NEETHIPOORVAM COVERkelsa.nic.in/downloads/Neethipoorvam.pdf · Title: NEETHIPOORVAM COVER Author:...

\o-Xn-]q¿-Δw

tIcf kwÿm\ \nba tkh\ AtXm-dn‰n

sIm®n ˛ 682 031

12341234123412342

12341234123412343

MESSAGE

Justice Mohan M. ShantanagoudarChief Justice

MESSAGE

It is a matter of immense pleasure that the Kerala State

Legal Services Authority with the assistance of Akashavani

Kochi Kendra has prepared the first volume of

"NEETHIPOORVAM", a compilation of the messages on

Constitutional values and principles broadcast everyday

morning by Akashavani Kochi Kendra and that it will be

published in Malayalam very soon.

The initiative taken by KeLSA to educate the common-man

of Kerala on the Constitutional values and principles through

the medium of Akashavani deserves appreciation. I have no

doubt, in the long run, the programme will be able to make the

common-man aware of his rights, duties and obligations,

which flow from the Constitution of India and transform the

people of Kerala as law-abiding citizens of our country. I am

sure, the book will serve the purpose for which it is published.

I take this opportunity to compliment KeLSA for the efforts

takenby it in bringing out the first volume of "NEETHIPOORVAM"

and I am sure, KeLSA will be able to successfully bring out the

subsequent volumes also in the near future.

I wish this endeavour a grand success

12341234123412344

12341234123412345

MESSAGE

Res: Sai Gayathri, B.T.S Road, Keerlhi Nagar, Elamakkara P.O., Kochi-682 026. Phone: 0484 2538141

12341234123412346

12341234123412347

AXp-eyX Ah-Im-is∏-Sm-hp∂ \nc-h[n khn-tij-XIƒ C¥y≥

`cWLS-\-bv°p-≠v. GsXmcp `cWLS-\bpw Poh-Ø-am-Ip-∂Xv AXv

\nc-¥-c-ambn ]h¿Ø\ \nc-X-am-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. `mcX P\-X X-ß-fp-sS

km-aq-lyhpw km-º-Øn-I-hpam-b e-£y-km-£m-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\v ap-Jy-ambpw

`cWL-S-\m X-Xz-ß-sf ap-dp -sI-∏n-Sn -®m-Wv ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Ip-∂Xv.

`cWLS-\m aq-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-f-f ]q¿-Æam-b A-h-t_m-[-Øn-eq-sS am-Xsa

A-Ø-cØn-sem-cp ]-In-b km¿-∞-amIp.

tI-c-f tÃ-‰vvv eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn-‰n-bp-sSbpw B-Im-i-hm-Wn-bp-

sSbpw kw-bp-‡m- n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ B-Im-i-hm-Wn- sIm-®n \ne-bw ]-t£]Ww

sN-bv-Xv h-cp∂ cWL-S-\ aq-ey-ß-sf°p-dn-®p-f-f “\o-Xn-]q¿-hw” ]-c-º-c e£y-

an-Sp-∂Xpw Cu ]-Inb-sb i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-emWv.

“\o-Xn-]q¿-hw” ]-t£]-W ]-Y-Øn-se-Øn°p-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz ]q¿-Æ-

am-b H-cp Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp∂p. sI¬-k-bp-sS F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv sN-b¿-am\m-b

_-lp-am-\-s∏´ ssl-t°mS-Xn P-Uv-Pn P-Ãn-kv tXm- -Øn¬ _n. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-\mWv

Cu Bi-bw ap-t∂m-´vvv h-®Xv.

“\o-Xn-]q¿-hw” ]-t£-]-W-Øn-\v A\p-tbm-Pyam-b `m-j-bn¬ X-øm-dm-

°n-b-Xvv io.F-kvv. kp- m-jv N-μvvv, ioa-Xn _nμp io-Ip-am¿, io. tUm. ]-Zo-]v

sI.]n, io. P-b-Ir-jv-W≥ F-kv., io. cm-tP-jv B¿ ]nff, ioa-Xn ]m¿h-

Xn k-Rv-Pbvv F-∂o A-`n-`m-j-I-cpw, G-tIm]\w \n¿-h-ln®Xv B-Im-i-hm-

Wn- t]m-Kmw F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv Pn. lnc-Wp-am-Wv. \oXn-]q¿h-Øns‚ ]-t£-

]-Ww XpSßn ]kn-≤o-I-cWw hsc-bp-ff Imcy-ß-fn¬ sI¬k ap≥ saº¿

skI-´dn io. kn. Pb-N-μs‚bpw, sI¬kbnsebpw, B-Im-i-hm-Wn-

bnsebpw Ãm^wK-ßƒ Dƒ∏sS \nc-h[n hy‡n-I-fpsS Bflm¿∞-amb

klm-bhpw kl-I-c-Whpw ta¬t\m-´hpw D]-tZi \n¿t±-i-ßfpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Gh¿°pw IrX-RvPX tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v “\o-Xn-]q¿-hw” cmjvS-

Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

sI. kXy≥

saº¿ skI-´dn (Pn√m PUvPn)

tI-c-f tÃ-‰vvv eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn-‰n-

_me-Ir-jvW≥ sImøm¬

t]mKmw ta[mhn

BIm-i-hm-Wn, sIm®n

12341234123412348

12341234123412349

D≈-S°w

26-˛ 11 -˛ 1949....................................................................................`c-W-L-S\ F∂ ]c-tam-∂X \nbaw...............................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS BapJw..............................................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS Dd-hnSw................................................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ............................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS khn-tijX-Iƒ...................................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS e£yw.................................................................]uc [¿Ω-ßƒ.............................................................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS A\-iz-cX...........................................................kmtlm-Zcyw \ΩpsS IS-a-bmWv......................................................`c-W-L-S\bpsS ]c-am-[n -Imcw......................................................hy‡n-bpsS A¥ v.......................................................................sXmgn-ens‚ A¥ v , kaXzw........................................................Ah-kc kaXzw............................................................................kmaqly \oXn................................................................................`c-W-L-S\tbmSp-ff BZ-chv ]ucs‚ I¿Øhyw...........................auen -Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ.......................................................................sXmgn -ens‚ A¥ v......................................................................h\n-X-Iƒ°p-ff kuP\y \nb-a-k-lmbw.........................................`c-W-L-S\bnse a\p-jym-h-Imi \nb-a-ßƒ..................................auenI I¿Ø-hy -ßƒ...................................................................`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ.............................................t£a-cmjvS k¶ev]w...................................................................`c-W-L-S\bpw PohnX Z¿i-\hpw................................................... `c-W-L-S\bpsS Df-f-S°w...........................................................C¥y≥ ]ucXzw.............................................................................cmjvShpw P\m-[n -]-Xyhpw..............................................................Abn-tØm-®m-S-\hpw BZn-hmkn t£ahpw.....................................s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw.........................................................................Irjnbpw kaq-lhpw.....................................................................tZiob \nb-a-Zn\w.........................................................................\nb-a-hmgvN F∂ s\Spw-XqWv........................................................cmjvS-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßƒ..........................................Ip´n -I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw.................................................................

1 3141618212224262829303133343536373940424751545661626366687174758082

123412341234123410

123412341234123411

A¥m-cmjvS kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£bpw..........................................Kma-]-©m-bØv.............................................................................sXmgn¬ kpc£..........................................................................._me-\oXn \nbaw...........................................................................htbm-P\ ]cn -]m-e\w....................................................................\n¿t±iI XXz-ßƒ......................................................................Kma-k-`-Iƒ..................................................................................]cn -ÿnXn kwc-£Ww..................................................................kuP\y \nb-a-k-lmbw..................................................................tem-Iv - A-Zm-e-Øv...........................................................................ÿncw temIv - A-Zm-eØv................................................................IpSn¬ hyh-kmbw.........................................................................\nba km£-cX............................................................................kvXobpw \nb-ahpw........................................................................\nba kaXzw................................................................................\nba \n¿ΩmWw...........................................................................cmjvSw.........................................................................................\nb-a-Øns‚ \b-ßfpw e£yhpw.................................................\nba tkmX pw `c-W-LS-\m-]-c-amb XcwXncnhpw.......................`c-W-L-S-\m-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-ßƒ................................................\nba kaXz kwc-£Ww...............................................................hnth-N-\hpw Ah-kc ka-Xzhpw....................................................Ah-kc kaXzw............................................................................ÿm\-t∏-cp-Ifpw ]pcvk-Im-c-ßfpw................................................kwkmc kzmX¥yw........................................................................\nb-¥-W-ßƒ..............................................................................sXmgn¬ \nb-¥Ww......................................................................hy‡nkzmX¥yhpw kmaq-lnI \nb-¥-Whpw.................................kwkmc kzmX¥yhpw Bib ]I-S\hpw\nb-¥n-°p∂ Imc-W-ßƒ.............................................................]X kzmX¥yw..............................................................................k©mc kzmX¥yw........................................................................sXmgn¬ kzmX¥yw.......................................................................

D≈-S°w

84868889919397991021051081101 1 1113117121124125126129133136139141142145146147

149151152153

123412341234123412

123412341234123413

26-˛11-˛1949

-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-Ωm-W-k-an-Xn- -c-W-L-S-\- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv- 1949

\-hw-_¿- am-kw- 26˛mw- Xo-b-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- B- N-cn-X-aplq¿Ø-Øn¬-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-[m-\- inev]nbm-b-n-cp-∂- tUm.- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

C-ß-s\- ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ""C-∂-se-h-sc- C-¥y-bp-sS- Ip-‰-ßƒ-°pw-

Ip-d-hp-Iƒ-°pw- \-ap-°v- ]-gn- ]-d-bm≥- _n-´o-jp-Im-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-

C-∂p-ap-X¬- A-Xn-\v- ]-k-Iv-Xn- C-√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C-\n-b-tßm- v-

\-Ωp-sS- Ip-‰-ßƒ-°pw- Ipdhp-Iƒ-°pw- \mw- \-sΩ-Ø-s-∂-bm-Wv-

]-gn-- ]-d-tb-≠-Xv''.- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \-sΩ- D-t±-in-®m-bn-cp-

∂p- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- C-]-Im-cw- ]-d-™-Xv.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-I-a-

Øn-s‚- A-Sn-Ø-d- _n- -\n-se- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]u-c-t_m-[-am-sW-∂-

Xv- ]-kn-≤-am-Wv.- A-hn-sS- ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\- \n-b-¥n-°m≥- C-¥y-

bn-se-bpw- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-bpw- a-‰pw- -c-W-L-S-\-I-fn-ep-≈-Xp -

t]m-se- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sfm-∂pw- C-tX-h-sc- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-bv-Xn-

´n-√.- _n-´-\n¬- FgpX-s∏-´- A-s√-¶n¬- en-Jn-X-am-b- H-cp- -c-W-

L-S-\-bpw- C-√.- F-∂n´pw- _n- o-jv- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- i-Iv-X-am-bn- \n-e-

\n¬-°p-∂-Xv- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]u-c-t_m-[w- sIm-≠pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-

kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sS- Imcy-£-a-X- sIm-≠p-am-Wv.-

\-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\- B-cpw- \-ap-°v- Zm-\-am-bn- \¬-In-b-X-√.-

\mw- X-s∂- kr-jv-Sn-®v- \-ap-°v- X-s∂- k-a¿-∏n-®-Xm-Wv.-

123412341234123414

`c-W-L-S\ F∂ ]c-tam-∂X \nbaw

`m-c -X-Øn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw- Cu- cm-jv -S -sØ- H-cp -

]-c-am[n-Im-c- kv-Yn-Xn-k-a-Xz- a-tX-X-c- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- dn-∏-ªn-°m-bn-

kwhn-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- -c-W-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬-°q-Sn-bpw-

a‰pw- cm-jv -S-Øn-se- F-√m- ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw- km-aq-ln-I-hpw-

km-º-Øn-I-hpw- cm-jv-So-b-hp-am-b- \o-Xn- D-d-∏v- h-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

Nn-¥-bv-°pw- B-i-b-]-I-S-\-Øn-\pw- hn-izm-k-Øn-\pw- a-X-

\n-jv-T-bv-°pw- B-cm-[-\-bv-°pw- D-≈- kzm-X-¥y-hpw- hn-fw-_-cw-

sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- k-I-e- ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw- ]-Z-hn-bn-epw- A-h-k-c-Øn-epw-

k-a-Xzw- D-d-∏v- h-cp-Øp-∂p.- A-h¿-s°-√m-an-S-bn¬- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS-

A-¥- pw- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- sF-Iy-hpw- A-J-Wv-U-X-bpw- D-d-∏v-

hcp-Øn-s°m-≠v- km-tlm-Z-cyw- ]p-e¿-Øp-hm-\pw- -c-W-L-S-\-

hn-`m-h-\w- sN-øp-∂p.- A-ß-s\- Cu- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- s\-Spw-

Xq-Wm-bn- \n¬-°p-∂- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\.-

A-Xn-s\- am\n-°p-I-bpw- A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- Po-hn-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-ep-≈-

A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw- k¿-hm-fl-\m-

AX-\p-k-cn-®v- cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- th-≠n- A¿-∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tØm-Sp-

Iq-Sn- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-hm≥-- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-\pw- k-∂-≤-\m-

tI≠-Xm-Wv.-

H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- D-∂-X-am-b- \n-b-aw- F-∂-Xv- A-Xn-s‚- cW-

L-S-\-bm-Wv.- B- cm-Py-sØ- a-‰p-≈- \n-b-a-ß-sf-√mw- X-s∂- AXn-s‚-

kv-Yn-co-I-c-Ww- B-bn-cn-°-Ww.- -c-W-L-S-\- \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-tbm,-

P-∑w- \¬-Ip-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂- kv-Ym-]-\-ßƒ-°pw- \n-b-a-ßƒ-°pw-

ta¬- A-Xn-\v- ta¬-t°m-bv-a- D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- C-Xm-Wv- -cW-

L-S-\-bp-sS- B-i-bw.- A-Xv - H-cp- km-[m-c-W- \n-b-a-a-√.-

123412341234123415

hkvXp-Xm-]-c-am-bpw,- \n-iv-N-b-am-bpw- X-Øz-Øn-epw- \n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-Y-a-am-bp-≈-Xv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv.-

AXn-\m¬- X-s∂- sX-cp-hp-I-®-h-S-°m-cp-sS- sse-k≥-kv- \n-b-¥n-

°p-∂- \n-b-a-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂- Ku-c-h-Øn¬- -c-W-L-S-\-bpsS-

X-Øz-ß-sf- hym-Jym-\n-°m-\m-hn-√.- -c-W-L-S-\- H-cp- aq-e-\n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-W-am-Wv.- A-Xv- H-cp- km-[m-c-W- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W- ]-In-b-

A-√.- kzm-X-¥y-e-_v-[n-°p- ap-ºp- X-s∂,- 1946 ¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-

`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-Ωm-W- k-`- G-Xm-≠v- aq-∂p- h¿-j-tØm-fw-

\-S-Øn-b- \n-c-¥-c- ]-cn-i-a-Øn-s‚- A-¥n-a- -e-am-Wv- m-c-X-Øn-s‚-

-c-W-L-S-\.- A-Xv- H-cp- cm-jv-So-b- hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS-b-√- t\-sc- a-dn-®v-

Nn-¥-I-fp-sS-bpw- B-Z¿-i-ß-fp-sS-bpw- k-a-\z-b-Øn-eq-sS- D-cp-Øn-

cn-™p-- h-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-s‚- _u-≤n-I-hpw- Zm¿-i-\n-I-hp-am-b- D-Zm-Ø-

am-\-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-Jw.- `-cW-L-S-\- hm-bn-°p-∂-

Xpw- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xpw- B-ap-J-Øn-se- aqey-ß-fp-sS- \-£-X-

tim- -bn-em-h-Ww.- B- A-\-iz-c- aq-ey-ß-fp-sS- ]-Im-i-Øn-em-h-Ww.-

123412341234123416

`c-W-L-S\bpsS BapJw

\-Ωp-sS- \-h- m-c-XØn-s‚- B-Z¿-i-ß-fpw- A-`n-em-j-ß-fpw-

kv-]-jv-S-am-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-Jw.-

kz-m-X-¥y-e-_v-[n-bp-sS- k-a-b-Øv- H-cp- \o-≠- Im-e-b-f-hn-\p-- tijw-

P-∑n-Ø- hy-h-kv-Y-bn¬- \n-∂pw- ]-c-tZ-in-bp-sS- B-[n]Xy-Øn¬-

\n-∂pw- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- I-jv-S-s∏- v- A-¥- n-s‚-bpw- ]Xo£-bp-tS-bpw-

H-cp- Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°v- ]p-\¿-Pv-P-\n-°m≥- P-\-ßƒ- B-K-ln-°p-

∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-kv-Y-n-Xn-bn¬- kmap-Zm-bn-I-

ku-lm¿-±w- an-I-®-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- H-cp- a-X-hpw- hntZzjw- ]-Tn-∏n-

°p-∂n-√.- a-X-ß-fp-sS- t]-cn¬- P-\-ßƒ- sIm-√-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ

\n-b-a-hm-gv-N- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- k-aq-l-sØ- A-Xv- aq-Sn-°-f-bp-I-tbm-

I-f-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂p.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-Øn¬ -

a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-sb-°p-dn-®v - ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬-

a-X-`m-¥-¿- H-cp- a-X-Øn-epw- D-≈-h-c-√.- bm-sXmcp- Im-c-W-hpw-

C-√m-sX- \n-c-]-cm-[n-I-sf- sIm-s∂m-Sp-°ptºmƒ- \nba-hm-gv-N-

]-p-e-cp-∂- H-cp- k-aq-l-Øn¬- A-h¿- Xo-h-hm-Zn-I-sf-°mƒ- H-cn-°-epw-

ti-jv-T-cm-Ip∂n-√.-

F-√m- sXm-gn-ep-I-fpw- ]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.- sXm-gn-en¬- sshhn-≤yw-

D-≠m-Imw.- F-√m-h¿-°pw- H-tc- sXm-gn¬- sN-øm-\m-hn-√-t√m.- i-co-c-

Øn-se- Hm-tcm- A-h-b-h-ßƒ-°pw- A-Xn-t‚-Xm-b- ]m-[m-\y-a-p≠v.-

ti-jv-T-am-b-sX-t∂m- A-[a-am-b-sX-t∂m- C√.- kz¿-Æw- F-√m-h¿-

°pw- C-jv-S-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬- A-Xv- -£-W-ambn- I-gn-°m-\m-hn-√-t√m.-

-£-W-Øn-\m-bn- I¿-j-I-s‚- B-h-iy-ap≠v.- F-©n-\o-b-sd-tbm,-

A- n- m-j-I-s\-tbm- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂-

bm-Wv- Xq-∏p-Im-c-t\-bpw,- a-en-\-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- \o-°w- sN-øp-∂-h-tc-bpw-

123412341234123417

k-aq-l-Øn-\v- B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xv.- H-cp-]t£- Xq-∏p-Im-sc-bpw- a-en-\-h-

kv-Xp-°ƒ- \o-°w- sN-øp-∂-h-sc-bpw- Hs°- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- a-‰m-sc-

°m-fpw- B-h-iy-ap-≠v.- G-Xv- sXm-gn-en-\pw- A-Xn-t‚-Xm-b- A-¥- p-≠v.-

Hu-tZym-Kn-I- kv-Y-e-ß-fn¬- h-\n-X-Iƒ- t\-cn-tS-≠n- h-cp-∂- Xn-I-®pw-

kzm-K-Xm¿-l-a-√m-Ø- ssew-Kn-I- Np-h-bp-≈- ]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ,-

tN-jv-S-Iƒ- F∂n-h- A-h-cp-sS- A-¥- n-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.-

C-Xn-\m-bn- \ap°v- H-cp- \n-b-aw- X-s∂- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xv- F-√m-h¿-°pw-

A-dn-hp-≈XmWv.- h-\n-X-Iƒ-°v- am-X-a-√- F-√m-h¿-°pw- am-\-kn-I-hpw-

im-co-cn-I-hp-am-bn- \-s√m-cp- A-¥-co-£w- k-Pv-Po-I-cn-°m≥- sXm-gn-ep-

S-a-bv°v- I-gn-b-Ww.- C-¥y≥- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-Øn¬- hy-Iv-Xn-

bp-sS- A-¥- v,- ssI-tIm¿-Øv- \n-e-\n¿-Øn-s°m-≠v- cmjvSØns‚-

sF-Iy-hpw- A-J-Wv-U-X-bpw- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn- kmtlm-Zcyw- ]p-e¿-

Øp-hm≥- B-lzm-\w- sN-øp-∂p.-

123412341234123418

`c-W-L-S\bpsS Dd-hnSw

`m-c-X-Øn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- D-d-hn-Sw- `m-c-X-Øn-se-

P\ßfm-b- \-Ω-fm-Wv.- `m-c-X-Øn-\v- H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\- cq-]o-I-cn-

°p∂-Xn-\v- th-≠n- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-Ωm-W- k-`- B-Zy-tbm-Kw-

tN-cp-∂-Xv- 1946 Un-kw-_¿- am-kw- 9˛mw- Xo-b-Xn- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

Zo¿-L-am-b- N¿-®-Iƒ-°pw- B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\pw- ti-jw,- 1948

P-\p-h-cn-bn¬- I-c-Sv- `-c-W-L-S-\- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- I-c-Sv- `-c-W-

L-S-\- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\n-sS-- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-Sp-I-

bpw- ]k-Iv-X-sa-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏- - 2473 t -Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- N¿-®- sNøs∏-

Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- I-c-Sv- `-c-W-L-S-\- 114 Zn-h-k-tØm-fw- N¿-®-

sN-ø-s∏-´-Xn-\v- ti-j-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\- \n¿-Ωm-W- k-`- c-≠v-

h¿-jw- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- am-kw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- Zn-h-kw- sIm-≠v- A¥n-a-

am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- \n-b-a-am-°n- `-m-c-X-Øn-se- P-\-ßƒ-°v-

ka¿∏n®-Xv.-

`m-c-X-Øn-se- -c-W-I-aw- hn-i-Z-am-°p-∂- ]-hn-X-tc-J-bm-Wv- -c-

W-L-S-\.- 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26˛mw- Xo-b-Xn- `m-c-X- `-c-W-L-S-\- \ne-

hn¬- h-∂p.- m-c-Xo-b-cm-I-am-\w- tN¿-∂v,- X-ßƒ-°v- th-≠n- H-cp-°n-

b- A-Sn-kv-Ym\-]-am-Ww.- H-cp- ]u-c-t\-bpw- cm-Py-tØ-bpw- X-Ωn¬-

_-\v-[n-∏n-°p-∂- ]-c-a-]-[m-\- \n-b-aw.- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]ca-]-[m-\-am-

b- \n-b-aw.- a-‰v- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- F-√m- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fpw-

C-Xn-\v- hn-t[-bw.- j-jv-Tn-]q¿-Øn- ]n-∂n- - s]-cp-a-bp-am-bn- -c-W-L-

S-\- m-c-Xo-b-sc- Im-°p-∂p.- ssh-hn≤y-ßƒ- \nd™- \m-Sn-s\- H-

∂n-∏n-°p-∂p.-

123412341234123419

1950 P-\p-h-cn- am-kw- 26˛mw- Xo-b-Xn- `m-c-X-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-So-b-

N-cn-X-Øn-se- kp-h¿-Æ-Zn-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-∂m-Wv- a-tX-X-c- mcX-

Øn-s‚- -c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv.- m-c-X-sa-∂- ]-c-am-[n-Imc-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- a-tX-X-c- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚- P-\-\w- temI-

k-a-£w- ]-Jym-]-\w- sN-ø-s∏- -Xpw- A-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- mcXob- P\X-

bp-sS- A-¥n-am-[n-Im-c-sØ- D-d-∏n-®p- \n¿-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- P-\-

t£-a-Øn-\m-bn- \n-c-¥-cw- ]-b-Xv-\n-°p-hm-\pw- t£-a- cm-jv-S- Z¿-i\w-

kmw-io-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw- ]XnPvRm_≤amWv- \-Ωp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\.-

`m-c-X-Øn-se-hn-sS-bpw- hn-kv-X-cn-®p-≈- Hcp- \n-b-a- tk-h-\- ]-cn-

]mSn- cm-Py-Øv- B-hn-jv-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn-s‚- Bhiy-I-X- A-[n-I-cn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂v- P-kv-‰o-kv- ]nF≥- `KhXn- I-Ωn-‰n- tI-μ-

K-h -sa‚n-t\m-Spw- kw-kv-Ym-\- K-h -sa‚n-t\mSpw- i-Iv-X-am-bn-

ip-]m¿-i- sN-bv-Xp.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-®n-´p≈-

A-N-©-e-am-b- Xp-ey-\o-Xn-bpw,- 21˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- A\pim-

kn-®n- p-≈- Po-hn-°m-\pw- kzm-X-¥y-ap-≈- A-h-Im-i-hpw- am-X-a-√,-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 39˛A A-\p-t—-Z-]Im-c-hpw- Xp-ey-\o-Xn-bpw-

ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-k-lm-b-hpw- \¬-Im≥- k¿-°m¿- ]-Xn-Pv-Rm-_-

≤-am-Wv- F-∂v- -c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- \n¿-t±-i-hp-ap-≠v- F∂pw--

A-t±-lw- ]-kv-Xm-hn-®p.- km-£-c-X-bp-≈- P-\-ßƒ-°v- t]m-epw-

A-h-cp-sS- A-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- i-cn-bm-b- [m-c-W-bn√.- A-Xn-

\m¬- ku-P-\y-am-bn- \n-b-a-km-£-c-X-bpw- \¬-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.- C-°m-

cy-ß-sfm-s°- ap≥-\n¿-Øn- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v- ]m- m-°nb- \n-b-a-am-Wv- 1987

se- \n-b-a- tk-h-\- k-an-Xn- \n-b-aw.- \m-j-W¬- eoK¬- k¿-ho-k-

kv- A-tXm-dn-‰n- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.- Ft∏m-gpw- F√m-h¿-°pw-

\o-Xn,- kzm-X-¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw,- A-¥- v- F∂n-h- mcX-

P-\-X-bv-°v- ]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-sa-∂- ZrVhpw- [o-c-hp-am-b- D-d-∏m-Wv-

c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-Jw- ]-Jym-]-\w- sNøp-∂-Xv.- m-c-X- P-\-X-

bp-sS- a-l-Øm-b- kz-]v-\-am-W-Xv.- B- kz-]v-\-km-£m-Xv-°m-c-Øn-

\m-bm-Wv- -c-W-L-S-\m- in¬-∏n-Iƒ- -c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v- cq-]w- \¬-In-

b-Xv.-

]-tZm-j- (cm-Xn)- k-a-b-sØ- hn-f-°v- N-μ-\m-Wv.- cm-Xn-bp-sS-

123412341234123420

A-‘-Im-c-Øn¬- N-μ≥- \-dp-\n-em-hv- s]m-gn-°p-∂p.- ]- m-X- (]I¬)-

k-a-b-Øv- kq-cy≥- hn-f-°m-Wv.- kq-cy≥- Cu- ]-]-©sØ- ]-]-©-

am-bn- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂p.- A-Xp-t]m-se- cm-Py-sØ- P\-ßsf-

H-cp-a-tbm-sS-bpw- km-tlm-Z-cy-tØm-sS-bpw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂- kqcy\m-Wv-

\-Ωp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\.- F-√m-Øn-ep-ap-≈- \-∑-Iƒ- kzoIcn-°p-I-

F-∂-Xm-W-v- m-c-Xo-b- ]m-c-º-cyw.- tem-I-Øn-se- ]-e- -c-W-L-S-\-

I-fn-se-bpw- \-∑-I-sf- \mw- ]-I¿-Øn-bn- p-≠v.- c-W-L-S-\m-in¬-∏n-

_n.-B¿.- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- H-cn-°¬- ]-d-™p.- ""B-Zy-am-bpw- A-h-km-\-

am-bpw- \mw- m-c-Xo-b-cm-Wv''.-

`-c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬- h-cp-tºmƒ- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- P-\m-[n-]Xy-

dn-∏-ªn-Iv- F-∂v- am-X-ta- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.- 1976˛se- 42˛mw- cW-

L-S-\m- t -Z-K-Xn- ]-Im-cw- ""tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- a-tX-X-c''- F-∂p- IqSn

tN¿-Øp.- kz-X-¥-am-b- P-\-k-aq-l-Øn-\v,- cm-Py-`-c-W-Øn¬-

]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≈- kz-X-¥- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- dn-∏-ªn-°m-Wv- `m-c-Xw.-

]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- P-\-ß-fn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-Wv.- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- ImØp-

kq£n-°p-∂- ]-hn-X-hpw- A-ew-L-\o-b-hp-am-b- ]-am-W-am-Wv-

\ΩpsS- `-c-W-L-S-\.-

kzm-X-¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw,- \o-Xn- F-∂n-h-bn¬- A[n-

jv-Tn-X-am-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- k-º-Zm-bw.- A-Xn-\v- ap≥-Xq°w-

sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\- X-øm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

kmaq-ln-I- _-‘-ß-fp-sS- B-sIØ-p-I-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy¿-.- AhcpsS-

Po-hn-Xw- C-c-ºn-a-dn-bp-∂- a-lmkm-K-c-am-Wv.- A-hn-sS-bp-≈- H-cp-

sN-dp-Xp-cp-Øm-Wv- \m-Sn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\.-

123412341234123421

`c-W-L-S\bpsS ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ

-c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ-sIm-≠v- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- ]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b-Xpw-

]-k-Iv-X-hp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-ß-sf- kw-c-£n-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv.-

A-√m-sX- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I- F-∂-X-√. \nba-

\n¿ΩmW k`,- `cW \n¿h-lW hn`m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb

kwhn[m\w, F-∂o- aq -∂v - a -l-Øm-b- kv -Ym -] -\-ßƒ-

\oXnbptSbpw- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-t‚-bpw- Im-h-em-fp-I-fm-Wv.- A-h¿-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- a-l-Xz-sØ- ]-k-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.-

]m-Y-an-I- hn-Zym- ym-kw- Xn-I-®pw- ku-P-\y-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw-

Ip-d-™-]-£w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- ]m-Y-an-I- hn-Zym-`ym-k-

sa¶nepw- Xo¿-Øpw- ku-P-\y-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-Wv- `-c-W-

L-S-\-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- X-Xz-ßƒ- \tΩ-m-Sv- B-lzm-\w- sN-øp-

∂-Xv.- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- i-cn-bm-b-

hn-Zym-`ym-kw- \¬-Im≥- _m-[y-kv-Y-cm-Wv.- C-¥y-bn-se- F-√m-

]u-c-\pw- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- `-c-W-

L-S-\-bp-sS- 21˛A - A-\p-t—Z-Øn¬ - ]-Xn-]m-Zn -°p-∂p. -

_methe°v- F-Xn-sc-bp-≈- t]m-cm- w- s]- -Ip- n-I-tfm-Sp-≈- hnth-

N-\w,- sX-cp-hp-Ip- n-I-fp-sS- D-∂-a-\w- F-∂n-ß-s\- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw-

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- tI-c-fm- kv-t‰-‰v- eoK¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXm-dn-‰n-

kw-kv-Ym-\-Øp-S-\o-fw- \-S-Øp-∂p.- Ip´n-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈-

am\knI-hpw- im-co-cn-I-hpw- ssew-Kn-I-hp-am-b- ]o-U-\-ßƒ-

s°Xnsc- ap-Xn¿-∂-h¿- PmKcqI-cm-tI-≠-Xp≠v.- Ip-´n-I-fp-sS-

kam\X-I-fn-√m-Ø- ]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p-- ]-cn-lm-cw- Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw-

A-h¿-°v- 1987 se- eoK¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXm-dn-‰n- \n-b-aw- 12˛mw-

h-Ip-∏p-]-Im-cw- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-k-lm-b-w- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw-

]-Xn-Pv-Rm-_-≤-am-Wv.-

123412341234123422

`c-W-L-S\bpsS khn-tijX-Iƒ

`m-c-X-Øn-se- P-\-ß-fp-sS- B-i-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-`n-em-j-ß-

fp-sS-bpw- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-°-am-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-apJw.-

B-i-b-ß-fp-sS- tIm-Uo-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- P-\-t£-a- -c-Ww- km≤y-

am-Ipw.- P-\-ß-fp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-hpw- k-a-Xz-hpw- km-º-Øn-I- \oXn-

bpw- D-d-∏m-°n-s°m-≠v- -c-W-L-S-\m- \n-b-a-ß-sf- hym-Jym-\n-°p-I-

F-∂-Xm-Wv- tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS- I-S-a.- -c-W-L-S-\- ]-c-tam-∂-X-am-Wv.-

A-√m-sX- km-[m-c-W- \n-b-a-ßƒ- A-√- ]-[m-\w- F-∂v- F-t∏m-gpw-

kv-a-c-W-bn¬- D-≠m-h-Ww.- \-Ωp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-¥- Ø-

]q¿-Æ-am-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- B-ap-J-Øn¬- ]-Xn-^-en-°p-∂p.-

k-aq-l-Øn¬,- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- A-J-fi-X-bpw- sF-Iy-hpw- \ne-

\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- P-\-t£-a-Øn-\v- D-X-Ip-∂- ]≤-Xn-I-fpw-

]cn]mSnI-fpw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®v- A-Xp-h-gn- cm-Py-\-∑-bv-°v- th-≠n-

P-\-ß-sf-bpw- k¿-°m-cn-s\-bpw- k-Pv-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-- `-c-W-

L-S-\- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- H-cp- cm-jv-S-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww-,- \-S-∏n-em-°¬,- ]-cn-]m-en-°¬- F-∂n-ß-s\-

aq-∂v- ]-[m-\- Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Cu- hy-Xy-kv-X- Np-a-X-e-

Iƒ- \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\v--- th-≠n- ]-tXy-Iw- ]-tXy-Iw- hn-`m-K-

ßƒ- D-≠v.- \n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-W-k-`,- `-c-W- \n¿-hl-W- hn-`m-Kw,-

\o-Xn-\ym-b- kwhn-[m\w F-∂o- aq-∂v- L-S-I-ßƒ- tN-cp-∂-XmWv-

B-[p-\n-I- cm-jv-Sw.- A-h-bp-sS- L-S-\-bpw- A-Xn-cp-I-fpw-

kzm-X-¥y-hpw- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\v- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- C-h-

cm-Py-sØ- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS- ]-c-kv-]-c- ]q-c-I-ß-fm-b- aq-∂v-

hn-`m-K-ß-sf-∂- \n-e-bv-°v- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥- `-c-W-L-S-\-

k-lm-bn°p-∂p.-

123412341234123423

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- F-∂- B-i-bw- A-Xn-s‚- XqWp-

I-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬- N-en-°p-∂- h-m-°v- t]m-se-bm-Wv.- A-¥na-cq-]-Øn¬-

A-Xv- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-sW-¶nepw- ]m-tbm-Kn-I-

X-e-Øn¬,- A-Xv- ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚-bpw,- Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS-bpw-

F-Iv-kn-Iyq- o-hn-s‚-bpw- Np-‰m-sI- kz-bw- I-d-ßp-I-bmWv.- X-Xz-Øn¬-

A-Xv- P-\-ß-fn-epw- ]m-tbm-Kn-I- X-e-Øn¬- t\-c-sØ- ]-d-™- cW-

L-S-\-bp-sS- ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚-bpw,- Pp-Uo-jydn-bp-sS-bpw- F-Iv-kn-Iyq-

´o-hn-s‚-bpw- Xq-Wp-I-fn-epw,- A-\p-`-h-Øn¬- -c-W-\n¿-h--l-Ww-

\-S-Øp-∂-Xv- cm-jv-So-b-°m-cp-sS- B[n-]-Xy-Øn-epw- B-Wv.- -c-W-

L-S-\- C-Xn-\m¬- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- D≈-XmWv.- Cu- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw-

\n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-¶n¬- A-Xv- ]-c-a-]hn-X-ambn- I-cp-X-s∏-S-Ww.-

au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- am¿-§-\n¿-t±-i-I -X-Xz-ß-fpw- k-a-Pv-R-

k-am-bn- k-tΩ-fn-°p∂-p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-

k-hn-ti-j-X.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- aq-∂pw- \m-epw- `m-K-ßƒ- H-cp-

cY-Øn-s‚- c-≠v- N-I-ßƒ- t]m-se-bm-Wv.- c-≠n-\pw- Xp-ey-

]m[m\y-am-Wv.- H-∂v- A-b-™-m¬- a-t‰-Xn-s‚- K-Xn- \-jv-S-s∏-Spw.-

Cu- c≠v- `m-K-ß-fpw- km-aq-ly- hn-π-hw- ssI-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-

]-c-kv-]-c- ]q-c-I-ß-fm-bn- h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂v- \-Ωp-sS- Zo¿L-

Z¿-in-I-fm-b- `-c-W-L-S-\m- in¬-∏n-Iƒ- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.-

cmPy-sØ- au-en-I-am-b- cm-jv-So-b- C-Nv-Om-i-Iv-Xn- A-Xn-\v- \nivNb-

Zm¿-V-yw- \¬-In.- A-Xv- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-°v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-In.- C∂se-

I-fp-sS- a-l-Xzw- A-Xn¬- ]-Xn- -en-°p-∂p.- C-∂n-s\- ASn-kvYm\-am-°-n,-

\m-sf-sb- \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂p.-

123412341234123424

`c-W-L-S\bpsS e£yw

\n-b-a-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- ]-hn-X-Xsb-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿-°mcp-

I-fp-sS- hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b- L-S-I-ß-tf-bpw- H-cp- N- -°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬- \n¿-

Øn- ]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-hn-X-am-b- am¿-§-tc-J-bm-Wv- \-ΩpsS-

`c-W-L-S-\.- G-sX-√mw- X-Øz-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- Ah-

]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xv- F-∂v- -c-W-L-S-\- ]-Jym-]n-°p-∂p.- cm-Py-Øns‚-

`-c-W-\n¿-hl-W-Øn-\p-≈- F-√m- Im-cy-ß-fpw- cW-L-S-\-bn¬-

]-Xn-]m-Zn-°s∏-Sp-∂p.- N- -ß-fp-sS- k-am-l-c-Ww- cW-kw-hn-[m-\-

sØ- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- klm-b-I-am-Wv.-

enJn-X-am-b- `-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv- \-ap-°p-≈-Xv.- A-Xv- \-Ωp-sS-

cmPysØ- P-\-ß-sf- ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.- -cW-L-S-\- H-cp-

]n-c-an-Un-s‚- a-Ip-S-am-bn- hn-f-ßp-∂p.- A-Xv- t`-Z-K-Xn- sN-øm≥-

]-bm-k-am-Wv.- Im-c-Ww- h-f-sc- \m-f-sØ- P-\-ß-fp-sS- kz-]v-\-

ß-fp-sS-bpw- B-i-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-am-Wv.- \ΩpsS-

`-c-W-L-S-\- P-\-ß-fp-sS- kz-]v-\-ß-fmWv- A-Xn-\v- BIrXn- \¬-

In-b-Xv.- N-cn-X-Øn-eq-∂n-b- A- n-em-j-ß-fm-Wv- AXn\v- ]q¿-Æ-X-

\-¬-In-b-Xv.-

H-cp- t£-a-cm-jv-Sw- sI- n-∏-Sp-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- ]ca-]-

[m-\-am-b- e-£y-w.- B- e-£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xn\v- \-b-

]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 36 apX¬- 50

h-sc-bp-≈- A-\p-Nv-tO-Z-ßƒ- A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym\-

\-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- hn-i-Z-am-°p-∂p.- A-Xm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- -c-W-LS\-

bp-sS- am¿-§-\n¿-t±-i-I- X-Xz-ßƒ.- k-a-Xz-kp-μ-c-hpw- \o-Xn-

]q¿-Æ-hpw- B-Z¿-i-tbm-Ky-hp-am-b- H-cp- k-aq-l-sØ- -c-W-LS\-

hn`mh\w- sN-øp-∂p.- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-°v-

123412341234123425

ap≥-Xq-°w- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.- Xpey-tPm-en-°v- Xp-ey-th-X-\w,- hn-`-h-

ß-fp-tS-bpw- [-\m-K-a- am¿-§-ß-fp-tS-bpw- \ym-b-am-b- hn-X-c-Ww,-

Zp¿_e- hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS- kw-c-£-Ww,- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-k-lmbw-

e- y-am-°¬- C-sX-√mw- \-Ωp-sS- ]m-Y-an-I- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- B-sW∂v-

`cW-L-S-\- F-Sp-Øv- ]-d-bp-∂p.- Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- k-a-kv-X- ta-J-e-

I-fn-epw- km-aq-ln-I-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- cm-jv-So-b-hp-am-b- \oXn-

D-b¿-Øn-°m-´p-∂- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- kw-hn-[m-\-I-aw- D-≠m-°p-∂-

Xn-\v- cm-jv-Sw- _m-≤y-kv-Y-am-Wv.-

C-¥y-bn¬- Km-a- ]-tZ-i-Øv- Po-hn-°p-∂- G-Xm-≠v- 70 i-X-am\-

tØm-fw- P-\-X- \n-c-£-c-cm-sW-∂v- F-√m-h¿-°pw- A-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- H-cp-]-Sn- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-fp-Iƒ- \n-b-aw- X-ßƒ-°v-

\¬-In-bn-´p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- A-dn-hn-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv.-

km-£-c-cm-b- P-\-ßƒ-°v- t]m-epw- F-¥m-Wv- A-h¿-°v- A-h-Im-i-

s∏- -sX-t∂m- A¿-l-X-s∏- -sX-t∂m- A-dn-bn-√.- Cu- \nb-a-km£cX-

bp-sS- A- m-hw- sIm-≠m-Wv- h-©-\-bv-°pw,- NqjW-Øn-\pw C-c-I-fm-bn,-

A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- B-\p-Iq-ey-ß-fpw- C-√m-Ø-h-cm-bn- Cu- \m- n¬-

]m-h-ßƒ- I-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- \n-b-a- t¢-i-ßƒ- ap≥-Iq- n- Im-Wp-∂-

Xn¬- \n-∂pw-- H-cp- A- n- m-j-I-s‚- t-k-h-\-Øn-\m-bn- k-ao-]n-°p-∂-

Xn-¬- \n-∂pw-- X-°- k-a-b-Øv- D]tZiw- tX-Sp-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂pw-

A-h-c-p-sS- A-Pv-R-X- A-h-sc- X-S-bp-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- ]-e-t∏m-gpw-

A-h-cp-sS- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b- B-h-iy-ßƒ- ]-Xn-k-\v-[n-bn-em-Wv.-

A-h-cp-sS- Zm-cn-Zyw,- kz-bw- c-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂pw- kz-¥-am-bn-

\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n∂pw- Ah-sc- X-S-bp-∂p.- Iq-Sm-sX- A-Pv-R-X-bpw-

\n-c-£-c-X-bpw- Ahsc- Iq-Sp-X¬- \n-b-a- ssh-j-ay-ß-fn-te-°pw-

A-h-sc- X-≈n-hn-Sp-∂p.- Cu- tam-i-am-b- kv-Yn-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂v-- A-h-sc-

c-£n-°m-\pw- \n-ba- tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- ku-P-\y- km-£-c-Xm-

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v- I-gn-bp-∂p.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- am¿-§-\n¿-t±-i-

ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v- ]m¿e-sa‚ v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- \n-b-a-tk-h-\- \n-b-a-Øn¬-

A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a- k-lm-bw- F-∂- D-]m-[n-bn-eq-sS-

kmaqly- \o-Xn- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Py-Øv- ssI-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-- km-[n-°p∂p.-

123412341234123426

]uc [¿Ω-ßƒ

A-\p-t—-Zw- 51˛A A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- C-¥y≥- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-

]u-c-[¿-Ω-ßƒ- C-h-sbm-s°-bm-Wv.-

1.- -c-W-L-S-\-sb- A-\p-k-cn-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- B-Z¿-i-

ß-sf-bpw- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-sf-bpw- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-sb-bpw-

tZ-io-b- Km-\-sØ-bpw- B-Z-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

2.- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\v- th-≠n-bp-≈- \-Ωp-sS- tZ-io-b- k-a-c-

Øn-\v - ]-tNm-Z\w- \¬-In-b- a-l-\o-bm-Z¿-i-ß-sf-

]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- ]n≥-Xp-Scp-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

3.- `m-c-X-Øn-s‚- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-hpw- sF-Iy-hpw- A-J-Wv-U-X-bpw-

\n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bpw- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

4.- cm-Py-sØ- Im-Øv- kq-£n-°p-I-bpw- tZ-io-b- tk-h-\w-

A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-hm≥- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- A-\p-jv-T-n-°p-Ibpw-

sN-øp-I.-

5.- a-X-]-c-hpw- `m-jm-]-c-hpw- ]m-tZ-in-I-hpw- hn- m-Ko-b-hp-am-b-

ssh-hn≤-y-ßƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn- `m-c-X-Øn-se- F-√m- P\-ßƒ-

°p-an-S-bn¬,- ku-lm¿-±-hpw- s]m-Xp-hm-b- km-tlm-Z-cy-

a-t\m-`m-h-hpw- ]p-e¿-Øp-I.- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS- A-¥- n-\v-

Ip-d-hv- h-cp-Øp-∂- B-Nm-c-ßƒ- ]-cn-Xy-Pn-°p-I.-

6.- \-Ωp-sS- k-Ωn-i- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- k-º-∂-am-b-

]m-cº-cy-sØ- hn-e-a-Xn-°p-I-bpw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bpw-

sN-øpI.-

7.- h-\-ß-fpw- X-Sm-I-ß-fpw- \-Zn-I-fpw- h-\y-Po-hn-I-fpw-

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-Ir-Xym- D-≈- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw-

A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw Po-hn-I-tfm-Sv- Im-cp-Wyw-

ImWn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

123412341234123427

8.- im-kv-Xo-b-am-b- Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- am-\-hn-I-X-bpw,- A-t\z-j-

W-Øn-\pw- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\pw- D-≈- a-t\m- m- m-h-hpw-

hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I.-

9.- s]m-Xp-kz-Øv- ]-cn-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- i-]-Yw- sN-bv-Xv-

A-I-aw- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

10.- cm-jv-Sw- b-Xv-\-Øn-s‚-bpw- e-£y-]m-]v-Xn-bp-sS-bpw-

D-∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te-°v- \n-c-¥-cw- D-b-c-Ø-°-h-Æw- hy-Iv-Xn-

]-c-hpw- Iq-´m-b-Xp-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- F-√m-

a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn-epw- D-Xv-Ir-jv-S-X-bv-°p-th-≠n- A-≤zm-\n-°p-I.-

11.- B-dn-\pw- ]-Xn-\m-en-\pw- C-S-bv-°v- ]m-b-ap-≈- X-s‚-

Ip- n-t°m- c-£y_m-e-I-t\m,- A-X-Xp- kw-K-Xn-t]m-se,-

am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm- c-£-I¿-Øm-thm- hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-\p-≈-

A-h-k-c-ßƒ- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-

123412341234123428

`c-W-L-S\bpsS A\-iz-cX

\n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-Ww- \n-b-a-k- -bn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-t°,- \nba-

k- - X-s∂- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- LS\-

cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn- P-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v- t\-cn-´v- e-`n-®- ]-c-am-

[n-Im-c- i-Iv-Xn- \n¿-Δ-ln-°m-\p-≈- A-Xy-]q¿-Δ- \n-b-a-am-Wv- cW-

L-S-\.- A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂- -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬,- A-[n-Im-c- hn-tI-μo-

I-c-W-Øn-s‚- hym-]v-Xn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- co-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- X-Øz-ß-fp-

sS-bpw- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw,- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hy-h-kv-Ym-]n-X- \b-ß-fpw-

B-te-J-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- \m-fp-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n-

Iq-Sn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv- -c-W-L-S-\.- a-\p-jy-kv-Ym-]-\-ßƒ-°v- k-a-o-]n-

°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-hn-[w- A-Xv- A-\-iz-c-am-Wv.- X-Øz-Nn-¥m-]-c-am-bpw-

kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-bpw- cW-L-S-\-bv-°pw- P-∑w- \¬-In-b- P-\-X-

ap-t∂-dp-tºmƒ,- Im-e-Øn-t‚-bpw- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-bpw- B-h-iy-ßƒ-

°pw,- am-dn-b- km-l-Ncy-ß-ƒ-°pw- A-\p-k-cn-®v- A-Xn-s‚- B-Jym-\w-

A-\p-cq-]-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- cmPyw- h-f-cp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- A-Xn-s‚-

-c-W-L-S-\-bpw- h-f-c-Ww.

123412341234123429

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-Øn¬- km-tlm-Z-cyw- ]p-e¿-Øp-hm≥-

A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- 51˛A A-\pt—-Z-]-Im-cw- cm-jv-S-]u-c-∑m¿-

A-h-ew-_n-t°-≠- I-S-a-I-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv- a-X-]-c-hpw,- m-jm-]-c-hpw-

]m-tZ-in-I-hpw- hn-`m-Ko-b-hp-am-b- ssh-hn-≤y-ßƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn-

`m-c-X-Øn-se- F-√m- P-\-ßƒ-°p-an-S-bn¬,- ku-lm¿-±hpw-

s]mXp-hm-b- km-tlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-h-hpw- ]p-e¿-Øp-I- F-∂-Xv.-

eoK¬- k¿-Δo-k-kv- A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw-

kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv- tIm-S-Xn-I-tfm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®v- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-

ao-Un-tb-j-\p-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw- k-aq-l-Øn¬- km-tlm-Z-cyhpw,-

k-am-[m-\-hpw- ssI-h-cp-∂p.- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xpw,-

tImSXn-I-fn¬- -b¬- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-≈- ]o- en-‰n-tK-j-\p-

am-bp-ap-≈- tIm-ºu-≠-_nƒ- X¿-°-ßƒ- eo-K¬- k¿-Δo-k-kv-

A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn-eq-sS- c-ay-am-bn- Xo¿-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-

h-gn,- k-aq-l-Øn¬- k-am-[m-\-hpw- km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-

∂-Xn-\v- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn-epw- ao-Un-tb-j-\n-epw-

C-cp-I-£n-I-fpw- P-bn-°p-∂p.-

kmtlm-Zcyw \ΩpsS IS-a-bmWv

123412341234123430

`c-W-L-S\bpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw

bq-Wn-b≥- K-h -sa‚ v- F-∂-Xv- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- D-≈-X-√.- Fs¥-

∂m¬- A-Xn-s‚- A-[n-Im-c-ß-sf-√mw- X-s∂- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬-

\n-∂p e-`n-®-Xm-Wv.- ]m¿-e-sa‚pw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fpw-

]-c-am-[n-Im-c-ap-≈-X-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- B- \n-b-a-ßƒ- cW-LS\m-

hn-cp-≤-am-sW-∂v- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°v- ]-d-bm≥- I-gn-bpw.- F-∂m¬-

kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn-°pw- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-an-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- kp-]ow-

tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- \n-∂p- e-`n-®-

Xm-Wv.- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Y-m-\-ßƒ-°v- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-an-√,- Fs¥-

∂m¬- tI-μ-Øn-\m-Wv- sd-kn-Uyq-dn- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ.- IqSm-sX-

A-Xn-cp-Iƒ- \n-iv-N-bn-°m-\p-≈- ]-I-S-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≠v.-

ASn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- k-a-b-Øv- kw-kv-Ym-\- -c-W-Iq-S-sØ-bpw,-

\n-b-a-sØ-bpw- a-dn-I-S-°m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw- ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\p-ap-≠v.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- N-´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠v- P-\-X-bv-°v-

A-h-cp-sS- cm-jv-So-b-hpw- km-aq-ln-I-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b-

]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- A-\p-cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- I-gn-bpw.- AXn-\m¬- `-c-W-

L-S-\sb-- ]-c-a-]-hn-X-am-bn- I-cp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv.- F-s¥-∂m¬- cW-

L-S-\-bv-°v- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- D-≈-Xm-Wv.-

123412341234123431

hy‡n-bpsS A¥ v

cm-Py-Øn-s‚- sF-Iy-sØ-°p-dn-®v- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-Øn-s‚-

km-cmw-iw- ]-c-a-am-bn- Du-∂n-∏-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂-bm-Wv-

hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- A-¥- n-s\-°p-dn-®pw- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-¥- v-

F-∂- hm-°n-\v- [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bp-sS-bpw- B-flo-b-X-bp-sS-bpw- A¿-∞w-

I¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ]u-c-s‚- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-sØ- _-lp-am-\n-t°-≠-

Xpw,- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-t\-bpw- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- ]q¿Æ-X- I-s≠-Øp-∂-

Xn-\m-bn- kz-X-¥-am-bn- hn-Sm-\p-≈- A-h-k-c-ßƒ- kr-jv-Sn-t°-≠-

Xpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- Im-cy-ßƒ- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-≈-

Np-a-X-e-bm-sW-∂v- [z-\n-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬-hy-I-v-Xn-bp-sS- A-¥- v-

F-∂v- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂- ]-Z-Øn-eq-sS,- B-[p-\n-I- k-a-Km-[n-]-Xy-sØ-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n-bp-≈- sl-K-en-b≥- Xn-b-dn-sb- \n-cm-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xm-bn- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.-

hy-Iv-Xn-sb- kp-c-£n-X-am-°n-s°m-≠v- kz-¥w- \n-e-\n¬-∏v- H∂p-

am-Xw- e-£y-am-°n-bp-≈- H-cp- `u-Xn-I-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-am-Wv-

cmjvSw.- A-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂- q-X-Im-e-Øv- \mw- B¿-Pv-Pn-®- ]mcº-

cy-tam,- km-aq-ln-I-tam- B-b- P-∑n-Ø- h¿-§-hn-th-N-\-ß-sfbpw-

`-c-W-L-S-\- \n- w-i-bw- \n-c-m-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-

Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- k-a-kv-X- ta-J-e-I-tf-bpw- \n-b-¥n-°p-∂- \nba-ßƒ-

ap-Kƒ-hw-i-P-cpw- _n-´o-jp-Im-cpw- `-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºv- Xs∂-

`m-c-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m-e-Xv- tIm-Uo-I-cn-®- \n-b-a-ß-

fm-bn-cp-∂n-√.- a-dn-®v,- \ym-b-sØb-pw- [¿-Ω-sØb-pw- A-Sn-kv-Ym\-

s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-b-m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- kzn- v,- -©v,- A-ta-cn-°≥- cmPy-

ß-fp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\-I-sf- Dƒ-sIm-≠p-sIm-≠m-Wv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-

123412341234123432

`m-c-X-Øn-se- -c-W-L-S-\- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.- F-√m- mcXob-cn-epw-

D-≈- \-Ωƒ- H-∂m-Wv- F-∂- hn-Im-c-am-Wv- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-

Øn¬- ""`m-c-Xo-b-cm-b- \mw''- F-∂- Xp-S-°-Øn-se- h-cn-Iƒ- hn- m-h-\w-

sN-øm≥- \-Ω-sf- t]-cn-∏n-®-Xv.- Cu- hm-Iy-ßƒ- as‰m-cp- -c-W-LS\-

bn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-s√-¶n-epw- \-Ωp-tS-Xv- H-cp- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-

cm-Py-am-sW-¶n¬-°q-Sn-bpw- hnhn[- h¿-§-ß-fpw- Pm-Xn-I-fpw- C-hn-sS-

bp-≠v.- F-∂m¬- B- \m\m-Xz-Øn¬- \-Ωp-sS- G-I-Xz-hp-ap-≠v.- \-Ωƒ-

B-Zy-am-bpw- A-h-km-\-am-bpw- m-c-Xo-b-cm-Wv.-

123412341234123433

sXmgn-ens‚ A¥ v , kaXzw

F-X- hy-Xym-k-ap-≈- tPm-en-bm-sW-¶n-epw- F-√m- D-]-Im-c-ap-≈-

sXm-gn-ep-I-fpw- cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- H-cp-t]m-se- aq-ey-ap-≈-Xm-Wv Po-hn-X-

Øn-s‚- F-√m- co-Xn-I-fpw.- F-√m- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- sXm-gn-e-p-I-fpw-

H-cp- t]m-se- ]-hn-X-am-Wv- F-∂- B-i-b-am-Wv- ap-Xn¿-∂-h¿-°pw-

Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw- _m-[-I-am-b- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-

hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.- tPm-en-

bn-se- kv-Ym-\-°-b-‰w- F-∂m¬- tPm-en-bn-se- am-‰-am-h-W-sa-∂n-√.-

]-tam-j≥- F-∂m¬- sa-®-s∏-´- Np-a-X-e-bp-am-hmw.- AXv- F-√m-

h¿-°pw- B¿-Pv-Pn-°-m-\m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.- Im-cy-£-a-X-bn-√m-Ø-

H-cp- am-t\-P-tc-°mƒ- Im-cy-]m-]v-Xn-bp-≈- H-cp- ¢m¿-°n-\p- hfcm≥-

I-gn-bpw.- km-º-Øn-I- t\-´-ß-sf- t]m-se- X-s∂- D-≈n-ep-≈-

\n¿-hr-Xn-bpw- am-\-kn-I kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bpw- sXm-gn-en¬- IW-°n-

se-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- \m-W-b-Øn-s‚- b-Ym¿-∞- aq-ey-w- A-Xv-

\-∂m-bn- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈- \-Ωp-sS- I-gn-hm-sW-∂v-

a-d∂p-sIm-≠v- \m-W-b-Øn-s‚- aq-ey-w- A-[n-Iw- Du-∂n- ]-d-bp-∂-

Xm-W-t√m- \-Ωp-sS- kw-kv-I-m-c-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.- [-\n-I¿- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-

A-dn-Rn-cn-t°-≠-Xv- A-h-cp-sS- [-\w- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- D-∂-a-\-Øn-\p-

Iq-Sn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂pw- Z-cn-Z¿- a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv- F-√-m-

sXm-gn-ep-I-fpw- _-lp-am-\n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xpw- B-sW-∂m-Wv.- A-ß-s\-

k-aq-l-Øn¬- F-√m-h-cpw- `-c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ -

""F-√m- sXm-gn-en-\pw- A-¥- p-≠v-''- F-∂- B-i-bw- D-b¿-Øn-

∏n-Sn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.-

123412341234123434

Ah-kc kaXzw

]-Ir-Xn-bn-te-°v- H-∂v- t\m-°n-bm¬- a-\-kn-em-hp-∂-Xv, -

]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-ƒ- D-s≠-∂m-Wv.- \-£-X-ßƒ,-

k-¶-ev-]n-°m-\m-hm-Ø- A-km-[m-c-W-Xz-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ho¿-∏p-ap- n-

°p-∂- km-μX-bn-te-°v- \o-ßp-∂- A-¥-co-£-]m-fn-Iƒ,- q-an-°Sn-

bnse- h-f-sc- A-[n-Iw- [m-Xp-°ƒ,-- `q-an-°p- ap-I-fn¬- F-Æn-bm-

sem-Sp-ßm-Ø- sN-Sn-Iƒ,- Io-S-ßƒ-,- C-g-P-¥p-°ƒ,- ]-£n-Iƒ,-

ar-K-ßƒ,- a-\p-jy¿ ap-X¬- Ime-Øn-s‚- A-Xn-hn- P\-ß-sf-t∏m-epw-

sh-√p-∂- A-dn-hp-≈- E-jn-am¿-h-sc.-

Pn-tbm-f-Pn,- t_m- -Wn,- kp-thm-f-Pn,- ln-kv-‰-dn,- A-¥t∏m-f-Pn-

F-√mw- ]-d-™p-X-cp-∂-Xv- ]m-Ir-X- tKm-X-ß-fpw- ]-cn-jm-c-ap-≈-

Ip-e-ß-fpw- ]-≠p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂pw,- C-\n-bpw- D-≠m-hpw-

F-∂p-a-m-Wv.- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-sf-√mw- X-s∂- H-cp- Zn-h-k-sØ-

cmjvSob- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww- sIm-≠v- C-√m-Xm-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√.-

a\-»Iv-Xn-bn-epw- [¿-a-\n-jvT-bp-sS- Hm-P- n-ep-ap-≈- A-k-a-Xzw

a-\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se \n¿-_-\v-[-n-X- L-S-I-am-Wv.- Cu- a-\-»IvXn-

bn-epw- [¿-a-\n-jv-T-bp-sS- Hm-P- n-ep-ap-≈- A-k-a-Xzw- km-º-Øn-I-hpw-

km-aq-ly-hp-am-bp-≈ A-k-a-Xz-sØ- ]-Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂p.-

a-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Xo-\m-f-Øn¬- \n-∂v- B-bn-cw- Pzm-e-bp-≈-

AKv\-n-\m-f-ßƒ- D-b-cpw- t]m-se- ]-Ir-Xn-bn¬- \m-i-an-√m-Ø- H∂n¬-

\n-∂v- F-√mw- h-cp-∂p.- A-h-k-c-ß-fn-se- k-a-Xzw- B¿-Pn-°m≥-

]-Z-hn-bn¬- k-a-Xzw- \n-e-\n¬-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- ]-Z-hn-bn-se- A-k-a-Xzw-

A-h-k-c-ß-fn-se- k-a-Xzw- B¿-Pn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≈- Hcp- X-S-k-am-Wv.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-Øn¬- ]-Z-hn-bn-epw- A-h-k-c-Øn-epw-

k-a-Xzw- kw-]m-]v-Xam-°p-sa-∂v A-\p-im-kn-°p∂p.-

123412341234123435

kmaqly \oXn

\o-Xn-°v- km-aq-ly-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- cm-jv-So-b-hp-am-b- Hcp-

]m-[m-\y- I-a-ap-≠v.- km-aq-ly- \o-Xn-bn-√m-sX- P-\-ßƒ-°v- kmº-

Øn-I- \o-Xn- e- y-am-°m≥- -c-W-L-S-\-°p- I-gn-bn-√.- km-aq-ly-hpw-

km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- \o-Xn- e- y-am-°n-b- H-cp- ]u-cm-h-en-°v- am-X-ta-

A¿-l-X-s∏-´- A-h-Im-i-s∏-´- cm-jv-So-b- \o-Xn- A-Xn-s‚- ]u-c-

∑m¿-°v- D-d-∏m-°m≥- I-gn-bq.-

km-aq-ln-I-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b-n- I-cp-Øm¿-Pv-Pn-®- H-cp-

thm´-¿°v- am-X-ta- cm-jv-So-b- \o-Xn- In-´p-sa-∂v- ]-Xo-£n-°m≥-

I-gn-bq.- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Py-sØ- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- D-∂-X-am-b- \-∑-bm-Wv-

-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- km-aq-ly-hpw- kmº-

Øn-I-hpw- cm-jv-So-b-hp-am-b- \o-Xn- F-∂p-≈- Im-cy-ßƒ- e-£y-

am-°n- A-Xn-s‚- Xm-t°m-em-b- B-ap-J-Øn¬- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-

P\m[n]-Xy- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- B-bn- `m-c-X-Øn-se- P-\-ßƒ- \n¿-Ωn-®-

Xm-Wp- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-∂v- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-

123412341234123436

`c-W-L-S\tbmSp-ff BZ-chv ]ucs‚ I¿Øhyw

Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 ]Imcw

s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnsem s]mXp-hmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ at‰-sX-

¶nepw, ÿe-ß-fntem, tZio-b-]-Xm-I-tbm, `c-W-L-S-\-tbm,

AXns‚ GsX-¶nepw mKtam IØn-°p-Itbm hnI-e-am-°p-Itbm

hnIr-X-am-°p-Itbm A]-Io¿Øn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm, hncq-]-am-°p-Itbm,

\in-∏n-°p-Itbm, \nμn-°p-Itbm, As√-¶n¬ _lp-am-\-an-√mbva

]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Itbm, A[n-t£-]n-°p-Itbm, Fgp-Xp-Itbm,

]d-bp-Itbm, sNøp∂, GsXm-cmƒ°pw aq∂p h¿j-Øn¬

Ipd-bmØ XSthm ]ngtbm As√-¶n¬ c≠pw IqSn-bp≈

in£tbm \¬Ip-∂-XmWv. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 51˛A A\p-t—-ZØn¬

]ucs‚ auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßsf Ipdn®v ]d-bp-∂n-SØv `c-W-

L-S-\-sbbpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw

tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw

BZcn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-hm-≥ A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

123412341234123437

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\bpsS aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ auenImhIm-

ißƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v hy‡-ambn ]Jym-]n-®n-´ps≠∂v

amX-a√, AXv ew-Ln-°-s∏-´m¬ Fs¥√mw ]cn-lmc am¿§-

ßƒ Ds≠∂pw \n¿t±-in-°p∂p. CXv shdpw Hcp ]Jym-]\w

amX-a√. AXv Dd∏v hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Gh¿°pw _m≤y-X-bp≠v. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßsf l\n-°p-∂

GXv \nb-ahpw DØ-c-hp-Ifpw Akm-[p-hmbn ]Jym-]n-°m≥

kp]ow tImS-Xn°pw sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn cmjvS-Ønse ]uc-\p≈ kzm`m-hn-Im-h-Im-

i-ßfpsS ]p\¿\m-a-I-cWw BWv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ F∂Xv.

kzm`m-hnI \nb-a-ßƒ, cmPysØ a‰v \nb-a-ß-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂

]Zhn \¬Ip-∂p. AXp-t]mse kzm`m-hn-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v, \nbaw

hgn e`n-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-ß-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂ ]hn-X-Xbpw

A¥ pw I¬∏n-®p-h-cp-∂p. kzm`m-hnI Ah-Imiw F∂Xv

kzm`m-hnI \nb-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂v D≠m-b-Xm-sW∂mWv k¶¬∏w.

“\Ωƒ P\n-°p-∂Xv Xs∂ \oXn°v th≠n-bm-Wv. Ah-Im-i-ßsf

Is≠-tØ-≠-Xn√. Ah ]]-©-Øn¬ Xs∂ D≈-Xm-Wv.

`mcX `c-W-L-S\ \ΩpsS ]c-tam-∂-X-amb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-Wv.

kp]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bmb ]c-tam-∂-X- \oXn-]o-T-hpw, Bap-Jhpw

`cW-L-S-\-bpsS `mK-ambn \mw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. Bap-Jhpw

t`Z-KXn sNøp-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]oTw

A`n-]m-b-s∏- n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\bpsS ]c-a-]-[m\

`mK-amWv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS aq∂mw mKØv

123412341234123438

auenImhIm-i-ß-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ c-W-

LS\-bpsS “Ah-Im-i- kwc-£Ww” F∂ Bi-bsØ Dƒs°m-

≠mWv \ΩpsS c-W-L-S\m in¬∏n-Iƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ cW-L-S-\-bnse

Nne ]pØ≥ Bib-ßsf Ah-bpsS A¥- Ø tNm¿∂v

t]mImsX \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\-bpsS mK-am°ph-m≥, cW-L-S\m

inev]n-Iƒ ian-®n- p-≠v.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 22˛mw A\p-t—Zw Hcp ]pXnb auen-Im-h-Imiw

IqSn krjvSn-®p. ]uc\v Ahs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ \S-∏n-

em°n In´p-hm-≥- ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]o-TsØ kao-]n-°m-\p≈

Ah-Imiw. auenI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]uc\v A¥ pw, hy‡n-

Xzhpw, kzmX-¥yhpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip-∂p. Hcp t£a-

cmjvSw sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ XØz-ßƒ \ΩpsS `c-W-

LS\bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬ ]tXyIw ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p-≠v. auenI

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ F∂Xv cmjvSw ]uc-∑m¿°v \¬Ip∂ kΩm\-

ambn IW-°m°mw.

123412341234123439

sXmgn-ens‚ A¥ v

]ucm-WnI XØzNn¥-I¿- P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂

Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw sshcp-≤y-ßfpw apgp-h-\mbpw Ah-K-Wn-®n- n-√m-

bn-cp-∂p.

AsXms° a\pjy]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]q¿Æ-X-bp-sSbpw

AhiyLS-I-ß-fmbn Ah¿ I≠p.

F∂m¬ Ah¿ apt∂-dn-bXv F√m a\p-jy-k-tlm-Zcn

ktlm-Z-c-∑m-scbpw krjvSn-®Xv H-tc-t]mse-bp≈ Hcp PohnX-

Øn-\m-bn- mWv F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ D∂X aqey-ß-fn-te-°m-bn-

cp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah¿°v Hcp s]mXp-hmb Bflob Dd-hnSw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ Ch¿s°ms° Xp√y-am-\-knI Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂t∂m

As√-¶n¬ Xp√y-[¿Ω-ho-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂t∂m AXn\v A¿∞-an√.

`uXn-I-amb Ak-aXzw F∂ XØz-Øn\v tIhew ]k-‡n-bn√

F∂mWv ChnsS Kln-t°-≠Xv. H∂n¬ Xs∂ ]e-Xp≠v F∂

]am-W-amWv ChnsS a\-kn-em-t°-≠Xv.

Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ _lp-am\w F∂ hkvXpX a\-kn-em°n

thWw sXmgnens‚ A¥ v F∂ Imcyw Hmtcm ]uc\pw

Kln-°p-h-m≥.

F∂m¬ amXta `c -W-L-S -\ -bpsS Bap -J -Øn¬

]Xn -]m -Z - n -®n -´p≈ A¥ v F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w

]q¿Æ-ambpw ]m_-ey-Ønemhp-I-bp-≈q..

123412341234123440

h\n-X-Iƒ°p-ff kuP\y \nb-a-k-lmbw

Hcp h\n-X-bpsS t£aw \nc-h[n LS-I-ßsf Bi-bn-®mWv

Ccn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-fpsS hnZym- ym-kw. kz¥-ambn hcp-am\w D≠m-°m-\p≈

Ignhv, hoSn\p ]pdØv sXmgn¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI, kzØ-h-Imiw

F∂n-h-sbms° GXp h\n-X-bp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\v B[m-c-amWv.

Cu LS-I-ß-fmWv hoSn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw Xocp-am-\-ßƒ

FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ahsf ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-∂Xv. h\n-X-I-fpsS

sXmgn¬ ho´nepw kaq-l-Ønepw D≈ Ah-cpsS kaqly \ne-

\n¬∏ns\ Db¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ t\cn v klm-bn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI

kzmX¥yw D≈ h\n-X°v IpSpw-_-Ønepw kaq-l-Ønepw IqSp-

X¬ ÿm\-ap≠v. h\n -X -bpsS hnZym -`ymkw Ahsf

]mXn\n[yhpw sshZ-Kv≤yhpw Adnhpw D≈-h-fm-°p-∂p. h\nX-

I-fpsS kzØ-h-Im-ihpw IpSpw-_-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ

FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ ÿm\w \¬Ip∂p.

hnZym- ymkw, sXmgn¬, kzØ-h-Imiw F∂nhsIm≠v kmbp[-

cmb h\n-X-Iƒ°v i‡-amb h\nXm- hncp≤ ]h-W-X-bp≈

C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ £-W-Øn-s‚bpw Btcm-Ky-Øn-s‚bpw

Imcy-Øn¬ Xp√y hnX-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ][m\ ]¶phln-

°m-\mhpw.

kuP\y \nb-a-k-lmb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hgn hntam-Nn-X-cm-hp-

∂Xv h\n-X-Iƒ°p t\sc \S-°p∂ AXn-I-a-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-

Xn\v Ah¿°v klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p. kvXo im‡o-I-c-W-Øn\v

i‡-amb Hcp D]m-[n-bmWv Ah¿°v e`n-°p∂ kuP\y

\nb-a-k-lmbw. ]ptcm-K-an®psIm≠ncn-°p∂ cmPy-amb C¥ysb

123412341234123441

t]mep≈nSØv kvXo im‡o-I-cWw hfsc ][m-\-am-Wv.

eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS kuP\y \nba klmb

]h¿Ø\ßƒ hgn `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 14˛mw A\p-t—Zw

A\p-im-kn-°p∂ kaXzw B¿÷n-°p∂Xn\p h\n-X-Iƒ°p

km[n-°p-∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]c-tam∂X ÿm\hpw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW

k`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw k¥p-en-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ΩpsS

`c-W-L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ Db¿Øn-°m-´nb ]pXp-a-bm¿∂

]Jym]-\-am-bmWv auenImhImißƒ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-

bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. `mcX `c-W-L-S-\- Hcp \nb-tam-

]-I-cWambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. AXns‚ \n¿_-‘nX \nba

hkvXp-X-Iƒ ^e-]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv tImS-Xn-Iƒ

aptJ\bmWv. F∂m¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \memw `mKØv

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ tImS-Xn-Iƒ aptJ\

\S-∏n-em-°p-h-m≥ km[y-a-√.

123412341234123442

`c-W-L-S\bnse a\p-jym-h-Imi \nb-a-ßƒ

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ DXvI-WvT ]pcm-X\ kwkvImc-

ß-fpsS Imew sXms´ Bcw- n-®-XmWv. _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ \nba-

ßƒ, A n-dn-b≥ \nb-a-ßƒ thZ-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-

cp∂ [¿Ωw F∂ Bibw,- ssN\-bnse emHmkobp-sSbpw

I¨^yp-jykn-s‚bpw \nb-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ Ch-sbms° a\pjy

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw a\p-jym-h-Imi-ßƒ

]cn-c-£n®p h∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.

]mNo\ mc-X-Ønse [¿Ω-im-kvXØnepw A¿∞-im-kvX-

Ønepw cmPm-hn-s‚bpw ]P-I-fp-sSbpw [¿Ω-sa-s¥∂v A¤pX-

I-c-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. at‰-sXmcp ]Psbbpw- t]mse

cmPmhv t]mepw \nb-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-\-m-bn-cp∂p. IS-a-Iƒ

Hcn-°epw imk-\-Ifmbn-cp-∂n√, adn®v kzoIm-cy]Z-amb,-

kt¥m-j-Øn-\mbn \n¿Δ-ln-t°≠ A¥- mb Imcy-Øns‚

]Xo-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

F√m-h-cp-sSbpw t£aw F∂ hkp-ss[-hIpSpw-_Iw F∂

]pcm-X\ `mc-Xob XØzw sIm≠pXs∂ kº∂amb `mc-Xo-b-

ss]XrIw a\p -jym -h -Im -i -ßƒ°v ]c -a]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂Xmbn ImWmw.

_p≤s‚bpw Atim-I-s‚bpw ImeØv kaXzw, kzmX¥yw,

kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o Imcy-ß-fn-eqsS a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ

Aaqeyambn IW-°n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw.

XS-¶-en¬ AS-bv°-s∏- -h-tcmSv a\p-jyXzw ImWn-°-W-sa∂pw

123412341234123443

Atim-Is‚ ImeØv \n¿I¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv c-W-L-S\ XS-

¶-en¬ AS-°-s∏-´-hsc ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂Xv XS-™n-cp-∂-Xmbpw

ImWp-∂p. cWLS\ hn`m-h\w sNøp-tºmƒ 1948 Unkw-_¿

10 \p sFIycmjvS ]Jym-]-\-ß-fpsS P\-d¬ Akwªn hnfw-

_cw sNøp-I-bpw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS

kmcmwiw `c-W-L-S\m inev]n--Iƒ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bnepw

kzoI-cn-®p.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-]-cn-c-£sb kw_-‘n°p∂ sFIy-cmjvS

]Jym-]\ßfpsS P\-d¬ Akwªn, hnfw-_cw sNøp-Ibpw

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS kmcmwiw `c-W-

L-S\mkanXn `mcX`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ kwtbmPn∏n®n-´p≠v

`cW-L-S -\ -bpsS Bap -J -Øn¬ P\m -[n -]Xyw F∂

hm°vsIm≠v k¿°m-cn\p P\-ß-fm¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´Xv

aq-e-am-Wv- A[n-Imcw e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂sX∂v A¿∞-am°-p-∂p.

a\p-jym-h-Imi ]cn-c-£sb kw_-‘n-°p∂ sFIy-cmjvS

]Jym-]\ DS-º-Sn-bn¬ mc-Xhpw H∏v h®n- p-≈-XmWv.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS,

A\p-t—Zw 14, \nb-a-Øn\p apºmsI kaXzw

A\p-t—Zw 15 hnth-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-tc-bp≈ \ntcm-[\w

A\p-t—Zw 16 Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ kaXzw

A\p-t—Zw 19 kwkmc kzmX¥yw apX-em-bh

kw_-‘n-®n-´p≈ Nne Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww

A\p-t—Zw 20 Ip‰m-tcm-]n-X-cm-b-h-cpsS Ip‰-ßƒ

ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®- kwc-£Ww

A\p-t—Zw 21 Poh-s‚bpw hy‡n kzmX-¥y-Øn-s‚bpw

kwc-£Ww

123412341234123444

F∂n-ßs\ A\-h[n \nb-a-ßsf `c-W-L-S\ kzoI-cn®

ka-bØv m-cXw Fß-s\-bmWv Ahsb a\- n-em-°n-b-sX∂v-

CXn¬ \n∂p- hy‡-amWv

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw cmjvS-Ønse F√m

]uc-∑m¿°pw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb

\oXnbpw,-Nn¥,- A n-]m-bw, hnizm-kw, aXw, Bcm-[\ F∂n-h-bn¬

kzmX-¥yhpw ]Z-hn-bnepw Ah-k-c-Ønepw ka-Xzhpw Dd∏p

\¬Ip∂p.-hy‡n-bpsS A¥ pw cmjvSØns‚ sFIyhpw

AJ-fi-Xbpw Dd-∏p-h-cpØn F√m-h-cnepw kmtlm-Zcyw

hf¿Øphm\pw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw Blzm\w sNøp-

∂p. Cu Bibßƒ°v FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p “Abn-Øm-N-cWw”

`c-W-L-S-bpsS 17˛mw A\p-t—Zw “Abn-Øm-N-cWw” \nb-a-

hn-cp-≤hpw Ip‰-I-c-hp-ambn ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

17˛mw A\p-t—Zw Hcp kmaq-lnI hnπ-h-Øn\pw \h-bp-K-

∏n-d-hn°pw Bcw`w Ipdn-®p.

C¥y-bpsS kzmX¥y kacw hfsctbsd \o≠p-\n-∂-XmWv

AXn-\mbn Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v Bfp-I-ƒ Ah-cpsS Poh≥

_enb-¿∏n-°pIbpw D≠mbn. AXn-t\-°mtfsd ][m\w

AXp-ey-amb kzmX¥y kacw Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw AXns‚

BZ¿i-ßsf ]n¥p-S -cp -Ibpw ]I¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI

F∂p-≈-XmWv. AXv C¥y-bpsS cmjvSob kzmX¥yw amXw

e£y-am-°n-bp-≈- shdp-samcp kacam-bn-cp-∂n-√-. temI-Ønse

F√m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb

tamN\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. \oXn-\n-jvT-amb Hcp kaq-lhpw,

kzmX-¥yhpw ka-Xzhpw Alnw-kbpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw temI-

k-am-[m-\hpw D≈ Hcp sFIy-cmjvShp-w ]Sp-Øp-b¿ØpI

F∂Xv AXns‚ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

\Ωƒ `c-Xob ]uc-∑m¿ Cu Bi-b-ß-tfmSv t_m[yap-≈-

h-cm-hp-Ibpw A¿∏W at\m-`m-h-tØmsS ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ amXta Ahn-sSbpw Chn-sS-bp-ambn ]e-t∏mgpw

Xe Db¿Øp∂ hnL-S\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn \ap°v

Db-cm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.

123412341234123445

Hmtcm ]uc\pw, kzmX-¥y-Øn\p th≠nbp≈ \ΩpsS

tZiob ka-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb al\-ob BZ¿i-

ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n¥p-S-cp-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂p

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 51˛A A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw ]ucs‚ A¥- ns\ Db¿Øn-

°m-´pI hgn cmjvS-Øns‚ AJ-fi-Xbpw sFIyhpw Du´n

Dd-∏n-°p-∂p. hn`-P-\Øn\v tijw kzX¥`mcXw A`n-ap-Jo-

I-cn® G‰hpw ImX-emb ]iv\w cmjvS-Øns‚ sFIyw

ImØpkq£n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. hn`n∂ aX, PmXn, h¿§,

kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬s∏´ P\-Xsb sFIy-tØmsS \ne-\n¿ØpI

F∂Xv ITn\ ]b-Xv\-amWv. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m inev]n-

I-fpsS Zo¿L-Z¿i-\hpw ss[cyhpw ]I-S-am-bXv cmjvS-Øns‚

sFIyw ImØpkq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-I-fn-emWv.

AXn-\mbn Ah¿ hn`m-h\w sNbvX-XmWv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ.

IÆp-Iƒ°v I¨t]m-f-Ifpw,- ico-c-Øn\v ssIIfpw- F∂Xp-

t]mse ][m-\-amWv kaq-lØn\v auen-Im-h-Im-iß-fpw-.

I¨t]m-f-Ifpw ssIIfpw IÆn-s\bpw ico-csØbpw

c£n°pw. AXp-t]mse-bmWv c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-

i-ßfpw auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßfpw. ka-Xz-kp-μchpw \oXn-

]q¿Æhpw BZ¿itbm-Ky-hp-amb Hcp kaqlw Ch e£y-am-

°p-∂p. AXn-eqsS kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. shbn-ep-sIm≠v

AXy¥w £oWn®p hcp∂ Bfn\v hr£-Øns‚ XW¬ hfsc

kpJw \¬Ip-∂p. Iqcm-Iq-cn-cp- n¬ IØn-®p-sh® hnf°v tim`

]S¿Øp∂p. AXp-t]mse cmjvS-Ønse ]uc-∑m-cpsS

A¥ pw bi pw `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ auen-Im-i-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p∂

`mKØv cmjvS-Øns‚ sFIy-sØbpw AJ-fi-X-sbbpw Du´n-

D-d-∏n-°p∂p F∂v amX-a√ cmjvS-Øns‚ sFIyw XI¿°p∂

LS-I-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `mc-X-Øn-\p-≈n¬

Fhn-sSbpw k©-cn-°phm\pw Xma-kn-°p-hm\pw IpSn-tb-dn-

∏m¿°p-hm\pw GXp sXmgnepw kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw hmWn-Pytam

123412341234123446

hyh-km-btam \S-Øp-hm\pw D≈ kzmX¥yw c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

19(1), (d), (e), (f), (g) A\p-t—Zw Dd-∏m-°p∂p. c-W-L-S\ \∑

\nd™ kaq-lsØ hm¿sØ-Sp-°pI amX-a√ cmjvS[zwkI

i‡n-Isf C√mbva Nøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

auenImhIm-i-ßƒ ]cn-jvIrXkaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-I-

fmbn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Ccp-]Xmw A\p-

t—Zw Ip‰m-tcm-]-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-cm-b-h¿°v \¬Ip∂ kwc-£-

W-amWv Ip‰-IrXyw \S-°p-tºmƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nba hyh-ÿ-

Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v amXta Hcm-fpsS t]cn¬ Ip‰w Npa-Øm-\m-

hq. GsX-¶nepw ]hrØn Ip‰-I-c-ambn ]Jym-]n-°p∂ \nb-a-

Øn\v Hcn-°epw ap≥Ime ]m_eyw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X√. Ip‰-

IrXyw \S-Øp-tºmƒ \nb-am\pkrX- in£ amXta sImSp-

°mhq. Htc Ip‰-Øn\v H∂n-e-[nIw ]mhiyw Hcmsf t]mkn-

Iyq v sNøp-hmt\m in£n-°p-hmt\m ]mSn-√. ]Xn-bmb Hcmsf,

Abmƒs°-Xn-cmbn km£n-bmbn hnkvX-cn-°p-hm\pw ]mSn√.

]e ]e J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ipgn-s®-Sp-°p∂ cXv\ßƒ alm-

cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS Inco-S-Øn\v tim -tb-In-bn-cp∂p. AXp-t]mse

]e- ]e c-W-L-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-SpØ cXv\-ßƒ

tIm¿Øn-W-°n-bmWv \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ AXns‚ inev]n-

Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. mc-X-Ønse F√m hn mKw P\-ß-sfbpw

Hcp-a-bpsS Nc-Sn¬ tIm¿Øv hnP-b-Øns‚ ]Ÿm-hn-te°v

\bn-°p-hm≥ \ΩpsS c-W-L-S-\bv°v km[n®p. kzmX-¥ym-\-

¥c mcXw \nc-h[n ]iv\-ßƒ t\cn´p. t\cn´ F√m ]iv\-ß-

sfbpw `mcXw Akm-[m-c-Wamw hn[w AXn-Po-hn®p. temI-

Øns‚ apºn¬ \ΩpsS cmPyhpw c-W-L-S-\bpw Xe Db¿Øn

\n¬°p-∂p. AX-amXw alXzw Gdn-b-XmWv \ΩpsS ss]Xr-Ihpw

`c-W-L-S-\-bpw.

123412341234123447

auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ

C¥y Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy]c-am[nImc cmjvS-am-Wv.

]uc-∑m¿s°√mw \oXn-bpw, kzmX-¥yhpw, ka-Xzhpw,

kmtlm-Z-cyhpw ]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw

F∂m¬ Hmtcm ]uc\pw hnth-N-\-an-√msX F∂¿∞w.

\oXn, kzmX-¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o Ia-Øn-

emWv c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ÿm\w \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv F∂ Imcyw

it≤-b-am-Wv. \oXn-bn-√msX kzmX-¥y-Øn\v A¿∞-an√.

AXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv kzmX-¥y-an-√msX \oXn-bp-an√.

\oXnbpw kzmX-¥yhpw Hcp-an®v ka-Xzhpw ]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \oXn-bp-sSbpw kzmX¥y-Øn-s‚bpw

]c-kv]c ]h¿Ø\w Xs∂ kaXzw D≠v F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Ch aq∂pw C√msX kmtlm-Zcyw shdpw t]Sn kz]v\-am-bn-

cn°pw. AXn-\m¬ c-W-L-S\ Fßs\ ]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂-Xn\v

DZm-l-c-a-amWv \oXn, kzmX¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o

]Z-ß-fpsS Iao-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-hp-∂-Xv.

P\-ß-fpsS auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xn\v

Ah-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ AXn-t‚-Xmb A\n-hm-cy-amb coXn-bn¬

]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ P\-ßsf Ah-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cm-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. CXv kam-[m-\-]-chpw hym]-I-hp-ambn P\-ß-fn¬

FØn-t°-≠-Xpap≠v. CsXms° \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn :

(F) CsX-°p-dn-®p≈ ip]m¿i-Ifpw kwth-Z\ t£a-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw

123412341234123448

kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ \Ωƒ ]s¶-Sp-°-Ww.

(_n) k¿°m¿ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ, Ub-dn-Iƒ, Ie-≠-dp-Iƒ,

Imcym-e-b-ßƒ, s]mXp-ÿ-e-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ßfn¬ `c-W-

L-S-\-bpsS A\pt—Zw 51˛A ]Im-c-ap≈ “auen-I

I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ” ]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂Xv i≤n-t°-≠-

(kn) auen-I I¿Ø-hy-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ kp]-[m\

ktμ-i-ßƒ tdUn-tbm-bn-eq-sSbpw, hoUntbm Zriy-ßƒ

hgnbpw Adn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

(Un) auen-I I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bpsS

]p\-:]-cn-tim-[-\°pambn kzbw- -cW kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw

Iao-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.

(C) auen-I I¿Ø-hy-ßsf°p-dn-®p≈ eLp ]kn-≤o-

I-c-W-ßƒ anX-amb `mj-bn¬ hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ,

km£-cX ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS P\-ßsf Adn-

bn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

(F-^v) ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww t]mep≈ auen-I I¿Ø-hy-

ß-sf-°p-dn-®v P\-ßƒ t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-tI-≠Xpw BWv.

Ime-ß-fmbn `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS at\m-`m-h-Ønepw

ss]Xr-I-Ønepw IS-a-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ap≥Xq°w \¬In-bn-´p-

s≠-¶nepw ]uc-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS IS-a-

Ifpambn A\p-]m-X-an-√mØ Hcp Du∂¬ F√m-bn-SØpw \¬Ip-

∂p≠v.

Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw IS-a-Ifpw Htc \mW-b-Øns‚ c≠p

hi-ß-fmWv.

Hmtcm Ah-Im-i-Øn\pw XØp-√y-amb IS-a-bp≠v. IS-a-Iƒ

\∂mbn \n¿Δ-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-SØp amXta Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

HgpIn FØq.

123412341234123449

Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp mK-

amWv IS-a-Iƒ.

as‰mcmfpsS Ah-ImisØ _lp-am-\n-°-W-sa∂pw, a\p-

jy-Po-hn-XsØ _lp-am-\n-°Wsa∂Xpw, as‰m-cmsf tZmln-°-

cpXv F∂Xpw Hcm-fpsS IS-a-bm-Wv.

F√m-hcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS IS-a-I-ƒ \∂mbn \n¿Δ-ln-®m¬,

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kzbta kwc-£n-°-s∏Spw.

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]uc\p\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv t]mse Xs∂

`cW-L-S-\-bn¬ 51˛A A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ auen-I-

I¿Øhy-ßfpw Hmtcm ]uc\pw \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

1984 se s]mXpkzØv, \mi \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv XS-b¬ \nba-

Øn¬ tIμk¿°m-cn-s‚tbm, kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-s‚tbm

Ah-bpsS DS -a -ÿXbntem, \nb- ¥-W-Øntem

]h¿Øn°p∂ GsX-¶nepw hkvXp-hnt\m, s]mXpkzØnt\m

tZmltam \jvStam hcp-Øn-bm¬ Bdp amk-Øn¬ Ipd-bm-

ØXpw F∂m¬ A©p h¿jw hsc BIm-hp-∂-Xp-amb ITn\-

X-Sthm ]ngtbm \¬Ip-sa∂v hyhÿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

IqSmsX Pew, shfn®w, sshZypXn, Du¿÷w, FÆ, Agp°p-

Nm¬, GsX-¶nepw J\n, ^mIvS-dn, s]mXpKXm-KX D]m-[n,

F∂n-h-bv°v \mi-\jvStam tZmltam hcp-Øn-bmepw Cu

in£ In´p-∂-Xm-Wv.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 51˛A A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ ]ucs‚ 9˛m-asØ

auenI I¿Øhyw A\p -im -kn -°p -∂Xv. s]mXp -kzØv

]cn-c-£n-°p-sa∂v i]Yw sNø-W-sa∂pw AIaw Dt]-£n-°-

W-sa∂pw BWv.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A\p-t—Zw 51˛A bn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂

auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ Hcp ]uc\pw as‰mcp ]ucs\Xnsc

\S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bn√. P\-ß-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw

123412341234123450

A`n-hr-≤n-°p-th≠n Hcmƒ Xs‚ a\- n¬ kq£n-t°≠ 10

I¬∏-\Iƒ t]mse-bm-WXv. A]-Imcw Ah cmPy-Øn\pw

kaq-l-Øn\pw th≠n \nd-th-‰-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fn¬ auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ apJ-hn-ebv°v

FSp-°m-dp≠v. auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hyhÿ

sNbvXn- p≈Xn\m¬ c-W-L-S\ hymJym-\n-°p-tºmƒ tImSXn-

Iƒ Ah IW-°n-se-Sp-°m-dp≠v. hy‡n-]-c-amb tIkp-I-fn¬

Hcp hy‡n°v tamN\w sImSp-°m≥, Abm-fpsS ap≥Ime

auenI I¿Ø-hy-ß-fpsS Af-hp-tIm¬ IW-°n-se-SpØv hn[n

]kvXm-hn-°m-dp-≠v.

123412341234123451

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ][m-\-s∏´ aq∂p XqWp-I-fmWv \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmW k`, `cW \n¿h-lW hn`mKw, \oXn-\ymb kwhn-

[m\w F∂nh.

`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ F√m ÿm]-\-ßfpw Cu hn`m-K-ß-fpsS

\nb-¥-W-Øn-em-Wv.

Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw I¿Ø-hy-amWv Chsb _lp-am-\n-t°-

≠Xv.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A\oXn \S-∂p-sht∂m \S-°m≥ t]mIp-

∂p-sht∂m Hcp ]uct\m Hcp Iq´w P\-ßƒt°m A\p-`-h-

s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS

tImSXnsb kao-]n-®p ]cn-lmcw ImtW-≠-XmWv. `cW-

LS\bv°v FXn-cmb am¿§-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-tºmƒ cmPy-

Øns‚ kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb D∂Xn ]nt∂m-´m-

Ip∂p.

aq∂v Imcy-ß-fmWv cmjvS-Øn-ep-≠m-th-≠Xv

BZy-ambn DØ-a-amb BZ¿i-ßƒ D≠m-IWw. c≠ma-Xmbn

Cu DØa BZ¿i-ßƒ B¿÷n-°p-h-m≥ ]m]vXn-bp≈ ]uc-

∑m¿ D≠m-hWw aq∂m-a-Xmbn DXvIr-jvT-X-°mbn ]cn-i-an-

°p∂ ]uc-∑mcpw thWw

123412341234123452

Fhn-sS-bmtWm \n¿ -b-amb a\ v inc- p-b¿Øn ]nSn-°p-∂Xv,

kzX-¥-amb Adn-hp-≈Xv, k¶p-NnX Npa-cp-I-fn-√mØ temI-ap-

≈Xv, kXy-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn¬ \n∂v hm°p-Iƒ D≈Xv Ahn-

tS°v Nn¥-bp-tSbpw ]h¿Øn-bp-sSbpw G‰-hp-w A[nIw hym]-vXn-

bn-te°v a\ v \bn-°p-∂n-S-tØ-°p-amWv \ΩpsS kz]v\-ß-fnse

C¥y DW-tc-≠Xv.

alm-flm-Km‘n hn`m-h\w sNbvX kzX¥ C¥ybn¬

ZmcnZyØnt\m, tcmK-ßƒt°m, Adn -hn -√m -bva -t°m,

Agn-a-Xnt°m ÿm\-an√.

Ch-sbms° B¿÷n-°m≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hn`m-h\w

sNøp∂ auenI Ah-Im-i-ß-tfm-sSm∏w auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßfpw

\nd-th-‰-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

`c-W-L-S\ F¥v \¬In-bmepw Cs√-¶nepw cmPy-Øns‚

t£aw `c-WsØ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

`cWw, A-Xv- \S-Øp∂ Bfp-Isf Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Hcp cmPy-Øn\v AXv A¿ln-°p∂ `c-W-Iq-SsØ amXta

e`n-°p-I-bp≈q F∂Xv Hcp ]g-s©m-√mWv. cWLS\ F∂Xv

Hcp b¥w t]mse-bmWv. AXn\p Poh≥hbv°p-∂Xv AXv

Nen-∏n-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\p-jy-cn-eq-sS-

bm-Wv.

AXv \∂mbn \n¿h-ln-°p∂ Hcp Iq´w a\p-jy-sc-bmWv

`c-W-L-S-\bv°v Bhiyw.

tUm.-_n.-B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿ `c-W-L-S\ Akw-ªn-bn¬

Cßs\ ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn : P\m-[n-]Xyw \ne-\n¬°-

W-sa-¶n¬ kmaq-ly-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-hpam-bp-ap≈ e£y-ßƒ

t\Sm≥ \mw BZy-ambn `c-W-L-S-\bv°v A\p-kr-X-amb

coXn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-IbmWv th≠Xv. \n -l-I-cW

123412341234123453

]ÿm-\-ßfpw, kXym-K-l-ßfpw, B`y-¥c ka-c-ap-d-Ifpw

XyPn-°Ww. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihambn apt∂-dm≥ cW-

L-S-\m-]-c-amb am¿§-ßƒ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m-emWv \ap°v CØcw

ka-c-ap-d-Iƒ th≠n-h-∂Xv. C∂v \ap°v `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb

am¿§-ßƒ ap∂n-ep≠v.

CØcw Imcy-ßƒ XyPn-®n-s√-¶n¬ hfsc s]s´∂v Acm-

P-I-Xz-Øn-te°v \mw hgpXn hotW°mw.

cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-

Xeß-fn-te°v \nc-¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-

Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬-Ir-jvS-

Xbv°v th≠n A≤zm-\n-°Ww.

123412341234123454

mc-X-Øns‚ cWLS\ t£a-cmjvS k¶ev]-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.

cmPysØ ]uc-∑msc _mlyhpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb IS∂p-

Ib‰-ßfn¬ \n∂v c£n®v Ah¿°v sskzcy-Po-hnXw Dd-∏m-

°pI amX-a√, t£a- cmjvS k¶ev]-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-LS\-

bpsS e£yw. Hmtcm ]uc\pw Ahs‚ hy‡nPohnX hnImk-

Øn-eqsS kam-[m-\-]-chpw sFiz-cy-]q¿Æ-hp-amb PohnXw

Dd-∏m-°p-∂-XmWv t£a-cmjvS k¶ev]-w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-

in-°p-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠vXs∂, ]uc-∑m-cpsS t£a-Øn\pw

sFiz-cy -Øn\pw `mcX `c-W-L-S\ Gsd ]m[m\yw

I¬∏n-°p-∂p.

kwbp‡ `c-W-I-a-Øn¬ c≠p-Xcw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ D≠m-

bn-cn°pw. tIμ-k¿°mcpw kwÿm\ k¿°mcpIfpw. Ch-bpsS

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. cmjvS-

Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch Bcv, F]-Imcw

\S-∏n-em°-W-sa∂v `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]tXyIw hyhÿ

sNb-Xn- p-≠v. Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw, kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p≈

Ah-Imiw, ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw, A`n-am-\-Øn-\p≈

Ah-Imiw F∂nh ASn -ÿm\ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-am -Wv.

ASn-ÿm\ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS `mK-am-

Ip-tºmƒ Ah auenI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]oTn-Ibpw AXns‚ aq∂mw `mKhpw

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ°mbn c-W-L-S\ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh∂v ]Jym-

]n-°p-∂p-≠v. cmPysØ Hmtcm ]uc\pw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ

t£a-cmjvS k¶ev]w

123412341234123455

Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-L-S-\m-\p-kr-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p∂

k¿°m-cn-\v _m≤y-X-bp-≠v.

cmjvS-Ønse ]uc-∑m¿, k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-

ßƒ, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`, `cW \n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw, \oXn-

\ym-bkwhn-[m\w Ch-sb√mw c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿIƒ°v

A\p-kr-X-am-bmWv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. \oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn-Iƒ

`cWLS\sb hymJym-\n-°pI amX-a√ sNøp-∂Xv c-W-LS\-

bpsS c£n-Xmhns‚ ÿm\w IqSn-bm-Wv tImS-Xn-°p-≈-Xv.

k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ `c-W-L-S-\sb [n°-cn-°p-

∂n-s√∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂Xv \oXn\ymb tImS-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

`c-W-L-S\ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ G‰hpw Aaq-ey-amb ss]XrI-

kz-ØmWv. AXns‚ X\n-asb \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°n-√.

cmjvS-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imc ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf t\cmb Zni-bn¬

\bn-°p-hm≥ `c-W-L-S\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. AXv \nb-a-

km-[y-X-bp≈ ASn-ÿm\ ]am-W-am-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[

]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf

]h¿Øn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Ah Fßns\

\S-∏m-°-W-sa∂pw `c-W-L-S\ Dds° ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.

123412341234123456

`c-W-L-S\bpw PohnX Z¿i-\hpw

`mc-X-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS PohnXZ¿i\w ]Xn-^-en-°p∂

ASn-ÿm\ tcJ-bmWv `c-W-L-S-\. cmjvSØnse apgp-h≥

P\-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ck-X-¥-amWv c-W-L-S\. mc-X-sa∂

dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ P\\w apX¬ AXv kzmwio-I-cn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂

kz]v\-ß-fpsS PohnX a¥amWv AXns‚ ]oTnI As√-¶n¬ BapJw.

`c-W-L-S\m in¬∏n-I-fpsS ]Xo-£-Iƒ ]Xn-_nw-_n-°p∂ DØ-a-

tc-J-bmbn AXv hnf-ßp-∂p. AXns‚ BZ¿i a[p-cn-abpw

Zm¿i\nIam\hpw mc-Xo-b¿°v apgp-h≥ ]Xo-£-tb-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

kaq-l-Øn¬ Zn\w-]Xn A[:]Xn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ a\pjy

kz`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ `bw Df-hm-°p-∂p. Cu

A[:]X\w ItaW Xoh-am-Ip-∂p≠v. CXv AXn-thKw \n¿Ø-

em°n Hcp ]cn-lmc am¿§w I≠p-]n-Sn®v \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-s√-

¶n¬ Cu ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-I-bn√.

kaqlw I¿Ωm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bm¬, C¥y-bnse Hmtcm-cp-

Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂Xnte°v

i≤ sNep-Øn-bm¬ B \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-eqsS Xs∂ F√m

]uc-∑m-cp-sSbpw auenI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏Spw.

]T-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw amXta Hcp

]ucs‚ a\- nepw, PohnX ]In-b-I-fn-epw, auenI I¿Øhy-

ß-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-h¬°-cWw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.

AXn-\m¬ cmjvS \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn `c-W-L-S-\-

bnse auenI I¿Ø-hy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v F√m hnZym-`ymk

123412341234123457

ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠Xpw ]cn-io-en-t°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

]u-c-∑m¿,- -c-W-I-a-Øn¬- k-Po-h- ]-¶-fn-Ø-Øn-\v- hn-k-Ω-Xn-

°p-I-tbm- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- G-s‰-Sp-Øv au-en-I- I¿-Ø-hy-ßƒ- \n¿-

h-ln-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm- A-Y-hm- ap-t∂m- p- h-∂p- cm-Py-Øn-\m-bn -

G-‰-hpw- \-∂m-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂n-S-Øv-

H-cp- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-kv-Y-bv-°pw- hn-P-bn-°m-\m-hn-√.-

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bnse 6˛m-asØ au-en-I- I¿-Ø-hy-w

e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv- \-Ωp-sS- k-Ωn-i- kw-kv-Im-c-sØ-bpw- k-º-∂-amb-

]m-cºcy-sØ-bpw- hn-e-a-Xn-°p-I-bpw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bpw- sN-øp-I-

F-∂-Xm-Wv.-

k-Ωn-i- kw-kv-Im-cw- D-≈- \-Ωp-sS- k-º-∂-am-b- ss]-Xr-Iw- kw-c-

£n-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s\- \n-tj-[m-fl-I-hpw- A-]-Io¿-Øn-]-c-hpw-

hn -\m-i-I-c -hp -am -b- kzm-[o -\-ß-fp -sS- B-]-Øn¬- \n -∂p

X-S-bp-I-bpw- sN-øp-I- F-∂-Xv- au-en-I-I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fn-se- H-cp- ][m\-

h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.- hn-hn-[-hpw- k-Ωn-i-hp-am-b- kw-kv-Imcw- \-ap-°p-

s≠-¶n-epw- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- kw-kv-Im-c-sØ- h-√m-sX- A-\p-I-cn-°p-I-

bm-Wv- \mw- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-

H-cp-]-s£,- _n- o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-°m-cm-Im≥- i-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh-

¶n¬- A-h¿- C-hn-sS-Ø-s∂- D-≠mIp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

h-f¿-∂p- h-cp-∂- bp-h- X-e-ap-d- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-kw-kv-Im-cw-

A-\p-I-cn-®v- a-Zy-Øn-\pw- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂n-\pw- A-Sn-a-I-fm-Im-hp-∂-

]-h-W-X- H-´pw- B-im-ky-a-√.-

s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-Øn-se- k-Xy-k-\v-[-X- C-√m-bv-a-bpw- aq-ey-

£b-hp-am-Wv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v- X-S-k-am-Ip-∂-X-v-

F∂Xv s]m-Xp-sh- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- k-Xy-a-m-Wv.-

X-Xz-an-√m-Ø- cm-jv-So-b-hpw- [¿-Ω-an-√m-Ø- hm-Wn-Py-hpw- A[zm\-

an-√m-Ø- k-º-Øpw- kz-`m-h-Kp-W-an-√m-Ø- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw-

123412341234123458

a-\p-jy-Xz-an-√m-Ø- im-kv-X-hpw- a-\- m-£n-bn-√m-Ø- D-√m-k-hpw-

Xym-K-an-√m-Ø- B-cm-[-\-bpw- Xn-I-™- A-]-cm-[-am-W-v.-

7˛m-a-sØ- au-en-I- I¿-Ø-hyw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv- h-\-ß-fpw-

X-Sm-I-ß-fpw- \-Zn-I-fpw- h-\y-Po-hn-I-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-Ir-Xym-

D-≈- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw-

Po-hn-I-tfm-Sv- ImcpWyw- Im-Wn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øWw- F-∂m-Wv.-

h¿-≤n-®p-h-cp-∂- a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚-bpw- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sS-

A-[x-]-X-\-Øn-s‚-bpw- \-Sp-hn¬- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-s‚-bpw- I¿-Ø-hy-

am-Wv- C-°m-cy-ßƒ-.-

D-b¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- hm-bp,- P-e,- i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-hpw-

h≥- co-Xn-bn¬- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- h-\-\-io-I-c-W-hpw- `q-an-

bn-se- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-\v-- henb `o-j-Wn-bm-Wv.-

]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- \-S-°p-∂- bp-Iv -Xn-lo-\-hpw-

A-\n-b-¥n-X-hp-am-b- h-\-\-io-I-c-W-hpw- ]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ-°v-

ImcW-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- h-\-ta-J-e- kw-c-£n-°p-Ibpw-

hr£-ssØ-Iƒ- \-Sp-I-bpw- \-Zn-I-fpw- P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpw-

ip-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sh-dp-sX- In-S-°p-∂- `q-an-bn¬- ssX-Iƒ-

\-Sp-Ibpw- Kma-ß-fn-epw- \-K-c-ß-fn-epw- hy-h-km-b- ]-tZ-i-ß-

fn-epw- D-≈- a-en\o-I-c-Ww- X-S-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xm¬- A-Sp-Ø-

X-e-ap-d-sb- c-£n-°p-I-bpw- A-Xp-h-gn- q-an-sb- X-s∂- c-£n-°p-Ibpw-

sN-øm≥- km-[n-°pw.- Iq-´m-b- ]-cn-i-a-ß-f-pw- B-kq-X-W-ß-fpw-

A-h-t_m-[- skan-\m-dp-I-fpw- H-s°- C-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv.- a-\p-jy-

cp-sS-bpw- arK-ß-fp-sS-bpw- s]m-Xp-hm-b- ss]-Xr-I-am-Wv- `q-an.-

h-\y-ar-K-ß-sf- A-h-bp-sS- ]-Ir-Xn- \¬-In-bn- p-≈- Xm-h-f-ß-fn¬-

\n-∂v- am-‰m-\pw-- a-‰pw- \-ap-°v- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- ]u-cm-Wn-I- mcXob-

Nn-¥-I-fn-se- ""k¿-th-iw- im-¥n¿-`-h-Xp..- A-lnw-k-m- ]-c-tam-

[¿-Ω''-- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- C-Xn-\-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-Wv.- 1986 se-

]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W- \n-b-a-hpw- Cu- Nn-¥-Iƒ-°v- A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p.-

C-sXm-s°- Im-Wn-®p- X-cp-∂-Xv- ]-cn-k-v-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww-

F-∂-m-Wv.-

123412341234123459

`c-W-L-S-\-bnse 8˛m-asØ auenI I¿Øhyw A\p-im-kn-

°p-∂Xv F-s¥-∂m¬- im-kv-Xo-b-am-b- Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- am-\-hn-I-X-

bpw- A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\pw- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\pw D-≈- a-t\m- m-h-hpw-

hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv.- X-\n-°p- Np-‰p-ap-≈- tem-I-Øn-se-

]p-tcm-K-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-j-W-Xz-c-tbm-sS- ]-Tn-°p-I-bpw-

A-t\z-j-Wm-fl-I-am-b- a-t\m- m-h-hpw- im-kv-Xo-am-b- Kth-j-W-hpw-

Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- h-f¿-Øp-I-bpw- sN-øp-I- F-∂-Xv- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-t‚-bpw-

au-en-I-I¿-Ø-hy-am-Wv.- H-tc-k-a-bw- hnPv-Rm-\- hn-t\m-Z- hm-ZØn-

s‚-bpw- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-tS-X-pw- A-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂- hn-π-h-m-

fl-I-am-b- im-kv-Xo-b- ap-t∂-‰-ß-fp-tS-Xp-am-b- Cu- \q-‰m-≠n¬-

C-Xv- h-f-sc- A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv.-

hy-h-km-bn-I-am-bn- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- D-≠mIm≥- im-kv-X-km-t¶-Xn-

I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- L-S-I-ßƒ- cm-Py-Øv- ]p-e-tc-≠-Xv-

B-h-iy-am-Wv.- am-\p-jn-I- aq-ey-ßƒ- \n-e-\n¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈- H-cp-

im-kv-X-km-t¶-Xn-I- ap-t∂-‰-am-Wv- C-hn-sS- B-h-iyw.- A-\v-[-hn-izm-

k-Øn-\pw- A-\m-Nm-c-Øn-\pw- hn-]-co-X-am-bn- bp-Iv-Xn-bpw- hn-thI-

hp-ap-≈- im-kv-Xo-b- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sm-Wv- th-≠-Xv.-Nn-¥-bn-epw- hm-°n-

epw- ]-hr-Øn-bn-epw- a-\p-jy-Xz-Øn-\p-th-≠n- t]m-cm-´w- \-S-Øm-

sX- B¿-°pw- ]p-Wyw-- In-´p-sa-∂v- B-in-°m-\m-hn-√.- a-s‰m-cm-sf-

Nn-¥-tbm- hm-t°m- ]hr-Øn-tbm- sIm-≠v- D-]-Z-hn-°-p-∂-Xv- -IqcX-

bm-Wv-.- A-h-\-h-s‚- I¿-Ω-Øn-epw- Po-hn-X-Øn-epw- a-s‰m-cm-sf- D-]-Z-

hn-°m-sX- D-b-cm≥- i-an-°p-∂-Xm-W-v a-\p-jy-Xzw. a-‰p-≈-h-tc-bpw-

D-b¿-Øn-s°m-≠m-h-Ww- \mw- D-b-tc-≠-Xv.---

A-t\z-j-W-Xz-c -bpw- am-dm-\p -≈- a-\- pw- Hm-tcm- \-√-

]-hr-Øn-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS-bp-w- ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-Wv.-

P-\-ß-fp-sS- km-º-Øn-I-h-pw- km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-

sØ-∏-‰n- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v- Km-\v-[n-Pn- ]-d-™p-:- ""k-Xy-Øns‚-

b-Ym¿-∞- D-d-hn-Sw- I¿-Ø-hy-am-Wv.- \mw- \-Ωp-sS- I¿-Ω-ßƒ-

\n¿-h-ln-®m¬- \-ap-°v- \-Ωp-sS- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- G-sd-t\-cw-

tX-tS-≠n- h-cn-√.- \mw- \-Ωp-sS- I¿-Ω-ßƒ- sN-øm-sX- A-h-Imi-

ß-fp-sS- ]n-d-sI- Hm-Sn-bm¬- A-h- t\-Sm-\m-hm-Ø- e-£y-sØ-t∏m-se-

123412341234123460

\-Ωn¬- \n-∂p-- h-gp-Xn-t∏m-Ipw.- F-X-tØm-fw- \mw- A-Xn-s\- ]n¥p-

S-cp-∂p-thm- A-X-tØm-fw- A-h- \-Ωn¬- \n-∂v- A-I-∂p-t]mIpw.

\-∂m-bn- sN-øp-∂- I-S-a-I-fn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- A¿-l-am-b-Xpw- kwc-£n-

°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-am-b- F-√m- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- D-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-∂m-Wv-

\n-c-£-c-sb-¶n-epw- _p-≤n-a-Xn-bm-b- F-s‚- A-Ω-bn¬- \n∂v- Rm≥-

]-Tn-®-Xv.- ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s‚- I-S-a-Iƒ- tem-I-tØm-Sv- \n¿-h-ln-°p-tºm-

gm-Wv- Po-hn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- \-ap-°v- e- n-°p-∂-Xv''.- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-

am-b- Cu- ]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn¬- \n-∂v- H-cp- kvXo-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-cp-j-

s‚-bpw- I¿-Ø-hy-ßƒ- \n¿-h-ln-°p-I- F-∂-Xv- H-cp-]-s£,- F-fp-∏-

am-bn-cn-°mw.- B-Zy-am-bn- sN-tø-≠-Xv- cW-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- F-√m-

A-h-Im-i-ß-sf-bpw- A-h-sb- tbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂- I¿-Ø-hy-ß-sf-bpw-

X-Ωn¬- _-\v-[n-∏n-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv.-

123412341234123461

`c-W-L-S\bpsS Df-f-S°w

en-Jn-X-hpw- Zo¿-L-hp-am-bn-´p-≈- -c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv- C-¥y≥-`-c-W-L-S-\.- A-Xn¬- C-cp-]-Øn-c-≠p- `m-K-ß-fn-em-bn- 395

A-\p-t—Z-ß-fpw- F-´v- ]-´n-I-I-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- am-dp-∂- Im-e-

Øn-s‚-bpw- km-aq-ln-I- km-l-N-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw- B-h-iyw- e-£y-am-°n- \n¿-Æm-b-I- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- h-cp-Øp-hm-\p-≈- kzm-X-¥yw-A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.- C-¥y≥- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-¥- -Ø-bm-Wv-AXn-s‚- B-ap-Jw.- Im-¥-Z¿-in-I-fm-b- `-c-W-L-S-\m-inev]n-Iƒ-""\mw''- F-∂- hm-t°m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv.- \mw- F-∂-Xn\v-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-am-bn- `m-c-X-Øn-se- P-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv.- ""`m-c-X-Øn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw''- B-Wv- Cu- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- H-∂mw- m-K-Øn¬- bq-Wn-b-s‚- t]-cpw- q]tZ-i-hpw- hy-Iv-X-amIp-∂p.- C-¥y- A-Xm-b-Xv- m-c-Xw- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- Iq-Sn-tN-N-c-em-Wv.- kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- q-]-tZ-i-ß-tf-bpw- -c-W-L-S-\- H-∂mw- ]- n-I-bn¬- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.-B-I-bm¬- C-¥y-m-a-lm-cm-Py-Øn-s‚- `q-]-tZ-iw- H-∂mw- ]-´n-I-bn¬- ]-d-™n-´p-≈- kw-kv-Ym-\- `q-]-tZ-i-ßƒ- tN¿-∂-p-≈-Xm-Wv.- \m-\m-Xz-Øn¬- G-I-Xzw- F-∂- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- X-Xzw- ]-I-S-am-°p-∂- H-cp- cm-Py-am-bn-´m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\- `m-c-X-sØ- hn`m-h-\-sN-bv-Xn- p-≈-Xv.- Iq-Sm-sX- B¿-Pv-Pn-°p-∂- q-hn- m-K-ß-fpw- C-¥ym-a-lm-cm-Pyw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 258 A-\p-t—-Z-]-Im-cw- ]u-c-Xz- hn-j-b-Øn¬-X-o-cp-am-\w- F-Sp-°p-hm≥- A-[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√m-Ø- ]-£w-kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ-°v- ]u-c-Xz-Øn¬- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-

hm-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw- C-√.-

123412341234123462

`m-c-X-Øn-se- H-cp - ]u-c\m-bn-cn -°p-I-tbm- ]u-c-\m-bn-I-cp-X-s∏Sp-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂- G-sXm-cm-fpw- C-¥y≥- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v-\n¿-Ωn-°p-∂- \n-b-a-hy-h-kv-YIƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-\m-bn- m-c-X- ]u-c-\mbn-

Xp-S-cpw- F-∂v- A-\pt—Zw- 10 ¬- ]Xn]mZn°p-∂p.- ]u-c-Xz-Øn-

\p≈- A-h-Im-i-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v- \n-b-aw- h-gn- Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- c-≠mw- m-K-Øn-se- hyh-kv-Y-Iƒ-H-∂pw- X-s∂- ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s‚- B¿-Pv-P-X-,- \n-tj[w,- ]u-c-Xz-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏- - hn-j-b-ßƒ- C-h-bn¬- hy-h-kv-Y- D≠m-°m-\p-≈-]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- \yq-\-X-bpw- kw- -hn-

°p-∂n-√- F-∂v- A-\p-t—-Zw- 11 ¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p∂p.-

C-¥y-bn-se- kv-Yn-c-hm-kw ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s‚- H-cp- am-\-Z-Wv-U-ambn--c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- kw-kv-Ym-\-ßƒ-°v- ]tXy-I-am-

bn- p-≈- ]u-c-Xzw- -c-W-L-S-\- \n-tj-[n-°p-∂p.- -c-W-LS\m-- cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v- ap-ºv- a-s‰m-cp- cm-Py-sØ- ]u-c-Xzw- kzo-I-cn-®- B-fn-\v-`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-\p-tO-Zw- 5,- 6,- 8 ]-Im-cw- `m-c-X- ]u-c-Xz-Øn\v- A¿-l-X-bn-√.-

G-sX-¶n-epw- hn-tZ-i- cm-Py-sØ- ]u-c-Xzw- kz-ta-[-bm- B¿PvPn-

®n- p-≈- H-cmƒ-°v- m-c-X- ]u-c-Xzw- -c-W- L-S-\-bp-sS- A-\p-t—-Zw-

5 s‚- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- e- y-am-hp-I-tbm- A-\p-t—Zw- 6,- 8 C-h-bp-

sS- _-e-Øn¬- m-c-X- ]u-c-\m-bn- I-W-°-m-°-s∏-Sp-I-tbm- C√

F-∂v- A-\pt—-Zw- 9 ¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-

C-¥y≥- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- aq-∂mw-`m-Kw- H-cp- m-c-X-]u-c-s‚-au-en-I- A-h-Im-i-ß-sf-∏-‰n- ]-Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ ]ucXzw

123412341234123463

cmjvShpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-\pt—-Zw- 12˛¬- cm-jv-Sw- F-∂-Xn-s\-

\n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-

cm-jv-Sw- F-∂-Xv `m-c-X-Øn-s‚- k¿-°m-cpw,- ]m¿-e-sa‚pw-

kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fpw- \nb-a-\n¿-Ωm-W- a-Wv-U-e-hpw- `m-c-X-Ø-n-s‚-

`q -]-tZ-i-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- B-b-

Xt±iytam,- a-‰p- X-c-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- B-b- F-√m- A-[n-Im-c-kv-Ym-

\-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv.-

k¿-°m-cn-s‚- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈- s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- _m-¶p-

Iƒ,- k¿-°m¿- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- k¿-°m¿- [-\-k-lmbw-

\¬-Ip-∂-tXm,- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏- p- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂tXm-

Bb-- kv-Ym-]-\-ßƒ- C-h- A-\p-t—Zw- 12 s‚- sh-fn-®-Øn¬-

cmjvSw- F-∂p-≈- \n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- kz-Im-cy- kvYm-

]-\-ßƒ kz-Im-cy- kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ,- F-∂n-h- cmjv-S-Øn-s‚- \n¿hN\-

]-cn-[n-bn¬- s]-Sp-∂n-√.- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°v- \yq-\-X- h-cpØp-

∂Xm-b \n-b-a-ß-sf-∏-‰n- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 13˛mw- A-\p-t—ZØn¬-

]-kv-Xm-hn-°p∂p.-

P -\ -ßfp -sS - ap -ºn¬- ] -I -Sn -∏n -°p -∂- Im -] -Sy -ap -≈-

P-\m-[n-]XysØ- Ip-dn-®-√- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hn-h-£n-

°p-∂-Xv.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-am-bn- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv,- P-\-

ß-fp-sS- A-[n-Im-cw- F-∂Xn-s\-bm-Wv.-

123412341234123464

P-\-ßƒ-°m-bn,- b-Ym¿-∞-hpw,- Du¿-Pv-Pn-X-hpw,- -e-]-Y-hp-am-bn-

hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-\m-bm-Wv- A-Xv- \n-ev-°p-∂-Xv.-

k¿-°m-cn-s‚- -c-W-Øn¬- P-\-ß-fp-sS- cmjv-So-b-]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-

Ip-dn-®v- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p.- -c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-\pw-

Xp-ey- ]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚- A-h-Im-iw- D-d-∏p- \¬-Ip-∂- km-lNcyw-

F-∂- B-i-b-am-Wv- A-Xv-. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sa-∂m¬,- D≈n¬- ]-`p-

hm-gv-N- F-∂- bm-Ym¿-∞yw- tKm-]y-am-°n-s°m-≠-p-≈- t\¿-Ø-

Hcp- a-d-tbm- A-[-c-tk-h-tbm- B-sW-∂p- a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-∂p-

]Xo-£n-°m-\m-hn-√.- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- P\m-[n-]-Xy-

Øns‚- D-ev-Ir-jv-S-X- A-h-tem-I-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- F-ßs\-

sb-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-- B-ap-Jw- hn-i-Z-am-°p-∂p.-

aq-ey-ßƒ- k-a-Im-eo-\- tkm-jy-en-k-sØ- ]-hn-X-am-bpw-

efn-X-am-bpw- \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂p.-

H-cp- ]-[m-\- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- kv-t‰-‰n-s‚- e-£yw- h-cp-am-\-

Ønepw- ]-Z-hn-bn-epw- Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-epw- D-≈- A-k-a-Xz-

ßƒ- \n¿-Ωm¿-Pv-P-\w- sN-øp-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv.-

tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- N-´-°q-Sv- A-[zm-\n-°p-∂-

P-\-hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- D-Nn-X-am-b- Po-hn-X- \n-e-hm-c-hpw- A-Xp-t]m-se-

P-\-\w- ap-X¬- a-c-Ww-h-sc- kw-c-£-Whp-w- \-ev-Ip-I-- F-∂-XmWv.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-JØn¬- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- tkm-jy-en-kw-

Km-\v-[n-b≥- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn¬- A-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- am¿-Iv-kn-k-

Øn-s‚-bpw- Km-\v-[n-k-Øn-s‚-bpw- an-i-W-am-Wv.-

]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\p-≈- I-h-N-am-tbm- A-]-cm-[w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p≈-

B-bp-[-am-tbm- `c-W-L-S-\-sb- A-`-bw- ]m-]n-°m≥- Bsc-bpw-

A-\p-h-Zn-°n-√.- G-sX-¶n-epw- P-\-hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- B-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-

A-\o-Xn-tbm- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø- A-k-a-Xz-tam- ]-Zm-\w-

sN-øp-∂- H-cp- -c-W-L-S-\m-hym-Jym-\-hpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-\m-hn-√.-

123412341234123465

A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ-°p-ta¬-

tNm-Zyw- sN-øm-\m-hm-Ø-Xpw- km-am-Py-Xz- Ip-Ø-I-I-fp-sS- Akm-

∑m¿-Kn-I- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xp-am-b- `-c-W-L-S-\m-

hym-Jym-\-hpw- A-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-hn-√.-

`cWLS\m am\-Z-fi-ß-fn-eqsS kmaqly\oXn \S-∏n-em°p-hm≥

kaq-lsØ _m[n-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

123412341234123466

Abn-tØm-®m-S-\hpw BZn-hmkn t£ahpw

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 17˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-]-Im-cw- sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a-

\n¿-Ø-em-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- G-Xv- cq-]-Øn-epw- D-≈- B-N-cWw-

D-f-hm-Ip-∂- G-sX-¶n-epw- A-h-i-X- \n¿-_-\v-[n-t®¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-

in-£m--¿lamb H-cp- Ip-‰-am-Wv.-

\q-‰m-≠p-I-fp-sS- h-\m-¥-c-ß-fn-se- Po-hn-X-hpw- s]m-Xp-Po-hnX-

Øn¬- \n-∂p-≈- A-I¬-®-bpw- aq-ew- Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- k-a-kv-X-

ta-J-e-I-fn-epw- ]n≥-X-≈-s∏-´p- t]m-b-h-cm-Wv- B-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ-

As√-¶n¬- ]-´n-I-h¿-K-°m¿.- N-cn-X-]-c-am-b- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬-

kmaq-lnI-,- km-º-Øn-I-,- hn-Zym- ym-k- ta-J-e-I-fn-sem-s°-Ø-s∂-

]n≥-X-≈-s∏-´p-t]m-b- Cu- ""Im-Sn-s‚- a-°ƒ''-°v- kz-X-¥-`m-cXw-

A-Xn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬-X-s∂- ]-cn-c-£- \¬-In- tZio-b-

Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy-[m-c-bn-te-°m-\-bn-°p-hm≥- ]-tXy-I-

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.-

F-√m- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fpw- H-cp- X-c-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬- a-s‰m-cp-

X-c-Øn¬- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-f-√m-Ø- A-h-cp-sS- A-b¬-hm-kn-I-fp-sS-

kmaq-ln-I-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- Nq-j-W-ßƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-cmIp-

∂p-≠v.- Cu- Nq-j-W-]-In-b- ]-e-hn-[-Øn¬- \-S-°p-∂p.-

a-Zy-hpw- ]p-I-bn-ebpw- \¬-In- ]-tem- n-∏n-®pw- I-tø-‰w- sN-bv-Xpw-

B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fp-sS- ssI-h-i-Ir-jn- `q-an- X-´n-sb-Sp-°¬- ]In-b-

k¿-h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn- C-∂pw- Xp-S-cp-∂p.-

123412341234123467

Kn-cn-P-\-ß-fp-sS- D-∂-a-\-Øn-\p- th-≠n- sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂-

]-Ww- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- A-\m-kv-Y-\n-an-Øw- a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-fp-sS-

Hm-´-ss°-I-fn-eq-sS- tNm¿-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.-

]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- ]-´n-I-h¿-K-°m¿-°m-bn- A-h-cp-sS- G-Xv- \n-b-a-

]-iv-\-ßƒ-°pw- ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wp-hm-\pw- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬-

tI-kv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn- ku-P-\y-am-bn- A-`n-`m-j-I-cp-sS-

tk-h-\w- \¬-In-s°m-≠v- \n-b-a-tkh\ ÿm]-\-ßƒ A-h¿-°v-

\n-b-a-k-lm-b-ßƒ- \¬-In-h-cp-∂p.-

H-cp- cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- H-cp- -c-W-L-S-\- \n¿-an-°m-\m-hpw,- F-∂m¬-

H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\-°v- H-cp- cm-jv-SsØ- \n¿-Ωn-°p-hm≥- I-gn-bn-√.-

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-So-b- ]-_-e-X-tb-°mƒ- aq-eyw- `-c-W-

L-S-\-bv-°v- A-\p-h-Zn-°m-Øn-S-tØm-fw,- en-Jn-X-tam- A-en-Jn-X-tam-

B-b- H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw- aq-ey-ap-≈-Xm-hn-√.-

H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-\p-im-k-\-I-fpw- `m-h-ß-fpw- ""F-X-

ta¬- D-∂-X-ß-fm-bm-epw'--'- kz-bw- \n-d-th-dp-∂- H-cp- ]-am-W-a-√.-

A-Xv- \-S-∏n-em-°m≥- P-\-ß-fp-sS- k-Po-h- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-h-iy-am-Wv.-

P-\-ß-fp-sS- cm-jv-So-b- ]m-c-º-cy-hpw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b-

tN-X-\-bp-am-Wv- H-cp- -c-W-L-S-\-sb- ]-hr¿-Øn-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv.-

A-Xn-s‚- ]-tbm-K-am-Wv- A-Xn-s‚- km-cw.-

123412341234123468

s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw

""kz¿-§-Øn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-t]m-se- t¢-i-]q¿-Æ-am-Wv,- C-¥y-

bn-se- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚- ]m-X''- F-∂v- tUm-Iv-S¿-

Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- ]-d-™n- p-≠v.- tem-I-N-cn-X-Øn-te-°v- H-∂v- I-tÆm-

Sn-®m¬- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°p-hm≥- km[n-°p∂ H-cp- k-Xy-ap-≠v.-

a-X-]-c-hpw- km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b- hn-π-h-ßƒ-°v- ti-jw- am-X-am-Wv-

]-e- cm-Py-ß-fn-epw- cm-jv-So-b-hn-π-h-ßƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. -

[m¿-Ωn-I-am-b- a-\- m-£n-bn-√m-Ø- H-cp- k-aq-l-Øn¬- Ip-sd-

\n-b-a-ßƒ- \n¿Ωn-®Xv - sI-m-≠v- am-Xw- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-

kw-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v- IcpXp-∂-Xv- hn-Uv-Vn-Ø-am-Wv.- `-c-W-

L-S-\-bn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- a-\- m-£n-

Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- A-Xv- h-I-h-®p-- X-cp-hm≥- kz-X-¥-am-bn- ]-c-t]-cW-

Iq-Sm-sX- X-øm-dm-bm¬- am-X-ta- A-Xn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-

A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈p.- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-

kz-ta-[-bm- D-≈- Aw-Ko-Im-c-an-√m-sX- H-cp- \n-b-a-Øn-\pw- ]m¿-e-

sa‚n-\pw- \o-Xn-\ym-b- hy-h-kv-Y-bv-°pw- ]u-c-s‚- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-

kw-c-£n-°p-hm≥- km-[n-°p-I-bn-√.- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-bpw-

kmaqly-am-bpw,- cm-jv-So-b-am-bpw,- ssh-Pv-Rm-\n-I-am-bpw- h-f-sc-

b-[n-Iw- hn-I-kn-®- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- cmjvS-ß-fp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬-

\n-∂-v- ]-e- \-√- Im-cy-ß-fpw- \Ωƒ- ]-I¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.-

A-Ø-c-Øn¬- ]-I¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-X-

sa-®-s∏-´-Xm-bm-epw- \-∑- \n-d-™-Xm-bm-epw- i-cn- A-Xp-am-bn-

s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-´v,- k-l-h¿-Øn-Xz-tØm-Sp- Iq-Sn- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-

Xn-\pff a-t\m`m-hw \-Ωp-sS- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- D-≠m-I-Ww.-

123412341234123469

B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 21˛mw- A-

\p-t—-Z-Øn-ep-≈- Po-hn°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-Øn-se- H-cp- `m-K-am-

Wv.- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- F-∂m¬- tI-h-ew- B-

tcm-Ky-I-c-am-bn- C-cn-°m\-p-≈- A-h-Im-i-a-√.- kzm-X-¥y-Øn\pw-

A[n-Im-c-Øn-\p-ap-≈- kp-\n-iv-Nn-X-am-b- c-≠v- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-

F-∂m-Wv- C-Xn-\¿-∞w.- ssew-Kn-I-hpw- ]-Xyp-ev]m-Z-\-]-c-hp-am-b-

kzmX¥yw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- B-tcm-Ky-hpw- i-co-c-hpw- \n-b-¥-n-°m-\p-≈-

A-h-Im-iw,-- ]-co-£-WØn-t\m- ssh-Zy-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-t°m-

A-\p-hm-Z-an-√m-sX- C-S-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- C-h- c≠pw-

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw.- G-‰-hpw- D∂-X-

co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- B-tcm-Kyw B-kzZn-°m≥- X-°- A-h-k-ck-a-Xz-

ap-≈-Xpw- B-tcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fpw,- u-Xn-I- e- y-X-bpw-

km-º-Øn-I- e- y-X-bpw- A-dn-bm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xp-am-b- \-√- tkh\-

ß-fpw- ku-I-cy-ß-fpw- e- n-°m-\pw- B-kz-Zn-°m-\p-ap-≈- A-h-Imi-

ßƒ- Dƒ-s∏-´-Xm-Wv- Cu- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ.- tcm-K-\n-hm-c-W-

Hu-j-[-ß-fpw- B-tcm-Ky-]-c-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\- km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-

°p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-´-Xpw- \n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-

°-Ww- C-h.- Ip- n-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-Xn¿-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw- hr-≤-P-\-ß-fp-

sS-bpw- Cu- ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- -c-W-Iq-Sw- _-lp-am-\n-

°p-I-bpw- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- \n-d-th-‰p-I-bpw- th-Ww.-

s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyk-º-Zm-b-sØ°p-dn-®v- \-Ωp-sS- h¿-Ø-am\-

Im-e- B-i-bw- F-∂-Xv- h-en-b- B-ip-]-Xn- sI-´n-S-ß-fp-sS-

\n¿-am-W-hpw- A-h-bn¬- hn-e- Iq-Sn-b- b-¥-ßƒ- k-Pv-Po-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xpw- Iq-Sm-sX- hn-e- Iq-Sn-b- a-cp-∂p-I-fp-sS- \n¿-Ωm-Ww- \-S-Øp-

∂Xp-am-Wv.-

h-en-b- \n-Ip-Xn- B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cp-∂- h≥- \n-t£-]-ßƒ-

amX-a-√,- \n¿-Øm-sX- Xp-S-tc-≠- h-en-b- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- ]-cn-]m-

e-\- sNe-hp-I-fpw- C-Xn-\m-bn- th-≠n-h-cp-∂p.-

h¿-≤n-®p- h-cp-∂- ]-W-s∏-cp-∏-Øn-s‚- Iq-sS- C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-

≈- s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Ky- k-º-Zm-b-Øn-\v- tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS- A`mhw-

A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n- h-cp-I-bpw- X-∑q-ew- Xp-S-°-Øn-ep-≈- h≥-

123412341234123470

\n-t£-]w- ]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-s‚- A-`m-hw- Im-c-Ww- D-]-tbm-K-iq\y-

am-hp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-

C-Xv- s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-k-º-Zm-b-Øn¬- A-gn-a-Xn- D-≠m-hp-∂-

Xn-\v- A-Sn-th-cn-Sp-∂p.- A-Xn-\m-¬- -£-Ww,- Po-hn-X-\n-e-hmcw- F∂n-

h-sb-°p-dn-®v- \-Ωp-sS- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-¬ H-cp- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-°v- B-h-iy-

am-bn- h-cp∂-p-.- \-Ωp-sS- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- ssh-Zy-im-kv-X-hpw- km-Xzn-I-

am-b- £-W-im-kv-X-hpw- A-\p-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xn-s‚- B-h-iy-I-

X-bpw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- D-≈-Xv.- F-¶n¬- am-X-ta- B-tcmKy-sØ-°p-

dn-®p-≈- -c--W-L-S-\-bn-se- A-h-Im-iw- \ndth-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈p.-

47˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-]-Im-cw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- t]m-j-Im-lm-c-Øn-s‚-

\n-e-hm-c-hpw- Po-hn-X-tØ-m-Xpw- D-b¿-Øp-∂-Xpw- s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw-

sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw- A-Xn-s‚- ]m-Y-an-I- I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fn¬-

s]-Sp-∂-h-bm-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- ]-tXy-In-®v- Hu-j-[o-

bm-h-iy-ßƒ-°-√m-sX-bp-≈- e-l-cn-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂- ]m-\o-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw-

B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p- lm-\n-I-c-am-b- a-cp-∂p-I-fp-sS-bpw- D-]-t`m-K-Øn-s‚-

\n-tcm-[-\w- \-S-∏n¬- sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥- -c-W-Iq-Sw- bXv\n-t°≠-

Xm-sW-∂pw- Cu- A-\p-t—--Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

s]m- o≥,- I-tem-dn- F-∂o- km-am-Py-Xz- B-i-b-ßƒ- Im-c-Ww-

\mw- sIm-gp-∏-S-ßn-b- `-£-W- ]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-

]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-cn-ip-≤-am-b- im-kv-Xo-b- B-tcm-Ky- ImgvN-

∏m-Sp-I-fn¬- \n-∂p-- t\m-°n-bm¬- Cu- sIm-gp-∏-S-ßn-b- -£-W- ]Zm¿-

∞-ßƒ- \-Ωp-sS- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p- lm-\n-I-c-am-Wv.- C-Xp- ]-N-cn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- -c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- s]mXp-P-\-

B-tcm-Ky- kw-c-£-W-hpw- t]m-j-Im-lm-c-Øn-s‚- \ne-hm-cw- h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn-s‚- Np-a-X-e-I-fpw- \n-tj-[n-°-s∏Spw.

123412341234123471

Irjnbpw kaq-lhpw

\n-£n-]v-X- Xm-ev-]-cy-°m-cp-sS- kz-m-[o-\w- Im-c-Ww- \-Ωƒ-

`£W-Øn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- t]m-´o≥,-- I-tem-dn- F-∂n-h-

]m-ap-Jy-s∏-Sp-Øn- Im-Wn-°p-∂p.-

H-∏w- `-£-y-- [m-\y-ßƒ-, k-kym-lm-c-ßƒ-, kp-K-\v -[-

hy-Rv-P-\-ßƒ,- ]m¬,- ip-≤-am-b- s\-øv- F-∂n-h-bn¬- A-S-ßn-

bn-cn-°p-∂- s]m-´o≥,- I-tem-dn- Aw-i-ßƒ- \-Ωƒ- a-\-∏q¿-hw-

H-gn-hm-°p-∂p.- I-∂p-Im-en-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-Im-e-b-f-hv- Ip-d-™p-

h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pw- A-h-bv -°n-S-bn-se- k-¶-c-Pm-Xn-bp-sS-

B-[n-Iyw- -sIm-≠pw- Iq-Sm-sX- A-Xp-t]m-se-bp-≈- hn-\m-i-I-c-am-b-

\-b-ßƒ- Im-c-W-hpw- `m-c-X-Øn-se- k-a-K-I-∂p-Im-en- k-º-Øv-

Ip-td-s»- C-√m-Xm-hp-∂p.- X-∑q-ew- hn-tZ-i- ]m-epev]-∂-ßsf-

B-i-bn-t°-≠-Xm-bpw- h-cp-∂p.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 48˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw-

A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv ˛- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- I-r-jn-bpw-

ar-K-kw-c-£-W-hpw- B-[p-\n-I-hpw- im-kv-Xo-b-hp-am-b- co-Xn-bn¬-

kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥- b-Xv-\n-t°-≠-Xpw- ]-ip-°-fp-sS-bpw- a-‰v-

I-∂p-Im-en-I-fp-sS-bpw- C-\-ßƒ- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- F-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.-

`m-c-Xo-b- q-an-im-kv-X-hpw- Im-em-h-kv-Y-bp-w a-Æn-s‚- L-S-\-bpw-

P-\-ß-fp-sS- `-£-W-io-e-hpw- I-r-jn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈- A-h-cp-sS-

X-Xz-ß-fpw- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- B-i-b-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw-

hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.-

`m-c-Xo-b- Im¿-jn-I- k-º-Zm-bw- Ir-jn-sb- hm-Wn-Py-

123412341234123472

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-tem- A-s√-¶n¬- I¿-j-I-s‚- ]-tbm-P-\-Øn-\p-

am-X-am-bn- -t£ymev]m-Z-\w- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂- k-¶p-Nn-X-e-£y-ap-≈-

Hc-p- hy-h-km-bw- F-∂- \n-e-bv-t°m- H-cn-°-epw- I-≠n-cp-∂n-√.-

\nkzm¿-∞-\-m-b- H-cp- ]n-Xm-hv- X-s‚- a-°ƒ°p th-≠n- Im-cy-ßƒ-

sN-øp-∂-Xp-t]m-se- \-Ωp-sS- ]p-cm-X-\- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn¬- Ir-jn-bpw-

A-\p-_-\v-[-sXm-gn-ep-I-fpw- F-∂-Xv- ap-gp-h≥- am-\-h-cm-in-°pw-

F-√m- Po-h-Pm-e-ßƒ-°pw- th-≠n- `-t£ym-ev-]m-Z-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-

H-cp- bm-Kw- t]m-se- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

P-\-ßƒ-°v- hn-e- sIm-Sp-Øp- hm-ßm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xpw- cp-Nn-

bp-≈-Xpw- t]m-j-I-]-Zam-b-Xpw- [m-cm-f-am-bn- Dev]m-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-

F-∂-Xv- am-X-am-Wv- k-ar-≤-am-b- Ir-jn- F-∂-Xn-\v- A¿-Yw.-

F-∂m¬- A-an-X-am-b- hn-e- sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-≈- cm-k-h-f-ß-fp-sS-bpw-

Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw- A-\m-h-iy-am-b- D-]-tbm-K-hpw- Irjn-

ta-J-e-bn¬- ]-c-am-h-[n- D-≈- b-¥-h-ev-°-c-W-hpw- B-Wv- \mw-

C-t∏mƒ- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- X-∑q-ew- A-h-iy- `-£y-km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-

hn-e- h-√m-sX- D-b¿-Ø-p-∂- \n-£n-]v-X- Xmev]cy-ßƒ- D-≈,-

h-f-sc- sN-e-hv- Iq-Sn-b,- tI-μo-Ir-X-hpw- ]-_-e-hpw- B-b- a-[y-

h¿-Øn-I-fp-sS- H-cp- \o-≠- hn-]-W-\- irw-J-e- D-≠m-hp-∂p.- A¥na-

am-bn- Zn-h-kw- H-cp-t\-cw- D-≈- -£-Ww-t]m-epw- \n-tj-[n-°-s∏- -

]m-h-ß-fp-sS-ta¬- F-√m- `m-c-hpw- h-∂p-ho-gp-∂p.- -c-W-L-S-\-bn-s-e-

48˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- I-r-jn-bpw- arK-

kw-c-£-W-hpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- \-√- co-Xn-bn¬- \n-d-th-t‰-≠-Xp-≠v.-

B-[p-\n-I-X-sb-bpw- im-kv-Xo-b-Xsb-bpw- Ip-dn-®p-≈- sX-‰mb-

[m-c-W-Iƒ- \-Ωp-sS- Im¿-jn-I- hy-h-kv-Y-bv-°v- ITn-\-am-b- \miw-

h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- Ku-c-h-am-bn- A-Xv- \-Ωp-sS-

km-aq-ly-L-S-\-bv-°p- am-‰w- h-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.- m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥-I-fn¬-

H-cp- Ip-Spw-_w- ap-gp-h≥- t]m-‰p-∂- ]n-Xm-hn-s‚- _-lp-am-\-s∏-´-

]-Z-hn-bm-bn-cp∂p- H-cp- I¿-j-I≥- A-\p-`hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- B[p-\n-I-

hn-]-Wn-bpw- Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpw- b-¥-h-ev-°-c-W-hpw- cm-k-h-f-ß-fp-sS-

cw-K-]-th-i-hpw- aq-ew- I-r-jn-bp-sS- e-£yw- X-s∂- am-dn-t∏-m-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.- X-∑q-ew- hn-Øp-Iƒ-°pw- cm-k-h-f-ßƒ-°pw- Io-S-\m-in-

\n-Iƒ-°pw- Sm-Iv-S-dp-Iƒ-°p-am-bn- km-º-Øn-I- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-sfbpw-

123412341234123473

`-£y- D-ev-]-∂-ßƒ- hn-]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- K-Xm-K-X-

hn- m-K-sØ-bpw- ]-ºp-Iƒ- ]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- Sm-Iv-S-dp-Iƒ-

°pw- H-s°-bm-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- t_m¿-Un-s\-bpw- FÆ-°-º-\n-I-sf-bpw-

B-i-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p.- _m-ly-am-b- Cu- GP≥-kn-I-sf-

B-i-bn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-ew- I¿-j-I-s‚- [m¿-Ωn-I-X- \-j-v-S-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-p.-

F-s¥-∂m¬- Hm-tcm- Np-h-Sn-epw- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈- t¢-i-ß-ƒ-

Im-c-Ww- Ir-jn- F-∂-Xv- km-[m-c-W- I¿-j-I-\v- Im-e-I-ta-W-

]-tbm-P-\-a-n-√m-Ø- H-cp- ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn- am-dn-bn-´p-≠v.-

Cu- A-h-k-cw- ap-X-se-Sp-Øv- h-en-b- I¿-j-I¿- sN-dn-b- Ir-jn-

C-S-ßƒ- hm-ßn- Iq- p-I-bm-Wv- D-≠m-b-Xv.- sN-dn-b- I¿-j-I¿- Aß-s\-

X-ß-fp-sS- Ir-jn-C-S-ßƒ- hn-´v- h-en-b- hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬-

tPm-en-°m-bn- ]-´-W-ß-fn¬- tN-t°-dp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- A-h-in-

jv-S-hpw- D-]-tbm-Kiq-\y-hp-am-b- a-\p-jy≥- A-ß-s\- h-f¿-∂p-

sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂- ]- W-Øn-se- tN-cn-I-fn¬- ar-K-ß-sf-°mƒ- IjvS-

am-bn- Po-hn-Xw- Xp-S-tc-≠n-h-cp-∂p.- km-º-Øn-I- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-

]-h¿-Ø-\w- s]m-Xp-lm-\n-°n-S-bm-Ip-∂- X-c-Øn¬- kz-Øn-s‚-bpw-

Dev]m-Z-t\m-]m-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw- tI-μo-I-c-Ww- D-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥-

cm-jv-Sw- b-Xv-\n-°-W-sa-∂v-- `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 39˛mw- A-\p-t—Zw-

kn- bn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

F-s¥-∂m¬- Hm-tcm- Np-h-Sn-epw- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈- t¢-i-ßƒ-

Im-c-Ww- Im-e-I-ta-W- Ir-jn- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- km-[m-c-W I¿-j-I-\p-

]-tbm-P-\-an-√m-Ø-- ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn- am-dn-bn-´p-≠v.-

123412341234123474

tZiob \nb-a-Zn\w

1949 \-hw-_¿- 26 \v- B-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-kw-ªn- `-c-W-

LS-\- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv.- A-Xn-\m¬- \-hw-_¿- 26 tZ-io-b- \n-b-a-Zn-\-am-bn-

B-N-cn-°p-∂p.- -c-W-L-S-\ 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26 \p- ]m-_-ey-Øn¬-

h-∂p.- Cu- Zn-\w- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Zn-\-am-bn- \mw- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.-

tZ-i-kv-t\-lw- Xp-fp-ºp-∂- C-¥y-bn-se- F-√m- Ip- n-I-fpw- B-gv-N-bn¬-

H-cn-°¬- F-¶n-epw- sNm-√m-dp-≈- B-\v-[-bn-se- ss]-Zn-am-cn- sh-¶n-´-

kp-∫-dm-hp- c-Nn-®- ]-Xn-Pv-R-, 1965 P-\p-h-cn- 26 \m-Wv- tZ-io-b-

]Xn-Pv-R-bm-bn- ]-Jym-]n-°-s∏- -Xv.- B- ]-Xn-Pv-R- \-ap-°v- G-‰p-

sNm√mw.- `m-c-Xw- F-s‚- \m-Sm-Wv.- F-√m- `m-c-Xo-b-cpw- F-s‚-

k-tlm-Z-co- k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-Wv.- Rm≥- F-s‚- \m-Sn-s\- kv-t\-ln-°p-∂p.-

AXn-s‚- k-ar-≤-hpw- hn-hn-[-hp-am-b- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- k-º-Øn¬- Rm≥-

A- n-am-\w- sIm-≈p-∂p.- B- k-º-Øn-\p- A¿-l-\m-Ip-hm≥- Rm-≥-

F-t∏mgpw- i-an-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- F-s‚- \m-Sn-\pw- F-s‚- \m- p-Im¿-°pw-

Rm≥- F-s‚- tk-h-\w- k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.- \m- p-Im-cp-sS- t£-a-Øn¬-

am-X-am-Wv- F-s‚- kpJw.

123412341234123475

\nb-a-hmgvN F∂ s\Spw-XqWv

\n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bm¬- `-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- cm-Py-am-Wv- \-Ωp-tS-Xv.-

\-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\- Hm-tcm- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- hy-Iv-Xn-°pw- A-Xp-

t]m-se- a-‰p- Nn-e- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- ]u-c-\pw- \¬-In-bn- p-≠v.- \nba-

Øn-\p- ap-∂n-ep-≈- k-a-Xz-Øn-\pw- \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS- k-a-Xz-

kwc£W-Øn-\pw- F-√m- B-fp-Iƒ-°pw- A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.-

\-h-bp-K-Øn-se- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fpw- -cW-

L-S-\m- X-Xz-ß-fpw- kz-X-¥-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw- F-√mw- a-\- n-em-°n-

X-cp-∂-Xv- F-s¥-∂m¬- F-√m-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-bm-b- hym-]-\w-

D-s≠-∂m-Wv.-

F-√mw- A-tßm-´pw- C-tßm-´pw- Np-‰n∏-n-W-™p- In-S-°p-∂-

Bib-ß-fm-Wv.- kz-X-¥-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-Ø-d-bp-sS-

s\Spw-Xq-Wm-b- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bm-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-cw.- B-Z¿-i-

]-c-am-b- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v- A-Xn¬- A-¥¿-eo-\-am-b,--

a\pjym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \n-b-a-k-a-Xz-Øn-t‚-Xp-am-b- A[nImc-

h¿-§-Øn-s‚- tkz-Om-[n-]c-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-hn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-s‚-

A-`m-hw- D-d-∏m-°p-∂,-- \n-b-ahm-gv-N-bp-s≠-∂v-- D-d-s°- ]kvXm-hn-

°p-∂- ]-c-a-]-[m-\-hpw- Du¿-P-kz-e-hp-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-≈-

hy-h-kv-Y-I-fp-≠v.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-X-Xzw- \ym-b-Øn-s‚- Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw-

\-ho-I-c-W-hpw- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- km-º-Øn-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw-

C-√m-Ø- cm-jv-So-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- ip-≤- km-¶-ev-]n-I-am-Wv- F∂-

N-e-\m-fl-I-X-Xzw- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Py-Øn-\p-≠v.- -c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b-

123412341234123476

]-iv-\-ßƒ- km-aq-ln-I- km-º-Øn-I- C-√m-bv-a-bn¬- ]-Tn-°m-\m-

hn-√.- ]p-Xn-b- aq-ey-ß-fp-sS- tkm-X- v- km-aq-ln-I- kmwkvImcnI-

am-‰-ß-fm-Wv-.- ]-g-b- \n-b-a-Nn-¥-I-fp-sS- ]-Sw- s]mgn-°p-∂-Xv

]p-Xn-b- [¿-Ωn-jv-T-am-b- \n-b-a-km-[p-Xz-Øn-s‚- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-sS-

`m-K-am-Wv.-

P-kv -‰n -kv - hn. B¿ I-r-jv -W-ø-cp-sS- hm-°p-I-fn¬- H-cp-

\ym-bm-[n-]≥- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv-X-Pv-R-\pw- cW-L-S-\-bp-sS-

\n-co-£-I-\p-am-Wv.- Cu- k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b- Np-a-X-e-I-fp-sS- hym-]v-Xn-

a-d-°p-tº-mƒ-- A-bmƒ- A-Xn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

\-Ωp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\- m-K-t[-b-Øn-s‚- k-am-K-a- k-t¶-X-amWv.-

km-aq-ln-I-hpw,- km-º-Øn-I-hpw,- cm-jv-So-b-]-c-hp-am-b- \oXn-

F-∂- ]u-V-am-b- hm-°p-I-fp-sS- B-ap-J-hp-ap-≠v.- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚-

aq-∂p- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- Cu- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- A-h-cp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬-

Hm¿-Ωn-°-Ww.- AXp- a-d-°p-tºmƒ- A-h-bp-sS- \n-e- A-]-I-S-

Øn¬- B-Ip-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Cu- cm-Pyw,- ]-c-a- N¿-Ω-]-S-am-b-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- \m-emw- `m-K-Øn¬- hn-]p-e-am-bn- kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®n- p-≈-

A-Xn-s‚- X-s∂- D-∂-X-aq-ey-ß-fp-sS-bpw- e-£y-ß-fp-sS-bpw-

h-©-\-bm-W-Xv.- H-cn-°¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- [¿-Ωw- F-s¥-∂v-

\mw- a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬- A-Xn-s‚- \o-Xn-\ym-b-]-c-am-b- I¿-Ω-

ß-fp-sS- ]pXn-b- I-ao-I-c-W-ß-fpw- \-ap-°v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ipw.-

km-aq-ln-I- km-º-Øn-I- \o-Xn- kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®v- cm-jv-So-b-

kz`m-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw- k-aq-l-k-Xy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- N-cn-X-Øn-s‚-

bpw- am\p-jn-I- _-\v-[-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \n-Kq-V-]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-

a-\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v- \-ap-°v- ap-ºp-≈-h¿- F-Xn-cn-√m-Ø-

hn-izm-kw- \n¿-Ωn®p.-

au-en-I-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚- A-\p-tO-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-cym-tem-Nn-

°p-tºmƒ- H-cn-°-epw- km-aq-ln-I-\o-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v- a-d-°-cp-Xv.-

\mw- C-∂v- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- bp-K-Øn-em-Wv.- A-Xpw- h-fsc- ]m-

[m-\y-ap-≈-Xpw- kz-X-¥-hp-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw.- P-\-ß-sf- cn-°p-∂-Xv-

123412341234123477

P-\-]-Xn-\n -[n -I-fn -eq-sS- F-∂- Hu-]-Nm-cn -I-X-sb- am-Xw-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n-b-p-≈-X-√- A-ß-s\-bp-≈- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw. AXn\p-

\n-b-a-hm-gv-N-,- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ,- \o-Xn-\ym-b- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-

kzm-X-¥yw,- A-[n-Im-c- hn-tI-μo-I-c-Ww F-∂o- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-ap-≠v.-

t\-c-sØ- ]-d-™- D-d-∏p-≈-Xpw- kz-X-¥-hp-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-

h-f-sc- ]-[m-\-hpw- s\-Spw-Xq-Wp-am-b- \nba-hm-gv-N-tbm-Sv- Iq-Sn-b-

\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-am-bn- -c-W-L-S-\m-inev]n-Iƒ- D-Nn-X-am-bn- Aw-Ko-

I-cn-®n- p-≠v.- -c-W--L-S-\-bn¬- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N- Xm-ßn-\n¿-Øp-I- F-∂-

I-S-a-bm-Wv \o-Xn-\ym-b- hy-h-kv-Y-bv-°v- \-ev-In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- \n-b-a-

hm-gv-N- Xm-ßn-\n¿-Øp-I- F-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- sF-Iy-Zm¿-

Vy-hpw- t£-a-hpw- F-∂- ]-c-a-e-£yw- ap≥-\n¿-Øn- -c-W-L-S-\-

sb-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-sb-bpw- kw-c-£n-°p-I- F-∂- ]-[m-\-

Np-a-X-e-bpw- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂p.-

s\-Spw-Xq-Wm-b- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bm-Wv- D-d-∏p-≈-Xpw- kz-X-¥-hp-

am-b- -c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.- \nba-hmgvN-

F-∂m¬- s]m-Xp-\n-b-aw- am-X-a-√,- km-aq-ly-\n-b-aw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-

am-°n-bp-≈- s]m-Xp-\n-b-a-am-Wv- A-Xv.- D-Nn-X-am-b- km-aq-ly-Po-

hn-Xw- D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv- \n-b-aw.- F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw-

km-aq-ly-Po-hn-Xw- F-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-≈- e-£yw- am-X-a-√- A-Xn-\p-

≈-Xv,- a-dn-®v- A-¥-t m-sS- Po-hn-°m-\pw- D-b-cm-\p-ap-≈- am¿-§w-

H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bpw- B-Wv- \nbaw-

km¿-∞-I-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- kaq-l-Øn-s‚- D-Nn-X-am-b- B-h-iy-ß-fpw-

a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- a-‰v- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- k-¥p-en-Xm-h-kv-Y-

th-W-sa-∂- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS- kp-£-a-Pv-Rm-\-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-

cn-epw- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fn-epw- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- km-aq-ly-

B-h-iy-ß-fpw- cm-jv-So-b- kzm-X-¥y-hpw- km-aq-ln-I-k-a-Xz-hpw-

km-º-Øn-I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw- B-`y-¥-c-I-a-hpw- H-cp- h-i-Øpw-

hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- B-h-iy-ß-fpw- A-h-s‚- hy-Iv-Xn-kzm-X-¥y-hpw-

am-\p-jn-I-am-b- A-¥- pw- a-s‰m-cp- h-i-Øp-am-bn- C-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈-

k-¥p-en-Xm-h-kv-Y- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N- ]m-ap-Jyw- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- \nbaw-

F-√m-h¿-°pw- ap-I-fn-em-sW-∂pw- \n-b-a-Øn-\p- ]-c-a-]m-[m-\yw-

123412341234123478

sImSp°-Ww- F-∂p-ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-X-bv-°m-Wv.- G-sXm-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-tbm-

tIm¿-∏-td-j-t\m,- `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚- G-sX-¶n-epw- hn-`m-K-tam-

F-X-tØm-fw- D-∂-X-tcm- A-[n-Im-cw- D-≈-h-tcm- BsW-¶n-epw- \nba-

]-c-am-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-°-W-sa-∂pw- \n-b-aw- Ah¿-°v- ap-I-fn¬-

B-sW-∂pw- D-≈- X-Øzw- A-Xv- Du-∂n- ]-d-bp-∂p.- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS-

km-cmw-iw- F-s¥-∂m¬- tkz-Nv-Om-[n-]-c-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-

A-Xv- X-S-bp-∂p.- A-Xn-\p- ]-[m-\-am-bpw- aq-∂v- kz-`m-h-ß-fm-Wv-

D-≈-Xv.- tkz-Om-[n-]-c-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚- A-`m-hw- D-≈-

A-[n-Im-c-h¿-§w,- \n-b-a-Øn-\p- ap-∂n¬- k-a-Xzw,- \-m-Sn-s‚- km-[m-

c-W- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- m-K-am-bn-cn-°p-∂- -c-W-L-S-\- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-

\n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS- aq-∂v- kz-`m-h-ßƒ.- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bv-°v- a-‰p-

aq-∂v- m-h-ßƒ- Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.- b-Ym-I-a-am-b- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww,- G-‰-hpw-

Ip-d-™-Xv- k-aq-l-Øn¬- \n-b-aw- \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-∂- \n-b-a-

im-kv-X- ]-am-W-Øn-s‚- Ah-kv-Y,- ap-Jy-L-S-I-am-b- hy-Iv-Xn-bpw-

k-aq-l-hpw- X-Ωn¬- i-cn-bm-b- k-¥p-en-Xm-h-kv-Y- th-W-sa-∂p-≈-

\n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS- D-Xv-I-Wv-T- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- Cu- m-h-ßƒ.-

kzm-X-¥yw- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂pw- A- -n-hr-≤n-s∏-S-W-sa-∂pw-

Hm-tcm- ]u-c-\pw- am-\y-am-b- Po-hn-X\n-e-hm-cw- D-d-∏m-°-W-sa-∂pw-

`-c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- Pm-Xn,- a-X,- k-ap-Zm-b,- enw-K-

hn-th-N-\-an-√m-sX- F-√m- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- t£-aw- A-`n-hr-≤n-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥- A-Xv- ]-Xn-Pv-Rm- _-≤-am-Wv.- A-Xp-t]m-se- Hcp-

am-Xr-Im-k-aq-lw- N-e-\m-fl-I-w- B-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.-

H-cn-S-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂- am-‰w- a-‰n-S-ß-fn-te-°v- I-S-s∂-Øm≥- t]m-∂-

am¿-K-ßƒ- A-Xn¬- \n-d-®p-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- H-c-p- am-Xr-Im-

k-aq-l-Øn¬- t_m-[-]q¿-hw- hn-\n-a-bw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- ]-¶p-

h-bv-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- B-b- A-t\-Iw- Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ- D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

a-‰p- X-c-Øn¬- ]-d-™m¬- km-aq-ln-I-am-b- A-¥¿-hym-]-\w-

D≠mbn-cn-°-Ww.- C-Xm-Wv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-se- km-tlm-Zcyw.-

]-kn≤- Ko-°v- X-Øz-im-kv-X-Pv-R-\m-b- A-cn-kv-t‰m- n-en-s‚-

hm-°p-I-fn¬- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- kv-Ym-bo- m-hw- D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\v-

G-‰-hpw- a-l-\o-b-am-b- D-]m-[n,- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- tN-X-\-sb-°p-dn-®v-

]u-c-∑m¿-°v- hn-Zym`ym-kw- \-ev-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- s]m-Xp-hm-bn-

123412341234123479

A-h-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- A-°m-cy-am-Wv.- Hm-tcm- hy-Iv-Xn-bn-epw-

D-≈-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂- H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-\pw- X\-Xmb Cjv-S-ßƒ-

D-≠m-hmw.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- tN-X-\-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]u-c-∑m¿-°v- hnZym-

`ym-kw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h¿- sN-øp-∂- ]hrØn-I-fn¬-

A-Xv- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°-W-sa-t∂m,- ]-Xn-^-en-°-W-sa-t∂m- C-√.-

Iq-Sm-sX- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-£-°m¿-°v- A-Xv- k-t¥m-j-am-h-W-sa-

∂p-an-√.- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- A-Xn-Po-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- km-[y-am-°m≥-

sN-øp-∂- ]-h¿-Øn-I-fn-em-Wv- A-Xv- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-

k-a-Xz-Øn-em-Wv- \o-Xn- F-∂v- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn- A-\p-am-\n-°m≥-

Xp-S-ß-pw.- _-lp-P-\-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-Øn-s‚- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-am-Wv-

k-a-Xzw- F-∂v- A-bmƒ- Xn-cn-®-dn-™p- Xp-Sßpw.- H-cmƒ- X-s‚-

B-K-l-ßƒ- sN-øp-∂-Xn-em-Wv- kzm-X-¥y-hpw- ka-Xz-hpw-

F-∂- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬- A-bmƒ- F-Øpw.- C-Xv- kzm-X-¥y-sØ-°p-dn-

®p-≈- a-l-\o-b- B-Z¿-i-am-Wv.- `-c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-k-cn-®v- Po-hn-

°p-∂-Xv- A-Sn-a-Øw- B-bn-´-√- I-cp-tX-≠-Xv, - a-dn-®v - AXv-

ta-m-£-am-Wv.-

123412341234123480

cmjvS-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßƒ

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- \m-emw- m-K-Øv- cm-jv-S-\-b-Øn-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-I-

X-Øz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p - ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- Cu- `m-K-Øn¬-

]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈- X-Xz-ßƒ- cm-Py-`-c-W-Øn¬- au-en-I-am-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xpw- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn¬- Cu- X-Xz-ßƒ- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-

cm -jv - S -Øn-s‚- I¿-Ø-hyw - B-bn -cn -°p -∂-Xm-sW-∂pw -

`cWL-S-\-bp-sS- ap-∏-Øn- G-gmw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-

°p-∂p.- cm-jv-S-\n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ßƒ- G-sX-¶n-epw- tIm-S-Xn-°p-

-\-S-∏m-°m-hp-∂-X-√.-

km-aq-ln-I-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hpam-b,-- F-√m- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fp-sS-bpw-

A-¥-x-k-Ø-bm-bn-Øo-cp-am-dp-≈- H-cp- km-aq-ly- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-

I-gn-bp-∂-X- ^-e-]-Z-am-Ipw-h-Æw- kw-]m-]v-X-am-°p-I-bpw-

kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv -Xp-sIm-≠v- P-\-ß-fp-sS- t£-aw-

A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥- cm-jv-Sw- i-an-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂v-

ap-∏-Øn- F- mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- H-∂mw- D-]-hn- m-K-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-

∂p.-

c-≠mw- D-]-hn-`m-K-Øn-em-h-s´- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- C-S-bn¬- am-X-

a-√- hn- n-∂- ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-h-cpw- hn-hn-[- sXm-gn-ep-I-

fn¬- G¿-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-b- P-\-hn`m-K-ß-fp-sS- C-S-bn-epw-

A-h-cp-sS- h-cp-am-\-Øn-ep-≈- A-k-a-Xz-ßƒ- Ip-d-bv-°p-hm-\pw,- ]Zhn-

bn-epw- ku-I-cy-ß-fn-epw- A-h-k-c-ß-fn-epw- D-≈- Aka-Xz-

ßƒ- C-√m-bv-a- sN-øp-hm-\pw,- cm-Pyw- ]-tXy-In-®v- i-an-t°-≠-

Xm-sW-∂pw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

123412341234123481

`-c-W-L-S-\-b-p-sS- ap-∏-Øn-H≥-]-Xmw- A-\pt—Zw- cm-Py-w-

A-\p-h¿-Øn-t°-≠- Nn-e- \-b-X-Øz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

1.- ]u-c-∑m¿-°v,- A-Xm-b-Xv- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw,- ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-°pw-

H-cp-t]m-se,- a-Xn-bm-b- D-]-Po-h-t\m-]m-b-ßƒ-°v- A-h-Im-iw-

D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I..-

2.- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- `u-Xn-I- hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS- D-S-a-kv-Y-X-bpw-

\nb-¥-W-hpw- s]m-Xp-\-∑-bv-°v- G-‰-hpw- D-X-Ip∂-

hn[-Øn¬- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-øp-I.-

3.- km-º-Øn-I- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- s]m-Xp-lm-\n-°v-

C-S-bm-°p-∂- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- kz-Øn-s‚-bpw- Dev]m-Z-t\m-

]m-[n-I-fp-sS-bpw- tI-μo-I-c-Ww- D-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I.-

4.- Xp-ey-tPm-en-°p- ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-°pw- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw-

Xp-ey-am-b- th-X-\w- D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.-

5.- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-b- ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS-bpw-

B-tcm-Ky-hpw- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- Ip-´n-I-fp-sS- C-fw-]m-b-hpw-

Zp¿-hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bp-w- ]m-b-Øn-t\m-

i-Iv-Xn-t°m- A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√m-Ø- ]-Wn-I-fn¬- ]-th-in-

°p-hm≥- km-º-Øn-Im-h-iy-Øm¬- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-cm-Im-

Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

6.- Ip- n-Iƒ-°v- B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b- co-Xn-bn-epw- kzm-X-¥y-hpw-

A-¥- pw- D-≈- ]-cn-X-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fn-epw- h-f-cp-hm≥-

A-h-k-c-ß-fpw- ku-I-cy-ß-fpw- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- Nq-j-W-Øn¬-

\n-∂pw- km-∑m¿-Kn-I-hpw- u-Xn-I-hp-am-b- ]-cn-Xy- P-\-Øn¬-

\n-∂pw- _m-ey-sØ-bpw- bu-h-\-sØ-bpw- c£n-°p-I-bpw-

sN-øp-I.- C-h-sbm-s°- ]m-]v-X-am-°p-∂-Xv- cmPy-\-b-Øn-s‚-

e-£y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.-

123412341234123482

Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 45˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-]-Im-cw- F-√m- Ip- n-Iƒ-°pw-

A-h¿-°v- B-d-p- h-b-kv- Xn-I-bp-∂-Xp-h-sc- ssi-i-hm-cw-`-Øn¬-

Ø-s∂- ]-cn-N-c-W-hpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-øp-hm≥-

`-c-W-Iq-Sw- b-Xv-\n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-epw- tImtf-Pp-

I-fn-epw- sN-e-hn-Sp-∂- k-a-b-Øp-am-Xw- e- n-°p-∂- H-cp- Im-cy-am-bn-

hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ- ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√.- P-∑w-- ap-X¬- hn-Zym-

`ym-kw- B-cw- n-°pI-bpw- D]-t_m-[-a-\- n¬- A-Xv- a-c-Ww-h-sc-

Xp-S-cp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-

F-\n-°n-\n- H-∂pw- ]-Tn-°m-\n-√- F-∂p- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂- H-cm-fp-sS- A-

h-kv-Y- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-a-c-Ww- kw- -hn-®-Xn-\p- Xp-ey-am-Wv.-

H-cp- Ip- n-°v- ho- n-se- kzm-[o-\-ßƒ- F-X- h-ep-Xm-sW-∂v- CXn-

eq-sS- a-\- n-em-°mw.- ho- n¬- \n-∂m-Wv- Ip- n-I-fp-sS- hnZym- ymkw-

B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv F-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- a-\- n-em-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.- A-h¿- \-ev-Ip-∂- D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ,- H-cp- \-√- ]u-c-s\-

kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- Kr-l-Øn-se- A-¥-co-£-hpw- ]-cn-PvRm-

\-hpw- k-l-\-hpw,- C-h-bv-°p- ]-I-cw- h-bv-°m≥- Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-b-

hn-Zym- ym-kØn-\m-hn-√.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 45˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-]-Im-cw- -c-W-Iq-Sw- amX-

a-√- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fpw- Ip- n-Iƒ-°m-bn- b-Xv-\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- cmPy-

Øn-s‚- ]m-c-º-cy-ß-fpw- G-Xp- hn-izm-k-ß-fm-bm-epw- _p-≤n-ap-´p-∂-

B-fp-I-sf- kzm-K-Xw- sN-øp-∂- a-t\m- m-h-hpw- F-√m- a-X-ß-sf-bpw-

123412341234123483

_-lp-am-\-tØm-sS-bpw- k-ln-jv-Wp-X-tbm-sS-bpw- ImWp-∂Xn-s‚-

\-∑-bpw,- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-sW-∂p-≈-Xn¬- A- n-am-\-hpw- e-£y-am-°n-bp-≈-

km-aq-ly- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- Ip-´n-I-sf-t∏m-se- X-s∂- am-Xm-

]n-Xm-°-sf-bpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v.-

123412341234123484

A¥m-cmjvS kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£bpw

P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s-e G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- kv-Ym-\w-

C-hn-Sp-sØ- ]u-c≥- F-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.- C-Xv- sh-dpw- \n- m-cam-b-

Im-cy-a-√,- C-Xv- H-cp- bm-Ym¿-∞y-am-°-Ww.- A-Xn-s‚- ta-∑- an-Yy-

b-√.- F-∂n¬- C-X-b-[n-Iw- F-¥m-Wp-≈-Xv- F-∂- a-t\m-`m-h-

tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- Cu- cm-Pyw- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw-

A-\p-h¿-Øn-®n- p-≠v.- F-hn-sS-b-m-Wv- F-s‚- I¿-Ø-hyw- F-∂p-≈-

tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- kzm¿-∞-X-bn-√m-bv-a- a-\- n-em-°n- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-

]-In-b-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw- k-l-hm-kn-I-tfm-Sv- H-cp- I-S-a-

D-s≠-∂p- t]cn-∏n-°p-∂- A-¥-co-£-hpw- th-Ww.-

\-Ωp-sS- cm-Pyw- i-Iv-X-hpw- A-P-ø-hpw- tem-I-Øn-s‚- ap-gp-h≥-

_-lp-am-\w- t\-Sn-Ø-cp-hm≥- X-°- B-Pv-R-mi-Iv-Xn- D-≈-Xp-am-Ip-

∂-Xp-t]m-se- B- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w- ]-_-e-hp-am-Wv.-

a-\p-jy-h¿-Kw- 21˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- t\-cn-Sp-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-

sh-√p-hnfn-bm-Wv- P-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- kw-kv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- G-‰p-

ap- ¬- X-S-bp-I- F-∂-Xv.- ]p-cm-X-\-[m¿-Ωn-I-X-bn-epw- a-X-]-c-am-b-

]m-c-º-cy-ß-fn-epw- D-≈- a-\p-jy-_-\v-[-ß-fn¬- F-s¥-¶n-epw-

k-Xy-ap-s≠-¶n¬- Iq-Sn-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- a-\- p-Iƒ- A-¥m-cm-jv-S-

k-am-[m-\w- H-gn-hm-°p-I-tbm- Ku-c-hw- Ip-d-®p- Im-Wn-°p-I-tbm-

sN-øp-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- a-\p-jy≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s‚-

i-Xp.- ]-e- ]-e- k-aq-l-ß-fn¬- D-≈- P-\-ßƒ- A-h-cp-sS-

kwkvImc-Øn¬- D-≈-Xv-,- ti-jv-T-am-b-Xv,- hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ-

A-h-cp-sS- X-s∂- k-aq-l-sØ- A-h¿- k-ºp-jv-S-am-°p-I-bpw- P-\-

ß-fp-sS- _-\v-[-ßƒ- kp-Zr-V-am-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- C-¥y≥-

123412341234123485

`c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 51˛mw- A-\p-t—Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv,-

A-¥m-cm-jv-S-k-am-[m-\-hpw- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-

Ø-W-sa-∂m-Wv- ˛ A-Xm-b-Xv- cm-Pyw,-

1.- A-¥m-cm-jv-S-k-am-[m-\-hpw- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw- A- n-hr-≤n-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p- i-an-°-Ww.-

2.- cm-jv-S-ßƒ- X-Ωn¬- \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-hpw- _-lp-am-\y-hp-am-b-

_-\v-[-ßƒ- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p- i-an-°-Ww.-

3.- kw-L-Sn-X- P-\-X-Iƒ- X-Ωn-ep-≈- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬- A-¥m-

cm-jv-S- \n-b-a-tØm-Spw- k-\v-[n-_m-[y-X-I-tfm-Spw- B-Z-c-hv-

]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p- i-an-°-Ww.-

4.- Iq-Sm-sX- A-¥m-cm-jv-S- X¿-°-ßƒ- a-[y-kv-Yw- h-gn- HØp-

Xo¿-∏m-°p-∂-Xv- t]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- i-an-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv.-

123412341234123486

Kma-]-©m-bØv

`m-c-X-Øn-se- ]p-cm-X-\- ]-hn-X-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw,- N-cn-X-]-c-

am-b- tkm-X- p-I-fpw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv,- I-gn-™- \q-‰m-≠n-ep-≠m-bn-

cp-∂- Cu- D-]- qJ-WvU-Øn-se- Km-a-k- -Iƒ- F-√mw- kz-bw- cWw-

D-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- Im¿-jn-I- ]m-ap-Jy-ap-≈- Km-a-k- -I-fp-sS-

km-º-Øn-I- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fpw,- A-[n-Im-c-kv-Ym-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈-

k-º¿-°- tk-h-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv- F-∂p-am-Wv.- B-Nm-c-ß-fpw-

]m-c-º-cy-ß-fpw,- Cu- k -I-sf- h-f-sc- K-Wy-am-b- ]-Z-hn-bn-te-°v-

F-Øn-®p.- ]-Xp-s°- Cu- k-`-bv-°p- ]-©m-b-Øn-s‚- cq]w- h-∂p.-

A-Xm-b-Xv- ap-Xn¿-∂- A-©p-t]-cp-sS- k-tΩ-f-\-am-bn- A-Xv- am-dn.-

Cu- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-ƒ- I-ta-W- `-c-W-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-s‚-bpw-

sF-Iy-Zm¿-VyØn-s‚-bpw- \o-Xn-\-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-s‚-bpw- ]-[m-\-

th-Zn-bm-hp-I-bpw- X-t±-i-hm-kn-I-fp-sS- ]-iv-\-ßƒ- ]-cn-l-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-s‚- tI-μ-_n-μp-hm-bn- Xo-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-

40˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥-

cm-Pyw- \-S-]-Sn- F-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂pw- kzbw-`-c-W-Øn-s‚-

L-S-I-ß-fm-bn- A-h-sb- ]-h¿-Ø-\-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v- B-h-iy-

am-b- I-gn-hp-I-fpw- A-[n-Im-c-hpw- A-h-bv-°v- \-ev-I-W-sa-∂pw-

A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

a-≤y-Im-e-Øpw- ap-Kƒ-Im-e-L- -Øn-epw- Km-a-k- -I-fp-sS- kz`mh-

ßƒ- am-dm-sX- Xp-S¿-∂p.- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p- ap-ºv- X-s∂- a-Zm-kv-

t]m-ep-≈- \-K-c-ß-fn¬- _n-´o-jv- Su¨- Iu¨-kn¬- am-Xr-I-

bn¬- D-≈- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- tIm¿-∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ- \n-e-hn¬- D-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.- _w-Km-fn¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- 1870 se- Nu°n-Zm¿- B-Iv-Sv-

ap-tJ-\- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- Aw-K-ß-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v-

123412341234123487

]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- Pn-√m- a-Pn-kv-tS-‰p-am¿-°p- A-

[n-Im-cw- \¬-In.- 1882 se- dn-∏ - dn-k-eyq-j-\n-eq-sS- \ne-hn¬- h-

∂- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- - A-\u-tZym-Kn-I- ]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpw- A-[y-£-

\pw- A-S-ßp-∂- X-t±-i- Km-ao-W- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- h-gn-bm-Wv- ]m-tZ-in-

I- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw,- kz-bw- -c-Ww F-∂o- B-i-b-ßƒ- ]-Nm-c-Øn¬-

h-∂p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- 1907 ¬- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-b- B¿.-kn.- Z-Øn-s\-

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- A-[n-Im-c- hn-tI-μo-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp-≈- B-dw-K- tdm-b¬-

I-Ωo-j-\p- K-h -sa‚ v- cq-]w- sIm-Sp-Øp.- Cu- I-Ωn-j≥- dn-t∏m¿- p-

]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°v- kz-bw-`-c-W-Øn-s‚-

]m-[m-\yw- Du-∂n-∏d-™p.- ]n∂o-Sp- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bn¬- X-t±-i- -c-

W-Øn-s‚- ap-J-ap-Z-bmb- ]-©-mb-Øp-Iƒ- cq-]w- sIm-≠p.- ]-©m-

b-Øp-Iƒ- Im-cy-£-a-ambn- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 40˛mw-

A-\p-t—-Z-]-Im-c-ap-≈- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Xz-a-\p-k-cn-®v- -c-W-Iq-Sw-

i-an-t°-≠-Xp≠v.-

123412341234123488

sXmgn¬ kpc£

sXm-gn-en-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- tIm-S-Xn-h-gn- \-S-∏n-em-°m-\m-hn-s√-¶n-epw-

sXm-gn¬-kp-c-£- F-∂-Xv- sXm-gn-e-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚- A-hn-`m-Py-

L-S-I-am-Wv.- km-aq-ln-I- km-º-Øn-I- \o-Xn- e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬

A-Xv- h-f-sc-tb-sd- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øp-∂p.- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-

F-∂p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- \-S-∏n-em-°p-I- F-∂-Xv- cm-jv-S-\n¿-t±-i-I-

X-Xz-ß-fn¬- h-cp-∂- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv.-

H-cp- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kvYm-]-\w- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂-Xv- am-X-a-√,- A-Xn¬-

e- y-am-b- ko-‰p-I-fn¬- Ip- n-I-sf- ]-th-in-∏n-°p-I- Xp-S-ßn-b- e-

]-Z-am-b- Im-cy-ß-fpw- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- I¿-Ø-hy-am-Wv.- A-Xp-

t]m-se-X-s∂,- hm¿-≤-Iy-Im-e-Øv- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- k-lm-bw-

]u-c-∑m¿-°v- e-`y-am-h-Ww.- A-h-cp-sS- kw-c-£-Ww- D-d-∏m-°p-∂-

H-cp- \nbaw-X-s∂- \ne-hn-ep-≠v.-

am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS-bpw- ap-Xn¿-∂- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- Po-h-\mw-i-Øn-\pw-

t£-a-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈- 2007 se- \n-b-aw- sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a,- hm¿-≤-Iyw,-

tcm-Kw,- Aw-K-ssh-I-eyw- F-∂o- A-h-kv-Y-I-fn-epw,- A-\¿-l-am-b-

Zm-cn-Zyw D-≠m-Ip-∂- a-‰v A-h-kv-Y-I-fn-epw- tPm-en-°pw- hn-Zy-m-`ym-

k-Øn-\pw- s]m-Xp-k-lm-b-Øn-\pw- D-≈- A-h-Im-iw- D-d-∏p-h-cp-

Øm≥- cm-Pyw- A-Xn-s‚- km-º-Øn-I-am-b- I-gn-hn-s‚-bpw-

hn-I-k\-Øn-s‚-bpw- ]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬- ^-e-]-Z-am-b- hyh-kv-Y-

D-≠m-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- \-m-ev-]-Øn-H-∂mw-

A-\p-t—-Z-am-b- cm-jv-S- \n¿-t±-i-I-X-Xzw- A-\p-im-kn-°p∂p.-

123412341234123489

_me-\oXn \nbaw

H-cp- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- `m-hn- Ip-´n-I-fn-em-Wv.- Ip-´n-I-sf- kw-c-

£n-°p-I-bpw- A-h-cp-sS- k¿-h-tXm-ap-J-am-b- hn-Im-kw- D-d-∏p-h-

cp-Øp-I-bpw- sN-øm-\p-≈- _m-[y-X- k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≠v.- \-Ωp-sS-

`cW-L-S-\-bn-se- 45˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw,- Ip-´n-I-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬-

`c--W-Iq-S-Øn-\p-≈- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn-\v- A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p.- A-¥m-cm-

jv-S- I -sh≥-j-\p-I-fpw- Ip- n-I-fp-sS- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-

°m≥- cm-jv-S-ßƒ-°v- _m-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v- ]-Jym-]n-®p.- Cu- kml-

Ncy-Øn-em-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v- 2000˛am-≠n¬- _m-e-\o-Xn-

\n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n-b-X-v.-

_m-e-\o-Xn- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- kv-Ym-]n-°m-\pw- h-gn-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip∂-

Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-bn- \n-co-£-W-\n-e-b-ßƒ- kv-Ym-]n-°m-\pw- _m-e-

t£-a-k-an-Xn-Iƒ- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m-\pw- \n-b-aw- hy-h-kv-Y-

sN-øp-∂p.- Ip-´n-Iƒ- Ip-‰w- sN-bv-Xm¬- A-h-sc- hn-Nm-c-W-

sN-tø-≠-Xv- _m-e-\o-Xn- t_m¿-Um-Wv.- \n-b-aw- A-h-sc- Ip-´n-

°p-‰-hm-fn-Iƒ- F-∂p- t]m-ep-a-√- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-I-cw-

\n-b-a-hp-am-bn- kw-L¿-j-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-´n- A-Xm-b-Xv- “ssN¬-Uv-

C≥- tIm¨^vfnIv‰v hn-Xv- tem” F-∂p- am-X-am-Wv.- A-d-kv-‰p-

sN-ø-s∏-´m¬- A-Xv- FX- h-en-b- Ip-‰-am-bm-epw- Ip-´n-Iƒ- Pm-ay-

Øn-\¿-l-cm-Wv.- B- hn-hcw- c-£n-Xm-°-sf- A-dn-bn-°-Ww.- Iu -

k-enw-Kv,- km-aq-ln-I-tk-h-\w,- \-√-\-S-∏v,- ]-tXy-I- `-h-\-Øn-se-

Xm-a-kw,- kp-c-£n-X-am-bn-S-Øv- ]m¿-∏n-°¬- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-°v-

D-Ø-c-hn-´p- sIm-≠m-Wv- h-gn-sX-‰p-∂- Ip-´n-I-sf- ssI-Im-cyw-

sN-tø-≠-Xv.-

123412341234123490

Ip-‰w- sN-bv-X-tXm- ]o-U-\-Øn-\v- C-c-bm-b-tXm- B-b- Ip-´n-I-

fp-sS- hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-ƒ- ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- am-[y-a-ßƒ- Ip-‰w-

sN-bv-X-Xm-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Spw.- A-Xn-\v- 1000 cq-]-h-sc- ]n-g-

in-£-bm-Imw- F-∂pw- \n-b-aw- ]-d-bp-∂p.-

Ip-´n-I-tfm-Sv- Iq-c-X- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw- A-h-sc-

kw-c-£n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw- A-h-sc- bm-N-I-hr-Øn-°p-

]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw- A-h¿-°v- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-w- a-‰pw-

\¬-Ip-∂-Xns\-Xn-sc-bpw- A-h-sc-s°m-≠v- tPm-en- sN-øn-°p-∂-Xn-

s\-Xn-sc-bpw- \n-b-a-Øn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-≠v.-

123412341234123491

htbm-P\ ]cn-]m-e\w

hm¿-≤-Iyw- C-∂v- k-a-q-l-Øn-se- ]-[m-\- sh-√p-hn-fn-I-fn-sem-

∂m-Wv.- hr-≤-P-\-ß-fp-sS- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw- _-lp-am-\-Øn-\pw-

Du-∂¬- \¬-Ip-∂- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- aq-ey-ß-fpw- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- B¿j-

`m-c-X- ss]-Xr-I-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬- A-Wp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fp-sS- B-hn¿- m-h-tØm-

sS- Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ-°p-≠m-b- X-I¿-®-bpw- A-]-Xy-£-am-I-epw-

Cu- aq-ey-hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bn¬- D-e-®n-ep-≠m-°n.- \n-c-h-[n- h-tbm-P-\-ßƒ-

C-∂v- B-cpw-- kw-c-£n-°m-\n-√m-sX-bpw- imcocnI-hpw- ssh-Im-cn-I-hpw-

km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- t¢i-ßƒ- aqehpw- A-h-cp-sS- Po-hn-X-km-bm-

lv-\-Øn¬- I-Sp-Ø- G-Im-¥-X-bn-epw- Zp-cn-X-Øn-ep-am-Wv.-

Cu- km-aq-ly-]-iv-\w- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\pw- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS-bpw-

ap-Xn¿-∂- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- Po-h-\mw-i-hpw- t£-a-hpw- `-c-W-

L-S-\-bp-sS- 41˛mw- A-\pt—-Z-]-Im-c-ap-≈- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw-

D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p-am-bn- cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv am-Xm-]n-Xm-

°-fp-sS-bpw- ap-Xn¿-∂- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- Po-h-\mw-i-Øn-\pw-

t£-a-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈- 2007 se- \n-b-aw. 1973 se- In-an-\¬- \-S-]-Sn-

\n-b-a-]-Im-cw- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°pw- ap-Xn¿-∂-h¿-°pw- a-°-fn¬-

\n-∂v- Po-h-\mw-iw- e-`n-°p-sa-¶n-epw- A-Xn-epw- Ip-d-™- k-a-b-

ssZ¿-Ly-Øn-epw- km-º-Øn-I- sN-e-hn-epw- \-S-∏m-°m-hp-∂-

hy-h-kv-Y-I-fm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b- \n-b-a-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- kz-¥-am-bn- h-cp-am-\-

tam- kºmZy-tam- C-√m-Ø- A-dp-]-Xv- h-b-kn-\v- ap-I-fn-ep-≈-

A-∏q-∏-\pw- A-Ωq-Ω-bp-sam-s°-bm-b- ap-Xn¿-∂- ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw-

A-dp-]-Xv- h-b-kn-\v- ap-I-fn-ep-≈-h-c-s√-¶n¬-t∏m-epap-≈- am-Xm-

]n-Xm-°ƒ-°pw-- B-h-iy-am-b- ]-cn-c-£-bpw- an-I-®- Nn-In-Xv-km-

ku-I-cy-ß-fpw- \¬-Im-\pw- A-Xn-te-°m-bn- Pn-√-Iƒ-tXm-dpw-

123412341234123492

hr-≤-P-\-k-Z-\--ßƒkv-Ym-]n-°m-\p-am-Wv- Cu- \n-b-aw- e-£yw-

h-bv-°p-∂-Xv.- ap-Xn¿-∂- ]u-c-∑m-sc-bpw- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-sf-bpw-

kw-c-£n-°m-\p-≈- _m-[y-X- A-\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬-

A-h-cp-sS- a-°ƒ-°p-≈-Xm-Wv.- A-\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fm-b- a-°-fpw-

_-\v-[-p°-fpw- H-∂n-e-[n-I-am-hp-tºmƒ- _m-[y-X- Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-°pw.-

km-[m-c-W- Po-hn-X-s®e-hv- t]m-epw- a-°-tfm- _-\v-[p-°-tfm- \¬-

Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬- ap -Xn¿-∂-h¿-t°m- am-Xm-]n -Xm-°ƒ-t°m-

sa-bn‚-\≥-kv- ssS-_yq-W-en¬- Po-h-\mw-i-Øn-\m-bn- ]-cm-Xn-

\¬-Imw.- t\-cn-´v- ]-c-m-Xn- \¬-Im≥- A-h¿-°v- I-gn-bn-s√-¶n¬-

A-h¿- A-[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-t°m- A-s√-¶n¬-

kw-L-S-\-bv-t°m- sa-bn‚-\≥-kv- Hm- o-k¿-t°m- A-h¿-°v- th-≠n-

ssS-_yq-W-en¬- ]-cm-Xn- \¬-Imw.-

123412341234123493

\n¿t±iI XXz-ßƒ

tPm-en-°v- \o-Xn-]q¿-hI-hpw- a-\p-tjym-Nn-X-hp-am-b- \n-_-\v-[-

\-Iƒ- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- ]-k-h-kw-_-\v-[-am-b- B-izm-k-

Øn-\pw- cm-jv-Sw- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-tø-≠-Xm-sW-∂v- -c-W-L-S-\-bpsS-

\n¿-t±-i-I- X-Xz-ß-fn-se- 42˛mw- A-\p-tO-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p∂p.-

cm-jv-Sw- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww- h-gn-tbm- kmº-

Øn-I- kw-hn-[m-\w- h-gn-tbm- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- hn-[-Øn-tem- Im¿-jnI-

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm- hym-h-km-bn-I- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm- a-‰v- Xc-Øn-ep-

≈- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm- B-b- F-√m- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw,- tPm-en,-

D-]-Po-h-\-£-a-am-b- th-X-\w,- am-\y-am-b- Po-hn-X- \n-e-hm-c-hpw- hnia-

th-f-bp-sS- ]q¿-Æm-\p- -h-hpw- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂- tk-h-\-hy-h-kv-Y-

Iƒ,- km-aq-ln-I-hpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hp-am-b- Ah-k-c-ßƒ F-∂nh-

e- y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v- b-Xv-\n-t°-≠Xpw- ]-tXy-In-®pw- cm-jv-Sw- Km-a-

]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-h-km-b-ß-sf- H-‰-bv-°pw- k-l-I-c-Wm-

Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-epw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥- b-Xv-\n-t°-≠-Xpw-

BIp∂p- F-∂v- 43˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

G-sX-¶n-epw- hy-h-km-b-Øn¬- G¿-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂- kw-cw- -ß-fp-

sS-tbm- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sS-tbm- a-‰p- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-tbm- \-S-Øn-

∏n¬- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- `m-K-`m-Kn-Xzw- kw-]m-]v-X-am-°p-hm≥-

cmjvSw- X-°-Xm-b- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww- h-gn-tbm- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw-

hgnt°m- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- F-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂v- `c-W-L-S\

A\pim-kn-°p-∂p.-

]u-c-∑m¿-°v- m-c-X-Øn-s‚- q-]-tZ-iw- H-´m-sI- G-I-cq-]-am-b-

123412341234123494

H-cp- kn-hn¬- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X- kw-]m-]v-X-am-°p-hm≥- cm-jv-Sw- bXv\n-

t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂v- 44˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p∂p.-

F-√m- Ip- n-Iƒ-°pw- A-h¿-°v- B-dv- h-b-kv- Xn-I-bp-∂-Xp-h-sc-

ssi-hm-cw-`-Øn¬- X-s∂- ]-cn-N-c-W-hpw- hn-Zy-m-`ym-k-hpw-

hy-h-kv-Y- sN-øp-hm≥- cm-jv-Sw- b-Xv-\n-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂v- 45˛mw-

A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 4˛mw- `m-K-Øv- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- cm-jv-S-

\b-Øn-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ßƒ- C-\n- ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.-

Cu- m-K-Øn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ- G-sX-¶n-epw-

tIm-S-Xn-°v- \-S-∏m-°m-hp-∂-X-√.- F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw- A-Xn¬- ]-Xn-

]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈- X-Xz-ßƒ- cm-Py-`-c-W-Øn¬- au-en-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-

Xpw- \n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn¬- Cu- X-Øz-ßƒ- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-

c-m-jv-S-Øn-s‚- I¿-Ø-hyw- B-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- B-Ip-∂p.-

P-\-ß-fp-sS- t£-aw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- H-cp-

kmaqly- hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn- cm-jv-Sw- kw-]m-]v-X-am-°-Ww.-

cm-jv-Sw- A-\p-h¿-Øn-t°-≠- Nn-e- \-b-X-¥-ßƒ :

Xp-ey-\o-Xn-bpw- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-k-lm-b-hpw.-

Km-a- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°¬.-

Nn-e- A-h-kv-Y-I-fn¬- tPm-en-°pw,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\pw-

s]mXp-k-lm-b-Øn-\p-ap-≈- A-h-Im-iw.-

tPm-en-°v- \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-hpw- a-\p-tjym-Nn-X-hp-am-b-

\n-_-\v-[-\-Iƒ-°pw,- ]-k-h- kw-_-\v-[-am-b- B-izm-k-

Øn-\pw- hy-h-kvY.-

sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v- D-]-Po-h-\-£-a-am-b- th-X-\w.-

123412341234123495

hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS- \-S-Øn-∏n¬- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- mK-

`m-Kn-Xzw.-

]u-c-∑m¿-°v- G-I-cq-]-am-b- kn-hn¬- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X.-

B-dp-h-b-kn¬- Xm-sg-bp-≈- Ip- n-Iƒ-°v- ssi-i-h-m-cw- -

Øn¬- X-s∂- ]-cn-N-c-W-Øn-\pw-- hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-\pw-

hy-h-kv-Y.-

]- n-I-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]- n-I- tKm-X-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS-bw- a-‰v-

Zp¿-_-e- hn- m-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- hn-Zym- ym-k-]-c-hpw- km-º-

Øn-I-hp-am-b- Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ- A- n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.-

t]m-j-Im-lm-c-Øn-s‚- \n-e-hm-c-hpw- Po-hn-X- tXm-Xpw-

D-b¿-Øp-hm-\pw- s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw-

cm-jv-S-Øn-\p-≈- I¿-Ø-hyw.-

Ir-jn-bpw- ar-K-kw-c-£-W-hpw- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°¬.-

]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-hpw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw,-

h\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- h-\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]-cn-c-£-bpw.-

tZ-io-b- ]m-[m-\y-ap-≈- kv-am-c-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw- kv-Y-e-ß-

fp-sSbpw- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw- kw-c-£-Ww.-

\o-Xn-\ym-b- a-Wv-U-e-sØ- \n¿-hm-l-I- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬-

\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°¬.-

A-¥m-cm-jv-S- k-am-[m-\-hpw- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw- A- n-hr-≤n-

s∏-Sp-Ø¬.-

cm-jv-Sw- ]n-¥p-S-tc-≠p-∂- a-l-Øm-b- B-Z¿-i-ß-fpw- a-m¿-§-ß-fpw-

e-£y-ß-fp-am-Wv- \n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-ßfn¬- hn-h-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv.-

a-s‰m-cp- hn-[-Øn¬- ]-d-™m¬- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- am-\n-s -kv-t‰m- B-Wv-

123412341234123496

A-h.- 36 a-p-X¬- 51 h-sc-bp-≈- A-\p-t—-Z-ß-fn¬- C-h- hn-hcn-°-

s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- t£-a-cm-jv-S- \n¿-Ωn-Xn-bm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- e-£yw.-

A-Xn-\v- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b- \S-]-Sn-Iƒ- th-Ww.-

hn-`-h-ß-sf- i-cn-bm-bpw- \o-Xn-bp-Iv-X-am-bpw- D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.-

Xp-ey-tPm-en-°v- Xp-ey-th-X-\w- Xp-S-ßn-b- X-Øz-ßƒ- \-S-∏n-em-h-Ww.-

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- B-tcm-Kyw- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww.- Ip- n-I-sf-

\-√- co-Xn-bn¬- h-f¿-Øm≥- I-gn-b-Ww.- A-h-cp-sS- I-gn-hp-I-sf-

hn-I-kn-∏n-°-Ww.- Xp-ey-\o-Xn- \-S-∏n¬- h-c-Ww.- B-h-iy-ap-≈-h¿-°v-

ku-P-\y-am-bn- \n-b-a-k-lm-bw- e`n-°-Ww.- sXm-gn¬-A-¥-co-£w-

sa-®-s∏-S-Ww.- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v- am-\y-am-b- th-X-\w- In-´-Ww.-

ku-P-\y-hpw- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-hp-am-b- ]m-Y-an-I- hn-Zym- ym-kwth-Ww.-

s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw sa-®-s∏-S-Ww.- ]n-∂m-°- hn-`m-K-ß-sf- ap-∂n-

se-Øn-°-Ww.- ]-Ir-Xn- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-°-Ww.-

C-h-bv-s°-√m-sam-∏w- a-‰p- ]-e-Xpw,- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ß-fn¬- s]-Sp-∂p.-

C-h- H-cp- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- a-l-Øm-b- A-`n-em-j-ß-fm-Wv.- \-sΩ-

ap-t∂m-´p- \-bn-°p-∂- ]-Xo-£-I-fpw.-

123412341234123497

Km-a-k-`-I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e-I-sf-s¥-√m-am-Wv?- tI-c-f- ]-©m-b-

Øn-cm-Pv- \n-b-a-Øn¬- A-°mcyw- A-°-an-´v- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.-

1.- Km-a-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-

t]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- k-lm-bw- \¬-Ip-I.- A-h-

bp-sS- \-S-Øn-∏n-\v- ta¬-t\m-´w- h-ln-°p-I.-

2.- ]-©m-b-Øn-se- hn-hn-[- P-\-hn- m-K-ßƒ- X-Ωn¬- kulr-

Z-hpw- sF-Iy-hpw- h-f¿-Øp-I.-

3.- km-aq-ln-I-t£-a- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n- i-a-Zm-\w-

kzoI-cn-°p-I.- km-[-\-ß-tfm- ]-W-tam- B-bn- p-≈- kw`m-

h-\-Iƒ- k-am-l-cn-°p-I.-

4.- Km-a-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®- hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- \n¿-h-

l-W-Øn¬- k-lm-bn-°p-I.-

5.- X-ß-fp-sS- ]-tZ-i-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn-

I-fp-sS-bpw- t£-a-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\m-bn-

Kp-W-t`m-Iv-Xm-°-sf- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬- k-lm-bn-°pI.-

6.- km-£-c-Xm- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- \-S-Øn∏-n-\p-th-≠-

\n¿-t±-i-ßƒ- N¿-®- sN-øp-I-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- \n¿-h-l-

W-Øn-\v- k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-

Kma-k-`-Iƒ

123412341234123498

Km-a-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- F-√m- ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw- D-ƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-

h-bm-Wv- Cu- ]-d-™- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- F-∂v- Im-Wmw.- Km-a-k- -I-fn¬-

\n-£n-]-v-X-am-b- Np-a-X-e-I-ƒ- P-\-ßƒ- kz-¥w- I-øn¬- Xs∂-

sh-®n-cn-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv.- C-¥y≥- -c-W-L-S-\- cq-]-Iev]\-

sN-øp-∂- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-se- D-Pv-Pz-e-am-b- h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv-

C-Xp-h-gn- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- ]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pv- t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- Km-a-

k-`-Iƒ-°v- `-c-W-L-S-\m- ]-Z-hn- \¬-Ip-∂p.-

A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 40˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-se-

\n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-a-\p-k-cn-®v- kz-bw- -c-W-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw-

A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°v- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

C-¥y- Km-a-ß-fn-em-Wv- Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂- Km-\v-[n-b≥- Z¿-i-\w-

]-kn-≤-am-W-t√m.- "Km-a-kz-cm-Pv'- B-bn-cp-∂p- cm-jv-S-]n-Xm-hn-s‚-

kz-]v-\w.- kzm-X-¥yw- A-Sn-Ø- n¬- \n-∂m-cw- n-°-Ww.- Hmtcm- Km-a-hpw-

]q¿-Æ- A-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≈- Hm-tcm- dn-∏-ªn-t°m- ]-©m-b-tØm-

B-I-Ww.- \-Ω-p-sS- cmjv-S-]n-Xm-hm-b- Km-\v-[n-Pn,- kzm-X-¥y-

Øn-te-°v- cm-Py-sØ- \-bn-°p-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- am-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√

\-ap-°v- am¿-§-Z¿-i-\w- \¬-In-bXv.- kzX-¥-`m-c-Xw- F-ß-s\-

sI-´n-∏-Sp-°--W-sa-∂- Im-cy-Øn-epw- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- kp\n-iv-Nn-X-

am-b- A-`n-]m-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Km-\v-[n-Pn- ]-d-™-Xp-t]m-se-

Km-a-ßƒ- F-∂- sIm-®p- dn-∏-ªn-°p-I-fn-te-°v- A-[n-Im-cßƒ-

hn-tI-μo-I-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww.- C-t∏mƒ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-e-Øn¬- X-s∂-

A-[n-Im-c- hn-tI-μo-I-c-Ww- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.-

Km-a-ßƒ,- \-K-c-ß-fm-bn- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´p-sIm-≠-n-cn-°p-∂- Km-a-

ßƒ,- sN-dn-b- \-K-c-ßƒ,- h-en-b- \-K-c-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-bv-°p-Iq-Sn-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- kvYm-\w- \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se-

\n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ß-fn-se- A-\p-tO-Zw- 40 A-\p-k-cn-®v- Km-a-

]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- Im-cy-£-a-am-bn- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- `-c-W-IqSw-

i-an-t°-≠-Xp≠v.-

123412341234123499

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww

`q-an-bn-s√-¶n¬- \-Ω-fn-√.- ssP-h-a-fi-e-Øn-se- Po-h\p-≈-Xpw-

C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- k-I-e-L-S-I-ß-fpw- ]-cn-c-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww.- h-\-

\-io-I-c-Ww- X-S-b-Ww,- a-c-ßƒ- sh-®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°-Ww,- hm-bphn-

epw- sh-≈-Øn-epw- a-Æn-epw- am-en-\yw- I-e-cm-sX- t\m-°-Ww.-

i_v-Z-i-eyw- Ip-d-bv-°-Ww.- hn-`-h-ßƒ- ]-c-am-h-[n- kq-£n-®v- D-]-

tbm-Kn-°-Ww.- A-h- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-bv-°v- ssI-am-d-Ww.- ]-Ir-Xn-

s]m≥-a-p -´-bn-Sp-∂- Xm-dm-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bm-Wv.- ]-Ir-Xn-sb-

\in-∏n-°-cp-Xv.- ""\-Ωp-sS- B-hiy-ßƒ-°p-≈-sX-√mw- ]-Ir-Xn-

bn-ep-≠v.- F-∂m¬,- \-Ωp-sS- A-Xym-K-l-sØ- Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥-

]Ir-Xn-°pw- I-gn-b-n-√''-.- Cu- hm-°p-Iƒ- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.-

]-Ir-Xn- \-ev-In-b- h-c-Zm-\-ßƒ- \-ap-°v- kz-¥-a-√.- \mw- A-h-bp-sS-

Imh¬-°m¿- am-Xw.- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-bn-te-°p- A-h-sb-

kp-c-£n-X-am-bn- G¬-∏n-°m≥- \-ap-°v- _m-[y-X-bp-≠v.- Cu-

e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- \n-b-a-ß-ƒ- D-≠m-b-Xv.-

]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- F-∂-Xn¬,- P-ew,- hm-bp,- `q-an- F-∂n-h-bpw,- P-ew,-

hm-bp,- `q-an,- hkv-Xp-°ƒ- F-∂n-h-bv-°n-S-bn¬- \ne-\n-ev-°p-∂-

A-t\ym-\y-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Spw.- B-fp-Iƒ- Xm-a-kn-°p-I-tbm-

tPm-en- sNøp-I-tbm- t]m-°p-h-c-hn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-tbm-

sN-øp-∂- kv-Y-ew- a-en-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-´m-epw- a-Xn,- A-Xv- Po-hn-°m-

\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚- \n-tj-[-am-bn-´p- th-Ww- Im-Wm≥.- \-Zn-

I-fpw- X-Sm-I-ß-fpw- a‰p- P-e- ]-hm-l-ß-fpw- a-en-\o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

s\-Xn-sc-- \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥- hn-]p-e-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- P-e-

a-en-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-¥-W- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ-°p-≠v.- hm-bp- a-en-\o-I-c-W-

Øn¬- i-_v -Z -a-en -\o-I-c-W-hpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp -Øn-bn-cn -°p-∂p. -

hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn-se-bpw- tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw-

1234123412341234100

a-en-\o-I-c-Ww- \n-b-¥n-°m≥- hm-bp- a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-¥-Ww-

kw-_-\v-[n-®p-w- hy-h-kv-Y- sNbvXn- p-≠v.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- cm-jv-S-

\n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-ß-fn-se- 48 F- A-\p-tO-Zw- A-\p-k-cn-®v- cm-jv-Sw-

]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-Ww- \-S-∏n-em-°-Ww.- C-Xv- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚-

am-X-a-√- Hm-tc-m- ]u-c-s‚-bpw-Iq-Sn- I-S-a-bm-Wv.-

`-c-W-L-S\-bp-sS- cm-jv-S- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ß-fn-se- 48˛A

A-\p-t—-Zw- A-\p-k-cn-®v- cm-jv-Sw- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-w-

A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw,- h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- h-\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sS-bpw-

]-cn-c£-bpw- sN-ø-W-sa-∂v- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- C-Xv- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚-

-c-W-L-S-\m- I¿-Ø-hyw- am-X-a-√,- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-s‚-bpw- I-S-a-bmWv.-

1980 se- h-\-kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc- kwkvYm\-

\n-b-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- h-\-kw-c-£-W-Øn-s‚- Np-a-X-e- \n¿-h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv.-

tI-c-f-Øn¬- dn-k¿-hv- h-\-ßƒ- ap-tJ-\- B-bn-cp-∂p- h-\w-

kw-c-£n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv.- dn-k¿-hv- h-\-Øn¬- ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xpw- a-cw-

ap-dn-®v- I-S-Øp-∂-Xpw- h-\-hn- -h-ßƒ- tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- a-‰pw- tI-c-f-

h-\-\n-b-aw- \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂p-≠v.- h-\w- G-sXm-cp- B-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-

]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- tI-μ- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- k-Ω-Xw- hm-ß-Ww.-

C-ß-s\- C-¥y-bn¬- A-h-ti-jn-®- h-\-ßƒ-°pw- tI-μ- k¿-°m-cn-s‚-

kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-Ip-∂- Hcp- \n-b-a-am-Wv- 1980 se- h-\-kw-c-£-W-

\n-b-aw.- 1972 se- h-\y-Po-hn- kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw- h-\y-P-¥p-°ƒ-°-pw-

h-\-k-ky-ßƒ-°pw- kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-Ip-∂p.- kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-

Ip-∂- h-\y-P¥p-°-fp-sS- ]- n-I-I-fpw- h-\-k-ky-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- ]- n-I-bpw-

Cu- \n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠v.- Hm-tcm- ]- n-I-bn-epw- [m-cm-fw- P-¥p-°-fp-sS-

t]-cp-I-fp-≠v.- B-\,- knw-l,- am≥,- ]-e-bn-\w- Ip-c-ßp-Iƒ,-

I-≠m-ar-Kw,- a-bn¬,- X-Ø,- th-gm-º¬- ap-X-em-b- ]-£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw-

aq¿-J≥- ap-X-em-b- D-c-K-ß-fpw- ]- n-I-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]- n-I-bn-

se- arK-ß-fp-sS- i-co-c-`m-K-ßƒ,- D-Zm-:- B-\-s°m-ºv,- B-\-

hm¬,- ]p-en-\-Jw- ap-X-em-b-h- I-b-hn-I-bw- sN-øp-∂-Xv- ]-cn-

]q¿-W-am-bpw- \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.-

`q-an-bn¬- Hm-tcm- Po-hn-bpw- ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv.- H-cp- Po-hn- C√m-

Xm-bm¬- A-Xn-s‚- -hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ- \-ap-°v- ap≥-Iq-´n- Im-Wm-\m-

hp-∂-Xn-epw- A-∏p-d-am-Ipw.- I-Sp-h- C-√m-Xm-bm¬- am-\p-Iƒ-

1234123412341234101

s]cp-Ipw.- A-h- k-ky-ß-sf- \-in-∏n-°pw.- A-t∏mƒ- h-\-hy-h-kv-Y-

bp-sS- k-¥p-e-\w- X-I-cpw.- C-ß-s\- ]-e-Xpw.-

ssN-\-°m¿-°n-S-bn¬- H-cp- ]-g-sam-gn-bp-≠v.- ""\n¿-Ωn-°m≥- Ign-

bm-Ø-Xn-s\- \n-ßƒ- C-√m-Xm-°-cp-Xv''.- F-X- i-cn-!- \mw- hn-Nm-

cn-®m¬- H-cp- Ip-™p-dp-ºn-s\-t∏m-epw- \n¿-Ωn-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√-t√m.-

1234123412341234102

1987 se- \n-b-a-tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n-- \n-b-aw-,- -c-W-L-S-\-bn-se-

cm-jv-S-\n¿-t±-i-I- X-Xz-ß-fn-se- 39˛A - A-\pt—-Z-]-Im-c-ap-≈-

Xp-ey-\o-Xn-bpw- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-k-lm-b-hpw- \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-

\m-bn- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v- ]m-km-°n-b- \n-b-a-am-Wv.- \n-b-a-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-

]-h¿-Ø-\w- Xp-eym-h-kc-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\-Øn¬- \o-Xn-

]p-e¿-Øp-∂p- F-∂v- cm-jv-Sw- D-d-∏p- hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-sW-∂pw-

]-tXy-In-®pw,- \o-Xn- e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-f-f- A-h-k-c-ßƒ- kmºØn-

I-tam- a-t‰-m- B-b- A-h-i-X-Iƒ- Im-c-Ww- G-sX-¶n-epw- ]u-c-\v-

\n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√- F-∂v- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥- X-°-Xm-b- \n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-Ww- h-gn-tbm- ]-≤-Xn- h-gn-tbm- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- h-gn-bv-t°m,-

ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-k-lm-bw- G¿-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-sW-∂pw- `-c-W-

L-S-\-bp-sS- 39˛A A-\p-t—-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p∂p.-

\o-Xn- e-`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬- (access to justice) \n-∂v- G-sXm-cp-

Im-c-Ww-sIm-≠m-bm-epw- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn- ]n-¥-≈-s∏-´p-t]m-I-cp-Xv.-

-F-∂n-cn-°n-epw- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- km-aq-ly-hpw- hn-Zym- ym-k-]chpw-

hy-Iv-Xn-K-X-hp-am-b- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- \ym-bm-k-\-ß-sf- k-ao-]n-

°p-hm-\pw- \o-Xn-\ym-b- A-h-Im-iw- kv-Ym-]n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\pw- ]-e¿-°pw-

I-gn-bm-dn-√.- C-Xv- ]-cn-l-cn-°p-hm-\m-Wv- C-¥y≥- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v-

1987 ¬- \n-b-a-tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n- \n-b-aw- A-Xm-b-Xv- Legal Services

Authorities Act, 1987 sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv.-

\n-b-a-tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n- \n-b-aw- \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-

hnhn[- A-tXm-dn-‰n-I-sf- \n-b-an-°m≥- \n-b-aw- A-\p-im-kn-°-p-∂p.-

kuP\y \nb-a-k-lmbw

1234123412341234103

tI-μ-X-e-Øn-epw- kw-kv-Ym-\- X-e-Øn-epw- Pn-√m- X-e-Øn-epw-

A-tXm-dn-‰n- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn- \n-b-a-tk-h-\-

k-an-Xn,- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- \n-b-a- tk-h-\- k-a-n-Xn,- Xm-eq-°v- \n-ba-

tk-h-\- k-an-Xn- F-∂n-ß-s\- hn-hn-[- k-an-Xn-I-fpw- \n-e-

hn¬- h-∂n-´p-≠v.- Pn-√m- A-tXm-dn-‰n-bpw- Xm-eq-°v- I-Ω-‰n-Ifpw-

]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv- A-X-Xv- Pn-√m-˛Xm-eq-°v- B-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-se-

tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-am-bn- tN¿-∂m-Wv.- kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ- \n-b-a- tk-h-\-

]-In-b-Iƒ- \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv- tI-c-f- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-tk-h-\-

AtXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv.- tI-c-f- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-kkv-

A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬.-

Cu- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- cm-jv-S- \n¿-t±-i-I-XXz-ß-fn-se- 39˛A

A-\p-t—Z- ]-Im-c-ap-≈- Xp-ey-\o-Xn-bpw,- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-

k-lm-b-hpw- k-aq-l-Øn¬- \-S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- cm-jv-S- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Xz-ß-fn-se- 39˛A -

A\p-t—-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- A-\p-kr-X-am-bn ]m¿-e-sa‚ v-

]mkm-°n-b- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXm-dn-‰n- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- 12˛mw-

h-Ip-∏p-]-Im-cw- C-\n- ]-d-bp-∂- hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°v- ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-

k-lm-b-hpw- \n-b-a-tk-h-\-hpw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-

1.- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- ]-´n-I-h¿-K- hn-`m-K-°m¿-°v.-

2.- bm-N-I-hr-Øn,- s]¨-hm-Wn-`w,- A-Sn-a-th-e- ap-X-em-b-h-

bv-°m-bn- ssI-am-‰-Øn-\v- hn-t[b-c-m-Ip-∂-h¿-°v.-

3.- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw.-

4.- hn-I-emw-K-t£-a- \n-b-a-]-cn-[n-bn¬- s]-´-h¿-°v.-

5.- ]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥w,- km-ap-Zm-bn-I- I-em-]w,- a-X-h¿-Ko-b-

Iem]w,- q-I-ºw,- hym-h-km-bn-I- Zp-c-¥w ap-X-em-b-h-

bv°v- C-c-bm-b-h¿-°v.-

1234123412341234104

6.- hym-h-km-bn-I- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v.-

7.- ]p-\-c-[n-hm-k- Kr-l-ß-fn-se- A-t¥-hm-kn-Iƒ,- Pp-h-ss\¬-

tlm-ap-I-fn -se- A-t¥-hm-kn-Iƒ,- am-\-kn-I-tcm-K-

Nn-In-Xv-km-e-b-ßƒ,- A-\m-Ym-e-b-ßƒ- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se-

A-t¥-hm-kn-Iƒ- ap-X-em-b-h¿-°v.-

Pn-√m- \n-b-a-tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n-Iƒ- A-XXv- ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-

I-gn-hp-‰- h-°o-e-∑m-cp-sS- ]m-\¬- \n-iv-N-bn-®n- p-≠v.- A-h-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv-

Pn-√m- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- h-sc-bp-≈- Io-gv-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬- Bhiy-am-b-

ku-P-\y- \n-b-a-tk-h-\w- F-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn-epw-

kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-epw- tI-kv- \-S-Øm≥- B-h-iy-am-b- ku-P-\y-

\n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-°v- A¿-l-X-s∏- -h¿- A-X-Xp- k-an-Xn- ap-ºm-sI-

A-t]-£-Iƒ- k-a¿-∏n-®m¬- a-Xn.- D-b¿-∂- hm¿-jn-I- Ip-Spw-_-h-

cp -am -\w- 1, -00, -000 cq -]-bn¬- Ip-d -hp -≈-h¿-°v - ku-P-\y-

\nbatkh\-Øn-\¿-l-X-bp-≠v.- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- ku-P-\y-

\n-b-a-k-lm-bw- e-`n-°m≥- 1,-25,-000 cq-]-bn¬- Xmsg- h-m¿-jn-I-

h-cp-am-\-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

1234123412341234105

tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øv

a-\p-jy¿- `n-∂- kz-`m-h-°m-cm-Wv.- `n-∂m-`n-]m-b-°m-cpw.-

X¿-°-ß-fpw- I-e-l-ß-fpw- A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- D-≠m-hp-I- kzm- m-hn-Iw.-

]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- tKm-X-ßƒ-°n-bn¬- X¿-°-ßƒ- I-em-]-ß-

fm-bn- am-dp-I- ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- tKm-X-k-`-I-fpw- a-‰pw-

D≠m-bn.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- cq-]-s∏-´p.- `-c-W-co-Xn-bpw-

kwkvIm-c-hpw- am-dp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw-

am-dn-am-dn- h-∂p.-

F-∂m¬,- tI-kp-Iƒ- ]-c-kv-]-cw- ]-d-™p-Xo¿-°p-I- F-∂-Xn-s‚-

]m-[m-\yw- C-Xp-sIm-s≠m-∂pw- Ip-d-bp-∂n-√.- \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂-

hy-h-lm-c-ß-fp-sS- -e-am-bn- km-º-Øn-I-am-bpw- am-\-kn-I-am-bpw-

`u-Xn-I-am-bpw- X-I¿-∂- F-X-tbm- B-fp-I-fp-≠v.- ]-d-™p-

Xo¿-°m-hp-∂- \n- m-c-]-iv-\-ßƒ-t]m-epw- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- F-Øn-

°p-I-bpw- A-hn-sS- h¿-j-ßƒ- \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂- hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬-

G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ]-h-W-X- B-Im-hp-∂-X- Ipd-bv-t°-≠n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

Km-\v-[n-Pn- \n-b-a-_n-cpZ-w- F-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-ti-jw,- Z-£n-Wm- n-°-bn-epw-

C-¥y-bn-epw- A- n- m-j-I-h-r-Øn-bn¬- G¿-s∏- p.- sXmgn-en¬- A-t±lw-

k-Xy-k-\v-[-X- Im-Wn-®p.- B-hp-∂-X- tI-kp-Iƒ- ]-d-™p-

Xo¿-°m-\m-Wv- A-t±-lw- i-an-®-Xv.- X-s‚- A-`n-`m-j-I-hr-Øn-°n-

S-bn¬- G-Xm-≠v- \q-tdm-fw- tI-kp-Iƒ- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏m-°n-b-Xv-

Km-\v-[n-Pn- B-Xv-a-I-Y-bn¬- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.-

1234123412341234106

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 39˛A- A-\pt—-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- Xpey-

\o-Xn-bpw- ku-P-\y-\n-b-a-k-lm-b-hpw- Iq-Sm-sX,- 38˛mw- A-\p-t—Zw-

A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- P-\-ß-fp-sS- t£-aw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn-\p-≈- H-cp- km-aq-ly-hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-]m-]v-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-

\n-b-a-tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- \n-b-a-km-[p-X-bp-≈- tem-Iv- AZm-

e-Øp-Iƒ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p-.-

tIm-S-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS- F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw- F-√m-Ø-cw- tI-kp-I-fn-epw-

]-cn-]q¿-Æ-am-bpw- Xo¿-∏p-I-ev-]n-°p-I- km-[y-a-√.- H-cp- hy-h-lm-c-tam,-

In-a-\¬-tI-tkm- Xp-S¿-∂p-t]m-hp-∂-Xv- h¿-j-ß-tfm-f-am-Wv.-

A-Xn-s‚- ]-[m-\- Im-c-Ww- P-\-kw-Jym-h¿-≤-\-hpw- tI-m-SXn-

I-fp-sS- F-Æ-°p-d-hpw- a-‰pam-Wv.- \n-b-a-km-£c-X-bv-°pw- \n-b-a-

k-lm-b-Øn-\pw- ]p-d-sa- hn-hn-[- X-e-ß-fn¬- \o-Xn-\ym-b- X¿-°-ßƒ-

]-cn-l-cn-°m-\m-bn- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øp-I-fm-Wv-

\n-b-a-tk-h-\- A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- k-hn-ti-j-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø\-

ta-J-e.-

tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- C-\n- ]-d-bp-∂-h- h-cp-∂p≠v.-

1.- G-sX-¶n-epw- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- X¿-°-ßƒ.-

2.- G-sX-¶n-epw- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-cm-hp-∂-

X¿-°-ßƒ.-

3.- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- \n-b-a-]-Im-cw- HØvXo¿∏m-°m-hp∂-

Inan-\¬- Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ.-

A-Zm-e-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-K-W-\-bn¬- km-[m-c-W-bm-bn- H-cp- tI-kv-

F-Øp-∂-Xv- X¿-°-Øn¬-s∏-´- G-sX-¶n-epw- I-£n-bp-sS- A-t]-

£-bn-t∑-tem- A-s√-¶n¬- C-cp- I-£n-I-fp-sS-bpw- kw-bp-Iv-X-

At]£-bn-t∑-tem- A-Xp-a-s√-¶n¬- tIm-S-Xn- kz-ta-[-bm-

Xo-cp-am-\n-®- ]-Im-c-tam- B-Wv.-

tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn-s‚- \-S-]-Sn-I-aw- h-f-sc- e-fn-X-amWv.- At]-£-

1234123412341234107

e-`n-®m¬- X¿-°-°-£n-Iƒ°v- kzo-Im-cy-hpw- kw-tbm-Pn-X-hpw-

c-ay-hp-am-b- ]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v- A-Zm-e-Øv- i-aw- \-S-Øpw.- kmam-\y-

\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-am-b- k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw- hn-th-N-\-

_p-≤n-bp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- ]-c-kv-]-c- [m-cW-bn-eq-sS-

H-cp- Xo-cp-am-\-Øn¬- F-Øn-t®-cp-I.- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øns‚- Xo¿-∏v-

]-Jym-]n-°-s∏- p-I-gn-™m¬- B- Xo¿-∏n-\v- H-cp- kn-hn¬- tIm-S-Xn-

hn-[n-bp-sS- aq-ey-hpw- \n¿-h-l-W-£-a-X-bpw- e`y-am-Ipw.- tIm-S-Xn-

I-fn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- tI-kp-Iƒ- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn-eq-sS- H-Øp-

Xo¿-∂m¬- A-S-®n-´p-≈- tIm¿-´v- ^o-kv- Xn-cn-sI- In-´pw.-

Iq-Sm-sX,- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn-eq-sS- H-Øp-Xo-cp-∂-

tI-kp-I-fp-sS- km-£y-]-X-am-b- A-hm¿-Up-I-fn-t∑¬- tImSXn-

I-fn¬- A-∏o¬- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A\pt—Zw-

14,- 21,- 39˛A F-∂n-h-bv-°v- A-\p-kr-X-am-b- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv

A-tXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- k-aq-l-Øn¬- kam-[m-\w-

]p-e-cp-∂-Xn-\v- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-

1234123412341234108

ÿncw temIv- A-Zm-eØv

s]m-Xp-P-t\m-]-tbm-K- tk-h-\- ta-J-e-I-fm-b- (1)- Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-

´v- k¿-ho-kv- A-Xm-b-Xv- hm-bp,- I-c,- P-ew- F-∂n-h- ap-tJ-\-bp-≈-

k-©m-ch-pw- N-c-°v- I-S-Ø-epw,- (2)- t]m-kv-‰¬,- sS-e-Km- v-,- sSe-

t^m¨- k¿-ho-kp-Iƒ- (3)- ssh-Zyp-Xn,- sh-fn-®w,- sh-≈w- F-∂n-

h-bp-sS- hn-X-c-Ww,- (4)- s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kykw-c-£-Whpw- ip-

No-I-c-W-hpw-,- (5)- B-ip-]-Xn-Iƒ,- Un-kv-s]≥-k-dn-Iƒ- C-h-bp-

sS- tk-h-\w,- (6)- C≥-jp-d≥-kv- tk-h-\w-, (7)- hnZym-`ymkw, (8)-

dnb¬ FtÃ‰v F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- X¿-°-ßƒ ]-cn-l-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- 2002 se- eoK¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXm-dn-‰o-kv-

A-sa‚ v-sa‚ v- B-Iv-Sv- ]-Im-cw- kvYm-]n-X-am-b- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv-

kvYncw- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øv- A-Y-hm- ]n.-F¬.-F.- Hcp tImSn cq-]-

bn¬- Xm-sg- a-Xn-∏p-Xp-I- h-cp-∂- tk-h-\-ß-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈-

X¿-°-ßƒ,- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- tImSXn-bp-sS- ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v- h-cp-

∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºv- kvYncwv- temIv- A-Zm-e-Øn¬- k-a¿-∏n-°mw.- kvYncw

tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øn¬- (]n.-F¬.-F-bn¬)- ]-cm-Xn- k-a¿-∏n-®m¬-

B- X¿-°-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏- - I-£n-Iƒ- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- tImSXn-

bn¬- ]-kv-Xp-X- X¿-°w- D-∂-bn-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.-

kvYncw tem-I- A-Zm-e-Øn¬- (]n.-F¬.-F-bn¬)- e-`n-°p-∂-

]-cm-Xn-Ifn¬,- A-\p-c-Rv-P-\w- km-[y-amIp-∂- X¿-°-ßƒ- D`b-

I-£n- k-Ω-X-]-Im-cw- Xo¿-∏p-I¬-∏n-°p-I-tbm- A-\p-c-Rv-P-\w-

km-[y-a-√m-sX- h-cp-∂- X¿-°-ß-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- tiJ-

cn-®v- Xo¿-∏p- I¬-∏n-°p-I-tbm- sN-øp-∂p.- kvYncw tem-Iv- AZm-e-Øv-

]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂- Xo¿-∏p-Iƒ- "A-hm¿-Uv'- F-∂- t]-cn-em-Wv-

A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-]-Im-cw- ]m-km-°p-∂- A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ-

1234123412341234109

A-¥n-a-hpw- F-√m- I£n-Iƒ-°pw- _m-[-I-hpw- tIm-S-Xn- hn-[n-

F-∂- t]m-se- \-S-∏m-t°-≠-Xpw- a-‰v- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- tNm-Zyw-

sNøm≥- ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.-

tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-´m-sI,- aq-∂p- kvYncw- tem-Iv- A-Zm-e-Øp-Iƒ,-

Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,- sIm-®n,- tIm-gn-t°mSv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-bn-

]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- cm-jv-S-\n¿-t±-i-I- X-Xz-ß-fn-se-

38˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂- P-\-ß-fp-sS- t£aw-

A- n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- H-cp- km-aq-ly-hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn- kw]m-

]v-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- C-Xv- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-

1234123412341234110

IpSn¬ hyh-kmbw

]p-tcm-K-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- Ip-Sn¬- hy-h-km-b-

ßƒ-°v- H-cp- kp-]-[m-\- ]-¶p-≠v.- km-º-Øn-I- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fn¬-

h≥- hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°v- B-h-iy-am-b- aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚-bpw- [-\-

]-c-am-b- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- A-`m-hw- D-≠m-Imw.- aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚-

A- m-hw- aq-e-hpw,- kz-Im-cy-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚-bpw- \n-b-a]-camb-

A-hIm-i-Øn-s‚-bpw- kp-\n-iv-Nn-X-Xz-an-√m-bv-a- Im-c-W-hpw-

sN-dp-In-S- kw-cw-`-I¿-°v- h-f-cm≥- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≠m-Ipw.- a-\p-jy-

]-b-Xv-\w- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- D-Xv-]-∂-ßƒ- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- cm-Py-ß-sf-

°mƒ- hn-e- Ip-d-™- co-Xn-bn¬- e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xp- h-gn- aq-e-[-\-

tØ-°mƒ-,- a-\p-jy-]-bXv-\w- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-

sIm-≠v- ]p-tcm-K-an-°p-∂- cm-Py-ßƒ-°v,- Xm-c-X-tay-\- Iq-Sp-X¬-

]-tbm-P-\w- D-≠v.- Iq-Sm-sX- Km-ao-W- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- Ip-Sn¬-

hy-h-km-b-ßƒ- H-cp- ]-[m-\- sXm-gn¬- tkm-X- v- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-

Kr-l-Øn-\p- ]p-d-Øp- Ip-Sn¬- hy-h-km-bw- \-S-Øp-∂- Ir-jn-°m¿-

°v- hn-f-Iƒ- hn-ev-°p-∂-Xv- Iq-Sm-sX- e-`n-°p-∂- H-cp- h-cp-am-\-

am¿Kw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- Ip-Sn¬- hy-h-km-bw.-

cm-jv-Sw,- ]-tXy-In-®pw- Km-a- ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- Ip-Sn¬- hy-h-

km-b-ß-sf- H-‰-bv-°pw- k-l-I-c-Wm-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-epw- A-`n-hr-

≤n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- i-an-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂p- -c-W-L-S-\ A-\p-im-kn-

°p∂p.-

1234123412341234111

\nba km£-cX

a-lØm-b- H-cp- N-cn-X-am-Wv- C-¥y-bp-tS-Xv.- kzm-X-¥y-k-acw-

B- N-cn-X-Øn-se- D-Pv-Pz-e-am-b- A-[ym-b-am-Wv.- tZ-io-b- t\-Xm-°ƒ-

\-ap-°v- kzm-X-¥yw- t\-Sn-Ø-∂p.- H-cp- kz-X-¥- cm-jv-S-sa-∂-

\n-e-bn¬- \-ap-°v- ap-t∂m-´v- t]m-I-Ww.- C-¥y-sb- H-cp- t£-a-

cm-jv-S-am-°-Ww.- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- im-¥n-bpw- k-ar-≤n-bpw- D-≠m-I-Ww.-

\-ap-°v- A-h-Im-i-ß-ƒ- D-≠v,- I-S-a-Iƒ- D-≠v,- kz-]v-\-ßƒ- D-≠v.-

C-h-sb--°p-dn-s®-√mw- ]-d-bp-∂,- C-h-sb-√mw- A-S-ßn-b,- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-

A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\.- ""a-\p-jy-cp-sS- s]-cp-am-‰w-

\n-b-¥n-°p-∂- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- \n-b-aw- F-∂m-Wv- \n-b-a-Pv-R-∑m-

cp-sS- A-`n-]m-bw.- F∂m¬,- \n-b-aw- k-aq-l-Øn-se- B-fp-Iƒ-

H-tc- A-f-hn¬- ssI-s°m-≈-Ww.- A-√m-Ø-]-£w- H-cp- \n-b-a-

Øn-\pw- -e-]-Z-am-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥- ]-‰p-I-bn-√.- P-\-ßfpw-

\n-b-a-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-S-Ww.- A-Xv- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn-

kw-`-hn-°-Ww.- F-¶n-te- \n-b-a-ßƒ-°v- kp-K-a-am-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-

°m≥- km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈p.- P-\-ßƒ- \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-°-Ww.- A-Xp-sIm-

≠v- P-\-ßƒ-°v- \n-b-a-ß-sf- kw-_-\v-[n®- A-h-t_m-[w- B-h-iy-am-

Wv.- \n-b-a-ßƒ- B-cp-≠m-°p-∂p?- F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- \n-b-a-ßƒ?-

C-°m-cy-ßƒ- P-\-ß-f-dn-b-Ww.- AX-\p-k-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-

Xn-s‚- ]n-∂n-ep-≈- X-Xzw- A-h¿-°v- a-\- n-em-I-Ww.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv-

P\-ßƒ-°v- \n-b-a-t_m-[w- \¬-Im-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS- ]-k-IvXn.-

X-ß-fp-sS- s]-cp-am‰w- \nba-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv-

A\nhm-cy-am-sW-∂- t_m-[w- P-\-ß-fn¬- kr-jv-Sn-°-Ww.-

Np-cp-°-Øn¬,- cm-Pyw- ]p-tcm-K-an-°-W-sa-¶n¬- \n-b-a-hm-gv-Nbpw-

1234123412341234112

\n-b-am-h-t_m-[-hpw- D-≠m-I-Ww.- C-h- c-≠p-an-s√-¶n¬- \mw-

]m-Ir-X- tem-I-tØ-°v- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øn- ho-Wp-t]m-Ipw.- kw-kv-Im-c-

Øn-s‚- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- X-s∂-bm-Wv- \n-baw-

F-∂¿∞w.-

1234123412341234113

kvXobpw \nb-ahpw

\n-b-aw- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- k-aq-lw- A-h-bn-se- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS-ta¬-

kz-bw- \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- D-≠m-°n-b- H-cp- cq-]-tc-J-bm-Wv.-

B-Nm-c-ß-fn¬- \n-t∂m,- `-c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ- A-h-cp-sS- ]-P-Iƒ-°p-

ta¬- D-≠m°p-∂- \n-b-¥-W-ß-fn¬- \n-t∂m- \n-b-aw- D-≠m-Imw.-

\n-b-a-hpw- [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bpw- ]-c-kv-]-cw- _-\v-[-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.-

\nbaw- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bpsS- _m-ly-am-b- tN-jv-S-I-sf-bpw-

hy -h -lm-c -ß-sf-bpw - \n -b - ¥n -°p -tºmƒ, - [m¿-Ωn -I-X-

a-\x-km-£n-tbm-Sm-Wv- I-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- [m¿-Ωn-I-am-bn- \mw-

sN-øp-hm≥- _m[y-kv-Y-am-b- ]-e-Xpw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- \-tΩm-Sv-

A-\p-im-kn-°-s∏-´-h-b-√.- ]m-bw- sN-∂- H-cmƒ- tdm-Uv- ap-dn-®p

I-S-°p-hm≥- i-an-°p-tºmƒ- A-bm-sf- k-lmbn-t°-≠-Xv- [m¿-

Ωn-I-am-bn- \-Ωp-sS- _m[y-X-bm-sW¶n-e-pw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- Aß-

s\- sN-øp-hm≥- bmsXm-cp- _m-[y-X-bpw- \-ap-°n-√.- ]-e-t∏m-gpw-

k-aq-lw- \-tΩmSv- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂- [m¿-Ωn-I-X- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn-

\-sΩ- \n¿-_-‘n-°p-∂ H-∂-√.-

\-Ωp-sS- cm-Pyw- A-t\-Iw- `m-j-I-fpw- Pm-Xn-˛D-]-Pm-Xn-I-fpw-

aX-ß-fpw- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fpw- kw-kv-Im-c-ß-fpw- sIm-≠v-

hn- n-∂-am-b-Xm-Wv.- ssh-Pm-Xy-ßƒ-sIm-≠v- A-t\-Iw- A-d-I-fn¬-

kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- \-sΩ- tbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-[m-\- L-S-Iw- \-ap-°v-

s]m-Xp-hm-bp-≈- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-am-Wv.-

kv-Xo-Iƒ-°v- am-\y-am-b- Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw- D-d-∏m-°m≥- Ign-

bp-∂- H-cp- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- am-X-ta- ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-k-aq-lw- F-∂v-

1234123412341234114

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hp-I-bp-≈p.- [m¿-Ωn-I-am-bn- kv-Xo-bp-sS- kpc£n-

X-Xzw- km-aq-ly-_m-[y-X-bm-sW-¶n-epw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-c-£- e`n-

°m-sX- B-[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-Øn¬- kv-Xo-Iƒ- kpc£nX-cm-bn-cn-°p-

I-bn-√.- C-ß-s\- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hpw- u-Xn-I-hp-am-b-

A-kv-Xn-Xzw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- kaql-Øn¬- am-\y-am-b- kv-Ym\w-

D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£m- \n-b-a-ßfp-sS- m-K-am-bn-

kv-Xo- kp-c-£n-X-Xzw- D-d-∏m-°p-∂- ]-e- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- \-Ω-psS

cm-Py-Øv- \n-e-hn-ep-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- ]-[m-\w- \-Ωp-sS- -c-W-L-S-\-

X-s∂.- `-c-W-L-S-\- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn,-

kvXo°pw- ]p-cp-j-\pw- Xp-ey-am-bn- kv-Ym-\w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- au-enIm-

h-Im-i-ß-fn¬- kv-Xo-Ifp-sS- A-h-Im-iw- D-b-¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-

sIm≠v- s]m-Xp-kv-Y-e-ß-fn¬- ]th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- ku-I-cy-ßƒ-

D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- enw-Km-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈- hn-th-N-\w-

]m-Sn-s√-∂v- -c-W-L-S-\- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂p.-

A-Xp-t]m-se- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS- A-h-Im-i- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-bn-

]tXy-Iw- \n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-Ww- \-S-Øp-hm≥- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 15˛mw-

A-\pt—-Zw- aq-∂mw- J-fi-w- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-Ip∂p.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- \n¿-t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ- A-\p-k-cn-®v- \nba-\n¿-ΩmWw-

\-S-Ø-p-tºmƒ- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°v- ]p-cp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm-∏w- Xp-ey-X- e-`n-

°p-hm≥- A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- Xp-ey-tPm-en-°v- Xp-ey-thX\w,- km-aqly-

kp-c-£m- \n-b-a-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- -cW-L-S-\-bp-sS- \n¿-t±-

i-I- X-Xz-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- cq-]w- sIm-≠-Xm-Wv.-

k-aq-l-Øn¬- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- ]o-U-\-ßƒ- G-‰p-hm-ßp-∂-Xv-

kvXo-I-fm-Wv.- im-co-cn-Im-h-kv-Y-bpw- `u-Xn-I-km-l-N-cy-Øn-s‚-

]cnan-Xn-I-fpw- kv-Xo-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈- I-tø-‰-ßƒ-°v- H-cp- ]cn[n-

h-sc- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.- H-cp- h-b- v- Xn-I-bm-Ø- ]n-©p-Ip-™p-

ßƒ- ap-X¬- F -]-Xv- I-gn-™- ap-Ø-»n-am¿-h-sc- hnhn[-ß-fm-b-

]o-U-\-ßƒ-°pw- A-]-am-\-ßƒ-°pw- hn-t[-b-cm-b- kw`h-ßƒ-

\ΩpsS- \m- n¬- Ip-]-kn-≤-am-Wv.- kv-Xo-I-ƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈- I-tø‰w-

h-f-sc- ]-g-°w- sN-∂- Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.- \q‰m≠p-I-fm-bn- kv-Xo-

]oU\w- G-‰-°p-d-hp-I-tfm-sS- Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv.- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-epw-

]p-cm-W-ß-fn-epw- a-X-K-\v-Y-ß-fn-epw- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°v- t\-sc-bp-≈-

1234123412341234115

C-Ø-c-w- I-tø-‰-ß-sf- I¿-i-\-am-bn- t\-cn-tS-≠-Xv- km-aq-ly-_m-[y-

X-bm-Wv.- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-bn- A-t\-Iw- \n-b-a-ßƒ-

\-Ωp-sS- \m- n¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≠v.- ho- n-epw- ]p-d-Øpw- A-h¿-°v- ]oU\w-

G-‰-p-hm-tß-≠n-h-cp-∂p.- aq-ey-NypXn-bp-sS-bpw- [m¿-Ωn-I-A-]-Nb-

Øn-s‚-bpw - Im-e-L-´-am -Wn-Xv. - k-aq -l-a -\ - m -£n -sb-

\Sp°p∂- ]-e-hn-[- ]o-U-\-ßƒ- sXm-gn¬-kv-Y-e-Øv- kv-Xo-Iƒ-

t\-cn-Sp-∂p.- C-Xv- A-I-a-Øn-s‚-bpw- km-aq-ly- -Z-X-bp-sS-bpw- am-X-a√,-

kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚-bpw- Iq-Sn- ]-iv-\-am-Wv.- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿- ssh-im-J-

tI-kn-se- hn-[n-b-\p-k-cn-®v- N- -ßƒ- cq-]-h¬-°-cn®n- p-≠v.- sXmgn¬-

ta-J-e-bn¬- kv-Xo-˛]p-cp-j- k-a-Xzw- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I- h-gn- kv-Xo-I-

tfm-Sp-≈- hn-th-N-\w- C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- Im-c-Ww- sXm-gn-se-Sp-Øv-

Po-hn-°p-I- F-∂-Xv- a-\p-jy-s‚- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-m-h-iy-am-Wv.- Cu-

N´-ßƒ- kv-Xo-°v- P-∑-Zm-Xm-hv- F-∂- \n-e-bn-ep-≈- kw-c-£-W-

apƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw- B-tcm-Ky-Im-cy-ß-fn-ep-≈- kw-c-£-

W-hpw- tPm-en- kv-Y-e-Øv- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-t_m-[-hpw- D-≠m-°p-∂p.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 15˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-se- hn-th-N-\w- \ntcm-[n®p-

sIm-≠p-≈- bm-sXm-∂pw- h-\n-X-Iƒ-°pw- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw- th≠n-

GsX-¶n-epw- hy-h-kv-Y- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂v- cm-jv-S-sØ-

XSbp-∂n-√ F-∂v- 15˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- 3˛mw- J-Wv-Uw- A-\p-im-kn-

°p-∂p.-

kv-Xo- kw-c-£-Ww- ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-k-aq-l-sØ- F-∂pw- A-e- n-bn-cp-∂- ]iv\-

am-Wv.- kv-Xo-sb- th-Z-\n-∏n-°m-sX- A-hƒ-°v- kwc£-Ww- \¬-tI-

≠-Xv- s]m-Xp-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- Iq-Sn- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- ]o-U-\w- A-hƒ-

°v- kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-tI-≠p-∂- ho-Sn-\-I-Øp-\n-∂v- B-Ip-tºmƒ-

k-aq-lw- G-sd- I-cp-X-tem-sS- A-Xp- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-ø-Ww.- ( -c-W-

LS-\-bp-sS- 15˛mw- A-\pt—Z-Øn-se- hn-th-N-\w- \n-tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p-

≈- bm-sXm-∂pw- h-\n-X-Iƒ-°pw- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw- th-≠n- G-sX-¶n-

epw- hy-h-kv-Y- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂v- cm-jv-S-sØ- X-S-b-p-∂n-√-

F-∂v- 15˛mw- A-\p-t—Zw- 3˛mw- J-Wv-Uw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- tIμ-

\n-b-a-am-b- "Km¿-ln-I- ]o-U-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°p-≈-

kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw'- 2006 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- am-kw- ap-X¬- \-Ωp-sS-

cmPyØv- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.-

1234123412341234116

H-cp- ho- n¬- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂- c-Iv-X-_-\v-[-Øn¬- s]- -tXm,- As√-¶n¬-

hn-hm-lw- aq-e-ap-≈- _-\v-[-Øn¬-s∏-´-tXm- B-b- H-cp- kvXo-°v-

Kr-lm-¥-co-£-Øn¬- B- Kr-l-Øn-se- ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-b-

G-sX-¶n-epw- ]p-cp-j-\n¬- \n-∂p- t\-cn-Sp-∂- ]o-U-\-am-Wv- Cu-

\n-b-a-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-cp-∂-Xv.- Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_mw-Kw,- k-tlm-Z-cn,-

hn-[-h,- A-Ω,- A-hn-hm-ln-X- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- _-\v-[-Øn¬- h-cp-∂-

]p-cp-j-s‚- Iq-sS- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂- F-√m- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw- Cu- \n-b-aw-

]-c-n-]q¿-Æ- kw-c-£-Ww- D-d-∏p- \¬-Ip-∂p.- Cu- \nba-]-Im-cw-

Km¿-ln-I- ]o-U-\w- F-∂- hm-°n-s‚- hn-h-£- F-s¥-∂p-

t\m-°mw.- A-[n-t£-]n-°p-I- A-Y-hm- No-Ø- ]-d-bp-I,- C-h-

im-co-cn-I-amhmw,- ssew-Kn-I-am-hmw,- a-°-fn-√m-Ø-hƒ- F-∂p-

XpSßn-b- hm-°p-Iƒ- sIm-≠-hmw,- ssh-Im-cn-I-am-hmw,- km-º-

Øn-I-hp-am-Imw,- A-Y-hm- H-cp- kv-Xo-sb- A-h-cp-sS- Kr-lm-¥-co-

£-Øn-ep-≈- ]p-cp-j≥- ssh-Im-cn-I-am-tbm, ssew-Kn-I-am-tbm-

G¬-∏n-°p-∂- £-X-am-Wv- Kmƒ-ln-I- ]o-U-\w.-

Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬-s∏- - kv-Xo-I-sf- \n-cm-ew-_-cm-°n- h-g-n-bn¬- Cd°n-

hn-Sp-∂-Xpw- B- \n-b-aw- hn-e-°p-∂p.- A-Ø-cw- k-μ¿- -ß-fn¬- Xmakn-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- kw-c-£-Ww- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- D-Ø-chv

]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm≥- a-Pn-kv-tS-‰p-am-sc- \n-b-aw- A-[n-Im-c-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- h-f-sc- hn-im-e-am-b- A¿-∞-Øn¬- kv-Xo-I-sf-

\n-μn-°p-∂,- A-[n-t£-]n-°p-∂,- A-]-am-\n-°p-∂- kmº-Øn-I-amb-

F-√m- \n-μ-I-sf-bpw- X-S-bp-∂- H-cp- \n-b-a-am-Wn-Xv.--

1234123412341234117

\nba kaXzw

au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ- ew-Ln-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- G-sX-¶n-epw-

\S]Sn- F-Sp-°m≥- tI-μ- k¿-°m-cn-t\m- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿-°m-cn-t\m-

k¿-°m¿- kv-Ym-]-\-ßƒ-t°m,- k¿-°m¿- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈-

kvYm-]-\-ßƒ-t°m,- X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W-kv-Y-m-]-\-ßƒ-t°m-

A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- au-en-Im-h-Im-iw- ew-Ln-°-s∏-´m¬ G-sXm-cmƒ-

°pw- t\-cn-´v- kp-]ow-tIm-S-Xn-sb-tbm,- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb-tbm-

k-ao-]n-°m≥- A-h-Im-i-ap≠v.- bp-Iv-X-am-b- \n¿-t±-i-ß-tfm-

dn- p-I-tfm- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®v- ]-Xn-hn-[n- \¬-Im≥- Cu- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v-

A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-

cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww,- `-c-W--\n¿-h-l-Ww,- \o-Xn-

\n¿hl-Ww- F-∂o- aq-∂v- A-h-b-h-ßfp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-bmw.- Cu-

Ahb-h-ßƒ- ]-h¿-Øn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-

kv]¿in-°m-sX- th-Ww.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ,- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS-

ASnkv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- A-h-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv.- au-en-Iw-- F-∂p-h-®m¬

"ASnkv-Ym-\-]-cw'- "A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xv'- F-s∂m-s°-bm-Wv-

A¿∞w. ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-bpw- A-ß-s\- cmjvS-

Øn-s‚-bpw- A-Sn-Ø-d- X-s∂-bm-Wv- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ- F-∂p-

]-d-bmw.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-tO-Zw- \n-b-a-Øn-\v- ap-ºm-sI-

kaXzw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- m-c-X-Øn-s‚- q-]-tZ-i-Øn-\-I-Øv-

bmsXm-cmƒ-°pw- \n-b-a-Øn-\p- ap-∂n¬- k-a-Xzw- \n-tj-[n-°m≥-

1234123412341234118

]m-Sn-√,- \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS- k-a-am-b- kw-c-£-W-hpw- \n-tj-[n-°p-hm≥-

]m-Sn-√.- A-h-k-c-k-a-Xzw- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn- km-aq-ln-I-hpw-

km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- A-k-a-Xz-ßƒ- \o-°w- sN-øp-I- F-∂p-≈-XmWv-

A-\p-t—-Zw- 14s‚-bpw- 16˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- \m-emw- J-Wv-U-Øn-s‚bpw-

D-t±iyw.- Cu- cm-Py-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\pw- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`-

Iƒ-°pw- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- kz- m-h-ß-fm-b- X-pey-

]-cn-K-W-\m-X-Xz-ß-sf- a-dn-I-S-°m-\m-hn-√.- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-bn-

]m-km-°n-bn-´p-≈- \ym-b-am-b- X-cw-Xncn-°¬- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-

hn[Øn¬- A-b-hp-≈-Xm-Wv- A-\p-t—Zw- 14.- Xp-ey- tPm-en-°v- Xpey-

i-º-fw- F-∂- X-Xz-ß-sfm-s°- F-√m-hn[-Øn-epw- Xp-√y--cm-b- hyIvXn-

Iƒ- sN-øp-∂- tPm-en-Iƒ-°p-≈- Xpey-th-X-\w- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞-

am-t°-≠-Xv.- A-\pt—-Zw- 14˛¬- hn- m-h-\w- sN-bv-Xn- p-≈- \n-b-a-hmgvN-

C-¥y≥- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ASnkv-Ym-\- kz- m-h-am-Wv.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬- H∂mb-

A-\p-t—Zw- 14 ¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- \n-b-a-k-a-Xzw- F¥m-Wv?-

ka∑m¿-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- k-a-Xzw.-

\m- n-epw- \-K-c-Øn-epw- B-fp-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-®v- Pm-Y-bm-bn- t]mIp-∂-Xv-

Im-Wmw.- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-°m-dp-≠v,- k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m-cpw-

A-[ym-]-I-cpw- kw-L-Sn-°m-dp-≠v.- bp-h-P-\-ß-fpw- kv-Xo-I-fpw-

a-‰pw- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m-dp-≠v.- A-Xv- A-h-cp-sS-

A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\pw- ]-Xn-tj-[w- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sf-

A-dn-bn-°m-\p-ap-≈- H-cp- D-]m-[n-bm-Wv.- B-bp-[-ß-fn-√m-sX-

k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-bn- tbm-Kw- tN-cp-I- F-∂-Xv- ]u-c-s‚- au-en-I-

A-h-Im-i-am-Wv.- (19˛mw- A-\pt—-Zw)- F-∂m¬- H-cm-fn-s‚- au-enI-

A-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚- D-]-tbm-Kw- a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS- au-en-I- A-h-Im-i-sØ-

\n-tj-[n-°p-∂- hn-[-Øn-em-h-cp-Xv.- A-Xp-sI-m-≠m-Wv- Pm-Y-bpw-

]-I-S-\-ß-fpw- \-S-Øm≥- A-h-Im-i-ap-≈-t∏mƒ- Xs∂- A-Xv-

`-c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-s‚- D-t±-iy-e-£yw- aXvkcw-

D-≠m-°p-∂- hn-th-N-\w- X-S-bp-I,- G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- hnth-N-\-ßƒ-

1234123412341234119

cm-jv-Sw- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS-ta¬- Np-a-Øp-∂- kv-Yn-Xn- C-√m-Xm-°p-I- F∂n-

h-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- D-Nn-X-am-b- X-cw-Xn-cn-°-en-\v- hy-h-kv-Y- D-≠v.- cW-

L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- \n-b-a-Øn-\v- ap-∂n-ep-≈- k-a-Xz-hpw-

\n-b-a- kw-c-£-W-Øn-s‚- k-a-Xz-hpw- D-d-∏m-°p-∂p.- A-Xm-b-Xv-

H-tc- X-c-Øn-ep-≈-h¿-°v- ka≥-am¿-°v- H-tc- \n-b-a-k-a-Xzw- D-d∏m-

°p-∂p.- H-tc- k-μ¿- -Øn-ep-≈-h¿-°v- H-tc- ]-cn-N-c-Ww- D-d-∏m-°p-∂p.-

Xp-ey-cm-b-h¿-°v- Xpey-kw-c-£-Ww- Cu- A-\p-t—-Zw- e-£y-an-Sp∂p.-

am-\-h- kaqlw- `n-∂-am-b- \m-\m-Xz-Øn-s‚- D-d-hn-Sw- B-Wv.- A-Xn-

\m-em-Wv- X-p-ey-X- D-≈-h-cn¬- \n-b-a-k-a-Xzw- F-∂v- hn-h-£n-®n-cn-

°p-∂-Xv.- ssh-cp-≤y-ßƒ- F-√mw-X-s∂- H-cp- Zn-h-k-sØ- \n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-Ww- sIm-≠v- C-√m-Xm-hn-√.- ]-Ir-Xn-bn-se- \m-i-an-√m-Ø-

H∂n¬- \n-∂v- F-√mw- D-Xv-`-hn-°p-∂p- F-∂v- a-\-kn-em-hp-tºmƒ-

Cu- ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fpw- a-\p-jy-a-\-kn¬- C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.-

hn-tZ-i-\m-Wy-hn-\n-a-bw- t]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂- H-cp- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬-

sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.- G-sXm-s°-

h-kv-Xp-°-fm-Wv- F-∂pw,- G-sXm-s°-bm-Wv- hn-tZ-i-\m-Wyw-

e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]m-]v-Xn-bp-≈-sX-∂pw- A-Xn-\m¬- hn-tZ-i-Øv-

Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xv- G-Xv- F-∂pw- X-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv- -c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv.-

hn-\n-a-b-Øn¬- Nn-e- ]-tXy-I- k-hn-ti-j-X-I-tfm- ]-iv-\-ß-tfm-

D-≠v- F-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- hn-tZ-i- hn-\n-a-b-

\n-b-¥-W-ß-fp-sS- \n-b-a-ew-L-\- A-t\z-j-W-Øn-s‚- ]-tXy-I-

\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-sS- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ,- H-cn-°-epw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-

]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-tO-Z-Øn-se- k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚- ewL\-am-hp-∂n-√.-

A-Xp-t]m-se- hn-tZ-io-b-sc- ]p-d-Øm°p-∂-Xn-\pw- I-kv-‰-Un-bn¬-

F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- hn-tZ-io-b-sc- ]-e-hn-`m-K-Øn¬- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-\pw- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚- C-Om-\p-k-c-Ww- Im-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-hmw.-

A-Xpw- A-\p-t—-Zw- ]-X-n-\m-en-s‚- ew-L-\w- B-Ip-∂n-√.-

]-tXy-I- s]m-Xp-P-\- Xm-Xv-]-cy-ß-fp-≈- hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS-

I-ao-I-c-Ww- \ym-bo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- k-aql-Øn-\p-

h-f-sc- B-h-iy-am-b- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS- D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn¬- G¿-s∏- n-cn-

°p-∂- hy-h-km-b-ßƒ.- F-∂m¬- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]Xn-\m-emw-

1234123412341234120

A-\p-t—Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- k-a-Xzw- km-[q-I-cn-°m≥- Cu-

I-ao -I-c-W-hpw- tkz-Om-[n -]-c -am-Im-sX- e-£y-hp-am-bn -

\ymbo-Icn-°-Ø-°-_-\v-[w- D-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- Hcp-

I-ao-I-c-Ww- H-cp- Uo-e¿-°p- kw-`-cn-°-mhp-∂- ]-cn-[n- \niv-N-bn-

°msX- H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xpw- F-√mw- Dƒ-s∏S-p-∂-Xm-Wv.-

ssk-\n-tI-X-c- B-fp-I-sf-bpw- ssk-\n-I- Bfp-I-sf-bpw- XΩn-epw-

`m-c-Xo-b- ]u-c-∑m-sc-bpw- C-¥y-bn¬- Xm-a-kn-°m-\p-t±-i-an-√m-Ø-

hn-tZ-io-b-sc-bpw- X-Ωn-epw- H-cp- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-Øn-\v- hn-th-N-\w-

\-S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- In-an-\¬- \n-b-a- kw-ln-X-bn-se- 197 ˛mw-

h-Ip-∏n¬- K-h -sa‚ v- Po-h-\-°m-¿-s°-Xn-sc- A-h-cp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-

Im-cy-ß-fp-sS- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬- D-≠m-Ip-∂- Im-cy-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc-

Ip-‰m-tcm-]-W-tam- hy-h-lm-c-tam- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p- c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚-

A-\p-a-Xn- B-h-iy-ap-≠v.- F-s¥-∂m¬- K-h -sa‚ v- Po-h-\-°m¿-°v-

A-h-cp-sS- Ir-Xy-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬- D-≠m-Ip-∂- _p-≤n-ap-´p-I-fn¬-

\n-∂v- kw-c-£-Ww- H-cp- km-[m-c-W- ]uc-\p- \-ev-tI-≠- ]-cn-c-£-

b-√.- A-Xn-\m¬- X-s∂- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A\p-t—-Z-

Øn-ep-≈- k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\-a√.

1234123412341234121

a-Xw,- h¿-§w,- Pm-Xn,- enw-Kw,- P-\-\-kv-Y-ew- A-s√-¶n¬,- A-h-bn¬-

G-sX-¶n-epw- am-Xw- Im-c-W-am-°n- cm-jv-Sw- bm-sXm-cp- ]uc-t\m-Spw-

hn-th-N-\w- Im-Wn-°p-hm≥- ]m-Sp-≈-X-√- F-∂v- -c-W-LS\-bp-sS-

15˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

bm-sXm-cp- ]u-c-\pw- a-Xw,- h¿-§w,- Pm-Xn,- enw-Kw,- P-\-\-kvYew-

F-∂n-h-tbm,- A-h-bn¬- G-sX-¶n-ep-tam,- am-Xw- Im-c-W-am-°n.

I-S-Iƒ,- s]m-Xp-t`m-P-\-im-e-Iƒ,- tlm-´-ep-Iƒ,- s]m-Xp-hnt\mZ-

kv-Y-e-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-bn-te-°p-≈- ]-th-i-\w-; - A-s√-¶n¬-

]q¿-Æ-am-tbm- `m-Kn-I-am-tbm- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- ]-Ww-sIm-≠v-

kw-c-£n-°p-∂-h-tbm- s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\m-bn-

k-a¿-∏n-®n-´p-≈-h-tbm- B-b- In-W-dp-Iƒ,- Ip-f-ßƒ-, kv-\m-\-

L- -ßƒ, \n-c-Øp-Iƒ,- s]m-Xp-hn-i-a-kv-Y-e-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-sS-

D-]-tbm-Kw- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- bm-sXm-cp- A-h-i-X-bv-°pw- _m-[y-X-bv-°pw-

\n-b-¥-W-Øn-\pw- D-]m-[n-°pw- hn-t[-b-\m-Ip-∂-X-√.- Cu-

A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-se- bm-sXm-∂pw- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw-

th-≠n- GsX-¶n-epw- ]-tXy-I- hy-h-kv-Y- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬-

\n-∂v- cm-jv-S-sØ- X-S-bp-∂-X-√.-

F-∂m¬- C-Xn-ep-≈- bm-sXm-∂pw- km-aq-ly-am-bpw- hn-Zym- ymk-

]-c-am-bpw- ]n-∂m-°w- \n¬-°p-∂- G-sX-¶n-epw- hn- m-K-Øn¬-s∏- -

]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- D-∂-a-\-Øn-\p- th-≠n-tbm- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn-Iƒ-°pw-

]- n-I- tKm-X- h¿-K-ßƒ-°pw- th-≠n-tbm- G-sX-¶n-epw- ]tXy-I-

hy-h-kv-Y- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂v- cm-jv-S-sØ- X-S-bp-∂-X-√.-

\nba \n¿ΩmWw

1234123412341234122

A-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂- cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- \n-b-aw-h-gn,- \yq-\-]-£- hn-

Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-sfm-gn-sI- cm-jv-Sw- [-\-k-lm-bw- \¬-

Ip-∂-tXm,- k-lm-bw- \¬-Im-Ø-tXm- B-b- kz-Im-cy- hn-Zym- ym-k-

kv-Ym-]-\-ßƒ- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- hn-Zym- ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn-te-°p-

≈- A-h-cp-sS- ]-th-i-\-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw- G-sX-

¶n-epw- ]-tXy-I- hy-h-kv-Y- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂pw- cmjvS-sØ-

X-S-bp-∂-X-√.

F-√m- ]u-c-∑m-tc-bpw- H-cp-t]m-se- ]-cn-N-cn-°p-I-bpw- A-h¿- Po-

hn-X-Øn¬- H-cp-t]m-se-bm-hp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xm¬,- A-h¿-°v- Htc- \n-

b-a-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- F-∂m¬- \-ap-°-dn-bmw,- a-\p-jy¿- Xp-ey-c√- F-

∂v.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—Zw- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- kaXzw-

F-∂m¬- F-√m-h¿-°pw- H-tc- \n-b-aw- F-∂-√ A¿-∞w-.- C-hn-sS-

bm-Wv- X-cw-Xn-cn-°¬- F-∂- X-Xzw- B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cp-∂Xv.-

kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- km-l-N-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®pw- F-√m- B-fp-I-fpw-

hn-`n-∂-cm-Wv.- ]-e- hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS- ]-e-hn-[- B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v-

hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- ]-cn-N-c-Ww- B-Wv- B-h-iyw.- A-t∏m-gm-Wv- ]-e-

hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°¬- B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cp-∂-Xv.- Cu-

A\p-t—-Z-Øn-s‚- B-h-iy-Øn-te-°m-bn- H-cp- kv-Ym-]-\-sØ-t]m-epw-

H-cp- hn-`m-K-am-bn- Im-Wmhp-∂-Xm-Wv.- hn-th-N-\w- \n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-

s≠-¶n-epw- `-c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-≈- hn-th-N-\w- d-±m-°p-

hm≥- I-gn-bn-√.-

k-a-am-b- \n-b-a- kw-c-£-W-Øn-s‚- hym-]v-Xn,- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚-

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- k-a-K-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬,-

hnthN\-Øn-eq-sS- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- A-h-Im-iw- \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-

Sp -tºm-tgm - _m-[y -X-Iƒ- Np -a -Øp-tºm-tgm - am - X-a -√, -

B\pIq-ey-ßƒ- \¬-Ip-tºm-gpw,- k-a-am-b- \n-b-a-kw-c-£-Ww-

_m[I-amWv.-

H-tc- kv-Ym-\-Øp-≈-h¿- X-Ωn¬- H-tc- hn-j-b-Øn¬- hn-th-N-\w-

D≠mh-cp-Xv.- a-s‰m-cp- X-c-Øn¬- ]-d-™m¬- hn-th-N-\w,- GI-]-£o-b-

am-Im-Ø a-Xn-bm-b- X-Xz-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-h-Ww. -cW-L-S-\-bnse-

14˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-se- \n-b-a-Øn-\p- ap-ºm-sI-bp-≈- k-a-Xzw-

1234123412341234123

F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- A¿-∞-am-Ip-∂-Xv.-- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- km-l-N-cy-

ß-fpw,- t\- -ß-fpw,- kz- m-h-ß-fpw-sIm-≠v- H-tc- kv-Ym-\-Øp-≈-h¿-°v-

H-tc- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- km¿-h-Xn-I-am-b- ]-tbm-Kw- F-∂-√.- Im-c-Ww-,-

hy-Xy-kv-X- B-h-iy-ß-fp-≈- hn-hn-[- hn-`m-K-ß-fn-ep-≈- B-fp-

Iƒ°v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- \n-b-a-]-cn-c-£- B-h-iy-am-Wv.-

k-a-Xzw- F-∂- -c-W-L-S-\m- X-Xzw- cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-]-Im-cw- P\-

ß-sf- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-c-sØ- C-√m-Xm-°-p-∂n-√.- Hm-tcm-

X-cw-Xn-cnhpw- H-c-f-hn¬- A¬-]w- A-k-a-Xzw- D≠m-°p-∂p.- Cu-

AkaXzw- am-X-am-bn- -√- ]m-_-ey-Øn-em-hp-∂-X.v- hn-hn-[- X-c-Øn-

ep-≈- ]-cn-N-c-Ww- kz-b-ta-h- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\w-

B-Ip-∂-Xp-an-√.- hn-th-N-\-Øn-\v- \ym-b-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- C-√m-Ø-

t∏m-gm-Wv- Xp-ey- \n-b-a- kw-c-£-W-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\w- B-Ip-∂-Xv.-

Xp-ey-X- D-d-∏m-°p-∂- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—Zw- \nba-

\n¿-Ωm-W-k- - Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-°p-∂- H-cp- \n-b-a- ]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww- XSbp-

∂n-√-.- km-l-N-cy-ßƒ- Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]-tXy-I- ta-Je-

bn-ep-≈- s]m-Xp-kz- m-h-ß-fp-≈- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°pw- Nn-e- kv-Ym-]-\-

ßƒ-°pw- am-X-am-bn- ]p-Xn-b- \n-b-a-ßƒ- \-S-∏n-em-°p-tºm-gm-Wv-

A-ß-s\- D-≠m-hp-∂-Xv.-

Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-∂-Xn-t\m,- H-∂n-s‚- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ- a-s‰m-∂n-s‚-

hy-h-kv-Y-I-fp-am-bn- Xp-e-\w- sN-øp-tºmƒ- hn-th-N-\-]-c-amWv-

F-∂v- Im-Wn-°m-t\m- B-bn- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-

Øn-s‚- B-h-iy-Øn-te-°p- hn-hn-[- \n-b-a- \n¿-a-m-W-k-`-Iƒ-

]mkm-°n-b- \n-b-a-ßƒ- H-cp-an-®p- F-Sp-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈-X-√.- Hmtcm-

\n-b-a-hpw- \n-b-X-am-bn- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- \n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`- X-s∂- H-∂n¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-\p-_-\v-[- \n-b-a-ßƒ-

\n¿-an-°p-tºmƒ,- A-h-bn-se- G-sX-¶n-epw- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ-

hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-tWm- F-∂v- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw-

A-h-b-p-sS- kw-bp-Iv-X- ]-tbm-Kw- ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- F-∂m¬-

Cu- \-S-]-Sn- H-tc- hn-j-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p- hn-hn-[- \n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-W-

k-`-Iƒ- k-am-\-am-b- \n-b-a-ßƒ- \n¿-an-°p-tºmƒ- ]-tbm-Kn-°m-

\m-hn-√.--

1234123412341234124

cmjvSw

-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- 12˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-se- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ-

]-cm-a¿-in-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂n-S-Øv,- k-μ¿-`w- a-‰p-hn-[-Øn¬- Bh-iy-

s∏-Sm-Ø-]-£w- ""cm-jv-Sw''- F-∂-Xn¬- m-c-X-Øn-s‚- k¿-°mcpw-

]m¿-e-sa‚pw- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- Hm-tcm-∂n-s‚-b-pw- k¿-°m-cpw-

\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W- a-Wv-U-e-hpw- `m-c-X-Øn-s‚- `q-]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-≈n-

ep-≈-tXm- `m-c-X- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈-tX-m-- B-b-

X-t±-iy-tam- a-‰v- X-c-Øn-ep-≈-tXm- F-√m- A-[n-Im-c-kv-Ym-\-ß-fpw-

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- tI-c-f- k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ßƒ-

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥- B-Iv-Sn≥-Io-gn¬- c-Pn-kv-‰¿- sNbvXn- p-≈- k-l-I-c-W-

kw-L-ßƒ- ""cm-jv-Sw''- A-s√-¶n¬- ""cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- L-S-I-ßƒ''-

F-∂- ]-Z-]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚- A¿-∞-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬- h-cp-∂n-√.- 1898

se- kw-L-ßƒ- c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥- B-Iv-Sv- ]-Im-cw- c-Pn-kv-‰¿- sN-bv-X-

H-cp- kw-Lw- A-\p-tO-Zw- 12 s‚- \n¿-h-N-\- ]-Im-c-ap-≈- ""cm-jv-Sw''-

F-∂- ]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-≈n¬- h-cp-∂- H-∂m-Wv.-

1234123412341234125

\nb-a-Øns‚ \b-ßfpw e£yhpw

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k- - Nn-e- \n-b-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-t®m,- Nn-e- hy-Iv-Xn-I-

fp-sS- ta¬- sX-fn-hv- \-ev-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Np-a-X-e-sb-Ip-dn-t®m- \n-

b-a-]-c-am-b- A-\p-am-\-ßƒ- \n¿-h-ln-°p-tºmƒ,- \n-b-aw- e-£y-

am-°p-∂-Xn-\v- B-kv-]-Z-am-bn- sX-fn-hn-s‚- N-´-ßƒ-°v- \ym-b-am-

b- _-\v-[w- D-s≠-¶n¬,- \n-b-aw- hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-Wv- F-∂v- F-

Xn¿-°m-\m-hn-√.- A-ß-s\,- -c-W-L-S-\- A-\p-t—-Zw- ]-Xn-\m-en¬-

Dd∏m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂- k-a-Xzw- ew-Ln-°p-∂p- F-∂v- ]-d-™v- FXn¿-

°p-tºmƒ,- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv- \nba-Øn-s‚- \bßfpw-

e-£y-ß-fpw- B-Wv.- F-∂n- v- \n-b-a-Øn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-cn-°p-∂- X-

cw-Xn-cn-hv- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k- - t\-Sm-\p-t±-in-®- e£y-hp-am-bn- \ym-

b-am-b- _-\v-[w- D-≈-Xm-sW-∂v- I-≠p-]n-Sn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- \n-b-a-

Øn-s‚- e-£y-hpw- B-h-iy-I-X-bpw- ]-cn-tim-[n®-dn-tb-≠-Xv- A-Xn-

s‚- io¿-j-Iw,- B-ap-Jw,- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- kq-£v-a-]-cn-

tim-[-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.-

s]m-Xp-hm-bn- _m-[-I-am-b- H-cp- \n-b-aw,- H-cp- ]-tXy-I- hy-Iv-Xn-

bpsS- ]tbm-P-\-Øn-\m-bn- e-£yw-h-®p-≈-Xm-Wv- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-

am-Xw- -c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v- hn-cp-≤-am-bn- hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-bn- sIm≈-W-sa-

∂n-√.- ]-tXy-I- k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sS- Im-c-W-Øm¬- hy-Iv-Xn-I-sf-

X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ,- A-ß-s\- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sNbvXn- p-≈- hy-IvXn-

I-fp-sS- kz-Im-cy- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈- X¿-°-ßƒ-

Xo¿∏p-I-ev-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ap-d-]-Im-cw- cq-]o-I-cn-®n- p≈- tIm-S-Xn-bn-

te-°v- t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- X-S-bm≥- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k- -bv-°v- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.-

F-∂m¬- H-cp- ]-tXy-I- Im-cy-Øn-\m-bn- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww- \SØn-

b-Xn-s\- Ip-dn-®v- ]-cm-Xn-bp-≈- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- Cu- X-Xzw- _m[I-am-In-√.-

1234123412341234126

\nba tkmX pw `c-W-LS-\m-]-c-amb XcwXncnhpw

c-≠p- \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp-sS- tkm-X- p-

hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW-¶n¬- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—Z-

Øn-\p- h-en-b- ]-k-Iv-Xn-bn-√.- H-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-

\nbaw- a-s‰m-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-]-T-\w- \-S-Øn-

hnthN-\-]-c-am-Wv- F-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- \ym-b-sØ-°p-dn-®v-

hn-[n-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-s‚- e-£y-ß-sf-bm-Wv-

]-cm-a¿-in-t°-≠-Xv.- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-sb-tbm- h-kv-Xphn-s\tbm-

am-X-am-bn- Hcp- hn- m-K-am-bn- I-W-°m-°n-bm¬- Iq-Sn- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv,-

\ym-b-a-√- F∂v- ]-d-bm-\m-hn-√.- A-Xv- B- hy-Iv-Xn-t°m- h-kv-Xp-hn-t\m-

am-X-am-bn- Nn-e- ]-tXy-I- km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-sS- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬-

_m-[-I-am-Ip-∂-Xv- sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv.-

F-√m- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fn-epw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- X-cw-Xn-cn-

hn-s‚- \ym-b-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- ]m-]v-X-am-°p-∂- am-\-Z-Wv-Uw-

AYhm- km-l-N-cy-ßƒ- \n-jv-In-b-am-°m≥- km-[n-°n-√.- A-Xv-

\n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-s‚- D-t±-iy-e-£y-ß-sf- B-i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-

A-Xm-b-Xv- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-s‚- \ym-b-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- A-Xn-s‚-

D-t±-i-e-£y-ß-fm-Wv.- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-s‚- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- `q-an-im-kv-X-

]-c-am-Imw.- F-∂m¬- Cu- `q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-\p-

\n-b-a-Øn-s‚- e-£y-h-p-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap-≠m-I-Ww.- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-s‚-

\ym-bo-I-c-Ww- N-cn-X-]-c-am-Imw.- A-Xp-t]m-se- k-a-b-Øn-s‚-

hy-Xym-k-Øn-t∑-epw- X-cw-Xn-cn-hm-Imw.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-∂m-emw- A-\p-t—-Zw- G-I-]-£o-b-am-b-

hn-th-N-\-ßƒ- Np-a-Øp-∂-Xp- X-S-bp-tºmƒ- X-s∂- D-Nn-X-am-b-

1234123412341234127

X-cw-Xn-cn-°-en-\v- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-ø-p-∂pap-≠v.-

-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v- A-Xn-s‚- C-jv-Sm-\p-k-c-Ww- B-cp-am-bpw- Icm-dn¬-

G¿-s∏-S-m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- H-tc- A-h-kv-Y-bn¬-

\n-e-sIm-≈p-∂- H-cp- ]-£-°m-tcm-Sv- hn-th-N-\w- Im-Wn-®v- A-h-sc-

H-gn-hm-°m-\pw- A-Xn-s‚- hm-Kv-Zm-\-ßƒ- a-‰p- ]-£-°m¿-°v- am-X-am-bn-

\-ev-Im-\pw- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ]m´w- e- n-°m≥-

H-cmƒ-°v- \n-£n-]v-Xm-h-Im-i-an-s√-¶n¬- Iq-Sn,- A-bm-fp-sS- A-t]-£-

\o-Xn-bp-Iv-X-am-bn- Xo-cp-am-\n-°-s∏-Sm≥- D-≈- Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.-

F-∂m¬- C-Xv,- s]m-Xp-P-\-Xm-ev-]-cy-ß-ƒ-°v- F-Xn-cm-I-cp-Xv.-

I-cm-dn-s‚- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- k-Xy-k-\v-[-am-b- C-S-]m-Sv- AXy-¥w-

B-h-iy-am-bn-cn-s°,- A-Xn-\p- A-\p-_-\v-[-am-bn,- Iq´mbn,-

kz-X-¥-am-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xpw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A\pt—-Zw-

]-Xn-\m-en-se- k-a-Xz-X-Xzw- A-\p-k-cn-®v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.-

k-a-Xzw- F-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- X-Xzw- cm-jv-S-Øn-\v- P-\-ß-sf-

X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- \n-b-a-]-Im-c-ap-≈- A-[n-Im-c-sØ-

C-√m-Xm-°p-∂n-√,- A-tX-k-a-bw- a-Xv-k-cw- D-≠m-°p-∂- hn-th-N-\-ßƒ-

X-S-bp-I- F-∂-Xv- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-s‚- Dt±iy-

e-£y-hp-am-Wv.-

C-\n- ]-d-bp-∂- B-h-iy-ß-fn-te-°m-bn- `-c-W-Iq-S-sØ- H-cp-

]-tXy-I- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-bn- Im-Wp-∂-Xpw- ]-tXy-I-am-bn- ]-cn-N-cn-

°s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv-

1.- hy-h-lm-cw- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈- Im-em-h-[n-bp-sS- ]-cn[n.-

2.- A-Xn-\p- In-´m-\p-≈- I-S-ß-fp-sS- ap≥-K-W-\-

3.- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚- I-S-ßƒ- ho-≠p- In- p-∂-Xn-t\m- A-Xn-s‚-

]-cn-k-c-Øp- \n-∂v- H-gn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m- D-≈- kw-£n-]v-X-

\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ.-

4.- hm-Wn-Py- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-tºm-gpw- `-c-W-

Iq-S-Øn-\v- ]-tXy-I- ]-cn-N-c-Ww- e-`n-°mw.-

1234123412341234128

Np-cp-°-Øn¬,- Cu- ]-d-™- \-m-ep- L-S-I-ß-ƒ- A-Y-hm- kv-Yn-Xn-

hn-ti-j-ßƒ- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-s‚-

ew-L-\w- B-Ip-∂n-√.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- k-a-Xzw- F-∂- `-c-W-

L-S-\m- X-Xzw- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ-Ø-s∂- cm-jv-S-Øn-\p-≈-

A[n-Im-cw- kw-_-\v-[n-®pw- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- Hm-tcm- X-cw-

Xn-cn-hpw- H-c-f-hn¬- A¬-∏w- A-k-a-Xzw- D-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v.- F-∂m¬-

Cu- A-k-a-Xzw- am-X-am-bn-´-√- ]m-_-ey-Øn-em-Ip-∂-Xv.- hn-hn-[-

X-c-Øn-ep-≈- ]-cn-N-c-Ww,- kz-b-ta-h,- 14˛mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-s‚-

ew-L-\w- B-Ip-∂p-an-√.-

H-cp- ta-J-e-bn-se- ]m- - q-an-bp-sS- G-Io-I-c-Ww- ]m-_-ey-Øn¬-

sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂- B-h-iy-Øn-te-°m-bn,- km-[m-c-W- \n-b-a-Ø-n-\-

Xo-X-am-bn- th-K-Øn-ep-≈- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-Øn-eq-sS- ]p-Xp-°n-b- ]m´w-

B- ]-tZ-i-Øn-\v- am-X-am-bn- \-S-∏n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- -c-W-LS\-

bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-tO-Z-Øn-se- k-a-Xzw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-

X-cw-Xn-cn-hv- km-[q-I-cn-°p-∂- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-s‚- D-t±-i-

e£yw.- A-Xm-b-Xv- ]m-´-`q-an-bp-sS- G-Io-I-c-Ww- C-°m-cy-Øn¬-

]m- -°m-c-\p- H-cp- A-\p-K-l-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\m¬- km-[m-c-W- \nba-

ßƒ-°v- D-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ- th-K-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- \-S-]-Sn-I-aw- Xs∂-

bm-Wv- C-hn-sS- B-h-iyw.- Cu- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-\p- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚-

D-t±-i- e-£y-hp-am-bn- \ym-b-am-b- _‘ap-≠v.-

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 14˛mw- A-\pt—-Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°-p-∂-

A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-s‚- ]-cn-tim-[-\- A-Xn-Po-hn-°m≥-

Nn-e- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ- ]m-en-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bp-≠v.-

X-cw-Xn-cn-hv- A-Y-hm- th¿-Xn-cn-°¬- kv-]-jv-S-am-b- hy-Xym-kß-

fnt∑¬- B-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p-≈- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- e£yw-

t\-Sm≥- k-lm-b-I-am-b- co-Xn-bn¬- X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-\v- bp-Iv-Xn-

k-l-am-b- _-\v-[w- D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

1234123412341234129

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-se- \ym-b-am-b-

X-cw-Xn-cn-hv- N-cn-X-]-c-am-Imw.- F-∂m¬- -c-W-L-S-\- ]m-_-ey-Øn¬-

h-cp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- \n-b-a- \n¿-Ωm-W-k-`- ]m-km-°n-b- tkzOm[n-

]-c-am-b- H-cp- \n-b-aw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]m-cw-`-Øn-\p-ti-jw-

]n-¥p-W-bv-°pw- F-∂¿-∞-an-√.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]m_-ey-Øn-

\p-ti-j-ap-≈- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv,- \ym-b-am-tWm- F-∂p-≈- ]-cn-tim-[-\-

H-cn-°-epw- -c-W-L-S-\-bv-°p-ap-ºp-≈- \n-b-a-hp-am-bn- ]-cm-a¿-in®p-

sIm-≠m-h-cp-Xv.- A-Xp-t]m-se- X-s∂- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv,- k-a-b-Øn-s‚-tbm,-

Im-e-Øn-s‚-tbm- hy-Xym-k-Øn-t∑-epw- BImw.- H-cp- kn-hn¬-

\n-b-aw- G-Xp- Xo-b-Xn- ap-X-em-Wv- ]-tbm-K-Øn¬- B-Ip-∂-Xv-

F-∂p-≈- hn-j-bw- ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`-bm-Wv-

\n-iv-N-bn-t°-≠-Xv.- Cu- \n-b-aw- A-Xn-s‚- ]-cn-[n-bn-ep-≈- F-√m-

B-fp-Iƒ-°pw- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- H-cp- Xo-b-Xn- apX¬- _m-[-I-am-Ip-

tºmƒ- B- \n-b-aw- ]-g-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- hn-th-N-\-

]-c-am-Wv- F-∂p- ]-d-™p- X¿-°n-°m-\m-hn-√.- F∂m¬- \n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-s‚- D-t±-iy-e-£y-Øn¬- k-a-b-L-S-Iw- A]k-Iv-X-

am-sW-¶n¬- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv- \ym-b-am-bn- Im-Wm-\p-am-hn-√.- C-Xn-\v-

D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- s]≥-j≥-Im¿-°v- \-ev-Ip-∂- B-\p-Iq-eyw.-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-s‚- ]-tXy-I- hn-j-b-ß-fp-sS- e-£y-sØ-

kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈- \ym-b-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-bn- I-W-°m-°m-hp-∂-

H-∂m-Wv- ]m-bw.- A-Xm-b-Xv- ]m-b-]q¿-Øn- B-Im-Ø- H-cm-sf-

I-cm-dp-I-fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬- \n-∂v- A-i-Iv-X-\m-°mw.- AXp-

t]m-se- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- kz- m-hw,- hym-]m-cw,- sXm-gn¬- F-∂n-h-bp-sS-

`c-W-L-S-\m-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-ßƒ

1234123412341234130

hy-Xym-k-ßƒ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n-bpw- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw-

A-\p-t—-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv- \-S-Ømw.- \n-Ip-Xn- \n-b-a-

ß-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-

k-`-bv-°v- hn-im-e-am-b- ]-cn-[n- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°-p-∂p.- A-hn-sS-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W- k-`-Iƒ-°v- \ym-b-am-b- hn-th-N-\w- ]tbm-Kn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- Pn-√-bp-sS-tbm- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-tbm- hy-Iv-Xn-I-

fp-sS-tbm- \n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-Ø¬- co-Xn-I-sf-tbm- \n-Ip-Xn- XpI-sb-

tbmkw-_-\v-[n-®v- C-jv-Sm-\p-k-c-Ww- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

tI-_nƒ- sS-en-hn-j≥- irw-J-e-Iƒ-°p-ta¬- \n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-Øp-

∂-Xn-\p-≈- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww- A-tX- ta-J-e-bn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-

∂- Zq-c-Z¿-i-\v- Np-a-Øn-bn-´n-s√-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- hn-th-N-\-am-

sW-∂v- ]-d-bm-\m-In-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Zq-c-Z¿-i≥- I-®-h-S- D-t±-i-

tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- H-cp- kv-Y-m-]-\-a-√.- th-sdm-∂v,-

hntZin-Iƒ-°v- C-¥y≥- ]u-c-Xz-w- t\-Sm-\p-≈- au-en-Im-h-Im-iw-

\-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Uo-e¿-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv- kw-_-‘n®-

I-cm-dn-se- Im-c-Ww- Im-Wn-°m-sX- Uo-e¿-jn-∏v- d-±p- sNøp-∂-Xm-

sW-∂p-≈- H-cp- hy-h-kv-Y- `-c-W-L-S-\m- hn-th-N-\-a-√.- Fs¥-

∂m¬- ta¬-∏-d-™-h- A-Xym-h-iy- km-[-\-ß-fm-Wv.-

Im-en-I-sf- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,- I-∂p-Im-en-I-sf- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn-\p-am-bn- A-h-sb- h-[n-°p-∂-Xv- \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂- \n-b-a-

\n¿-Ωm-Ww- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ,- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-tbm-K-a-\p-k-cn-®p-

hn-hn-[- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-\-\p-kr-X-am-bn,- ar-K-ß-sf- hn-hn-[- hn-`m-K-

ß-fm-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- \n-b-am-\p-kr-X-am-b- Im-cy-am-Wv.-

DZml-c-W-Øn-\v- Ir-jn-°p-≈- D-]-tbm-Kw,- ]m-ep¬-∏∂-ß-fm¬-

D-≠mIp-∂- B-Zm-bw- F-∂n-h.- A-ß-s\- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W- k- -bv-°v-

sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw- B-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw- h-[w- \n-tcm-[n-°m-sX-

X-s∂- \n-b-am-\p-kr-X-am-bn- I-∂p-Im-en-I-sf- h-[n-°p-∂-Xv-

\n-tcm-[n-°mw.- A-s√-¶n¬- t]m-Øp-I-sf-bpw- ]-ip-°-sf-bpw-

X-Ωn¬- X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw.- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A\p-t—Zw-

A-\p-k-cn-®v- hn-hn-[- hn`m-K-Øn¬- D-≈- ar-K-ß-sf- h-[n-°p-∂-

amw-k-°-®-h-S-°m-sc-bpw- C-tX- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw.-

1234123412341234131

H-cp- I-º-\n-bp-sS- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- km-º-Øn-I- Xm-Xv-]-cy-ß-fp-≈-

[m-cm-fw- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬,- I-º-\n-bp-sS- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈-

D-tZym-K-kv-Y-cp-sS- ]Wm-]-l-c-W- ]-iv-\-ß-fpw,- km[m-c-W-

]-Wm-]-l-c-W-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv- \ym-bo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv.- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X- q-an- B¿-Pv-Pn-°-en-\p- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-≈- H-cp-

\n-b-a-Øn¬,- `q-an- B¿-Pv-Pn-°p-∂-Xv- k¿-°m¿- I-º-\n- B-h-iy-

ßƒ-°pw,- a-‰p- I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw- F-∂pw,- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°pw-

I-º-\n -Iƒ-°pw - F-∂p-sam -s°-bp -≈- X-cw -Xn -cn -°-epw -

\ym-bo-Icn°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

kz-Im-cy- ta-J-e-bpw- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-´p-≈-

h-bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn- X-s∂- Im-tW-≠-h-bp-am-Wv.-

A-Xn-\m¬- X-s∂- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bn¬- \n-∂v- kz-ta-[-bm-

]n-cn-bp-∂- H-cp- sXm-gn-em-fn-bv-°v- e- n-°p-∂- ]-Xn- -ew- A-\p-h-Zn-

°p-∂-Xpw,- A-tX- B-\p-Iq-eyw- kz-Im-cy- ta-J-e-bn-se- sXm-gn-em-fn-°v-

A-\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—-Z-

Øn-s‚- X-cw-Xn-cn-°-en-\v-- A-\p-kr-X-am-Wv.-

hm-S-I- \n-b-¥-W- \n-b-a-Øn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s‚-tbm- X-t±-i-

kzbw-`-c-W- kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-s‚-tbm- sI-´n-S-ßƒ-°v- Nn-e- Im-cy-

ßƒ- _-m-[-I-am-°m-ØXv- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—Z-

Øn-s‚- ew-L-\-a-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- C-h-sbm-s°- em- -e-£y-tØm-sS-

]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-b-√.- \m-ev-]-Øn-aq-∂mw- A-\p-t—Z-Øn-se-

\n¿-t±-i-I-X-Xz-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se- klI-c-W-

kw-L-ß-sf- a-‰p- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-sf-tbm- tIm¿-∏-td-j-\p-I-sf-tbm-

A-t]-£n-®v- H-cp- ]-tXy-I- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- ]-cn-N-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.- Fw-tπm-bo-kv- t]m-hn-U‚ v- -≠v,- hm-S-I- \nb¥-W-\n-b-aw-

F-∂n-h-bn¬- \n-∂v- H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ßƒ-

D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf- F-Iv-ssk-kv- Uyq- n-bn¬- \n-∂v-

H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bm-Wv- Cu- ]-tXy-I- ]-cn-c-£.-

A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- km-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-t\m- D-∂-X-

hnZym`ym-k-Øn-t\m- th-≠n,- G-‰-hpw- km-[y-X-I-fp-≈- km-a-Kn-

Iƒ- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-t\m- A-Uv-an-j≥- B-h-iy-ßƒ-t°m-

1234123412341234132

B-bn- N-´-ßƒ- \n¿-Ωn-°p-tºmƒ- A-Xv,- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-

]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-se- k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\w- B-Ip-∂n-√.-

F-∂m¬- Cu- \n-b-a-Øn-\p- N-´-ß-fp-sS- e-£y-ß-fp-am-bn- H-cp-

\ym-b-am-b- _-\v-[w- D-≠m-I-Ww.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\p- im-co-cn-I-

sshI-ey-ß-fp-≈- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°p-≈- kw-h-Ww.- A-Xp-t]m-se-

kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv- kv-Yn-c- \n-hm-kn-I-fm-b- F-√m- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-

°p-ap-≈- kw-h-c-Ww- F-gp-]-Xp- i-X-am-\-Øn¬- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ- cW-

L-S-\m-hn-cp-≤-hp-am-Wv.-

H-cp- hn- m-K-Øn-\p- am-X-am-bp-≈- 100 i-X-am-\w- kw-h-c-W-hpw-

\n-b-a-km-[p-X- C-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- D-≈- N-´-ß-fp-sS-

D-t±-iy-e-£yß-ƒ-°v- A-\p-kr-X-am-bn- th-Ww- hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-b-

A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥-. A-Xp-t]m-se- D-∂-X- hnZym-

`m-k-Øn-s‚- \-b-]-c-am-b- Im-cy-ß-fn-epw- Np-cp-°-am-bn- amXta-

tIm-S-Xn- C-S-s]-Sp-I-bp-≈p.-

1234123412341234133

\nba kaXz kwc-£Ww

H-cp- \n-b-aw- -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-se-

k-a-Xz-X-Xz-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\-hpw- hn-th-N-\-]-c-hp-am-sW-∂p- ]-d-™p-

F-Xn¿-°p-tºmƒ- D-Nn-X-am-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚-

D-t±-iy-hpw- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`-bp-sS- e-£y-hp-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬-

\n-b-aw- hn-th-N-\-]-c-a-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- cW-\n¿-h-l-Ww-

hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-sW-∂pw- F-Xn¿-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-tºmƒ-

`cW\n¿-h-l-W A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚- e-£yw- F-¥v- F∂p≈-

tNm-Zyw- km-c-h-Øm-Wv.- A-ß-s\-bp-≈- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- `-c-W-

\n¿-h-l-W- \-S-]-Sn- hn-cp-≤-am-b-tXm- tam-i-am-b-tX-m- BsW-¶n¬-

am-X-am-Wv- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-tO-Z-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv.-

D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- H-tc- A-h-kv-Y-bn-ep-≈- I-sd- B-fp-I-fp-sS-

Iq-´-Øn¬- \n-∂v- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-sb- am-Xw- H-‰-bm-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-®p-

hn-cp-≤-am-bn- ]-cn-N-cn-°p-tºmƒ- B- \-S-]-Sn- hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-Ip-∂p.-

H-cp- ]-tXy-I- hy-Iv-Xn-sb-tbm- h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-tbm- H-gn-hm-°m-\p-≈-

A[nIm-cw- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\p- \-ev-Ip-∂- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k- -bp-sS-

\bw,- \n-b-a-Øn¬- X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-sW-¶n¬- H-cn-°-epw- `-c-W-

LS-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-s‚- ew-L-\-am-hn-√.-

F∂m¬- A[nIm-c-ap-≈-h¿- F-ß-s\- hn-th-N-\m-[n-Im-cw-

hn\ntbm-Kn-°-Ww- F-∂-Xn-\p-≈- am¿-§-\n¿-t±-iw- \n-b-aw- Xs∂-

F-s¥-¶n-epw- \-b-tam- X-Xz-tam- h-gn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®n-cn-°-Ww.-

Cs√-¶n¬- AºØn-\m-emw- A-\p-tO-Zw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-

kaXz-Øn-s‚- ewL-\-am-Ipw.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- G-sX-¶n-epw- qan-

A-s√-¶n¬- qhn`mK-sØ- H-gn-hm-°m≥- -c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v-- A[n-Imcw-

\¬-Ip-∂- H-cp- \n-Ip-Xn- \n-b-aw- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- B- H-gn-hm-°¬-

1234123412341234134

sX-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv- F-∂- \-bw- kq-Nn-∏n-°-m-Øn-S-tØm-fw-

A\pt—Zw- ]-Xn-\m-en-s‚- ew-L-\-am-Wv.-

-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn¬- A-\p-im-kn-°p-

∂- k-a-Xz- kw-c-£-W-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-c-£- ap-Jy-am-b- \n-b-a-Øn-\pw-

A-Xp-t]m-se- \-S-]-Sn-I-a- kw-_-\v-[-am-b- \n-b-a-Øn-\pw- _m-[-I-

am-Wv.- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-kw-_-\v-[-am-b- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-Xv-

A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv-.-- H-tc- A-h-kv-Y-bn¬- \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂- hy-h-lm-cn-Iƒ-

°v- B-izm-k-Øn-\pw,- ]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\pw- H-tc- A-h-Im-i- \-S-]-Sn-

Iƒ- hn-th-N-\-an-√m-sX- e- y-am-Ip-∂Xm-sW-∂m-Wv-.- F-∂m¬- Xo¿®-

bm-bpw,- h-f-sc- \n- m-c-am-b-tXm- Xosc- ]m-[m-\y-an-√m-Ø-tXm- Bb-

hy-Xym-k-ßƒ- \n-b-aw- _m[I-am-b- B-fp-Iƒ-t°m- A-h-cp-sS-

Xm-Xv -]-cy-ßƒ-t°m- D-]-Z-hw- D-≠m-°n-bn-´n-s√-¶n¬- k-a-Xz-

kwc-£-W-sØ- \n-cm-I-cn-°p-∂-X-√.-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k- - -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-Xn-\m-emw- A-\p-t—-Zw-

ewLn®p F-∂v- sX-fn-bn-t°-≠- I-S-a- ]-cm-Xn-°m-c-\n¬- \n-£n]vX-

am-Wv.- C-tX- X-Xzw- X-s∂-bm-Wv- `-c-W-]-c-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ-

A-\p-tO-Zw- ]-Xn-\m-en-\v- hn-cp-≤-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-tºm-gpw- ]-tbm-

K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-ew-L-\-Øn-s‚- t]cn¬- Hcp-

sse-k≥-kv- d-±m-°p-I-tbm- \n-tj-[n-°p-I-tbm- sNøp-tºmƒ,- CtX-

\n-b-a-ew-L-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-sc- C-Xp-t]m-se- D-≈- \-S-]-Sn-

Iƒ- F-Sp-Øn- n-√- F-∂-v- kv-Ym-]n-°p-tºmƒ- ]cmXn-°m-c≥- hn-Pbn-

°p-∂p.- A-Xp-t]m-se- Cu- B-tcm-]-Ww- hy-Iv-X-hpw- \n-iv-Nn-X-hpw,-

F-√m- hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fpw- D-≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.-

]-Xy-£-Øn¬- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- B-ap-J-Øn¬- X-s∂- -c-W-LS\-

D -d -∏m -°p -∂- ]-Xn -\m -emw - A-\p -tO-Z -Øn-se- k-a -Xzw -

ewLn°p∂p F-∂v- Im-Wn-t°-≠-Xv,- hn-th-N-\w- D-≠v- F-∂v-

Btcm]Ww- D-∂-bn-°p-∂- I-£n-bm-Wv.-

\n-b-aw- \-S-Øn-b- X-cw-Xn-cn-hv,- \ym-bo-I-cn-°-X-°-X-√- F-∂v-

A\pam-\n-®v-- F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- D-≈-S-°w-

]cma¿in-°-Ww.- Iq-Sm-sX- _m-ly-am-b- sX-fn-hp-I-fpw.-- H-∂m-a-Xm-bn-

1234123412341234135

sX-fn-bn-t°-≠-Xv- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- B-ap-J-Øn¬- H-cp- ]tXyI-

hyIvXnt°m- hn- -m-K-Øn-t\m- F-Xn-sc- hn-th-N-\w- Cs√-∂pw- F-∂m¬-

\n-b-aw- H-cp- hn- m-K-sØ- a-p-dn-s∏-Sp-Øpw- F-∂p-am-Wv- k-Xy-Øn¬-

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k- F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw-- B-fp-I-fp-sS- B-h-iy-ßƒ- icn-

bm-bn- hn-th-Nn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw- a-\- n-em-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p- F-∂mWv-

A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

1234123412341234136

hnth-N-\hpw Ah-kc ka-Xzhpw

a-Xw,- h¿-Kw,- Pm-Xn,- enw-Kw,- P-\-\-kv-Y-ew- A-s√-¶n¬- C-h-bn¬-

G-sX-¶n-epw- am-Xw- Im-c-W-am-°n- cm-jv-Sw- bm-sXm-cp- ]uct\m-Spw-

hn-th-N-\w- Im-Wn-°-cp-Xv- F-∂m-Wv-.- Cu- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- hy-Iv-Xn-

F-∂- \n-e-bn-em-Wv ]u-c-\p- au-en-Im-h-Im-iw- \¬-In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.-

A-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS-bpw- B-\p-Iq-ey-ß-fp-sS-bpw- Im-cy-Øn-epw-

H-gn-hm-°-ep-I-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-epw- hn-th-N-\w- D≠mIn-√- F-∂-

D-d-∏m-Wv- H-cp- ]u-c≥- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- A-bmƒ-°v-

hy-Iv-Xn-]-c-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\m¬- H-cp- ]uc≥- a-Xw,- Pm-Xn- F-∂n-h-

bp-sS- t]-cn¬- hn-th-N-\w- A-\p- -hn-°p-tºmƒ,- A-bm-°v- \n-tj-[n-

°-s∏- - A-h-k-c-tam- B-\p-Iq-ey-tam- A-tX- Pm-Xn-bn-tem- a-X-Øn-

tem- D-≈-h¿-°p- sIm-Sp-Øn- p-≠v F-∂v- ]dbp-∂-Xv- H-cp-Ø-c-a-√.-

aXw, h¿§w, PmXn, enwKw,- P\-\-ÿew As√-¶n¬ Ah-

bn¬ GsX-¶nepw amXw Imc-W-am°n cmjvSw H-cp- ]uc-

t\mSpw hnth-N\w ImWn-°p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-X√ F∂ `c-W-

L-S-\-bpsS 15-˛mw A\p-t—Zw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p

bmsXmcp ]uc\pw aXw, h¿§w, PmXn, enwKw, P\-\-ÿew

F∂n-h-tbm, Ah-bn¬ GsX-¶n-eptam amXw Imc-W-am-°n

IS-Iƒ, s]mXp-t`m-P-\-im-e-Iƒ, tlm´-ep-Iƒ, s]mXp-hn-t\mZ-

ÿ-e-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-te-°p≈ ]th-i\w; As√-¶n¬]q¿Æ-

amtbm mKn-I-amtbm cmjvS-Øns‚ ]Ww-sIm≠v kwc-£n-°p-∂-htbm

s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-®n- p-≈-htbm Bb

1234123412341234137

InW-dp-Iƒ, Ipf-ßƒ, kv\m\ L´-ßƒ, \nc-Øp-Iƒ, s]mXp-

hn-i-a-ÿ-e-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw kw_-‘nt®m-

bmsXmcp Ah-iXbv°pw _m≤y-Xbv°pw \nb-¥-W-Øn\pw

D]m-[n°pw hnt[-b-\m-Ip-∂-X-√.

Iƒ°pw th≠n GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI hyhÿ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬

\n∂v cmjvSsØ XS-bp-∂-X-√.

F∂m¬ CXn-ep≈ bmsXm∂pw kmaq-ly-ambpw hnZym- ymk-

]-c-ambpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ GsX-¶nepw hn`mK-Øn¬s∏´

]uc≥am-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\p th≠ntbm ]´n-I-PmXn-Iƒ°pw

]´nI tKmX h¿§-ßƒ°pw th≠ntbm GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI

hyhÿ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v cmjvSsØ XS-bp-∂-X-√.

AXp-t]mse Xs∂ cmjvS-Øn\v \nbaw hgn, \yq\-]£ hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-sfm-gnsI cmjvSw [\-k-lmbw \¬Ip-∂-tXm,

klmbw \¬Im-ØtXm Bb kzImcy hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-

ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnZym- ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Ah-cpsS

]th-i-\sØ kw_-‘n-°p-∂n-S -tØmfw GsX-¶nepw

]tXyI hyhÿ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v- cmjvSsØ XS-bp∂-

X√ F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw cmjvS-Øns‚ Iogn-ep≈ Poh-\-

sØtbm AYhm GsX-¶nepw DtZym-K-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-\-

sØtbm kw_-‘n® hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah-k-c -k-aXzw

D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv F∂m-Wv.- c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]Xn-\mdmw

A\p-t—Zw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Ipsd-b-[nIw

]co-£m¿∞n-Iƒ c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p Iogn-ep≈ sXmgn-en\p k∂-≤-cmbn

h∂n-´p-≈-t∏mƒ, `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v, a‰p sXmgn¬Zm-Xm-°sf

t]mse Ahsc t\m°n Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°n√ F∂v-

CXn-\¿∞-an√. `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ tkh-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb

A®-S-°-Xns‚ ap-∂p-]m-[n-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-t°-≠Xp \nb\-w

\S-Øp∂ A[n-Im-cn -I-fm-Wv. A\p-t—Zw ]Xn-\m-en¬

A\p-im-kn-°p∂ ka-Xz-Øn-s‚- s]mXp-hmb ]tbmKw amX-

amWv A\p-t—Zw ]Xn-\m-dn-ep-≈-Xv. AX-ß-s\tb hymJym-\n-°m-hq.

1234123412341234138

AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ \nb-a-\-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\°-b-‰-Øn-s‚bpw

Imcy-Øn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ \ymb-amb Xcw-Xn-cnhv,

]Xn-\mdmw A\p-t—Zw \ntj-[n-°p-∂n-√. B Xcw-Xn-cnhv Dt±iy-

e-£y-hp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-ap-≈Xpw Bh-Ww.

1234123412341234139

Ah-kc kaXzw

F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw cmjvS-Øns‚ Iogn-ep≈ Poh-\-

sØtbm AYhm GsX-¶nepw DtZym-K-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-\-

sØtbm kw_-‘n® hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah-k-c -k-aXzw

D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv F∂mWv c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]Xn-\mdmw

A\p-t—Zw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv.

sXmgn-epw \nb-a-\hpw hyRvPn-∏n-°p-∂Xv c≠m-i-b-ß-sf-

bm-Wv. \nb-a\w F∂m¬ Hcp ]hr-Øn-ÿ-e-sØbvt°m Imcym-e-b-

Øn-tebvt°m D≈ \nb-a-\-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ \nbaw ]m_-

ey-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-´p≈ DtZym-K-Im-em-h-[n, B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ,

I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ F∂nh sXmgn¬ F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ]k-‡-

a-√. sXmgn¬ F∂m¬ Xm¬°m-en-I-amb Bh-iy-Øn-te-°p≈

DS-º-Sntbm Icmtdm BWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v sXmgn¬ sshZ-Kv[y-

ap-≈-h-sctbm sXmgn-em-fn-I-sftbm Ccp-]£ Icm-dn-eqsSbmWv

G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Cu ]tbmKw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ ÿnctam

Xm¬°m-en-Itam Bb F√m s]mXp DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw

_m[-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ CXv c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb ]Z-hn-bn-ep≈

\nb-a-\-ßƒ°v _m[-I-a-√.

Xm¬°m-enI tkh\ N´-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-\pw, Zpjvs]-cp-

am‰w sImt≠m A\p-tbm-Py-a-√m-ØXv sImt≠m Hcp Xm¬°m-

enI Poh-\-°m-cs\ hn -bv°m-\p-ap≈ hnth-N-\m-[n-Imcw DNn-X-

amb A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øn-\p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]kvXpX hnth-N-\m-

[n-Imcw tk—m-[n-]-c-ambn `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]Xn-\mepw ]Xn-\mdp-w

A\p-t—Z-ßƒ ewLn-®p-sIm≠v ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√.

1234123412341234140

Bb-Xn-\m¬ hn´b® Hcp Xm¬°m-enI Poh-\-°m-c≥, Xs∂

hn´-b® \S-]-Sn°p ]n∂n¬ Ahn-lnX e£y-ßƒ Ds≠∂p

Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-°p-tºmƒ, hn´-b-®-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ,

A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w tImS-Xn-tbmSv shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Aß-s\-

bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Im-Øn-S-tØmfw ]kvXpX ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥

Akzm-`m-hn-I-ambn ]pd-Øm-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, Hcp

]tXyI Imc-Whpw IqSmsX Abmsf Hcp hn`m-K-ambn I≠v

Abm-tf-°mƒ Xmsg-bp-≈-hsc tPmen-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn-

sb∂pw tImSXn \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn A\p-am-\n-°pw.

Hcp kwÿm-\Øv Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv, kwÿm-\sØ sXmgn-ens‚

Imcy-ß-fn¬ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]Xn-\mdmw A\p-t—-ZsØ ewLn-

°p∂ hnth-N-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp Imc-W-a-√. F∂m¬ Hcp

]tXyI kwÿm-\-Øn -\ -IØv Xma -kn -°p -∂Xv Hcp

kwÿm\Øv sXmgn¬ e`n-°p∂ Bh-iy-Øns‚ Hcp LS-I-

ambn ]m¿e-sa‚n\p \nb-a-aqew \njvI¿jn-°m≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v,

kwÿm-\-Øn-\-IØv F∂v ]cm-a¿in-°p-tºmƒ kwÿm\w

apgp-h≥ Hcp LS-I-ambn FSp-°-Ww. A√msX AXns‚ Hcp

`mKw amX-am-b√. as‰m-c¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp ]tXyI Pn√-bntem

ÿew D≈Xv Hcp kwÿm-\Øp sXmgn¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ah-iy-L-S-I-am°n ]m¿e-sa‚n\p \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

1234123412341234141

ÿm\-t∏-cp-Ifpw ]pcvk-Im-c-ßfpw

ssk\n-Itam hnZym-kw-_-‘tam Bb ]mK-¤y-Øn-\-√msX

Hcp ÿm\-t∏cpw cmjvSw \¬Ip-hm≥ ]mSn-√. F∂v `c-W-

LS-\-bpsS ]Xn-s\´mw A\p-t—Zw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. mc-X-

Ønse Hcp ]uc\pw GsX-¶nepw hntZ-i-cm-jvS-Øn¬ \n∂v

Hcp ÿm\-t∏cpw kzoI-cn-°phm≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. `mc-X-Ønse

]uc-\-√mØ Hcmƒ Abmƒ cmjvS-Øn\p-Io-gn¬ BZm-b-I-ctam

hnizm-km-[n-jvTntam Bb GsX-¶nepw DtZymKw hln-°p-tºmƒ

cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS kΩXw IqSmsX GsX-¶nepw hntZi-cm-jvS-

Øn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw ÿm\-t∏cv kzoI-cn -°p-hm≥

]mSp-≈-X-√. AXp-t]mse cmjvS-Øn≥ Iogn¬ BZm-b-I-ctam

hnizm-km-[n-jvSn-Xtam Bb GsX-¶nepw DtZymKw hln-°p∂

Hcmfpw cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS kΩXw IqSmsX GsX-¶nepw hntZi-

cm-jvS-Øn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw kΩm-\tam iº-ftam GsX-

¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ DtZym-Ktam kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ ]mSp≈-X-√.

`mcX-c-Xv\w, ]fl-hn-`q-j¨, ]fl-`q-j¨, ]flio XpS-ßnb

tZiob ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ A\p-t—Zw ]Xn-s\-´n¬ ]d-bp∂

_lp-a-Xn-Iƒ F∂ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬s∏-Sp-I-bn-√.

1234123412341234142

kwkmc kzmX¥yw

`c-WLS\-bpsS 19-˛mw A\p-t—Zw kwkmc kzmX¥yw

apX-em-bh kw_-‘n-®p≈ Nne Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-®n-

cn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv;

kwkm-c-Øn\pw Bib ]I-S-\-Øn\pw D≈

kzmX¥yw

kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw Bbp-[-ßƒ IqSm-sXbpw

ktΩ-fn-°p-hm\pw;

kam-P-ß-tfm, bqWn-b-\p-Itfm cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw;

`mc-X-Øns‚ `q]-tZ-iØv Fhn-sSbpw kzX-¥-ambn

`mc-X-Øns‚ q]-tZ-iØv GXp- m-KØpw Xma-kn-°p-hm\pw

ÿnc-hm-k-am-°p-hm\pw

GsX-¶nepw ]hrØn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw GsX-

¶nepw sXmgn-tem, hym]m-c-tam, _nkn-\t m \S-Øp-

∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-iw. kwkmc kzmX¥yw apX-em-

bh kw_-‘n-®p≈ Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ F√mw `c-W-

L-S-\-bpsS 19-˛mw A\p-t—Zw kwc-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

`c-WLS\-bpsS ]sØm-º-]Xmw A\p-t—Zw \¬In-bn- p≈

Ah-Imiw mc-Xob ]uc-\-√mØ Hcmƒ°pw e`y-a-√. AXn-\m¬

1234123412341234143

A\p-t—Zw ]Xn-s\m-∂n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xn\v- A\p-kr-X-ambn

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ GsX-¶nepw \nb-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn mc-Xob

]ucXzw d±m-°n-bn-´p≈ Hcmƒ°v ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw

\¬In-bn-´p≈ GsX-¶nepw Ah-Im-i-ew-L\w D≠mbn F∂v

]cm-Xn-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√. ]ucXzw Xs∂ `c-W-LS\ Dd-∏p-\¬In-

bn-´p≈ Hcp auenImh-Im-i-a-√. ]ucXzw Ft∏mgpw ]Xn-

s\m∂mw A\p-t—-Z-Øn\p Iogn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ \nba

]m]vXn°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. Hcmƒ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn-em-bXp

sIm≠p-amXw Abmƒ C¥y≥ ]uc-\-√m-Xm-hp-Itbm B A\p-t—Zw

\¬In-bn- p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v A\¿l-\m-hp-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw Kh¨sa‚ v Poh-\-°m-cpsS I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ

\n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn an°-hmdpw Cu kzmX-¥y-ßƒ Cu

A\p-t—-Z-Øns‚ c≠pw Bdpw JWvUw aqew ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw

\¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]uc-∑m-cmb km[m-c-W-°m-cmb Bfp-Iƒ°v

amX-am-Wp-≈-Xv. sjb¿tlmƒtUgvkv AXns‚ ]uc-∑m-cm-

sW-¶n¬IqSn Hcp tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ]uc-\mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-

Sm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ sjb¿tlmƒtUgvkv AXns‚ ]uc-∑m-cm-sW-

¶n¬ IqSn Cu A\p-t—-Z-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Bh-iy-s∏-

Sm≥ AXn\v Ign-bn-√. A\p-t—Zw ]Xn-\m-en¬ A\p-im-kn-

°p∂ kaXzw t]mep≈ a‰p auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ a‰p hy‡n-

Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv t]mse tIm¿∏-td-j\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.

F∂m¬.sjb¿tlmƒtU-g vkn\p amXta A\p-t—Zw

]sØm≥]Xns‚ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bq.

kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-´n-√mØ ]uc-∑m-cpsS Hcp Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw

\nb-a-]-c-amb Aÿn-Xz-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-

sfm∂pw Xs∂ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-am-hn-√. skmssk‰n cPn-kvtS-

j≥ BIvSv ]Imcw cPn-kv‰-¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ Hcp skmssk‰n

CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw

A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ H∂mw D]-J-WvU-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂

kwkmcØn\pw Bi-b-]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yw C\n

]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ°v _m[-I-a-√.

`mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw , AJ-WvUX F∂n-h-bp-sStbm

1234123412341234144

cmjvS-Øns‚ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚tbm hntZi cmjvSß-fp-

am-bp≈ kplrXv _‘-ß-fp-sStbm s]mXp-k-am-[m-\-Øn-

s‚tbm k`y-X-bp-sStbm km≥am¿§n-I-X-bp-sStbm Xm¬∏-cy-

ßƒ°v th≠ntbm As√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-b-e-£y-sØtbm,

A]-Io¿Øn-sbtbm Ip‰-Øn-\p≈ t]c-W-sbtbm kw_-‘nt®m

\ymb-amb \nb-¥-W-ßƒ Npa-Øp-∂n-S-tØmfw Cu A\pt—-ZsØ

_m[n-°p-∂-X-√, Aß-s\-bp≈ \nb-¥-W-ßƒ Npa-Øp∂-

Xn -t\m, GsX-¶nepw \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xnt\m Cu

A\p-t—Zw cmjvSsØ XS-bp-∂-Xp-a-√.

1234123412341234145

\nb-¥-W-ßƒ

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ c≠mw

JWvU-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw Bbp-[-

ßƒ IqSm-sXbpw ktΩ-fn-°p-hm\p≈ kzmX-¥yhpw aq∂mw

JWvU-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ kam-P-ßtfm bqWn-b-\p-Itfm cq]o-I-cn-°p-

hm-\p-ap≈ kzmX-¥yhpw Nne Imcy-ßƒ°v _m[-I-a-√. AXm-bXv

`mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, AJ-WvU-X, F∂n-h-bp-sStbm

s]mXp-k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚tbm Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n \ymb-

amb \nb-¥-W-ßƒ Npa-Øp-∂-Xn¬- \n-t∂m- GsX-¶nepw

\nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n-t∂m- Cu A\p-t—Zw cmjvSsØ

XS-bp-∂n-√. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-

]-Imcw Hcp ]uc\v- GsX-¶nepw hrØn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-

Xn\pw GsX-¶nepw sXmgntem hym]m-c-tam, _nkn-\t m

sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX B\-s°mºv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xv

\nbaw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv. \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmWw hgn AXv XS-bp-tºmƒ ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-

Øns‚ Bdmw JWvUØns‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬

hcp∂ Hcp \nb-a-ambn CXv amdpw. CtXmsS \ymb-amb

\nb-¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse

]cn -ÿn -Xnbv°v B]-XvI -c -amb Hcp hyh-kmbw

\nb¥n°pItbm ]q¿Æ-ambpw \ntcm-[n-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Btcm-Ky-Øn\p lm\n-I-c-amb acp-∂p-Ifpw Huj-[-

L-S-I-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn kºq¿Æ \ntcm-[\w

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1234123412341234146

sXmgn¬ \nb-¥Ww

]uc≥am¿ sXmgntem hrØntbm sNøp∂Xn¬ `c-W-

Iq -S -Øn\p \ymb-amb \nb-¥-W-ßƒ hgn kzm[o\w

sNep-Øm-sa∂v `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 19-˛mw A\p-t—Zw H∂mw

JWvUw Ggmw D]-JWvUw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Cu A\p-t—-Z-

Ønse \n_-‘-\-I-f-\p-k-cn®v Hcp hy‡nt°m Atkm-kn-

tb-jt\m A¿l-cmb Bfp-I-fn¬ \n∂v a’-c-an√mØ Hcp

sXmgn-entem hym]m-c-Øntem IpØImh-Imiw \¬In-bn- n-√.

AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ GsX-¶nepw kwÿm\ \S-]Sn ImcWw

Hcp a’-c-Øn\v Bkv]-Z-amb Imcyw D≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

\ne-hn-ep≈ IpØ-Im-h-Im-i-Øns‚ t\ -ßƒ e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂

Hcp hym]m-cnt°m ssesk-≥knt°m Cu A\p-t—Zw

A\p-im-kn-°p∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øns‚ ewL\w D≠mbn

F∂v Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Hcp ]uc\p Xs‚-

sXm-gn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn\v Abmƒ°v C-jvS-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp

ÿew sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ auen-Im-h-Imiw C√. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v GsX-¶nepw Hcp ka-btØm As√-¶n¬ sXcp-hntem-

hym]mcw sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. Cu Ah-Im-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc

`c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p s]mXp-ku-Icy XmXv]-cy-Øn-\mbn \ymb-amb

\nb-¥-W-ßƒ hcp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1234123412341234147

hy‡nkzmX¥yhpw kmaq-lnI \nb-¥-Whpw

\ncp-]m-[n-I-tam, A\n-b-¥n-Xtam Bb hne-°p-Iƒ C√mØ

kzmX¥yw F∂ Hcp Bibw ]m_-ey-Øn¬ C√. Fs¥-

∂m¬ Ah Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn-te°pw Ia-t°-Sp-I-fn-te°pw hgn-

sX-fn-°pw. F√m Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-sSbpw DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-ihpw

A\p-`-hhpw \ymb-amb D]m-[n-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. kpc-£n-

X-Øzw, Btcm-Kyw, kam-[m-\w, Ia-k-am-[m-\w, kmaq-lnI kZm-Nmcw

F∂n-hsb B[m-c-am°n,- `cn-°p∂ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v bp‡-

sa∂p tXm∂p∂ \nb-¥-W-ßƒ CXn-\mbn sIm≠p-h-cmw.

km[m-c-W-bmbn Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw Abm-fpsS coXnbv°pw

kt¥m-j-Øn\pw A\p-kr-X-ambn Pohn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-¥-ap-≠v.

Abmƒ°n-jvS-ap-≈Xv ]d-bm≥ Abmƒ°n-jvS-ap-≈n-SØp

t]mIm≥, Abmƒ°v kt¥mjw \¬Ip∂ tPmen-bntem

sXmgn-entem G¿s∏-Sm≥ AXm-bXv \nb-a-]-c-ambn Abmƒ°v

a‰p-≈-hsc XS- -s∏-Sp-ØmsX sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ F√m Imcy-

ßƒ°pw Abmƒ°v kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu kzmX¥y-

ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\p kaqlw AXns\ Xs∂ Nne

A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬In kmbp-[-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. `c-W-L-S\

ChnsS ]uc≥am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, ]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm≠v

sNøm-\p-t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp F-s¥-∂m¬,- hy‡n-kzm-X-¥yhpw

kmaq-lnI \nb-¥-Whpw XΩn¬ Hcp k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ sNep-

ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm-ºXmw A\p-t—Zw

hy‡n kzmX-¥y-ß-fpsS Hcp ]´nI \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂n v

hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \nbaw aqew kmaq-lnI t£a-Øn\pw

s]mXp--k-Zm-Nm-c-Øn\pw th≠n G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ \nb-¥-

W-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

1234123412341234148

]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw H∂mw JWvUw kwkmc

kzmX¥yw \¬I-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kzmX¥yw F∂Xv-

Hcmƒ°v Abm-fpsS A`n-]m-b-ßfpw at\m-[¿Ω-ßfpw

hmbvsam-gn-bmtbm enJn-X-s∏-Sp-Øntbm A®-Snt®m NnX-ß-

fn-eq-sStbm Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sStbm As√-¶n¬

at‰-sX-¶nepw coXn-bn¬ AXm-bXv ImWmt\m tIƒ°mt\m

Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-am-Wv.- CXn¬

]X-kzm-X¥yw amX-a√ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcmƒ Xs‚

Bibw ]ISn∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v- BwKy-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂

Zriy-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Spw. ]I-S\w F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ km[m-c-

W-bmbn Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv Hcp c≠mw-I-£n-tbmSv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-

btam ]I-S-\tam \S-Øp∂p F∂m-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Bi-b-

]-I-S\w F∂ kzmX¥yw sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv, Bi-b-ß-

fpsS ]N-cWw \S-Øm-\p≈ kzmX-¥yhpw Ah-bpsS

]kn-≤o-I-c-Whpw ]Nm-c-Whpw Aß-s\-bp≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚

hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p DØcw \¬Im-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihp-am-Wv.

1234123412341234149

kwkmc kzmX¥yhpw Bib ]I-S\hpw

\nb-¥n-°p∂ Imc-W-ßƒ

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-Ønse kwkm-c-

kzm-X-¥y-hpw Bi-b-]-I-S-\hpw \nb-¥n-°p∂ Imc-W-ßƒ

C\n ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. \nb-¥n-°p∂ \nbaw Hcn-°epw

shdpsX Hcp \n_-‘\ F∂ coXn-bn¬ BI-cp-Xv. cmPyØv

Xs∂ lnwkbv°p t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm, Ia-k-am-[m\w XI¿°p-

∂tXm Bb GsX-¶nepw kwkm-c-ßƒ \nb-¥n-°m≥ `c-W-

Iq-S-Øn\v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS t]cv

]d-™pw- iXp-]-£-Øp-≈-h-cmWv timXm-°ƒ Fs∂ms°

Imc-W-am°nbpw- \nb-a-]-c-amb Bi-b-]-I-S-\sØ XS-bm-\m-hn-√.

IqSmsX cmPy-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-sØbpw A¥ n-s\bpw

_m[n-°p∂ cmPy-kp-c-£, hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ßsf

_m[n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ, Ia-k-am-[m\w XI¿°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ,

kZm-Nm-csØ _m[n-°p-∂-h, tImS-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ \nμ, am\-lm-\n,

\nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øm-\p≈ ]tIm-]\w \S-Øp∂ mj-W-ßƒ

Ch-sbms° kwkmc kzmX¥yw XS-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fm-Wv.

`mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn\pw A¥- n-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bp-ap≈

Bi-b-]-I-S-\-ßƒ \nb-¥n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw c-W-Iq-S-Øn-

\p-≠v. CXv Hcn-°epw ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-Øn\p hncp-≤-

a√. cmPy-Øns‚ kpc£ F∂m¬ hj-fmb As√-¶n¬ Kuc-h-

X-c-amb Ia-k-am-[m-\-an-√mbva D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°pI F∂mWv

A¿∞-am-t°-≠-Xv. CXv km[m-c-W-bm-bp≈ cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-

kp-c£ As√-¶n¬ Ia-k-am-[m\w A]-I-S-Icamw hn[w Dƒs∏-

SmØ Imcy-a-√. AXm-bXv `c-W-Iq-SsØ A´n-a-dn-°m-\p≈

lnwkm-fl-I-amb \o°w, `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc bp≤w, hnπ-hw,

1234123412341234150

]pdØv \n∂p≈ bp≤w, F∂nh cmPy-kp-c-£sb _m[n-°p-∂-

Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ eLp-hmb coXn-bn-ep≈ Ia-k-am-[m-\-ew-L-\-

ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ, el-f,

_l-fw, \nb-¥-W-an-√msX hml-\-tam-Sn-°p-I, c≠v hn`m-K-

ßƒ XΩn¬ iXpX t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I. XpS-ßn-bh CXn-

epƒs∏-Sp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ia-k-am-[m\w XI¿°p-∂Xp t]m’m-

ln-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ \S-]Sn Hcp lo\-amb sIme-]m-XIw Ch-

sbms° cmPy-kp-c-£sb _m[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1234123412341234151

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ kwkmc

kzmX¥yw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kzmX¥yw amXta ]X-

ßƒ°pw \¬In-bn-´p-≈q. AXn-\m¬ ]X kzmX-¥y-w F∂

Hcp ]tXy-I-amb Bibw \ne-hn-en-√. Cu kzmX¥yw ]uc-

\-√mØ Hcmƒ \S-Øp∂ Zn\-]-X-Ønt\m ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

Ønt\m e`n-°p-I-bp-an-√. Hcp ]ucs‚ kzmX-¥y--tØ-°mƒ

Hcn-°epw Db¿∂-X√ ]X-kzm-X-¥y-w. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ cW-

L-S\ kwkmc kzmX¥y-Øn\p A\p-im-kn-°p∂ F√m

\nb¥-W-ßfpw ]X-ßƒ°p-ap-≠v. s]mXp-hmb \nIp-Xn-coXn-

Iƒ, hymh-km-bnI Bh-iy-ßƒ°p≈ \nb-a-ßƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

t£a-Øn-\m-bp≈ N -ßƒ, ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw c≠mw

JWvUnI ]Imcw D≈ a‰p `c-W-\-L-S\m \nb-¥-W-ßƒ,-

tImSXn \nμ, A]-Io-cØn F∂n-h-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ \nb-a-Øn¬

Iogn-ep≈ \ymb-amb coXn-bn¬ dnt∏m¿ v sNøp-tºm-tgm- hna¿in-

°p-tºm-tg-m ]cn-[n-ew-Ln-°p-tºm-gp≈ _m[y-X-Iƒ Chbv°v Hs°

]X-ßfpw hnt[-b-cm-Wv. hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

hnh-c-ß-fpsS timX-kp-I-fn¬ FØm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw IqSn-bm-

Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Pbn¬ am-\p-h¬ A\p-k-cn®pw XS-hp-Im-

cs‚ kΩ-X-tØm-sSbpw BsW-¶n¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂

Hcmƒ°v XS-hp-Im-c-\p-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw

\ntj-[n-°m-\m-hn√.

]X kzmX¥yw

1234123412341234152

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ \mem-a-

Xmbn `mc-X-Øns‚ `q]-tZ-iØv Fhn-sSbpw kzX-¥-ambn

Øn¬ Fhn-sSbpw Xma-kn-°p-hm\pw ÿnc-hm-k-am-°m\pap≈

kzmX¥yap≠v F-∂pw- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ s]mXp-

P\-Xm-Xv]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n \ymb-amb \nb-¥-W-ßƒ

Npa-Øp-∂-Xnt\m Aß-s\-bp≈ \nb-¥-W-ßƒ Npa-Øp∂

GsX-¶nepw \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-hmt\m `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p

A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hml\ KXm-K-X-Øn\pw s]mXp-

I-fntem ]mX-tbm-c-ß-fntem s]mXp-tbm-K-ßtfm ktΩ-f-\-

ßtfm \S-Øm-\p≈ auen-Im-h-Imiw B¿°pw C√.

k©mc kzmX¥yw

1234123412341234153

sXmgn¬ kzmX¥yw

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm-ºXmw A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ Bdmw

`mKØv GsX-¶nepw sXmgn-tem, hym]m-c-tam, _nkn-\tkm

sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ sXmgn-entem

Poh-\-Øntem G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-ap≈ sXmgn¬

kw_-‘tam kmt¶-Xn-Itam Bb tbmKy-X-I-fpsS \nbaw

\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. AXp-t]mse

]uc-∑msc apgp-h-\mtbm `mKn-I-amtbm Hgn-hm°n sImt≠m

a‰p hn[-Øntem `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ DS-a-bntem \nb-¥-W-

Øtem D≈ tIm¿∏-td-jt\m GsX-¶nepw hym]m-ctam _nkn-

\t m hyh-km-btam k¿hotkm \S-Øm\pw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v

A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

s]mXpXm-Xv]-cy-ßsf _m[n-°p∂ hym]m-c-ßƒ, `c-W-

Iq-S-Øns‚ Km‚p-Isf Bi-bn-®p≈ hym]m-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-

bpsS hn-ev]\m-[n-Im-c-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.

AXm-bXv `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-amb

hym]m-c-ßƒ, `c-W-L-S-\-bnse ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—-Z-

Øn¬ Bdmw `mKØv GsX-¶nepw sXmgn-tem, hym]m-c-tam,

_nkn-\t m sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

AXp-t]mse Bdmw D]-J-WvU-]-Imcw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v AXv

\nb- ¥n -°m\pw A[n -Im -c -ap -≠v . DZm -l-c -W-Øn\v

]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw Bdmw D]-JWvUw ]Imcw amX-

ap≈ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn, Hmtcm ]uc\pw s]mXp-

hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ]®-°dn hn¬°m\pw hgn-hm-Wn- -°m-c-\mbn Xs‚

km[-\-ßƒ hn¬°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. Hcmƒ°v Hcp

1234123412341234154

hn]Wn Xs∂ Xs‚ `qan-bn¬ btYjvSw Bcw- n-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

AXp-t]mse Hcp hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\hpw XpS-ßm-\m-hpw.

F∂m¬ hym]mcw \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Hcp ]ucs‚ CjvS-

ßƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂ H∂-√. AXp-t]mse

NqXm´w, hmXp-h-bv°¬ XpS-ßn-bh Hcp hym]m-c-ambn

Bcw-`n-°mt\m \S-Øm\p D≈ auen-Im-h-Imiw Hcp ]uc\pw

`c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-´n-√.

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw hgn Hcp sXmgn¬ XpS-cm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

\¬Ip-tºmƒ AXns‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°pw \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°pw

hnt[-b-am-bmWv B sXmgn¬ \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xv. B \n_-‘-

\-Iƒ ImcWw B¿°pw Ah-cpsS auen-Im-h-Imiw ewLn-°-

s∏´p F∂v Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-°m-\m-hn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

tImS-Xn-bntem ssS_yq-W-entem hmZn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Hcp DS-º-Sntbm Kmt‚m ]Imcw

XpS-tß≠ Hcp sXmgn-en\p auen-Im-h-Im-i-an-√. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\mbn as‰m-cm-fpsS `qan-bn¬ ]th-in-

°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. As√-¶n¬ as‰m-cm-fpsS `qan-bn¬ J\n

\S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw F∂n-h. F∂m¬ DS-a-ÿm-h-Imi

Xmev]cy-ap≈ DS-º-Sn-bm-sW-¶n¬ ÿnXn hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.

AXm-bXv asÆ-Sp -°m-t\m, \n¿ΩmW]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\S-Ømt\m D≈ DS-ºSn. - `c-W-Iq-S-sØ, ]mkvt]m¿´p

]Xn-\n -[n -bmbpw kzoIm-cy-amb sSIvÃp-_p-°p-I-fpsS

]km-[-I-cmbpw ImWm-\p-≈ s]mXp-\nbaw th≠ F∂

hnj-b-Øn-e-p-≈Xpw CXm-Wv.

Hcp ]uc\p Abmƒ°n-jvS-ap≈ hym]m-ctam sXmgntem

\S-Øm≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw A\p-

k-cn®v auen-Im-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-¶nepw ]Xy-£-Øn¬ Xs∂

kaql-Øn\p tZmjw sNøp∂ Fs¥-¶nepw hym]m-c-am-sW-

¶n¬ AXv \S-Øm≥ Abmƒ°v auen-Im-h-Im-i-an-√. AXv

Ft∏mgpw cW-Iq-S-Øn\p ]q¿Æ-ambpw \ntcm-[n-°mt\m As√-

¶n¬ c-W-IqSØns‚ ssek≥tkmsS amXta- \S-Øm≥ Ign-bq-sh∂v

1234123412341234155

\njvI¿jn-°mt\m km[n°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v aZy-hym-]m-cw.

Cu auen-Im-h-Imiw a’-c-an-√msX Hcp IpØ-Im-h-Imiap≈

hym]mcw \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw \¬Ip-∂n-√. AXp-t]mse

`c-W-Iq-S-ta-m as‰mcp hy‡ntbtbm Xs‚ IqsS hym]m-ctam

sXmgntem sNø-W-sa∂p Hcmƒ°v \n¿-_-\v-[n-°m-\p-am-hn-√.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw A\p-k-cn®v

Hcp ]uc\p hym]mcw \S-Øm-\p≈ kzmX¥yw \¬In-bn-´p-

s≠-¶nepw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p Nne \nb-¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-

Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xntem d±m-°p-∂-Xntem

\ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xntem A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v GsX-¶nepw am¿§-

\n¿t±-iI XØz-ßƒ ]men-°m≥ \nb-a-Øn¬ \njvI¿jn-°p-

∂n√ F¶n¬ ]kvXpX \nb-¥-Ww, \ymb-am-b-X√ F∂v

hnh-£n-°pw. Cu \nb-¥Ww hym]mcw \S-Øp-∂Xv ]msS

C√m-Xm-°p∂ H∂m-I-cp-Xv. Aß-s\-bm-Ip-tºmƒ AXv auenIm-

h-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p∂ Hcp Imcy-am-Ipw. \ne-hn-ep≈ Hcp

ssek≥kn°v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Hcp ]Xn-tbm-Knsb krjvSn®p

Ft∂m hym]m-c-Øn¬ a’cw D≠mbn Ft∂m Btcm-]Ww

D∂-bn-°m-\m-hn-√.

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]sØm≥]Xmw A\p-t—Zw A\p-k-cn®v

hym]m-ctam sXmgntem sNøp∂ ]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn¬

`c-W-Iq-S -Øn\p G¿s∏-Sp -Øm-hp∂ \nb-¥-W-ß-fpsS

DZmlcW-ß-fn¬ NneXv C\n ]d-bp∂p.

1. 1947-˛se Ib-‰p-aXn, Cd-°p-aXn BIvSn≥ Iogn¬ cmPy-

Øns‚ kmº-ØnIZrVX \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xns‚

A\n-hm-cy-amb Bh-iy-Øm¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂

\nb-¥-W-ßƒ.

2. Hcp ssek≥kv hymP-ambn e`n®p F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬

AXv d±m-°m-\p≈ Hcp \n_-‘-\.

3. Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ \ymb-hn-ebv°v e`n-°m-\mbn

1234123412341234156

Ah-bpsS hn]-W-\-Øn-\p-ta¬ Npa-Øp∂ Hcp

\nb-¥-Ww.

4. hymh-km-bnI ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw IS-I-fnepw sXmgn¬

ka-b-Øn\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ.

5. I¿j-I-cpsS A`n-hr-≤n-°mbn CS-\n-e-°msc ]msS

C√m-Xm-°p∂ kº-Zmbw Ch-sbms° `c-W-L-S-\-

bpsS 19-˛mw A\p-t—Zw A\p-k-cn®v hym]m-ctam

sXmgntem sNøp∂ ]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn¬

`cW-Iq-S-Øn\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ \nb-¥-W-ß-fpsS

DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv.-

1234123412341234157

kuP\y \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\v A¿l-cmb hn`m-K-ßƒ

1. ]´n-I-PmXn˛]- nI h¿§-Øn¬s∏- -h¿

2. \n¿_-‘nX the°v hnt[-b-cm-°-s∏- -h¿

3. kvXoIfpw Ip´n-Ifpw

4. hnI-emw-K¿

5.- ]-IrXn t£m -Øn-t\m, hwiob AXn-I-a-Ønt\m

Ccbm-b-h¿

6. hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ

7. IÃ-Un-bn¬ FSp-°-s∏- -h¿

F∂n-h¿°v hcp-am\ ]cn[n C√m-sXbpw

8. a‰p-≈-h¿°v 1,00,000 cq]-bn¬ Xmsg hm¿jnI hcpam\w

F∂ ]cn-[nbv°v hnt[-b-am-bpw kuP\y \nba klmbw

e`n°pw.

1234123412341234158

1234123412341234159

ÿncw temIv AZm-e-Øv

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm√w, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ F∂o Pn√-Iƒ°mbnXncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØpw Be-∏p-g, CSp-°n, tIm -bw, Fd-Wm-IpfwXr»q¿ F∂o Pn√-Iƒ°mbn Fd-Wm-Ip-fØpw ]me-°m-Sv, ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, IÆq¿, Imk-d-tKmSv F∂o Pn√-Iƒ°mbn tImgn-t°m-Spw Xmsg hnh-cn-°p∂ s]mXpP\ tkh\taJ-e-I-fnse tkh-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p-ff ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ÿncw temIv AZm-e-Øv ]h¿Øn®p-h-cp∂p.

1) Pew, hmbp, Ic-am¿§-ap-ff bmX2) Nc°v KXm-K-Xw3) X]m¬4) sSen-t^m¨5) IpSn-sh-f-fw6) sshZyp-Xn7) s]mXp ipNo-I-cWw8) Bip-]-XnIƒ, Unkvs]≥kdnIƒ9) C≥jz-pd≥kv10) hnZym- ymkw11) dnb¬ FtÃ‰v

_‘-s∏-tS≠ \º-cp-Iƒ

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw ˛ 0471 2474855Fd-Wm-Ipfw ˛ 0484 2345950tImgn-t°m-Sv ˛ 0495 2367400

1234123412341234160

NEETHIPOORVAM COVERkelsa.nic.in/downloads/Neethipoorvam.pdf · Title: NEETHIPOORVAM COVER Author:...

Documents

Transcript of NEETHIPOORVAM COVERkelsa.nic.in/downloads/Neethipoorvam.pdf · Title: NEETHIPOORVAM COVER Author:...

ù ) 2 1 2 $ 0 + / 0 / 1 2 0 ! . 0£ΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ...Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - Î Î»ÎµÎºÏ Ï Î¿Î¼Î±Î³Î½Î·Ï Î¹ÎºÎ¬ Î Ï Î¼Î±Ï Î± â ÎºÎµÏ

Cover Annual Report/media/Com/Downloads/...βάση κατά 7,5 % το 2011 και είναι μειωμένο κατά 13 % από το 2009. Η ανεργία εκτινάχθηκε

instructions BMW K75-100 Front Side Cover

Cover Glass- ΠΤΥΣΟΜΕΝΟ ΥΑΛΟΠΕΤΑΣΜΑ · 2016-08-09 · Cover Glass- ΠΤΥΣΟΜΕΝΟ ΥΑΛΟΠΕΤΑΣΜΑ 01 O Kόσμος του Γυαλιού Δεκέμβριος

Ï•-Ï• stacking vs. Câ•fiH/Ï• interaction: Excimer ... · π-π stacking vs. C–H/π interaction: Excimer formation and charge resonance stabilization in van der Waals

GD880 HUN cover - LG USA

ÎŁÎ¼Î¼Î Ï…Ï›Ï‡ â•fi ÎŠ Villa Savoye Ï—Î¿Ï– Le Corbusier … · is the Villa Savoye that most often represents the early period. Yet Savoye is not the

opencourses.ionio.gr · Created Date ï¿½ï¿½> ï¿½ï¿½ jï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½

ÎÎÏËÛ›·* - ecclesia.gr · £π∞1/2013 96 ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙe Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÉ˜ \∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÉ˜ ¶·Ú¿‰ÔÛË˜ ì \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· à ÔÙÂÏÔÜÛÂ

F01 HEADLIGHT ASSY · 2019-04-20 · grip,handle cover，handlebar cover，handlebar ... cover, right line.fr cover, water tank battery panel cover, vent grille battery box cover，radiator

Downloads Priftis El

Cover Cover gregscs-b2c.lge.com/downloadFile?fileId=KRUSG000000431.pdf · τηλεόραση. Το περιεχόμενο του οδηγού υπόκειται σε αλλαγές

ï(C/EBP ï myeloid and erythroid lineage hematopoietic cells · 2020. 6. 29. · of transcription factors. In the hematopoietic system, C/EBP ï plays a role in the growth and development

COVER Layout 1

ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ... - imks.gr · Title: ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½

Flyte infant carrier user guide - Mothercare · The car safety seat must not be used without the cover. Always use an ORIGINAL car safety seat cover, as the cover contributes to the

Βαθμός Προτεραιότητας: Ε. ΕΕΙΓ C A ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ......«ΝΑΥΤΙΛΙΑΚΕΣ ΓΝΩΣΕΙΣ» και το βιβλίο μαθητή

Î Î¬Ï Ï Î¹Î½Î± CV 4.2019philology.uoc.gr/uploads/Natsina_CV-el.pdf · Title: Microsoft Word - Î Î¬Ï Ï Î¹Î½Î±_CV_4.2019.doc Author: natsina Created Date: 4/10/2019

ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ · 2020. 3. 12. · Title: ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ Author: ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½ ï¿½

Î Ï„Ï…Ï‡Î¹Î±ÎºÎ® Î•Ï-Î³Î±ÏƒÎ¯Î± ÎžÎµÎ½Î¹Î± Î Î±Ï-Î¿Ï…ÏƒÎ¹Î±ÏƒÎ·