-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2014 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

www.eenadupratibha.net'-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ— §ƒ-ûª Ææç-*éπ-© éÓÆæç -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.... pratibhadesk@eenadu.netMail your comments and suggestions to

K.S. Kumar, Bapatla.Q: When will you eat are you not hungry? - Éçü¿’™ ûª°æ¤p áéπ\úø ÖçüÓ

N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.A: When will you eat? Are you not hungry? This is the correct form.Q: Errors and Rectifications èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.A: 'Common Mistakes in English' by Fitikides (pub.) is a very useful

book.

Engaged withÅçõ‰..?

B. Narasinga Rao, Anakapalli.Q: Ææ®˝, éÀçC ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

"Observing that the military, (1) withoutinvitation, engaged with the civilian popula-tion, (2) Mr. Samparthan said this involve-ment had continued even after that electionwas announced, (3) and had strayed well intoelection related activists".i) Engaged with → Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? (Engage

with)ii) °j ¢√éπuç™ 'Comma'©’ ¢√úÕ† -B®Ω’-†’ (áçü¿’èπ◊,

ᙫ ¢√ú≈®Ó) ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.A: ÂÆj†uç, á´J °œ©’°æ‹ ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, v°æï-©ûÓ

Ææç•çüμ¿ç °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ü¿E îÁ•’ûª÷, X Ææç°æ-®ΩhØ˛ Éçé¬É™« ÅØ√o®Ω’: áEo-éπ©’ v°æéπ-öÀç-*† ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈Ñ v°æ¢Ë’ߪ’ç é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-ü¿F, ÅC áEo-éπ©v°ævéÀߪ’™ èπÿú≈ ûª† Ææç•ç-üμΔEo Å™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*ç-ü¿F.

Engaged with = äéπ-JûÓ Ææç•çüμ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´úøç.≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comma, äéπ phrase †’ ´’®Ìéπ

phrase/ clause †’ç* Núø-íÌ-õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’– °jsentence™, 'Observing that.... invitation, Ñphrase †’ ûª®√yûª ´îËa clause 'engaged... popu-lation' Núø-D-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, comma ¢√ú≈®Ω’. Å™«ÍíN’í∫û√ commas èπÿú≈. Sentence *´®Ω È®çúø’clauses ´’üμ¿u comma Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’.Q: 'Resort to' ÅØË Phrasal verb Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?Resort to = ÉçÍé ´÷®Ω_ç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ îÁúø’ °æEéÀ§ƒ©púøôç.

He resorted to stealing because he found noother way of earning money = úø•’s Ææ秃-ü¿†èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ´÷®Ω_ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-ßË’-Ææ-JéÀ, üÌçí∫-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ§ƒ©p-ú≈fúø’.

Q: "Single Window" Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?A: Single window = The system of granting

permits, licenses, collection of the neces-sary fee, sanction of the government at asingle point in a govt. office for those whowish to start an industry = °ü¿l-°ü¿l °æJ-v¨¡´’©’v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√®Ω’, NNüμ¿ v°æ¶μº’û√yCμ-é¬®Ω’©†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓèπ◊çú≈, NNüμ¿ v°æ¶μº’ûªy ¨»ê-©èπ◊¢Á∞¡xèπ◊çú≈ ¢√JéÀ 鬴-©-Æœ† ņ’-´’-ûª’©’, ™„jÂƆ’q©’™«çöÀN ÅFo äÍé-îÓô ñ«K ÅßË’u NüμΔ†ç.

Anil Tapasya, Vijayawada.Q: First of all complete writing the answers.

- Is this right?A: Correct.Q: Çúø’-èπ◊ØË ´ßª’Ææ’ O’ ¶«•’C. Å°æ¤púË ¢√úÕE •úÕ™

¢ËÊÆh ¢√úø’ àç îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?A: Your boy is still at a playing age. If put him

to school now, what can he learn?Q: ØËØÌ*a ´‚úø’ í∫çô©’/ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ Å®·uçC

- Please say in English.A: It is three hours/ three days since I came.Q: 'Being' and 'having been' - Please let me

know the uses of the above both in thepast/ present tenses.

A: Refer to the answers to the same questionin the previous lessons.

Vijayasimha, Vizianagaram.Please clarify the following doubts.Q: Wanted Professors, Associate Professors in

the following disciplines - Please say themeanings of the above underlined words aswell as Assistant Professors.

A: A learned person, knowing his subject verywell, and teaches in a college/ university,does and guides research is a Professor.An Associate Professor knows the subject

as well as a professor, guides and doesresearch, but next in rank to a professor.

Asst. Professor may be less qualified andless experienced than an Professor/ AssociateProfessor, and may be less qualified. May ormay not be qualified to guide research.Discipline - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– véπ´’-P-éπ~ù. Ééπ\úÕÅ®Ωnç– Subject of study.

Q: How can I write without having a pen - Isthis correct?

A: Correct.Q: Finite verb/ infinite verb - Please let's

know.A: Finite verb- a verb which has tenses,

person (I, II & III) and number - singularand plural.

eg: go - It has the three tenses. It's differentforms, goes, is/ am/ are going etc - indi-cate its tenses, number and person (goes -III person singular).

Infinite Verb ™‰ü¿’. Non-finite verbs Åçö«®Ω’.Ñ verbs éÀ (¢√öÀE verbs ÅE ņ™‰ç) tense í¬F,person í¬F, number í¬F Öçúø´¤.Nonfinite verbs:1. Present Participle - 'ing form' - giving, com-

ing etc.2. Past Participle - sung, given, taken etc. (V3

Åçô÷ Öçö«®Ω’ áèπ◊\-´í¬– éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’.)3. The Infinitive - the basic form of the verb;

eg: go, sing etc. or the 'to infinitive' to go, tosing etc.

Q: ''Shastri, the lion'' - ÉC äéπ ´‚O Ê°®Ω’.ûÁ©’í∫’-™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A: ÉC î√™« *†o N≠æߪ’ç éπüΔ, O’Í® ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. Shastri - Ê°®Ω’, the lion Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπüΔ?

Infinite Verb ™‰ü¿’!

Sohel Patan, Adilabad.Q: They wish today were a

working day/ They wish theyhad a working day today -Let me know the differencebetween above two.

A: Both are correct. No differ-ence between the two sen-tences. They both express awish that cannot become real (B®ΩE éÓÈ®\†’ûÁLÊ° Nüμ¿ç).

Q: Ø√ books á´®Ó §ÚíÌ-ö«d®Ω’ - Say in English.A: Someone took my books and lost them.Q: Sit there alone/ lonely - Say the difference.A: Sit alone = sit by yourself = äçô-Jí¬ èπÿ®Óa-

´úøç. Sit lonely = ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ äçô-Jí¬ÖØ√o-´’ØË ¶«üμ¿ûÓ àé¬-éÀí¬ èπÿ®Óa-´úøç.

Q: i) You are transferred to Adilabad.ii) He is shooting at birds - Are the

above two sentences right?A: i) and ii) - Correct.Q: All his muscles seemed to be in his

thighs - Say in Telugu.A: ÅûªúÕ éπçúø-©Fo ÅûªúÕ ûÌúø-™ØË Ö†oô’d

éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· = ÅûªúÕ ûÌúø©’ •©-¢Á’i-†N.Q: They have told me that you have come - Is

this right?A: Correct.Q: Once you wrote: I might not be home -

Shouldn't 'at' be there before the word'home'?

A: I might not be at home (British English) =I might not be home (American English) -Both are right.

S. Chintabhatla, Asifabad.Q: Please clarify whether the following

sentences are correct.a) Take an interest in books.b) Take rest.c) There are fifty congressmen in the

assembly of seventy.d) The museum attached to the town library is

open.e) The people gave chosed and gone a chase to

the murdered.f) We ought to cryhalt to further urbanization

of Delhi.g) The higher you go, the greater is the

corruption.h) Training the fishermen proved the difficult.i) USA is a great country.j) The father as well as the son has been

suffered from tuberculous.k) They hate us, because of the incident.l) One of the men who was taken away was a

cripple.m) Compared with Gujarat, Maharashtra less

trouble.n) He does not visit me nowadays.o) How has long it been raining?p) One thousand children between 6-13 age

group.q) One person was killed and two were

injured.

A: (a) and (b) correct.(c) ... in an assembly of seventy.(d) Correct.(e) The meaning is not clear.(f) and (g) correct.(h) Training the fisherman proved to be

difficult.(i) Correct.(j) The father as well as the son has suffered

from tuberculosis.(k) They hate us because of the incident (No

comma after 'us').(l) One of the men who were taken away...

(The verb after 'who' is plural because, theword 'men' before 'who' is plural).

(m) Compared with Gujarath, Maharashtrahas less trouble/ is less troublesome.

(n) Correct.

(o) How long has it been raining?(p) The expression (which is a phrase) is

correct; but it is not a sentence.(q) Correct.

The men who was taken away..

Is who dead? -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™...

M. SURESAN

Deepika, Sonam, Vijayawada.

Q: Please explain appreciate/ admire with themeanings 'to increase in value', to look atwith admiration.

A: Appreciate = Express your praise forsomething/ someone on the basis of their/its merits = äéπJ/ äéπ-üΔE ´’ç*E/ íÌ°æp-ûª-Ø√Eoñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Åçîª-Ø√-¢ËÆœ îª÷Æœ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´úøç.

Admire = Praise/ have respect for someonefor the great things they have done = á´-È®jØ√íÌ°æp °æ†’-©†’ îËÊÆ-¢√-∞¡x†’ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´úøç – Eïçí¬

¢√∞¡x™ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ÖçüΔ ÅE Åçûªí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊çú≈. (Appreciate - II meaning - increase in value/price.)Land value is appreciating = Land value is

increasing.

Appreciate, Admire -ûË-ú≈?

779

Sit there alone/ lonely...

Tripathi, Machilipatnam.Q: He said, "If I fall asleep wake me up'' (DS)

- Please say (IDS).A: He requested me to wake him up if he fell

asleep.Q: I am unable to get your school - Please say

in Telugu.A: I am unable to get your school = O’ Ææ÷\™¸èπ◊

phone îËÊÆh á´®Ω÷ áûªhúøç ™‰ü¿’.Q: Please explain the following.

Is who dead?A: When we want to be sure we've heard

somebody correctly, we say this: eg: Suneel: I'm (I am) sorry to give you the

news. Our dear friend Prakash is dead.Sameer: Is who dead? (á´®Ω’ îªE-§Ú-®·çC?)

ØËØÌ*a ´‚úø’ í∫çô-™„jç-C...

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2014 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-© Ææç-¶μ«-≠æ-ù...Ramana: Where had you been? I couldn't see

you the whole of the last week. (áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x ¤?§Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’).

Eswar: I had been on a pilgrimage to Kasiwith all my people. I returned only yester-day. (´÷ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ é¬Q ߪ÷vûªèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’.E†oØË AJ-íÌ-î√a†’).

Ramana: Surely you had been to Allahabadtoo where you had a dip in the TriveniSangamam. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å©-£æ…-¶«ü˛ èπÿú≈ ¢ÁRxÅéπ\úø vA¢ËùÀ Ææçí∫- ’ç™ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆæ’ç-ö«´¤.)

Eswar: Sure, I did. I performed the ritualsthere to enable the souls of our dead dearsto rest in peace. (Å™«Íí î˨»†’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈´÷ îªE-§Ú-®·† ¢√∞¡x Çûªt-©èπ◊ ¨»çA éπL-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ† Nüμ¿’-©Fo î˨»†’).

Ramana: What did you do next?Eswar: Then I left for Kasi where I had a dip

in the Ganga and offered worship to LordViswanath. (Ç ûª®√yûª é¬QéÀ •ßª’-™‰lJ ¢ÁRx Åéπ\úøí∫çí∫™ ´·ET é¬Q N¨¡y-Ø√-üμ¿’-úÕéÀ °æ‹ï©’ î˨»†’).

Ramana: The Lord of Kasi and his consort arenot on the same premises, are they? (é¬Q-Ø√-üμ¿’úø’, Çߪ’† ÆæB- ’ùÀ äÍé Ç -®Ω-ù™ Öçúø®Ω’ éπüΔ?)

Eswar: No. OK. It's time I left. More aboutKasi when we meet next. (Öçúø®Ω’. ÆæÍ®, ؈’¢Á∞«x-Lq† õ„jç á°æ¤púÓ ´*açC. ´’†ç ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊†o°æ¤púø’ é¬QE í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª îÁ•’û√).

- N-´®Ω-ù-©’

1) a) Pilgrimage b) Pilgrim2) A dip in the Triveni/ in the Ganga3) Perform rituals4) Offer worship°j Fo B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª-©èπ◊, ¶μºèπ◊h-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† - ÷-ô-™‰.

1) Pilgrim = °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’.Suman: A pilgrimage to Tirupati is not such a

pleasant thing nowadays. (Ñ ®ÓV™x A®Ω’°æAߪ÷vûª Åçûª Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’.)

Dharma: Yea, while the rush of pilgrims can'tbe managed easily the TTD makes it all themore difficult by their special treatment ofVIPs. (Å´¤†’, ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÕE Eߪ’ç-vAç-îªôçéπ≠æd-¢Á’iûË, üË´-≤ƒn†ç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´·ê’u-©-éÀîËa v§ƒ´·êuç´’† éπ≥ƒd-©-ØÁ-èπ◊\´ îËÆæ’hçC.)

2) °æ¤ùu-†-ü¿’™x ≤ƒo†ç = A dip in a sacred/ holyriver.

★ A dip in the Ganga washes away all yoursins. (í∫çí¬-≤ƒo†ç ´’† §ƒ§ƒ-©-Eoç-öÀF éπúÕ-Íí-Ææ’hçC)

3) Perform rituals = do religious ceremonies= °æ¤ùu-B-®√n-©™ ´’†ç îËÊÆ Nüμ¿’©’/ éπ®Ωt-é¬ç-úø©’.

★ Most religions prescribe rituals of one kindor the other. (î√™« ´’û√©’ àüÓ Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† éπ®Ωt-é¬ç-úø-©†’/ Nüμ¿’-©†’ EÍ®l-P-≤ƒh®·).

4) Worship = Ç®√-üμ¿†, °æ‹ï/ Ç®√-Cμç-îªúøç, °æ‹>ç-îªúøç/ éÌ©-´úøç = offer worship

★ Hindus worship a number of gods, whereasChristians and Muslims believe in a singleGod. (£œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ î√™« üË´¤-∞¡x†’ éÌ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’, é¬-FwÈéjÆæh-´¤©’, ´·Æœxç©’ äéπ üË´¤-ù‰o éÌ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’).

★ The Governor and wife offered worship atBhadrachalam on Srirama Navami (X®√´’†´N’ ®ÓV† í∫´-®Ωo®˝, Çߪ’† ÆæB-´’ùÀ üË´¤-úÕéÀ°æ‹ï©’ î˨»®Ω’.)

°æ¤-ùuÍé~-vûª °æ®Ωu-ô-†, -†-D≤ƒo-Ø√-©’, -´’®Ω-ùÀç-*-†-¢√-JéÀ -îËÊÆ鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-©’, ---üË-´¤-∞¡xèπ◊ °æ‹-ï--©’ -îË-ߪ’-úøç --™«ç-öÀ-N

-ûª®Ω-îª÷ Ææç-¶μ«-≠æ--ù-™x -´Ææ’hç-ö«®· éπ-üΔ.. SpokenEnglish -™ -O-öÀéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*-† °æ-üΔ-© --v°æ-ßÁ÷í¬-©

í∫’-Jç-* -Ñ -¢√®Ωç -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-üΔç. M. SURESAN

Ram, Hyderabad.Q: Sir, please explain the following in Telugu.

After shoulda) probability - This key should fit.b) In Rhetorical questions: How should I

know?c) Recommendation (= 'ought') You should

see this film.d) Moral obligation (= 'ought') He should help.e) In subordinate clauses: rather meaningless

(of purpose)I spoke slowly so that there should be nomistake.

f) In subordinate clauses: rather meaningless(of time)I waited until he should finish.

g) In subordinate clauses: after verbs of feelingI was worried lest he should get lost.

h) In subordinate clauses: reported 'shall' or'will'.He said I should be paid.

i) After expressions of surprise or regretI am surprised you should think so.I am sorry you should have been troubled.

j) In conditional clauses:I should take it, if I were you

k) '+ have + ..ed' in conditional clauses:If you should have finished tell him to go.

l) In subordinate clauses: rather meaningless(of time)I waited until he should have finished.

A: The most important point about 'should': Inthe present day English 'should' is mostlyused to tell somebody what they 'have todo' (more or less in the sense of 'must' -àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷L – NCμí¬ ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’Íé.)

Even in indirect speech, 'should' is nolonger used for 'shall' and only 'would' is used.

O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ 'should' ¢√úÕ†Nüμ¿çí¬ ÑØ√öÀ English™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’.

v°æÆæ’hûª English™, Reported / IndirectSpeech™ / Conditions™ (If you should need

my help ™«çöÀ sentences™)/ feelings and emo-tions ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ (I should be happy if that hap-pens) 'should' -¢√-úø-ôç -™‰-ü¿’/ -î√-™« -Å®Ω’--ü¿’.

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'should' °æ‹Jhí¬ omit îËߪ’ôçé¬F, should •ü¿’©’ simple present / past í¬F¢√úøû√ç, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo- •öÀd. a) This key should fit = Ç û√∞¡ç ÆæJ-§Ú-¢√L (ÆæJ-

§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) – Ñ ¢√úø’éπ Éçé¬ ÖçC.b) How should I know? = How do you / does

anybody expect me to know? (Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC).How should I know? éπçõ‰ v°æÆæ’hûª English™

How do I know? / How do you expect me toknow? ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\´.c) You should see this film = O’K ÆœE´÷ ûª°æpéπ

îª÷ú≈L / ÉC ûª°æpéπ îª÷ú≈-Lq† *vûªç.(Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ recommend îËߪ’ôç) – ÉC Éçé¬use™ ÖçC.

d) Åûª†’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L. (He should help)eg: Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω §ÒçC† ≤ƒßª÷-EéÀ

v°æAí¬ – ÉD ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC.e) 'Use of should' here is outdated - É°æ¤p-úÕC

¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø 'should' •ü¿’©’ 'could'/'might' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

f) I waited until he 1) finished / 2) could finish(depend upon the situation - °æJ-Æœn-AE •öÀd. 1) = Åûª†’ °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ ´®Ωèπ◊ / 2) Åûª†’ °æ‹Jhí¬îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊. ('should' Ééπ\úø outdated).

g) The use of 'lest' here followed by 'should' -ÉC èπÿú≈ §ƒûª-•-úÕ-§Ú-®·çC.

1) 'lest' (so that not Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´÷´‚©’Spoken English™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. î√™«ví¬çC∑éπç.

2) Lest ûª®√yûª 'should' ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’.I started early lest I miss the train - Present

day English.I started early lest I should miss the train -

ví¬çC∑éπç, §ƒûª v°æßÁ÷í∫ç.h) He said I should be paid = ؈’ îÁLxç°æ•ú≈-©E

Åûªúø’ îÁ§ƒpúø’. (Ø√èπ◊ úø•’s©’ îÁLxç-î√-©E Åûªúø’îÁ§ƒpúø’) – Ééπ\úø should = must obligation.

i) I am surprised you think so - present dayusage; I am surprised you should think so -old usage - È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç = †’´y™« ņ’-éÓ-´úøç /Ç™-*ç-îªôç Ø√èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC.'I am sorry you have been troubled' is the

current usage ( not you should have been trou-bled) = O’èπ◊ É•sçC éπL-T-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ / É•sç-C-°æ-úøfç-ü¿’èπ◊ Nî√-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.j) I should take it if I were you - old usage.

I would / I'd take it if I were you = ؈’†’´¤y/ O’®Ω’ Å®·ûË üΔEo ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.(Improbable present).k) If you should have finished - Wrong.

If you have finished tell him to go = †’´¤yüΔEo °æ‹Jh îËÊÆh ÅûªEo ¢Á∞¡x-´’†’.

l) I waited until he should have finished -Wrong.I waited until he had finished = Åûª†’ °æ‹JhîËÊÆç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ ¢Ë* ÖØ√o†’.

í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç:In the present day English 'should' is used for 1) Orders: You should do it at once2) Duties/ obligations: I should be at office

by 10 / we should help those who help us. 3) Necessity: I should start now or I'll miss the

train.

You should see this film

780

K.V. Rao, Visakhapatnam.Q: éÀçC °æüΔ© Å®Ωn (¶μ«´) ¶μ‰üΔ-©†’ N -Jç-îªçúÕ.1) Literateur & Literati2) Marriage alliance & Marital relation3) Wear a shirt & Don a shirt4) Give a rejoinder & Give a befitting reply;

Rejoinder & Repartee & Retort.A:1) Literateur - no such word in English.

Literati = a group of persons interested in /sharing interest in Literature.

2) Marriage alliance = An agreement/ a pro-posal for a marriage between a man and awoman.

Marital relation = A couple being a wifeand husband = ¢Áj¢√-£œ«éπ •çüμ¿ç.

3) Wear = a piece of clothing / jewel etc, thatwe have on our body = üμ¿Jç-îªúøç.Don = put on = ü¿’Ææ’h©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç.Wear = á°æ¤púø÷ üμ¿Jç-îËN.

a) He always wears white = Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ûÁ©x-ü¿’Ææ’h™‰ üμ¿J-≤ƒhúø’.

b) He put on his shirt and went for a walk =îÌé¬\ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊E †úø-éπèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’.

★ Put on = Don - Å®·ûË 'Don' é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç/ví¬çC∑éπç (bookish)

4) Rejoinder = Repartee = ûªúø’- ·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢ÁçôØËÉîËa Ææ ÷-üμΔ†ç, Éûª-®Ω’©’ ´’†Lo àüÁjØ√ ņo-°æ¤púø’,é¬Ææh îªûª’-®Ω-ûªûÓ, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-™‰oO’ ņ-™‰-†-ô’xí¬.

Befitting reply = Proper or suitable reply =ûªT† Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç. Å®·ûË 'Befit' = äéπ-JéÀ ûªT†/ÆæÈ®j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË Ñ´÷ô é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç.

'Befitting reply' ÅØËC Indianism. StandardEnglish™ ÉC ¢√úø’-éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.★ É™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’:As befits a man of his status he was given a

grand welcome = ÅûªúÕ ÅçûªÆæ’h/ ÆœnAéÀ ûªT†Nüμ¿çí¬ ÅûªúÕéÀ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æL-é¬®Ω’.Retort = Reply very quickly angrily/

humourously = ¢ÁçôØË ´’† O’ü¿ ´÷ô-°æ-úøéπ´·çüË Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç îÁ°æpúøç éÓ°æçí¬ é¬F/ îªûª’-®Ω-ûªûÓé¬F, (ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ææ´÷-üμΔ†ç îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í∫ôç)

★ Rejoinder, repartee, retort -üΔüΔ°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnçéπ©N, Å®·ûË Retort éÌçîÁç °∂æ÷ô’.

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He always wears white..

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-N-´®Ω-ù-©’...

1) How the crops have withered!2) ... it is drought this year.3) How the rain lashed the coastal areas!4) The low lying areas were flooded.5) We had to wade through knee deep waters.1) Withering of crops = °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-´úøç,

´·êuçí¬ ´®√{©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x.a) Crops wither if there is drought = ´®√{©’ ™‰éπ-

§ÚûË, °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-û√®·.b) Because the farmer used the wrong fertiliz-

er the crop in over half an acre has withered= È®jûª’ ûª°æ¤p á®Ω’-´¤†’ ¢√úÕ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x Å®Ω áéπ®√EéÀ°jí¬ °æçô áçúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. Wither (áçúÕ-§Ú-´úøç) × thrive (¶«í¬ °æçúøôç)

★ Paddy thrives in a hot climate = ´J Ö≠æg-v°æü˨»™x ¶«í¬ °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.

2) Drought = lack of rain (´®√{-¶μ«´ç) causingdry weather.

Kumar: In regions like India the farmer hasno comfort any way. (¶μ«®Ωû˝ ™«çöÀ v§ƒçû√™xÈ®jûª’èπ◊ à Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† Ææ’ê´‚ ™‰ü¿’).

Pramod: Yes. It is either drought or cyclones

and floods. (Å´¤†’. Öçõ‰ ÅØ√´%≠œd ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ûª’§ƒ-†’©’, ´®Ω-ü¿©’).

3) The rain lashed the coastal area = B®Ωv§ƒçû√Eo ´®Ω{ç Bv´-¢Á’i† üÁ•s-éÌ-öÀdçC

Lash = hit with great force = ¨¡éπhçû√ èπÿúø-í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E üÁ•s-éÌ-ôdúøç.

Whip lash = éÌ®Ωú≈ üÁ•s4) Low lying areas = areas at a lower level

than other places = ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’.★ Low lying areas were flooded = low lying

areas were under water/ flood waters =™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’ ´·E-T-§Ú-ߪ÷®·, F∞¡x™x/ ´®Ωü¿F∞¡x™x = submerged = inundated.

Wade through = ûªèπ◊\´ ™ûª’†o F∞¡x™x é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´ôç.

a) He waded up to a point in the sea and thenstarted swimming = Ææ´·-vü¿ç™ éÌçûª ü¿÷®Ωç†úø’Ææ÷h ¢ÁRx Ç ûª®√yûª Ñü¿ôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’.ÉC, Åçõ‰ 'wade' ÅØË ´÷ô†’, àüÁjØ√ ¶μ«®Ωçí¬

îËÊÆ °æ†’©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.eg: Karuna: I went to the university yester-

day for my degree certificate. (E†o Ø√degree certificate éÓÆæç universityéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’).

Rukmini: Did you get it? (ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)Karuna: No. The clerk waded through the

files for half an hour, but could not find it.He told me to come tomorrow. (Ç í∫’´’≤ƒh Çfiles ÅFo Å®Ω-í∫çô ¢ÁA-é¬úø’, é¬F ÅC Åûª-EéÀ éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. Í®°æ¤ ®Ω´’tØ√oúø’.)

781

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M. SURESAN

´®Ω-ü¿©’, éπ®Ω ¤, °æçô †≥ƒd©’, ÅA- %≠œd / ÅØ√´%≠œd ¢√öÀ ´©x éπLÍí °∂æL-û√--©’ -™«ç-öÀ

Å稻-©†’ Ææç¶μ«-≠œç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ᙫçöÀ °æüΔ©’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ Ñ ¢√®Ωç Spoken English ™

ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç.

-É-ü¿l®Ω’ -N’-vûª’-© -´’-üμ¿u Ææç-¶μ«-≠æ-ù..Eeswar: See, how the crops have withered!

Farmers are likely to face loss again thisyear. (îª÷úø’, °æçô-™„™« áçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷ßÁ÷. È®jûª’©’Ñ -ßË’úø’ èπÿú≈ †≥ƒd©’ áü¿’-®Ó\-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)

Viswa: If it was floods last year, it is droughtthis year. The farmer never has any relieffrom these extremes. (éÀçü¿õ‰ú≈C ´®Ω-ü¿-™„jûË,Ñ≤ƒJ ¢√†©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. Öçõ‰ ÅA´%≠œd ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ÅØ√´%≠œd ņo ´÷ô. È®jûª’èπ◊ à Nüμ¿-¢Á’i† Ü®Ωö™‰ü¿’).

Eeswar: You remember how the rain lashedthe coastal areas for three days withoutany let up, don't you? The rivers over-flowed their banks, and the low lying areaswere all flooded. Trees were uprooted andbuildings in the old town collapsed.(áúøûÁ®Ω°œ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´‚úø’®ÓV©’ äéπõ‰ ¢√†. †ü¿’©’ éπôd©’ ûÁç-èπ◊E v°æ -£œ«ç-îª-úøçûÓ ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√-©Fo ï©-´’-ߪ’-´’-ߪ÷u®·. îÁô’x ¢Ë®ΩxûÓ Ææ£æ… èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. §ƒûª-•-Æ‘h™ É∞¡Ÿx èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.)

Viswa: We had to wade through knee deepwater in strong winds. (¢Á÷é¬öÀ ™ûª’ F∞¡x™,¢Ëí∫çí¬ OÆæ’h†o í¬L™ ´’†ç †úø-¢√Lq ´*açC.)

Eeswar: Fortunately the collector and otherofficials took up relief measures promptlyand the victims were rehabilitated on a warfooting. (Åü¿%-≠æd- - »ûª’h éπ™„-éπd®˝, Éûª®Ω ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’©’Ææ£æ…ߪ’ 鬮Ωu-véπ- ÷©-†’ Ææé¬-©ç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç*,¶«Cμ-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË °æ¤†-®√-¢√Ææç éπLpç-î√®Ω’).

Viswa: Well, the loss was minimised. Therewas no loss of life, fortunately. (éπFÆæ †≠æd¢Ë’ïJ-TçC. v§ƒù-†≠ædç àç ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, Åü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª’h).

'inferential' •ü¿’©’ 'by inference'

on/ in/ about difficult matters..?

Shoeb Khan, Warangal.Q: Fire-crackers/ fire-works/ cracker - Please

say the meanings in Telugu.A: A fire cracker - a fire work which explodes

- Ê°™‰ (ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’) ≤ƒ´’vT. Fire works = Ê°™‰(ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’) ´’çü¿’í∫’çúø’ 鬴a, ´’û√-•’©’,é¬éπ-®Ω-°æ‹-´-ûª’h-™«xçöÀ ¢ÁL-ÍíN 鬴a (¢ÁL-ÍíN –sparkles).

Q: Should 'the' be used before the names oftrains? Example - The Intercity Express.

A: Yes, 'The' must be used before the names oftrains.

Q: Oblation - ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç - Is this right?A: Oblation - Right, but outdated - no longer

in use.Q: The train might be caught/ might have

been caught - Say the difference.A: ...... might be caught - Future.

... might have been caught - Past.

Irshad Ali, Hyderabad.Q: Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« §Òí∫®Ω’ - She is very pride/

proud - Say the right one.

A: She is very haughty/ arrogant.

(Proud = í∫®Ωyç éπ©; pride = í∫®Ωyç)

Q: He failed in the exam/ He failed the exam-say if the above are correct or not.

A: He failed the exam - Correct.

Q: Fall in Åçõ‰ØË line ™ E©-•-úøôç ÅEDictionary™ ÖçC. ´’J Fall in lines -ņ-èπ◊çú≈ All of you fall in - Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çCéπüΔ? Please clarify.

A: Å´¤†’. fall in = order soldiers etc to standin a line. Fall in a line - Not correct.

Q: Inferential - Is this word there in Englishlanguage? If it is there please say the

meaning in Telugu.

A: There is. ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo •öÀd´’†ç E®√n-®Ω-ùèπ◊ (inferenceèπ◊) ´îËa N≠æߪ’ç,'inferential'.

eg: That he has stolen the money is only infer-ential. There is no proof = Åûª†’ Ç úø•’süÌçT-Lç-î√-úøE °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-©†’/ Ææ´÷-î√-®√Eo •öÀdE®√n®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-úø¢Ë’. v°æûªu-éπ~-¢Á’i† ®Ω’V-¢ËO’ ™‰ü¿’.

Å®·ûË 'inferential' ÅØË ´÷ô ûª®Ω\ç (logic)™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ConversationalEnglish/ ´÷´‚©’ written English™'inferential' •ü¿’©’ 'by inference' Åçö«®Ω’.

Q: F´¤ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·E èπÿú≈îÁúø-íÌ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ - How to say in English?

A: Not only are you spoilt but you are spoilingmy son too.

'The' must be used..I have work at/ in..?

a word ends with ed/ ted..Usha, Mayuri, Gajuwaka.

Q: Each book is a window that opens out aworld that one would never have visited - Isthe underlined one correctly written here?

A: Each book is ... one might never have visited - Correct.

Q: I am reading these books to pass/ spend mytime - Is this correct?

A: I am reading these books to spend time. (... my time - OK, but time - better).

Q: Completed - éπç°‘xöÀú˛, Transported -vö«Ø˛q§ÚöÀú˛, etc- wherever a word ends withed/ ted is it pronounced as Éú˛ or öÀú˛ -Please let us know.

A: 'i' in English is not exactly 'É' of Telugu. Itis somewhat between 'É— and 'á—.

Sultana, Warangal.Please clarify the following doubts.Q: Once you wrote the following sentence:

If one feels thirsty they wet their whistle -Shouldn't the underlined word be in pluralform?

A: 'One' in the sentence refers to one personwho may be either a man or a woman, inthe singular (any person in general). In oldfashioned English, when 'one' was used,the pronouns used in the other cases were:One, one's, oneself etc.

eg: a) One doesn't know when what happensto one.

b) One should be careful about one's money.c) One should respect oneself.

However, the use of one, one's, oneself etcare old fashioned. Further one may either referto a man or a woman, so instead of using he/she, him/ her, himself/ herself, we now usethey, them, themselves and their.

So if one (one man/ one woman) feelsthirsty they wet their (only one person here)whistle.Q: I have an urgent piece of work at/ in a

bank/ in The State Bank of Hyderabad -Please say the right one.

A: I have an urgent piece of work (better still,a piece of urgent work) in the SBH -Correct.A better sentence: I have urgent work in

the SBH.Q: Please complete yesterday's work - Is the

underlined word (above) adjective/adverb? Please clarify.

A: Yesterday's - Adjective, qualifying thenoun 'work'.

Ramji Suman, Godavarikhani.

Q: The minister advised the king on difficultmatters/ in difficult matters/ about difficultmatters - Say the right one.

A: .... on difficult matters - Correct.

Q: The office will function tomorrow to com-pensate the holiday given on last Friday -Is this sentence correct?

A: The office will function ... to compensatefor the holiday given last Friday (on lastFriday wrong).

Q: ¢Ë’´· bus, rail™ ™‰üΔ lorry, ship™ v°æߪ÷ùçîËÆæ’hØ√oç.. --Ñ -¢√é¬u-Eo -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« ®√-ߪ÷-L?

- We are travelling in/ on the bus/ rail.

Is this correct?

A: We are travelling by train/ rail etc - Correct.

Crops wither if there is..

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2014 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

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M. SURESAN

í∫ûª’èπ◊©ûÓ EçúÕ† ®Ω£æ«-üΔ-®Ω’©’ v°æA îÓö« éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·.. ¢√öÀ ´©x ¢√£æ«-†-üΔ-®Ω’©’ áØÓo

É•sç-ü¿’-©èπ◊ í∫’®Ω-´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅüμΔy†o ÆœnA™ Ö†o ®Óúøx í∫’-Jç-* Ææç¶μ«-≠œç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ᙫçöÀ °æüΔ©’

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ Ñ ¢√®Ωç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çüΔç.

Main thoroughfares passing..

782

Why 'chicken shop'?B. Bhagya, Dharmasagaram.

Q: Why do we call 'chicken shop' instead ofhen shop?

A: People usually eat chickens = Both cocksand hens.

Q: i) No student should be seen sitting lazilyin the class.

ii) All the students should be seen doing gram-mar - Please translate the above intoTelugu.

A: i) Class ™ à NüΔuKn ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ èπÿ®Ω’aE éπE-°œç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

ii) Åçü¿®Ω’ NüΔu-®Ω’n©÷ ¢√uéπ-®Ωùç Ŷμºu-ÆœÆæ÷héπE°œçî√L.

Q: Plants take in air through special holesfound in leaves - Is it necessary to write orsay the above underlined word?

A: Not necessary.

K. Lohith, Kothapally.Q: Lesson no-767 ™ O’®Ω’ "You want to marry

her off" ÅØË ¢√é¬u-EéÀ Å®Ωnç 'O’®Ω’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °RxîËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’— ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. ´’J I wantto marry you Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? '؈’ Fèπ◊°Rx îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o—, '؈’ E†’o °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o— Ñ È®çöÀF English ™ ᙫîÁ°æpôç?

A: I want to marry you = ؈’ E†’o °Rx îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

I want to marry you off = ؈’ Fèπ◊ °RxîËߪ÷©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

Veerender, Manchiriyal.Q: He could meet one visitor for three min-

utes in every seven months/ in sevenmonths - Please say the right one.

A: For three minutes in every seven months -He meets them once every seven monthsfor three minutes = v°æA àúø’ ØÁ©™x, ´‚úø’EN’-≥ƒ© §ƒô’).

He meets them for three minutes in sevenmonths = In one period of seven months, hemeets them for 3 minutes.

Q: A baby grows into a man - Is this sentencecorrect? Are there any grammar/ grammat-ical mistakes?

A: It is, though, 'a man or a woman' is better.Grammar mistakes = grammatical mis-takes.

Bindu, Balasamudram.Q: My hand is paining/ aching - Please say the

right one.A: My hand is aching - Correct.Q: Made of/ Made up of - Say the difference.A: Made of - To be made of something - mate-

rial of which we make something. A tableis made of wood.

Made up of - No such expression/Meaningless.

Q: Why do food grains get spoiled - Pleaselet's know the use of the above underlinedi.e. get + V3 and why get +V3 is used in theabove sentence?

A: Get spoiled = are spoiled.In the fight he got wounded = In the fight he

was wounded.In such sentences 'get' is used in place of 'be'

forms.Q: Smother/ suffocate /throttle - Say the

difference.A: Smother = Covering something,

especially a person's face so that they can'tbreathe; cover something/ somebody thickly (usually to kill).

Suffocate = to kill somebody by stoppingtheir breathing.

When smothered, they are suffocated.Smother = suffocate = throttle.

Sujatha, Khazipet.Q: In the lesson no. 773 you said that the sen-

tence i.e. "Rolling and wearing spectaclesis the style of Rajnikanth, a hero" -Shouldn't "are" be there instead of theabove underlined?

A: As both 'rolling and wearing' refer to a sin-gle act the verb is singular.

Q: Structure / structural - Say difference.A: Structure (noun) = ®Ω÷°æç/ E®√tùç.

Structural (adj) = ®Ω÷§ƒ-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*†Structural changes = ®Ω÷°æç/ E®√t-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† (®Ω÷°æç/ E®√t-ùç™) ´÷®Ω’p©’.

Q: Ñ pen °æúø-õ‰xü¿’ – How can we say the abovein English?

A: The pen is not writing.

Usha Kiran, Gopalapuram.Q: He has not made a final call - Please explain

this.A: He has not taken a final decision.Q: Co-ordinate, collaborate - Explain.A: Co-ordinate = Organize so as to make dif-

ferent activities and the people involved inthem work for a common result. (äéπ ÆæçÆæn™NNüμ¿ é¬®Ωuéπ™«-§ƒ-©†’, ¢√öÀE îËÊÆ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ņ’-Ææç-üμΔ†ç îËߪ’úøç, í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈.)

Collaborate = Éü¿l®Ω’ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´´’çC éπLÆœäéπ °æEE E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç - Two/ more peopleworking together for a common purpose. Eg: Éü¿l®Ω’ éπLÆœ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√ߪ’úøç.

Q: Please let's know about "syllables".A: Syllable = an independent unit of sound in a

word - A part of a word with a vowel sound(not letter) and one/ more consonantsounds.

Vowel ¨¡•lç Ö†o °æü¿-¶μ«-í¬Eo Syllable Åçö«®Ω’.Eg: sentence = Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ vowel sounds (Åéπ~-

®√©’ 鬴¤) ÖØ√o®·.1) ÂÆØ˛, 2) -ôØ˛q– (1. sen 2. t∂ns) 鬕öÀd Ñ °æü¿ç(sentence) ™ È®çúø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·.

Q: Corporate schools - means what?A: Corporate schools = Schools run by compa-

nies (Corporate) - different from Govt/Municipal/ ZP/ Govt. aided schools.

Co-ordinate, collaborate diference..?

Marry, marry off - -ûË--ú≈..

A baby grows into..-Å-ØÌ-î√a?

A baby grows into..-Å-ØÌ-î√a?

Made up of.. no meaning

Structure, structural --ûË-ú≈?

®Ω£æ«-üΔ®Ω’-© °æ-JÆœn-A°j -É-ü¿l®Ω’ -ߪ·-´ π◊-© Ææç-¶μ«-≠æ-ù..Sanjay: Remember, the road is under repair.

Drive slowly (í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ, ®Óú˛ JÊ°®Óx ÖçC.EüΔ-†çí¬ §ÚF).

Praveen: Thank God. At last. It was full ofpot holes and ditches. This is one of themain thoroughfares passing through thecity. (•A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ç. Ñ ®Óúøfçû√ í∫’çô©ûÓ, éπçûª-©ûÓ EçúÕ ÖçúËC. Ñ †í∫®Ωç O’ü¿’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx ´·êu®Ω£æ«-üΔ-®Ω’™x ÉüÌ-éπöÀ).

Sanjay: Our civic bodies, like our govern-ments are indifferent to the needs of thepeople. They do collect road taxes andvehicle licenses but hardly use them forproper maintenance of roads. (´’† §˘®ΩÆæçÆæn©’, ´’† v°æ¶μº’-û√y-™«xÍí v°æñ«- -Ææ-®√© °æôxE®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ Öçö«®·. ®Óúø’f °æ†’o©’, ¢√£æ«†ç™„jÂƆ’q©’ ´Ææ÷©’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’ é¬F ¢√öÀE ®Ω£æ«-üΔ-®Ω’©E®Ωy-£æ«-ùèπ◊ ¢√úø´¤).

Praveen: Bad roads lead to waste of fuel andtime, accidents and increased maintenancecosts of vehicles. (ÆæJí¬ ™‰E ®Óúøx ´©x Éçüμ¿†´%ü∑Δ, v°æ´÷-üΔ©’, ¢√£æ«† E®Ωy-£æ«ù ê®Ω’a©’°®Ω’í∫’-û√®·).

Sanjay: Just yesterday an accident led to thedeath of a three year old baby girl. (E†oØË ãv°æ´÷ü¿ç ´‚úË∞¡x §ƒ°æ ´’%AéÀ üΔJ BÆœçC).

Praveen: The traffic lights are most of thetime out of order. The police can't controltraffic manually. That results in traffic jamsfor long periods. (Traffic lights î√™« ´’ô’èπ◊°æE-îË-ߪ’´¤. §ÚM-Ææ’¢√∞¡Ÿx îËûª’©ûÓ ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’Eߪ’ç-vAç-î√Lq ´Ææ’hçC. Åçü¿’-´©x ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ©’ ÇT-§Ú-ûª’ç-ö«®·).

Sanjay: I am happy. A beginning has beenmade. (àüÓ É°æp-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gμç-î√-®ΩEÆæçûÓ≠æç).

N´-®Ω-ù©’...Most of the words above are related to

roads and traffic. (°j --´÷-ô-©-Fo ®Ó-úø’f, -®√éπ-§Úéπ-©èπ◊Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*-†- -E -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C éπ-üΔ..)1) The road is full of pot holes and ditches =

™ûÁj† í∫’çô©’, °æ™«x©’ – ditch - í∫’çô; potholes = °ü¿l °ü¿l í∫’çô©’).

Suman: In spite of being the capitalHyderabad roads are bad. (®√≠æZ ®√ï-üμΔEÅ®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ®Óúø’x î√™« ÅüμΔy-†oçí¬Öçö«®·).

Ramana: Yea. A spell, of heavy rain can putthem out of action; pot holes and ditchesare common. (Å´¤†’. äéπ ´’ç* ¢√† ®Óúøx†’E®Ω’-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’. í∫’çô©’ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒüμΔ®Ωùç.)

2) Civic bodies = †í∫®Ω/ °æ¤®Ω-§ƒ-©éπ ÆæçÆæn©’.a) Ramesh: In spite of the high taxes they

collect, most civic bodies are starving forfunds. (†í∫®Ω/ °æ¤®Ω-§ƒ-©éπ ÆæçÆæn©’ °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªh癰憒o©’ ´Ææ÷©’ îËÆæ’h-†o-°æp-öÀéà ÅN Eüμ¿’© éÌ®ΩûªûÓ¶«üμ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.)

Yashwanth: That's because they are allcorrupt (Åü¿çû√ ÅN-FA ´©x).

b) In spite of the high taxes they collect mostof them provide poor civic amenities =†í∫®Ω/ °æ¤®Ω-§ƒ-©éπ ÆæçÆæn©’ °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhç™ °æ†’o©’´Ææ÷©’ îËÆœØ√, ¢√öÀ™ î√™«, ÅüμΔy†o¢Á’i† ´Ææ-ûª’©’ éπLp-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· §˘®Ω’-©èπ◊.Civic amenities = §˘®Ω ≤˘éπ-®√u©’.

3) Thoroughfares = The main/ importantroads in a city or town = †í∫-®√-™xE ´·êuOüμ¿’©’.

★ The college is a little off the mainthoroughfare = †í∫-®Ωç-™E ´·êu OCμ †’ç*é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC Ç éπ∞«-¨»©.'No thoroughfare' ÅØË board î√™« îÓôx ®√Æœ

Öçö«®Ω’. Åçõ‰ ÅC ®Ω£æ«-üΔJ é¬ü¿’, Éûª®Ω ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©èπ◊v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅE.4) Manual = without the help of machines =

üÁj£œ«éπ/ ¨»K-®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i† (´’†’-≠æfl©’ îËÊÆ).Manual (¨»K-®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i†) X Mechanical(ߪ÷çvAéπ¢Á’i†) (done by machines)

K.V. Rao, Visakhapatnam.Q: (Physical) exercise & Workout - Explain.A: (Physical) exercise = Physical activity we

do to keep ourselves healthy and active = ¢√uߪ÷´’ç.

Work out = a period of physical exercise(¢√uߪ÷´’ Æ洒ߪ’ç).

eg: He has a twenty minute work out everymorning = 20 EN’-≥ƒ© ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç.