Cours Python 3

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COURS PYTHON

Transcript of Cours Python 3

Bob CORDEAU & Laurent POINTAL

Une introduction à Python 3version 1.6

Bob CORDEAU

Laurent POINTAL

UNE INTRODUCTION

à

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En se partageant le savoir ne se divise pas, il se multiplie.

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Indexation des séquences

Types de base

Mémento Bases Python 3©2012-2013 - Laurent PointalLicence Creative Commons Paternité 2

Documentation officielle Python sur

http://docs.python.org/py3k

0783 -192int

9.23 -1.7e-60.0float

True Falsebool

"Un\nDeux" 'L\'âme'str

"""X\tY\tZ1\t2\t3"""

10-6

tabulation

retour à la ligne

multiligne

Types Conteneurs

list [1,5,9] ["x",11,8.9] ["mot"] []tuple (1,5,9) 11,"y",7.4 ("mot",) ()

dict{1:"un",3:"trois",2:"deux",3.14:"π"}{"clé":"valeur"}

set

{}

{1,9,3,0}

◾ séquences ordonnées, accès index rapide, valeurs répétables

set()

◾ sans ordre a priori, clé unique, accès par clé rapide ; clés = types de base ou tuples

{"clé1","clé2"}

non modifiable

Affectation de variables

x = 1.2+8+sin(0)

y,z,r = 9.2,-7.6,"bad"

valeur ou expression de calcul

nom de variable (identificateur)

a‥zA‥Z_ suivi de a‥zA‥Z_0‥9◽ accents possibles mais à éviter◽ mots clés du langage interdits◽ distinction casse min/MAJ

expression juste avec des virgules

non modifiable,

séquence ordonnée de caractères

dictionnaire

ensemble

entier, flottant, booléen, chaîne

conteneur de plusieurs valeurs (ici un tuple)

noms devariables

Identificateurs

☺ a toto x7 y_max BigOne☹ 8y and

x+=3 x-=2incrémentationdécrémentation

Conversions

pour les listes, tuples, chaînes de caractères,…

int("15")

float("-11.24e8")

bool

str(78.3) repr("Texte")

on peut spécifier la base du nombre entier en 2nd paramètre

int(15.56) troncature de la partie décimale (round(15.56) pour entier arrondi)

et pour avoir la représentation littérale

type(expression)

utiliser des comparateurs (avec ==, !=, <, >, …), résultat logique booléen

voir au verso le formatage de chaînes, qui permet un contrôle fin

":".join(['toto','12','pswd']) 'toto:12:pswd'chaîne de jointure séquence de chaînes

"des mots espacés".split() ['des','mots','espacés']

"1,4,8,2".split(",") ['1','4','8','2']chaîne de séparation

dict([(3,"trois"),(1,"un")]) {1:'un',3:'trois'}

list("abc") ['a','b','c']utilise chaque élément de

la séquence en paramètre

set(["un","deux"]) {'un','deux'}utilise chaque élément de

la séquence en paramètre

lst=[11, 67, "abc", 3.14, 42, 1968] lst[1]→67lst[-2]→42

0 1 2 3 54

-6 -5 -4 -3 -1-2

accès individuel aux éléments par [index]index positif

index négatif

0 1 2 3 54 6

-6 -5 -4 -3 -1-2tranche négative

tranche positive

accès à des sous-séquences par [tranche début:tranche fin:pas]

len(lst) 6

lst[1:3]→[67,"abc"]

lst[::2]→[11,"abc",42]lst[-3:-1]→[3.14,42]lst[:3]→[11,67,"abc"]

lst[:-1]→[11,67,"abc",3.14,42]

lst[4:]→[42,1968]

lst[1:-1]→[67,"abc",3.14,42]

lst[:]→[11,67,"abc",3.14,42,1968]Indication de tranche manquante → à partir du début / jusqu'à la fin.

Instruction conditionnelle

if x==42: # bloc si expression logique x==42 vraie print("vérité vraie")elif x>0: # bloc sinon si expression logique x>0 vraie print("positivons")elif bTermine: # bloc sinon si variable booléenne bTermine vraie print("ah, c'est fini")else: # bloc sinon des autres cas restants print("ça veut pas")

Logique booléenne Blocs d'instructions

instruction parente: bloc d'instructions 1… ⁝ instruction parente: bloc d'instructions 2… ⁝

instruction suivante après bloc 1

ind

enta

tio

n !

Comparateurs: < > <= >= == !=≠=≥≤

a and b

a or b

not a

et logique

ou logique

non logiquel'un ou l'autre ou les deux

les deux en même temps

if expression logique: bloc d'instructions

bloc d'instructions exécuté

uniquement si une condition est vraie

TrueFalse

valeur constante vrai

valeur constante faux

combinable avec des sinon si, sinon si... et un seul sinon final,exemple :

lst[-1]→1968

lst[0]→11

le dernier

le premier

x=None valeur constante « non défini »

Maths

Opérateurs: + - * / // % **× ÷

÷ entière reste ÷ab

from math import sin,pi…

' échappé

abs(-3.2)→3.2

round(3.57,1)→3.6

☝ nombres flottants… valeurs approchées !

sin(pi/4)→0.707…cos(2*pi/3)→-0.4999…

sqrt(81)→9.0 √log(e**2)→2.0

angles en radians

acos(0.5)→1.0471…

etc. (cf doc)

(1+5.3)*2→12.6

pour noms de variables,

fonctions, modules, classes…

Mémento v1.2.1bis

Sur les séquences modifiables, utilisable pour suppression del lst[3:5] et modification par affectation lst[1:4]=['hop',9]

str en tant que séquence ordonnée de caractères

couples clé/valeur

"modele{} {} {}".format(x,y,r)"{sélection:formatage!conversion}"◽ Sélection : 2 x 0.nom 4[clé] 0[2]

str

Affichage / Saisieprint("v=",3,"cm :",x,",",y+4)

Options de print: ◽ sep=" " (séparateur d'éléments, défaut espace) ◽ end="\n" (fin d'affichage, défaut fin de ligne) ◽ file=f (print vers fichier, défaut sortie standard)

éléments à afficher : valeurs littérales, variables, expressions

boucle sur dict/set = boucle sur séquence des clés

Instruction boucle conditionnellebloc d'instructions exécuté

tant que la condition est vraie

while expression logique: bloc d'instructions

s = 0i = 1

while i <= 100: # bloc exécuté tant que i ≤ 100 s = s + i**2 i = i + 1

print("somme:",s)

initialisations avant la boucle

condition avec au moins une valeur variable (ici i)

s= ∑i=1

i=100

i2

☝ faire varier la variable

de condition !

Instruction boucle itérativebloc d'instructions exécuté pour

chaque élément d'un conteneur ou d'un itérateur

for variable in séquence: bloc d'instructions

s = "Du texte"cpt = 0

for c in s: if c == "e": cpt = cpt + 1print("trouvé",cpt,"'e'")

Parcours des valeurs de la séquence

Comptage du nombre

de e dans la chaîne.

Parcours des index de la séquence◽ changement de l'élément à la position◽ accès aux éléments autour de la position (avant/après)

lst = [11,18,9,12,23,4,17]perdu = []for idx in range(len(lst)): val = lst[idx] if val> 15: perdu.append(val) lst[idx] = 15print("modif:",lst,"-modif:",perdu)

Bornage des valeurs

supérieures à 15,

mémorisation des

valeurs perdues.

☝ attention aux boucles sans fin !

initialisations avant la boucle

variable de boucle, valeur gérée par l'instruction for

utilisation des tranches pour parcourir un sous-ensemble de la séquence

résultat de calcul après la boucle

Formatage de chaînesvaleurs à formaterdirectives de formatage

Génération de séquences d'entiers

Fichiers

s = input("Directives:")☝ input retourne toujours une chaîne, la convertir vers le type

désiré (cf encadré Conversions au recto).

très utilisé pour les

boucles itératives for

range retourne un « générateur », faire une conversion en liste pour voir les valeurs, par exemple: print(list(range(4)))

range(5) 0 1 2 3 4range(3,8) 3 4 5 6 7range(2,12,3) 2 5 8 11

range([début,] fin [,pas])

f = open("fic.txt","w",encoding="utf8")stockage de données sur disque, et relecture

mode d'ouverture◽ 'r' lecture (read)◽ 'w' écriture (write)◽ 'a' ajout (append)…

encodage des caractères pour lesfichiers textes:uft8 ascii

latin1 …

nom du fichiersur le disque(+chemin…)

variable fichier pourles opérations

f.write("coucou")en écriture

☝ fichier texte → lecture / écriture

de chaînes uniquement, convertir

de/vers le type désiré

en lecture

s = f.read(4)

for ligne in f : bloc de traitement de la ligne

cf fonctions des modules os et os.path

si nb de caractères pas précisé, lit tout le fichier

s = f.readline()

lecture lignesuivante

f.close() ☝ ne pas oublier de refermer le fichier après son utilisation !Fermeture automatique Pythonesque : with open(…) as f:

très courant : boucle itérative de lecture des lignes d'un fichier texte :

Définition de fonction

def nomfct(p_x,p_y,p_z): """documentation""" # bloc instructions, calcul de res, etc. return res

nom de la fonction (identificateur)

valeur résultat de l'appel.si pas de résultat calculé à retourner : return None

☝ les paramètres et toutes les variables de ce bloc n'existent que dans le bloc et pendant l'appel à la fonction (« boite noire »)

paramètres nommés

Appel de fonctionr = nomfct(3,i+2,2*i)

un argument par paramètrerécupération du résultat retourné (si nécessaire)

Opérations sur conteneurs

chaîne vide si fin de fichier

len(c)min(c) max(c) sum(c)sorted(c)

reversed(c)

☝ modification de la liste originale

lst.append(item)

lst.pop(idx)lst.sort() lst.reverse()

"{:+2.3f}".format(45.7273)→'+45.727'"{1:>10s}".format(8,"toto")→' toto'"{!r}".format("L'ame")→'"L\'ame"'

non comprispar défaut 0

◽ Conversion : s (texte lisible) ou r (représentation littérale)

< > ^ = 0 au début pour remplissage avec des 0entiers: b binaire, c caractère, d décimal (défaut), o octal, x ou X hexa…flottant: e ou E exponentielle, f ou F point fixe, g ou G approprié (défaut), 

% pourcentagechaîne : s …

◽ Formatage :car-rempl. alignement signe larg.mini.précision~larg.max type

+ - espace

c.index(val) c.count(val)

→ nb d'éléments

→ copie triée

→ itérateur inversé→ position → nb d'occurences

lst.extend(seq) ajout d'un élément à la finajout d'une séquence d'éléments à la fin

lst.insert(idx,val) insertion d'un élément à une position

lst.remove(val) suppression d'un élément à partir de sa valeursuppression de l'élément à une position et retour de la valeur

tri / inversion de la liste sur place

Opérations sur dictionnaires Opérations sur ensemblesOpérateurs: | → union (caractère barre verticale)& → intersection- ^ → différence/diff symétrique< <= > >= → relations d'inclusion

d.update(d2) mise à jour/ajout

des couples

Note: Pour dictionnaires et ensembles,

ces opérations travaillent sur les clés.

Spécifique aux conteneurs de séquences (listes, tuples, chaînes) :

val in c → booléen, opérateur in de test de présence (not in d'absence)

Opérations sur listes

d[clé]→valeur del d[clé]d[clé]=valeur

d.keys()

d.clear()

d.items()d.values() vues sur les clés,

valeurs, couples

Ex

emp

les

d.pop(clé)

s.update(s2)s.add(clé) s.remove(clé)s.discard(clé)

c*5 → duplication c+c2→ concaténation

Contrôle de bouclebreak

continue

sortie immédiate

itération suivante

Parcours simultané index et valeur de la séquence:for idx,val in enumerate(lst):

enumerate(c)→ itérateur sur (index,valeur)