Cours Python 3
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Transcript of Cours Python 3

Bob CORDEAU & Laurent POINTAL
Une introduction à Python 3version 1.6


Bob CORDEAU
Laurent POINTAL
UNE INTRODUCTION
à
PYTHON 3version 1.6
En se partageant le savoir ne se divise pas, il se multiplie.


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Indexation des séquences
Types de base
Mémento Bases Python 3©2012-2013 - Laurent PointalLicence Creative Commons Paternité 2
Documentation officielle Python sur
http://docs.python.org/py3k
0783 -192int
9.23 -1.7e-60.0float
True Falsebool
"Un\nDeux" 'L\'âme'str
"""X\tY\tZ1\t2\t3"""
10-6
tabulation
retour à la ligne
multiligne
Types Conteneurs
list [1,5,9] ["x",11,8.9] ["mot"] []tuple (1,5,9) 11,"y",7.4 ("mot",) ()
dict{1:"un",3:"trois",2:"deux",3.14:"π"}{"clé":"valeur"}
set
{}
{1,9,3,0}
◾ séquences ordonnées, accès index rapide, valeurs répétables
set()
◾ sans ordre a priori, clé unique, accès par clé rapide ; clés = types de base ou tuples
{"clé1","clé2"}
non modifiable
Affectation de variables
x = 1.2+8+sin(0)
y,z,r = 9.2,-7.6,"bad"
valeur ou expression de calcul
nom de variable (identificateur)
a‥zA‥Z_ suivi de a‥zA‥Z_0‥9◽ accents possibles mais à éviter◽ mots clés du langage interdits◽ distinction casse min/MAJ
expression juste avec des virgules
non modifiable,
séquence ordonnée de caractères
dictionnaire
ensemble
entier, flottant, booléen, chaîne
conteneur de plusieurs valeurs (ici un tuple)
noms devariables
Identificateurs
☺ a toto x7 y_max BigOne☹ 8y and
x+=3 x-=2incrémentationdécrémentation
Conversions
pour les listes, tuples, chaînes de caractères,…
int("15")
float("-11.24e8")
bool
str(78.3) repr("Texte")
on peut spécifier la base du nombre entier en 2nd paramètre
int(15.56) troncature de la partie décimale (round(15.56) pour entier arrondi)
et pour avoir la représentation littérale
type(expression)
utiliser des comparateurs (avec ==, !=, <, >, …), résultat logique booléen
voir au verso le formatage de chaînes, qui permet un contrôle fin
":".join(['toto','12','pswd']) 'toto:12:pswd'chaîne de jointure séquence de chaînes
"des mots espacés".split() ['des','mots','espacés']
"1,4,8,2".split(",") ['1','4','8','2']chaîne de séparation
dict([(3,"trois"),(1,"un")]) {1:'un',3:'trois'}
list("abc") ['a','b','c']utilise chaque élément de
la séquence en paramètre
set(["un","deux"]) {'un','deux'}utilise chaque élément de
la séquence en paramètre
lst=[11, 67, "abc", 3.14, 42, 1968] lst[1]→67lst[-2]→42
0 1 2 3 54
-6 -5 -4 -3 -1-2
accès individuel aux éléments par [index]index positif
index négatif
0 1 2 3 54 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -1-2tranche négative
tranche positive
accès à des sous-séquences par [tranche début:tranche fin:pas]
len(lst) 6
lst[1:3]→[67,"abc"]
lst[::2]→[11,"abc",42]lst[-3:-1]→[3.14,42]lst[:3]→[11,67,"abc"]
lst[:-1]→[11,67,"abc",3.14,42]
lst[4:]→[42,1968]
lst[1:-1]→[67,"abc",3.14,42]
lst[:]→[11,67,"abc",3.14,42,1968]Indication de tranche manquante → à partir du début / jusqu'à la fin.
Instruction conditionnelle
if x==42: # bloc si expression logique x==42 vraie print("vérité vraie")elif x>0: # bloc sinon si expression logique x>0 vraie print("positivons")elif bTermine: # bloc sinon si variable booléenne bTermine vraie print("ah, c'est fini")else: # bloc sinon des autres cas restants print("ça veut pas")
Logique booléenne Blocs d'instructions
instruction parente: bloc d'instructions 1… ⁝ instruction parente: bloc d'instructions 2… ⁝
instruction suivante après bloc 1
ind
enta
tio
n !
Comparateurs: < > <= >= == !=≠=≥≤
a and b
a or b
not a
et logique
ou logique
non logiquel'un ou l'autre ou les deux
les deux en même temps
if expression logique: bloc d'instructions
bloc d'instructions exécuté
uniquement si une condition est vraie
TrueFalse
valeur constante vrai
valeur constante faux
combinable avec des sinon si, sinon si... et un seul sinon final,exemple :
lst[-1]→1968
lst[0]→11
le dernier
le premier
x=None valeur constante « non défini »
Maths
Opérateurs: + - * / // % **× ÷
÷ entière reste ÷ab
from math import sin,pi…
' échappé
abs(-3.2)→3.2
round(3.57,1)→3.6
☝ nombres flottants… valeurs approchées !
sin(pi/4)→0.707…cos(2*pi/3)→-0.4999…
sqrt(81)→9.0 √log(e**2)→2.0
angles en radians
acos(0.5)→1.0471…
etc. (cf doc)
(1+5.3)*2→12.6
pour noms de variables,
fonctions, modules, classes…
Mémento v1.2.1bis
Sur les séquences modifiables, utilisable pour suppression del lst[3:5] et modification par affectation lst[1:4]=['hop',9]
str en tant que séquence ordonnée de caractères
couples clé/valeur

"modele{} {} {}".format(x,y,r)"{sélection:formatage!conversion}"◽ Sélection : 2 x 0.nom 4[clé] 0[2]
str
Affichage / Saisieprint("v=",3,"cm :",x,",",y+4)
Options de print: ◽ sep=" " (séparateur d'éléments, défaut espace) ◽ end="\n" (fin d'affichage, défaut fin de ligne) ◽ file=f (print vers fichier, défaut sortie standard)
éléments à afficher : valeurs littérales, variables, expressions
boucle sur dict/set = boucle sur séquence des clés
Instruction boucle conditionnellebloc d'instructions exécuté
tant que la condition est vraie
while expression logique: bloc d'instructions
s = 0i = 1
while i <= 100: # bloc exécuté tant que i ≤ 100 s = s + i**2 i = i + 1
print("somme:",s)
initialisations avant la boucle
condition avec au moins une valeur variable (ici i)
s= ∑i=1
i=100
i2
☝ faire varier la variable
de condition !
Instruction boucle itérativebloc d'instructions exécuté pour
chaque élément d'un conteneur ou d'un itérateur
for variable in séquence: bloc d'instructions
s = "Du texte"cpt = 0
for c in s: if c == "e": cpt = cpt + 1print("trouvé",cpt,"'e'")
Parcours des valeurs de la séquence
Comptage du nombre
de e dans la chaîne.
Parcours des index de la séquence◽ changement de l'élément à la position◽ accès aux éléments autour de la position (avant/après)
lst = [11,18,9,12,23,4,17]perdu = []for idx in range(len(lst)): val = lst[idx] if val> 15: perdu.append(val) lst[idx] = 15print("modif:",lst,"-modif:",perdu)
Bornage des valeurs
supérieures à 15,
mémorisation des
valeurs perdues.
☝ attention aux boucles sans fin !
initialisations avant la boucle
variable de boucle, valeur gérée par l'instruction for
utilisation des tranches pour parcourir un sous-ensemble de la séquence
résultat de calcul après la boucle
Formatage de chaînesvaleurs à formaterdirectives de formatage
Génération de séquences d'entiers
Fichiers
s = input("Directives:")☝ input retourne toujours une chaîne, la convertir vers le type
désiré (cf encadré Conversions au recto).
très utilisé pour les
boucles itératives for
range retourne un « générateur », faire une conversion en liste pour voir les valeurs, par exemple: print(list(range(4)))
range(5) 0 1 2 3 4range(3,8) 3 4 5 6 7range(2,12,3) 2 5 8 11
range([début,] fin [,pas])
f = open("fic.txt","w",encoding="utf8")stockage de données sur disque, et relecture
mode d'ouverture◽ 'r' lecture (read)◽ 'w' écriture (write)◽ 'a' ajout (append)…
encodage des caractères pour lesfichiers textes:uft8 ascii
latin1 …
nom du fichiersur le disque(+chemin…)
variable fichier pourles opérations
f.write("coucou")en écriture
☝ fichier texte → lecture / écriture
de chaînes uniquement, convertir
de/vers le type désiré
en lecture
s = f.read(4)
for ligne in f : bloc de traitement de la ligne
cf fonctions des modules os et os.path
si nb de caractères pas précisé, lit tout le fichier
s = f.readline()
lecture lignesuivante
f.close() ☝ ne pas oublier de refermer le fichier après son utilisation !Fermeture automatique Pythonesque : with open(…) as f:
très courant : boucle itérative de lecture des lignes d'un fichier texte :
Définition de fonction
def nomfct(p_x,p_y,p_z): """documentation""" # bloc instructions, calcul de res, etc. return res
nom de la fonction (identificateur)
valeur résultat de l'appel.si pas de résultat calculé à retourner : return None
☝ les paramètres et toutes les variables de ce bloc n'existent que dans le bloc et pendant l'appel à la fonction (« boite noire »)
paramètres nommés
Appel de fonctionr = nomfct(3,i+2,2*i)
un argument par paramètrerécupération du résultat retourné (si nécessaire)
Opérations sur conteneurs
chaîne vide si fin de fichier
len(c)min(c) max(c) sum(c)sorted(c)
reversed(c)
☝ modification de la liste originale
lst.append(item)
lst.pop(idx)lst.sort() lst.reverse()
"{:+2.3f}".format(45.7273)→'+45.727'"{1:>10s}".format(8,"toto")→' toto'"{!r}".format("L'ame")→'"L\'ame"'
non comprispar défaut 0
◽ Conversion : s (texte lisible) ou r (représentation littérale)
< > ^ = 0 au début pour remplissage avec des 0entiers: b binaire, c caractère, d décimal (défaut), o octal, x ou X hexa…flottant: e ou E exponentielle, f ou F point fixe, g ou G approprié (défaut),
% pourcentagechaîne : s …
◽ Formatage :car-rempl. alignement signe larg.mini.précision~larg.max type
+ - espace
c.index(val) c.count(val)
→ nb d'éléments
→ copie triée
→ itérateur inversé→ position → nb d'occurences
lst.extend(seq) ajout d'un élément à la finajout d'une séquence d'éléments à la fin
lst.insert(idx,val) insertion d'un élément à une position
lst.remove(val) suppression d'un élément à partir de sa valeursuppression de l'élément à une position et retour de la valeur
tri / inversion de la liste sur place
Opérations sur dictionnaires Opérations sur ensemblesOpérateurs: | → union (caractère barre verticale)& → intersection- ^ → différence/diff symétrique< <= > >= → relations d'inclusion
d.update(d2) mise à jour/ajout
des couples
Note: Pour dictionnaires et ensembles,
ces opérations travaillent sur les clés.
Spécifique aux conteneurs de séquences (listes, tuples, chaînes) :
val in c → booléen, opérateur in de test de présence (not in d'absence)
Opérations sur listes
d[clé]→valeur del d[clé]d[clé]=valeur
d.keys()
d.clear()
d.items()d.values() vues sur les clés,
valeurs, couples
Ex
emp
les
d.pop(clé)
s.update(s2)s.add(clé) s.remove(clé)s.discard(clé)
c*5 → duplication c+c2→ concaténation
Contrôle de bouclebreak
continue
sortie immédiate
itération suivante
Parcours simultané index et valeur de la séquence:for idx,val in enumerate(lst):
enumerate(c)→ itérateur sur (index,valeur)


