloom ,
.
(cognitive )
, (affective)
( psychomotor )
.(Bloom1956), Saunders and Walstad (1990) , Clerici-
Arias (1994).
---
---
--
-
32
,
( , , , ..)
.
.
.
.
.
3.3.1
.
) ( knowledge).
.
.
: ,, , , ,,
.
-
33
(D.J.Whitehead, .,
,2004,88-90)
1.
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
) (comprehension)
.
.
..
:, , , , ,
, , , ..
:
1.
2..
3. .
) (Application)
.
-
34
:, , , ,
, .
) (Analysis)
H
.
,
...
.
:, , , , ,
, , ..
) (Synthesis)
.
:, , , ,
,, , ..
.
) (Evaluation)
..
,
..
:
-
35
, , , .
.
3.3.2 (affective)
:
) (Receiving)
.
.
) (Responding)
.
.
) (Valuing).
.
) (Organisation)
, ,
,
.
-
36
) (Characterisation by Value)
.
3.3.3
:
( , , ..)
, ( , .) ,,
.. .
..
..
Bloom
.
3.1
. 3.2
Perry Bloom.
3.3 ,
Bloom.
-
37
1. .
.
.
Bloom.
.
2. loom
.
.
.
.
.
BLOOM, B. 1956. Taxonomy of Educational objectives. Book 1: Cognitive Domain.
Longman BOBROW,
Gagne, R.M. Defining Objectives for Six Types of Learning, American Education
Research Association, Washington , DC ,1971
SAUNDERS, P & Walstad WB). 1990. Principles of economics Course, A Handbook
for Instructors. McGraw-Hill
-
38
CLERICI-ARIAS, M. 1994. The Challenge of Teaching Freshmen, Eastern Economic
Association Meetings
D.J.Whitehead, ., ,2004 , .
,Gutenberg,,2004
Perry, W.G. Jr. 1981. Cognitive and ethical growth: the making of meaning. In
A.W. Chickering and Associates. The Modern American College: Responding to the
New Realities of Diverse Students and a Changing Society. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
Slembeck, T. (1998): A Behavioral Approach to Learning in Economics Towards
an Economic Theory of Contingent Learning. The RePEc database. Version prepared
for the European Economic Association Congress, Berlin. PDF:
http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/9905/9905001.pdf
,.,,,,1998
4: .
.
-
39
4.1 -
4.2.
4.3
4.4.
4.5
.
.
,
:
-
40
, ,
,
4.1
.
4.2
4.3
.
4.4
.
4.5
.
4.1 -
,
.
.
.
-
41
. , ,
.(Driver,R.et.al, 2000)
( alternate
conceptions misconceptions ) ,
.
-
.
:
)
)
)
)
4.2.
-
42
, ,
.
(K,1999) :
, , ,
, , ,
..
, ,
, , ,
..
, ,
, .
, ,
.
4.3
,
.
:
. .
.
-
43
. .
.
. -
.
.
. .
.
, ,
.
.
, ..
.
-
44
.
.
,
.
. .
10-11
.
.
.
. .
.
,
,
.. ,
.(Clement J, et.al. 1989).
-
45
.
4.5.
:
) (Contrastive Teaching) , (Shecker, H., & Niedderer,
H. (1996))
. .
,
, ,
, .
) (Conceptual Change Model).
. (Beethe, M.E. (1998)),
.
,
,
,
.
-
46
)
( ,
http://users.att.sch.gr/kassetas/education.htm),
.
.
) .
( !) ,
,
,
.
,
(Concept substitution)
. (Grayson1996).
4.5
-
47
1986 Driver Oldham
. .
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
, , ,
.
:
1.
-
48
: ,
.
:
: , ,
, , video clip
.
2.
:
.
, .
:
.
, ,
, ,
..
3.
-
49
.
: N (
)
.
..
:
.
.
.
4. .
:
.
.
:
,
, (,
, ..)
5. .:
.
.
-
50
.
:
.
.
1. :
.
.
.
.
.
;
2. :
.
.
. .
.
;
3. :
-
51
.
.
.
.
4.
:
.
,
.
.
.
-
.
-
52
4.1
. 4.2
.
4.3
.
4.4
.
4.5
.
Beethe, M.E. (1998). Facilitating Conceptual Change Learning: The need for teachers
to support metcognition. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 9 (1), 49-61.
Clement, J., Brown, D., and Zietsman, A. (1989). Not all preconceptions are
misconceptions: Finding anchoring conceptions for grounding instruction on students'
intuitions. International Journal of Science Education, 11: 554-565.
Driver,R.,Squires.A., Rushworth.P., Wood-Robinson.V. -
, , 2000
Grayson, D.J. (1996). Concept Substitution: A Strategy for Promoting Conceptual
Change. In Improving Teaching and Learning in Science and Mathematics (p 152-
161). Teachers College, Columbia University.
-
53
Shecker, H., & Niedderer, H. (1996). Contrastive Teaching: A Strategy to Promote
Qualitative Conceptual Understanding of Science. Improving Teaching and Learning
in Science and Mathematics. Teachers College, Columbia University.
, , , :1999
5: PIAGET
5.1
5.2
5.3
Piaget
.
,
:
Piaget
.
-
54
.
Piaget, ,
5.1 Piaget
.
, .
5.2
Piaget
.
5.3
,
Piaget .
5.1
Piaget (
)
, , ..
Piaget (1896-1980)
. Piaget
-
55
. (Driscoll, 1994). , Piaget ,
.(Piaget, 1970).
. Piaget
.
, Piaget, . Piaget
( )
. Piaget
.
(assimilation) (accommodation).
.
.
. Piaget
, ,
-
56
.
.
,
, .(
,
LOGO ).
,
, .
.
.
Piaget
(,2004).
,
, , ..
. Piaget,
-
57
,
.
5.2
:
1. 0-2
2. 2-7
3. 7-11
4. 11-14
1. (0-2 )
,
, .
,
.
2. (2-7 ).
.
(,2004).
.
-
58
3. (7-12
).
, .
.
, , ,
, , .
.
.
.
4. (12 ).
.
,
.
.
,
. Piaget :
. .
.
.
.
-
59
.
. .
,
.
.
.
5.3
Piaget
. ,
,
. .
: ( )
.
, ,
,
.. -
-
(, 2004).
, , .
:
-
60
(procedural)
, ,
, , ..
H (declarative) (prepositional)
, .
(, ,
..).
.
Piaget
.
1.) -
,
.
2.) - ,
3.)
.( Driscoll, M. P. (1994).
. ..
- .
-
61
Piaget,
(http://hyperion.math.upatras.gr/courses/sts/thefoit/erg99/livanis_etal/)
- .
.
. Piaget
,
, .
, .
,
( . http://hyperion.math.upatras.gr/courses/sts)
Piaget (1970),
,
.
(Von Glassersfeld, E.
(1992b),
.
-
62
(Confrey, 1990, ).
1.
.
.
.
.
2.
, :
.
.
.
.
-
63
3.
:
.
.
.
.
.
4
Piaget :
.
.
.
.
5
Piaget :
. ,
-
64
. ,
.
.
5.1 Piaget
.
5.2
Piaget .
5.3
.
Confrey, J. (1990). What constructivism implies for teaching. In R, B. Davis, C. A.
Maher, & Noddings Eds.), Constructivist views on the teaching and learning of
mathematics (Monograph 4, . 107-124). Reston, VA: National Council of teachers
of Mathematics.
-
65
Driscoll, M. P. (1994). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon.
Piaget J., 1970.The principles of genetic epistemology, London & Henley, Routledge
& Kegan Paul.
Von Glassersfeld, E. (1992b). A constructivist approach to experiential foundations of
mathematical concepts. In S. Hill (Eds.).
, ., , 2004
, ,
LOGO ,
http://www.homestead.com/nikilab/files/logo.htm
, , ,
, ,
O ,
,
http://hyperion.math.upatras.gr/courses/sts,1999
, , ,
, 2004
-
66
6:
6.1
2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6 (Concept Mapping)
6.7.
6.8.
.
.
,
:
-
67
,
, , ,
, , .
.
.
6.1
.
6.2.
project .
6.3
.
6.4 6.8
.
6.1.
-
68
.
.
,
,
(triggering effect)
.
, ,
.
( . 1995)
,
,
,
.
6.2.
-
69
.
.
Problem
based learning .
.
6.3.
,
, , .
,
(Mc Dermott ,1996, ,2004).
.
.
.
Rutherford .
.
-
70
.
,
.
.
.(, , 1981)
Lakoff & Johnson (1980)
,
.
.. .
,
.
(..
)
.
.
,
-
71
(,2004).
6.4.
,
,
.
, ,
..
.
.
,
. Jonassen
(1997)
.
-
72
.
,
..
.
.
6.5.
.
.
. ,
,
.
-
73
6.6 (Concept Mapping)
.
.
(Minsky, 1975; Bobrow & Norman
1975; Schank & Abelson, 1977; Rumelhart, 1980),
(Ausubel, Novak, & Hanesian, 1978).. ,
, Joseph Novak
Cornell 1960 David Ausubel.
David Ausubel
. Novak
.
.
(links) .
, .
.
, :
(brain storming ..)
(, .,
-
74
:
1.
(Buzan & Buzan, 1993)
2. (Buzan, 2000);
3. , ,
(Jonassen, Beissner, & Yacci, 1993)
4. ,
(White and Gunstone,1992)
. (Kommers & Lanzing, 1997).
6.7.
,
..
, ,
, ..
,
-
75
.( L.S.Vygotsky, ..,)
6.8.
, , , ( 1997).
. .
.
, ,
, ,
.
.
Piaget,
.
.
.
-
76
.
.
.
.
1.
;
:
.
.
.
.
2
-
77
;
:
.
.
.
.
3.
:
.
.
. , ,
.
BUZAN, T & BUZAN, B. 1993. The mind map book. London: BBC Books
BUZAN, T. 2000. Head First 10 ways to tap into your natural genius. London: Harpercollins
-
78
AUSUBEL, D, NOVAK, J & HANESIAN, H. 1978. Educational psychology. A
cognitive view. NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
JONASSEN, D., BEISSNER, K., & YACCI, M. 1993. Structural Knowledge. NJ:
LEA
Jonassen, D.H. & Tessmer, M. (1996/1997). An outcomes-based taxonomy for
instructional systems design, evaluation, and research. Training Research Journal, 2,
11-46.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press.
McDermott,L. et.al, 1996,Physics by inquiry ,Vol.I and II, john Wiley and Sons
MINSKY, M. 1975. A framework for representing knowledge. In P.H. Winston (Ed.),
The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill
BOBROW, D., & Norman, D. 1975. Some principles of memory schemata. In D.
Bobrow & Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding. New York: Academic
Press
-
79
KOMMERS, P & LANZING, J. 1997. Students concept mapping for hyper-media
design: Navigation through World Wide Web (WWW) space and assessment. Journal
of interactive Learning Research, Volume 8. 3-4
SCHANK, R. & ABELSON, R. 1977. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding.
NewYork: LEA
RUMELHART, D. 1980. Schemata: The basic building blocks of cognition. In R.
Spiro, B. Bruce, & W. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension.
New Jersey: LEA
Vygotsky L.S,, , Gutenberg
WHITE, R. & GUNSTONE, R. 1992. Probing Understanding. New York: The
Falmer Press
, ., ,., ,.(1995).
. ().
: ,Gutenberg,
., ., . , .
Virtual School, The sciences of Education Online, 2, 1,
http://www.auth.gr/virtualschool/2.1/Praxis/Michalopoulos.html
-
80
, , ,
, 2004
., ., , , , 1997.
, ., , ,
1981
7:
7.1 7.2 7.3
7.4 7.5 7.6
-
81
.
, , ,
7.1
()
.
7.2
7.3 ,
.
7.4 7.5
.
7.6
.
, ,
-
82
7.1
/
,
(Russell, B. Our knowledge of the external world. (1948))
.
,
,
, , ,
.
.
. -
,
,
.. (,,2001 )
,
.
.
,
-
83
,
(Teodoro, (1998)).
7.2 ,
.
, ,
. (,
) ,
,
.
7.3
(Vosniadou, S. (1994)
.
Nickerson (1995)
.
-
84
:
1 ) 2)
3)
; 4) .
,
(situated/anchored learning) ,(Brown et al 1989, . , ..,2000 )
..
.
,
..
, ,
,
. (Vosniadou 1994b, Duit 1991)
(Graphical User Interface-GUI),
.
,
-
85
,
.
.
: -
(.. , ,, ,
, ..)
:
(TOOLBOX)
,
- .
-
.
, ,
,
,,
.
(, , ) .
.
-
86
.
:
()
(
, , ).
,
.
,
.
7.4 ,
.
(Osborne, R. J., & Freyberg, P. S. (1985).. ,
-
87
.
,
.
.
7.5
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
-
88
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
-
.
-
.
7.6
:
. ,
-
.
. ,
,
,
( ), ,
.
-
89
. .
,
.
, Mayes(Mayes, 2000), :
.
.
.
.
.
-
90
1.
;
:
.
.
.
.
2.
;
, :
.
.
.
.
3.
;
:
.
- .
-
91
.
, (
), .
.
.
Brown, J.S., Collins, A., Duguid, P. (1989) Situated cognition and the culture of
learning. Educational Researcher, 18, 32-34.
Duit, R. (1991) Students. conceptual frameworks: consequences for learning
science. In S. Glynn, R. Yeany, B. Brytton (Eds.), The psychology of learning
science. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Mayes, T.(2000). Pedagogy, Lifelong Learning and ICT. A Discussion paper for the
IBM Chair presentation, Research Centre for Lifelong Learning Glasgow Caledonian
Universities
Nickerson, R. S. (1995) Can technology help teach for understanding? in
D. N. Perkins, J. L. Schwartz, M. M. West, & M. S. Wiske (Eds.),
Software goes to school. Oxford University Press. New York
-
92
Osborne, R. J., & Freyberg, P. S. (1985). Learning in science: The implications of
children's science. Auckland: Heinemann.
Teodoro, V. D. (1998). From formulae to conceptual experiments: interactive
Modeling in the physical sciences and in mathematics. Invited paper presented at
the International CoLos Conference New Network-Based Media in Education,
Maribor, Slovenia.
Vosniadou, S. (1994) From cognitive theory to educational technology. In S.
Vosniadou, E. De Corte and H. Mandl (Eds.), Technology-Based Learning
Environments, Psychological and Educational Foundations. NATO ASI Series F,
vol. 137, 11-17. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Vosniadou, S. (1994b) Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual
change, Learning and Instruction: The Journal of the European Association for
Research on Learning and Instruction, 4, 45-69.
,
, : H ,27
2001, , ,
,
. ,. , . , . , , . ,
. ., 2o :
, , 13, 14 15 2000,
-
93
.
8: H
8.1. -
8.2. 8.3.
,
:
-
94
, ,
8.1
.
.
.
8.2
.
8.3
.
8.1. -
,
()
-
95
.
,
J.Dewey (1938)
.
Dewey ,
.(
http://www.geocities.com/a_books2002/gr/bro_bob.htm)
.
.
Dewey
.
H
.(,2002).
,, ,
-
96
.
.
,
( )
, ,
(www.pi_schools.gr, 2001)
(cross-thematic approach )
,
,
.
(
, )
,
.
-
97
.
.
.
..
,
..
,
,
.
, ,
.(,2002)..
-
98
, , ..
(projects)
.
.
( 2000)
.
. (inter-disciplinarity) ..,
,
.
.
-
99
.
.
, ,
,, , ..)
)
)
,
project .
(
),
.
.
-
100
8.2.
.
.
.
, , ,
, ,
..
.
.
.
, , ,
, , ..
8.3.
.
[U1]:
-
101
.
,
.
.
,
. ( ,,2002) .
, ,
,
.
1 .
;
, :
-
102
. ,
( ) ,
,
.
.
.
2 .
;
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
, ..
.
.
.
.
-
103
.
Dewey J., Experience and Education. New York: Collier, 1938
,,
,
,22.2.2002
(2002). :
. .. .
www.pi_schools.gr, 2001
9: H
( )
-
104
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
,
, .
,
:
-
105
, , ,
1
.
2
, ,
,
.
3
. ,
, ..
4
,
.
-
106
5
.
1.
,
, ,, ,,
.
.
:
,
( ,.1998).
8 . 2525/97
:
,
.
-
107
.2986/2002 ( 24/13-2-2002 .)
.
,
.
(, .)
(.. .)
:) )
) )
.
.
-
108
,
.
.
.
....(O.E.C.D. 1997) ,
,
).
,
, )
) ) ) )
.
9.2.
-
109
( , 2003):
1. .
.
.. .
2. .
.
.
3.
4.
5. ,
.
2010
,
16
:
) ( ,
,
.)
-
110
)
,
)
) -
,
..
9.3.
, ( , 2003):
) ( ) .
.
) . .
, .
.
,
, .
) ,
) ( / ),
, .
-
111
) ,
)
,
.
9.4.
:
) .
, ,
.
/
.
.
-
112
, .. , ,
..
) .
.
/
.
) .
.
,
..
9.5.
-
113
.
( )
1
. 2
. 3
4
5
.
-
114
1. ;
:
.
.
.
.
2. ;
.
, .
.
.
.
3. ;
:
.
.
.
.
-
115
,2003,
:
:
, ., , ,
, , 1989
,.1998. , ,
,....
.E.C.D.(1997).Guides des meilleures pratiques suivre pour levaluation .Paris:
O.E.C.D.
LAW A., KELTON W. (1991) Simulation Modeling and Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
10: H
( )
10.1.
-
116
10.2.
10.3.
,
, .
,
:
, , ,
1
.
-
117
2 ,
.
3
.
.
10.1.
( )
.
.
,
,
.
.
:
-
118
)
)
)
) .
) .
) .
)
10.2.
.
,
.
.
.
-
119
.
.
, .
Gauss.
( 1998). :
.
, ,
....
, , (
, ),
,
..
10.3.
-
120
-
.
,
, , ,
.
.
.
. (CAPRA F. (1996).
.
( ) .
.
:
-
121
( ),
, (
agents), - , (
), ,
.
(locality),
- (TANNOUDJI COHEN GILLS (1991)
.
-
,
( )
(validity) (LAW A., KELTON W. (1991) )
,
-
122
.
, , .
: , , ,
, , , ,
...
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
( ) ( )
.
. ,
-
.
,
, .
( ) .
..
. , ,
.
,
-
123
, .
.
,
:
.
(networks),
(protocol stack), --
.
.
,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
2
3
1
4
5 6
-
124
.
.
.
. ,
, .
(). ,
1 3
2
4
5 6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
-
125
,
(-).
.
,
(-, -
- ). , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
-
126
, ,
.
.
,
.
(Activity oriented)
.
IDEF0, IDEF3, ..
.
,
,
-
127
( )
.
(he Role Activity Diagrams (RADs)
, ,
, .
.
(, , .)
.
,
. .
-
- .
.
.
,
, (
)
-
128
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
-- .
(. ).
( )
( ).
,
. ,
( )
.
-
129
KO
:
.
(sic!)
:
-
130
I.
(, , ).
. ,
:
- .
. :
. ,
.
-
, .
--
,
,
(,1989)
, ,
..)
,
, ..
,
.
-
131
1 .
2 ,
.
3
.
1. ;
.
.
.
.
2. ;
.
.
-
132
.
.
3.
;
:
.
.
.
. ,
CAPRA F. (1996). The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living
Systems, Anchor Books, New York
TANNOUDJI COHEN GILLS (1991). , , .
, ., , ,
, , 1989
,.,,,,1998
-
133
11:
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
.
,
:
, , ,
-
134
1
.
2
.
3 .
11.1.
1997 28
2.500
.
.
,
.
, , ..
2002 -2003
.
-
135
.... ,
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2003-2004
2.000 3.600 11.000
.
11.2.
.
-
136
.
2 ,
.
.
,
, ,
....
.
.
,
,
, ,
,
..
.... ( )
,
.
-
137
.
, , , ,
..
,
,
,
,
.
11.3.
.
, ,
.
.
:
O 2817/00 ( 78/14.3.00)
( , 9) ,
. /11 ( 171/18-3-96)
, ,
, 2790/00
-
138
( 24/16.2.2000)
, - (. , 11) ..
1995
2413 1996
.
.
.
1 .
2
.
3 .
1.
;
:
.
.
.
.
-
139
2.
;
.... ( ) :
.
.
,
.
.
.
www.pi-schools.gr
... 3003-304/13-3-2003,.
www.ypepth.gr
12: -
12.1.
12.2.
-
140
12.3.
2010
.
,
:
.
, ,
-
141
1
.
. 2
,
. 3
.
12.1.
(
2010),
. :
1.
2.
3. (COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN
UNION, 2001). ,
..
( 1.1)(
-
142
WORKING GROUP IMPROVING EDUCATION OF TEACHERS AND
TRAINERS (2003) EDUCATION & TRAINING 2010 ) .
:
1. ,
2.
3.
.
4.
.
.
.
:
1.
2.
, - -
.
3.
-
143
4. ,
.
5. -
.
.
(, 2005 ).
.
.
.
6.
,
. , ,
.
.
.
7. .
-
144
.
, ' ( &
, Osborne R.. (1991))
(
, ,
. ..) , (
),
(..
,
), (
,
, )
( "
;").
12.2.
-
145
.
, .
,
-,
.
,
( -
),
.
:
) , )
.
.
.
.
-
146
,
.
(portfolio)
.
.
12.3.
(, 2004, Driver & Oldham (1986))
. ,
.
.
.
-
147
.
.
.
.
. .
.
(, 2004) ,
(Science, Technology, Society).
:
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
-
148
.
,
.
.
1
.
2
. 3
.
1.
;
:
.
.
-
149
.
.
2.
;
.
.
.
.
.
3.
;
.
. ,
. , , ,
-
150
.
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2001) No. Cion prop. : 11762/01 EDUC
102 - COM 501 final
Driver & Oldham (1986). A constructivist approach to curriculum development in
science. Studies in Science Education, No 13
Osborne R.. (1991). Learning in Science: The implications of children's science,
Heinemann.
WORKING GROUP IMPROVING EDUCATION OF TEACHERS AND
TRAINERS (2003) EDUCATION & TRAINING 2010 WORK PROGRAMME,
Available from: http://europa.eu.int/comn/education/policies/2010/doc/working-
group-report_en.pdf)
, ., , 2004
, , & .
, , , ,
-
151
2010.
2005