- :

. .

2014

~ 1 ~

:

.

2014

~ 2 ~

.

3

8

9

12

17

19

29

32

35

Laclau Mouffe. 38

45

46

49

61

67

72

~ 3 ~

.

-

, -

.

,

, (Wekkin & Whistler,

2008). -

,

(, 2006). -

. -

-

-

(, 2011: 77).

()

() , ,

,

-

() -

, (, 1999).

-

( )

.

.

~ 4 ~

, , -

, ,

-

.

. -

,

, -

(, 1989).

-

:

)

, , -

. -

, , ,

, ,

, (-

, 2010).

)

, -

.

. -

, .

,

(, 2012). ;

-

, ,

,

(, 2006).

, (

), , -

~ 5 ~

.

(De Queiroz, 2000).

,

, (M, 1985).

-

, -

(, 1998). ,

,

,

( ) -

, (, 2006).

, -

, -

. , -

, , -

,

,

, .

-

, -

, , -

-

. -

,

.

- (

).

, , -

~ 6 ~

, -

, .

,

.

,

, -

-

. ,

, , -

.

, ,

-

. -

.

-

(-

, 2010). ,

,

. -

(Plutzer, 2002 Blais, Gidengil, Nevitte & Nadeau, 2004

Franklin, Lyons & Marsh, 2004).

,

(civic) ,

(OToole, Lister, Marsh, Jones & McDonagh, 2003). -

, , -

-

.

. -

. ,

(Dalton, 2002: 31). ,

~ 7 ~

(Hooghe, Kavadias & Reeskens, 2004). -

.

,

. Putnam (2000) -

-

. -

, , -

-

. -

, , ,

20 30 . -

(Rahn & Transue, 1998).

.

-

,

. , ,

(OToole et al.,

2003).

~ 8 ~

~ 9 ~

,

,

. , -

.

-

. -

.

,

(Inglehart, 1990: 18).

,

(societal) , -

.

, -

(Almond & Verba, 1963

Gimpel, Lay, & Schuknecht, 2003). -

.

-

: , , -

; -

: ;

,

(Sapiro, 2004: 2). -

, ,

, , , -

, , , -

, (Beck & Jennings, 1982; Mar-

shall, 1998).

-

~ 10 ~

(Sa-

piro, 2004: 19).

,

-

, -

(Sapiro, 2004: 3). -

,

. ,

. -

(civic) .

. -

-

. -

-

, -

. , -

.

,

(Sherrod, Flanagan & Youniss, 2002). -

() ,

(Owen, 2008: 43 ..). -

, -

, -

. , -

. , -

,

-

. -

. -

~ 11 ~

,

.

-

, -

. -

-

.

-

. , -

, -

, (, 2005:

20, 22 , 1975: 16,21 , 1976: 11-12).

,

. , ,

-

, ,

.

, , -

,

, -

, -

-

.

.

, , , -

,

. -

(, 2005:22-23 , 1975: 21-23).

~ 12 ~

, -

, , ,, , ,

(, ), -

. , -

-

. -

. -

(, 2005:29-33 , 1975: 35-37).

, ,

,

,

, ,

, . , -

,

,

(, 1975: 20-24 , 2005: 24-25).

. ,

,

.

, -

. Judith Torney 1975 -

, ,

, , (

) (Torney-Purta, 2004). Barrie Stacey

, -

, , -

, -

. ,

~ 13 ~

1960 1970

. Kenneth Prewitt, -

-

(Prewitt,

2013).

, -

. ,

. ,

-

.

. Kenneth Prewitt

:

.

.

.

-

(Prewitt, 2013: 44).

-

. ,

.

-

,

.

1950,

(Niemi & Junn,

1998).

-

-

. Herbert

Hyman -

~ 14 ~

,

.

,

(Niemi & Junn, 1998).

-

. Niemi &

Junn, . -

, -

, -

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

-

,

(Niemi & Junn,

1998).

,

,

, -

1980

(Niemi & Hepburn, 1995). -

.

-

. -

,

. 1990

(Morello,

Dubin, & Inguaggiato, 2005).

1990

~ 15 ~

.

,

.

,

.

(complex judg-

ment). 19 24

-

.

,

(Morello et al., 2005).

-

,

,

, (Mo-

rello et al., 2005).

(civic education). 20 ,

Graham Wallas -

,

. Charles Merriam

1930 -

.

(formal civics instruction)

-

, ,

.

Theodore Newcomb -

Bennington College 1930 -

50 . Newcomb

Bennington . -

~ 16 ~

,

. -

, .

-

, , , ,

, -

, -

. -

60, -

.

-

. ,

-

. -

.

-

. 50

80, .

1950

Herbert Hyman -

.

,

, -

,

.

-

. -

(partisan), .

~ 17 ~

1990, -

, (Morello et al., 2005).

-

. -

,

-

. , -

-

, -

, . -

. -

, , ,

,

(Morello et al., 2005).

, -

(Owen, 2008). , -

-

, , -

. -

.

, -

, -

, ,

. -

.

Fred Greenstein

, , -

~ 18 ~

, (1965: 10). -

, -

, .

-

, , , ,

. -

,

.

, -

, , -

, .

, -

: () ( -

) () .

-

.

. -

-

-

. -

. -

. -

, ,

. -

:

,

. -

, . -

~ 19 ~

.

. -

,

.

, , -

. -

,

(Putnam, 2000).

.

, . -

, . -

-

, .

.

, , ,

. , -

.

-

. -

, -

. -

, , -

~ 20 ~

. , -

.

-

50 80, -

, -

, .

. ,

, .

, , -

, , .

-

. -

, -

-

.

. ,

-

(, 2005). -

(Hyman, 1959: 69),

-

.

, .

, , 25

, , -

. -

,

.

~ 21 ~

. -

.

. Gordon Allport

-

:

,

(Gillespie & Allport,

1955: 8 Hyman, 1959: 39-40).

Allport -

, 60 70 -

. Learning About Politics, Roberta Sigel -

1970

-

,

. Barrie Stacey

,

. Stacey

. -

. Stacey

,

-

. , Stacey

. Political Socializa-

tion in Western Society, Stacey -

~ 22 ~

, -

. Stacey -

-

() ,

, -

(Stacey, 1977: 7-8). ,

,

.

1967 Hess Torney

-

.

, -

. Stacey, Hess Torney

-

. Easton Hess,

,

-

(Easton & Dennis, 1980). James Davies -

, -

(Easton & Dennis, 1980: 86).

, Hess

Torney, , Stacey -

-

. , , -

. -

, -

,

. ,

,

~ 23 ~

. Jennings Niemi, -

14 17 -

, , ,

. (Jennings & Niemi, 1968 Stacey, 1977). -

. -

50 60, -

. -

, -

, -

. 90 ,

-

.

,

.

Niemi Hepburn The Rebirth of Political Socializa-

tion (1995), , -

70 .

, -

, -

. Niemi Hepburn -

, , -

-

, -

.

Continuities in Political Participation across Multiple Genera-

tions, Kent, Jennings & Laura Stoker -

. -

-

60 Jennings & Stoker

-

, -

~ 24 ~

, - status,

.

,

, -

.

.

,

.

(bias) -

.

. Jennings Stoker

,

Kuhn

. Jennings Stoker

(Jennings & Stoker, 2004).

Jennings

Stoker -

. , -

, -

.

-

-

.

,

-

. Herbert Hyman, -

,

~ 25 ~

, -

(the learning of social

patterns, corresponding to (...) social positions as mediated through various agencies

of society) (1959: 25).

, .

-

. -

, (Adoni,

1979 Lupia & Philpot, 2005) (Muxel, 2001, 2002 Sears &

Valentino, 1997). -

. .

Lazega (1994: 293) (-

, , , .) .

,

: .

,

. -

, .

, 60 70, -

(Dawson & Prewitt, 1969 Dennis,

1973 Jaros, 1973 Pammett & Whittington, 1976),

(Hess & Torney, 1967).

, .

Berndt -

(Berndt, 1982). Coleman

, -

,

, (Coleman, 1961).

,

. ,

Campbell (1980), Langton

Karns

~ 26 ~

,

(Langton & Karns, 1969). -

,

.

.

, -

.

.

-

.

-

. Langton Jennings -

(civic education)

.

-

. -

:

-

(Langton & Jennings, 1968: 863).

-

. -

(Claes, Stolle

& Hooghe, 2007 Denver & Hands, 1990 Niemi & Junn, 1998). -

, Tournier (1997)

(-

) David Campbell (2006)

-

.

(civic norms) -

, .

,

~ 27 ~

.

.

-

, -

(Trottier, 1982).

-

. -

,

, ,

,

-

, -

.

,

. -

-

. -

.

(Owen, 2008).

,

, -

.

-

, -

. ,

-

2 .

,

. , ,

~ 28 ~

,

,

.

, . -

,

,

.

-

. -

. -

,

. -

-

, , -

,

.

. -

, ,

.

, ,

-

.

-

, .

.

, , .

, -

.

-

~ 29 ~

. ,

, . , -

.

Fahmy (2006)

16 19 -

. 39

49% 1999 -

, 47%

72% ,

1989, 63 53% -

52 38% -

.

1999

, (11%) -

(8%), -

, 15%

55% -

.

1992, 2001, 59,4% (

1918)

, 2005, 48%

18-24 , ,

11 16. Curtice (2005) -

-

-

.

. Association of

~ 30 ~

Secretaries of State (1999) 26% -

.

Dalton (2004), -

. -

(. 93-94) , 1950

, -

. Putnam (2000)

1985 , , -

-

. National Commission on

Civic Renewal (1998), -

,

, , ,

, ,

,

(citizenship). -

. -

, -

-

Harwood Creighton (1993) . -

Claes et al. (2006) 6285 -

, 19 4% -

37,7 27,5% -

, .

1990

Hays (1998)

, -

.

Wilkinson Mulgan (1995, . 98-99)

, ,

, , , -

~ 31 ~

, , ,

, (dirty world). Fahmy

(2006: 144)

,

, , -

.

Furlong Cartmel (2006: 112),

.

(individualization)

,

. , -

-

2000.

( 250000 1966)

Higher Education Research Institute

11 2001.

The American freshman: National norms

fall 2008 35,6 39,5%

40 . Institute of Politics -

Harvard (2003), 82%

2004, 45% -

, 21% ( 7 2002) -

80%

-

71% -

~ 32 ~

.

Center for Information and Research on

Civic Learning and Engagement (2003), 85%

-

2004 75% .

Neimi Hanmer (2004) ,

-

62% .

2004,

,

(Power Inquiry)

Power to the People, -

,

, ( ) -

, ,

.

,

.

956

, -

-

-

. -

, .

, , -

.

-

.

,

,

.

-

~ 33 ~

-

.

Inglehart (1997: 296)

, , -

,

, , ,

. ,

,

, -

, Jowell Park (1998: 14)

. -

-

,

.

-

-

, ,

(Galston, 2003

Mathews, 1993 Zukin, Keeter, Andolina & Jenkins, 2006). , -

,

(Youniss & Yates, 1999). Boyte

(1991, . 766) ,

-

,

-

, Blythe, Saito

Berkas (1997), Hamilton Zeldin (1987), Hart Fegley, 1995, Mc Adam, 1988,

Pereira Rodriguez (1997).

~ 34 ~

Lopez (2004). Institute of Politics (2002) 85%

75% -

62% 1976.

Higher Education

Research Institute (2005) 83,2% -

-

, 70% , 67,3% -

. -

-

, ,

, , -

- , -

( -

).

,

(Gauthier, 2003 Longo, 2004 OToole et al., 2003) -

,

Inglehart (2003) Norris (1999)

,

-

.

, , -

- , , , -

- .

,

,

.

~ 35 ~

-

, -

,

,

(Langton, 1972: 173 -, 1987: 61). -

964

. -

. -

Campbell (2004), Colby et al. (2007), Marks (1994), Niemi

Junn (1998), Torney-Purta (2004), Yates Youniss (1998) -

,

,

-

-

, -

. -

,

Ehman (1980), -

,

.

Miller Piscatelli (2003)

, ,

1960 ,

21 ,

5 -

. Lopez

~ 36 ~

Kirby (2007), 75% ,

,

80% .

, u964

-

curriculum -

(Feldmann, 2007).

Stolle Hooghe (2004)

(hidden curriculum) ,

, -

. Verba,

Schlozman Brady (1995) Humana Greene (2006) -

,

. , Kahne Middaugh (2006) -

2000 -

, ,

,

, -

. ,

Civics Report Card for the Nation 1998

The National Assess-

ment of Educational Program,

, , -

.

-

, Hooghe, Kavadias Reeskens (2006),

International

Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement 1999 88.992 -

27 . , -

~ 37 ~

.

Lehmann

(2006) u956 23 , -

,

.

, -

, , -

, -

.

-

, -

-

. -

-

-

,

(Whyte & Schermbrucker, 2004).

-

.

-

-

(Delli, Carpini & Keeter,

1997 Jennings & Stoker, 2004 Levinson, 2006 Roehlkepartain, Naftali &

Musegades, 2000). , Fahmy (2006: 110-111) Verba,

Schlozman Brady (1995) -

(-

, , ,

) . Almond Verba

(1963)

, -

.

, Claes et al. (2006) Pancer et

al. (2007) -

.

~ 38 ~

-

2000 -

.

, , , -

, -

, ,

,

. , -

,

,

-

. -

,

, , ,

. ,

-

, -

, Dionne

(2000),

.

Laclau Mouffe.

Laclau Mouffe -

, , -

.

~ 39 ~

.

(Howarth, 2008: 101-102). ,

.

Laclau,

,

, . -

, , -

,

. -

. , -

. , , Laclau -

.

David Howarth ( Laclau)

(Howarth, 2008: 102). -

. -

, ,

. -

-

.

.

, Laclau Mouffe

-

.

,

~ 40 ~

.

.

(Laclau, 2005: 265).

-

(-

). Laclau Mouffe:

(articulation) -

-

. -

(discourse).

-

, . ,

(Laclau & Mouffe, 1990: 23).

, Laclau Mouffe, ,

. Laclau -

,

.

,

(Laclau, 1983: 225).

,

.

-

. -

.

,

-

. -

.

~ 41 ~

-

-

.

.

.

, -

.

.

,

Lacan.

-

. Laclau

Mouffe

-

, -

(Laclau & Mouffe, 1990: 113).

. -

Laclau Mouffe ,

,

. ,

, -

.

Laclau Mouffe

. -

, -

.

. ,

,

. -

~ 42 ~

, , -

,

-

.

-

, Laclau Mouffe -

-

, .

.

-

.

, -

-

, -

.

, David Howarth,

.

Laclau

.

(dislocation).

, Laclau, -

. ,

. -

. -

. -

-

,

, .

.

. -

~ 43 ~

.

-

. Laclau -

. -

.

. -

,

.

, ,

. ,

. ,

.

.

-

.

, ,

.

.

; ,

-

. -

: -

,

.

.

, , -

. , -

.. , -

~ 44 ~

..

.. . -

( ).

:

, ,

(Phillips & Jorgensen, 2009). -

: -

.

,

Laclau. -

.

. ,

,

. ,

.

-

. Laclau & Mouffe -

, -

-

.

.

~ 45 ~

-

~ 46 ~

-

-

.

,

.

, -

, -

. , -

,

,

.

,

.

. -

: -

, -

, -

.

-

. -

,

-

~ 47 ~

,

.

,

. -

a priori

,

-

.

-

-

.

. -

(rational-decision

maker). -

.

,

.

.

.

-

, -

, , -

,

-

1. -

1 , . 8.

~ 48 ~

-

.

(semi-structured interview),

, -

, -

. ,

,

.

.

, . .

(-

) .

.

. -

, -

.

: ,

-

. -

-

.

. ,

-

. , -

,

,

.

,

~ 49 ~

-

, .

.

.

2014 . -

, .

.

-

. -

-

. 15 ,

.

,

. -

. .

-

. 15

:

. . . -

, , .

, . .

~ 50 ~

, . -

.

. .

. -

, -

, -

:

, , -

, . ,

.

. . .

. , . -

, .

, . -

.

. .

, -

. .

.

, .

.

.

~ 51 ~

. -

.

.

.

. -

:

.

: -

, ,

. -

:

,

.

,

.

, , -

.

-

. -

-

: , , , , .

-

-

.

. ,

~ 52 ~

, , , , -

.

,

-

.

. -

. -

, .

.

, . ,

. , -

, .

, .

.

,

,

.

, . -

.

. .

.

. -

. -

.

-

-

.

~ 53 ~

:

. ,

.

. :

.

, .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

. :

.

;

. .

~ 54 ~

.

-

.

, -

.

.

.

.

:

.

. -

.

.

. ( -

) .

. -

.

~ 55 ~

.

.

-

.

. .

-

.

. -

. . -

.

-

.

. -

,

, ,

.

. -

, -

. -

.

.

. -

-

.

~ 56 ~

( , -

, ).

,

, -

, ,

. , -

, : ,

.

.

, :

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

, -

. 15

. ,

.

.

, -

.

~ 57 ~

-

-

.

.

-

,

. -

, .

, -

.

.

,

-

. -

. -

. -

, .

.

.

, ,

.

, -

. -

-

. -

.

-

. -

~ 58 ~

,

,

2. ,

3. -

. -

, :

, .

,

2 ,

. 17-18, , . 18-21 -

, . 20.

3 1566/85, 45, . 1,

, . 2, )

-

.

~ 59 ~

,

,

-

, :

, 15 , , -

15 -

: , .

.

, , -

. -

, 5 -

: 5. 15

, .

: , ,

, -

, , . -

: .

. -

. -

. . -

, -

.

, -

, . -

,

. -

-

.

.

~ 60 ~

, ,

.

.

.

, -

, -

. -

-

(Andolina, Jenkins, Keeter, & Zukin, 2002).

facebook

facebook

,

. :

15 , ,

,

.

. :

, .

,

.

, , -

, ()

~ 61 ~

. , -

,

() .

-

. -

-

. -

. -

, -

-

,

.

. ;

,

.

, .

,

.

, -

.

.

.

~ 62 ~

, . , -

. ,

,

. ,

.

. , .

, .

.

( ),

, -

.

-

. ,

-

-

. ,

, ,

. -

Hyman

-

.

-

.

, , -

.

,

. -

~ 63 ~

.

-

. Campbell

(1980) -

, -

-

.

.

-

,

.

, , -

,

.

, ,

.

, -

. -

sine qua non

Laclau .

.

. -

, -

.

~ 64 ~

,

-

/ -

.

, -

.

, -

,

. ,

. -

(, , )

. ,

.

-

.

-

50% .

. -

. ,

.

-

. -

,

,

,

~ 65 ~

-

.

-

-

. -

,

.

, -

.

-

.

,

-

,

.

-

,

( & , 2008: 191). -

, -

,

, .

, ,

, -

.

.

. -

-

,

~ 66 ~

(social desirability). -

.

, : -

, , -

.

.

-

-

, .

-

, , , ,

, .

, -

,

.

-

, -

.

-

:

( ) -

. -

(Griebler & Nowak,

2012):

.

.

,

~ 67 ~

,

-

. -

. -

20% (Alderson, 2000). Whitty & Wisby (2007)

,

.. . -

,

.

, ,

, -

(Griebler & Nowak, 2012).

, .. -

, .

-

(Whitty & Wisby, 2007). -

-

. -

-

, -

, . , -

-

. -

.

. -

, -

~ 68 ~

.

-

, -

, -

. -

, .

-

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