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,10.12.2012
:1. ...............................32. ................................................................... .33. 3.1 ......................................................................... .63.2 ............................................. .83.3 ......................... .83.4 3D ...................... .103.5 .............................. .143.6 ..................... .163.7 ................................ .183.8 ....................... .213.9 ................................. .213.10 ..................... .223.11 ........................................................................ .223.12 ... .233.12.1 87. .243.12.2 () .253.12.3 ED 50 ( uropean Datum 1950 ) .263.13 4. ................................................................... .264.1 ................................. .264.2 ............................. .284.3 () 1980 (GRS80).... .284.4 1984 (WGS 84).......... .295. ........................................... .306. ..................................................................... .31
1.
, , (), () . , . (...) .
, , . , , .
2.
, , , .
. (900-800 ..) . , 580-500 .. . ( ).
, , . (384-322 .) , , , , , -. (276-192 ..) , .
(.1.1) ( ) , , 7 12 , .
5000 , . - , .
1.1. , 3 .. .
6267 km 7380 km , = 157.7 m = 185 m, 2% + 15.5% (6371 km). , 1670 .., Picard (1620-1683) 6372km +0.01% Rm. Newton .
, (1672) I. Richer, 2.8mm Gayenne ( , . , 5 ) , 15 Newton .
, , , Newton (1643-1727) Huygens (1629-1695) ( ) 1/230 1/578, 1/298.
Baeyer Bessel , - (1831-1833), Bessel (1840) , a=6378397,155m f=1/299.153. .
19 20 , ( -, ) . : Helmert (1907) =6378200m f=1/298.3 J.F. Hayford (1909) =6378388m f=1/297.0.
, . (IUGG) (1924) Hayford . ( Datum 1950, E.D.50), Potsdam.
GRS 1967, GRS 1980 =6378137 m f=1/298.257.
1950, , , , , - , .
3. 3.1
, .
..., / .
, , ( ) .
. , , .
, , , () , . , . , (), ... ..., . , () ( ).
, , :) , () ().) .. , (, ).) (, , , ).
. , (, , , ), , ( ) .
, , , , ( () ), . , . (.. ) , , .
. , 87 ( 87). , .
3.2
.
( ), () . .
. 17 , .
3.3
. y. x y . P x y , ( ) (x,y) P.
3.3.1
(, ) (. 3.3.1), P () oy. . :
X = sin Y = cos
3.4 3d .
. () . . 2, P X (), Y () Z (). 3.4.2.
3.4.2.
()
, , (. 3.4.3).
3.4.3.
:
= cos Y= sinZ = Z
P r, , . (4.3).
3.4.4
X = rcos cos Y = rsin cos Z = rsin
, ( R) .
4.5
P, (a f), () : ( ) ( ).
P(X,Y,Z,t), P t , , , . (. mm/ ).
3.5
, - , , - , .
3 (2 1 ), 6 (3 3 ). : (,,), (,,h) (x,y) 0.
. ( ) .
, , ( ), .
, ( ) , ..., ( ), .
, , , . (3 , 1 ) DATUM, , .
. () () (), () (). , 10 ( ). .
GPS, (ITRS) . , , () .
(), . ( ) . .
3.6
, , Greenwich . , ( ) , , , Greenwich .
P ... X,Y,Z, () - (,) P ( P ) - h. . P (0-90) (0- -90).
() Greenwich P. Greenwich 0-360 . () (h) ..., .
3.6.1 P
:
(3) (3)
, (3), (1) (2) a f.
:
() ,
, ( , .) .
:
a) ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame), , , 1900-1906, Greenwich, . (1500) , / (VLBI, SLR GPS).
b) WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984), GPS , () GPS . 1994 ITRF ITRF.
GRS 80, () .
3.7
, , . ( ) , ( ), , .
( GRS 80) , ( ).
:
1. (o,o,ho) ( ) ..
2.
3. (a,f) .
DATUM .
(,) () , , , . =, = = () , , . ho=Ho, . . , () .
( ) - 1ppm.
(, ) , . .
... , . () , .
( ), ..., (,) (.. , ) - () (,) ( (,) (x,y). () (o) ... ( ) (h), . (x,y, Ho) . .
, .
. ,,.
. () ,,h. () ( H0 ) .
. x,y, ( ), H .
() (h=H+N), .
3.8
( ) . ( ) , .
- . WGS 84, GPS, .
() .
3.9
C, . . ,,C ,, H. 0.1, .
.3.10
, () , - , , . , . x y - ( y x ).
, , . (X,Y,Z) , (,y) ( x,y) ( ) .
3.11
() (,,) , . , - , . , , , . - .
.. . , / - . .
, ( ) . , , , , .
() (,,h) (,,).
3.12
87 , , .
1990, (), , .
.
3.12.1 87
() .
:=38 04 33"8107
=23 55 51"0095
h=481,743m
N=7,000m.
(GRS 80) - :
=+199,652m
= - 74,759m
= -246,055m
, . .
( ) () =24 0=0.9996, /.
3.12.2 ()
1889 .
=37 5820",1000
=0 0 00",0000
= 359 46 13",1000 ( )
= 0m (. h=Ho)
=234258"815 Greenwich. Bessel.
( ) () . .
, Hatt, ( 130 ) 3030. 3.
3.12.3 ED 50 (European Datum 1950)
ED50 (European Datum 1950) Potsdam ayford. , 6. =21 =27 =0.9996. .
4.
ITRS ITRF WGS 84, GPS .
4.1 (ITRS)
, IERS, , , , (ITRS) (ITRF).
ITRS (IUGG General Assembly, Vienna, 1991):1. , ,
2. IERS.
3. (m), (S.)
IERS (IRP), IERS (IRM). ITRS, ITRF, , (, ) . (, ) GRS 80 .
ITRF ( ) , . ITRF 2008 (2008.0).
() , . () 1cm, mm.
() , :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Doppler GPS 1984 (WGS 1984), RS TRF 89, ITRF89 , .
4.2 (ETRS89)
, ED50 (European Datum 1950), ED77. 1987 IUGG (IAG) EUREF (European Reference Frame). () , GIS .
1990 EUREF ETRS89 : "... EUREF ITRS 1989.0, European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRF 1989). ETRF 2007.5.
ETRS89 ITRS, IERS. ITRS CTRS, . ITRS ITRF, IERS, ITRS. set ITRS.
, ITRFyy (yy ). ITRS . , .
4.3 () 1980 (GRS80)
() . . , (CTS).
T 1980 (GRS 1980), 1979 IUGG, :
a=6378137m f=1/298,25722 GM=398600,5km^3S^(-2) (G : , : ) J2 = 0.00108263 ( ) = 7.29211510^(-5)rads^(-1) ( )
() X, Y, Z , , .
4.4 1984 (WGS 84)
WGS ... 1960 . WGS .
WGS72 WGS 84 ( ) TRANSIT (Doppler) GPS, WGS84, .
WGS 84 GRS80 , GRS80. (CTRS) IERS. WGS84, , 2002 ITRF 1cm. , WGS84 ITRF .
5.
() . , () , 1933-1978. , R287, =14,665m. , , .
(.. , ), .
. .
(h) , h=Ho+, .
1. ., ., ., , 2006,
2. Smith J., Introduction to Geodesy. J Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1997
3. orge W., ..., 2000
4. Torge W., Geodesy. Walter de Gruyter, 3rd Edition, Berlin, New York 2001
5. . , ., , 2000
6. . , GPS , 1999
7. . , , 1995
8. .. , , 1980 -