ISSN 1062�8738, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics, 2012, Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 1076–1080. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2012.Original Russian Text © Yu.A. Baurov, 2012, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2012, Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 1201–1205.

1076

INTRODUCTION

It was shown in [1–4] that with extraordinary vari�ance in the action of a system of spinor and bosonfields interacting with an electromagnetic field, thepotentials of physical fields that are nonmeasurablefrom the standpoint of gage theories, become unam�biguous and measurable quantities within the spaceunder study, due to violation of the gage invariancewithin the area of electric charge variation. The vari�ance is unusual in that the speed of interaction propaga�tion C(x, t), where x is a certain space coordinate and t istime, is assumed to be a generalized coordinate, and itis believed that electric charge e = e{C(x, t)} and thestatic properties of the fields are fixed. One of mainresults of these works is that the expressions obtainedfor elementary particle masses appear to be propor�tional to the modulus of a certain vector potential. Inthis work, this potential is referred to as the cosmolog�

ical vector potential , and it is assumed that if in anyarea the vector potential of any magnetic system has a

component in the direction opposite the vector,then any matter in the area will be ejected from it. Thenew force has nonlinear and nonlocal behavior,depending on the changes in a particular total poten�

tial ( ), and can be represented by a partic�ular series in terms of ΔAΣ. Here the first term of theseries is ∼ΔAΣ ⋅ ∂АΣ/∂x, where x is the space coordinatein the three�dimensional space R3. Analysis of thisseries term was the basis for many of the experimentsdiscussed below. The new force was investigated from1987 to 1994 at experimental facilities of the Kur�chatov Institute of Atomic Energy (KIAE) and theGeneral Physics Institute (GPI) of the RussianAcademy of Sciences [5–7] using high�current mag�

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nets equipped with and torsion and piezoresonancebalances.

A superconducting solenoid with induction of 15 Twas used in the experiments performed at the KIAE,while a resistive Bitter magnet with the same field wasapplied in the experiments performed at the GPI [5–7].A deaerated torsion balance with a vertical axis wasused; this was a hermetic tube made of noncorrosivesteel with a transparent top flange, inserted into thesolenoid. Inside the tube stretched a composite cordwhose upper (controlling) part was of noncorrosivewire 0.1 mm in diameter and 1600 mm in length, whileits lower (sensitive) part 70 mm long was made of silkthread. A cylindrical weight (m = 26 g) was suspendedto the lower end of the noncorrosive cord in such a waythat its axis was parallel to the thread and at a distanceof 10 mm from it. Since the test body (brass) exhibitedthe Coanda effect and weak paramagnetic propertiesat a temperature of 30 K, it must have been attractedto the solenoid. During the rotation of the tubetogether with the test body, however, an area wasdetected in the solenoid aperture from which the testbody was ejected by a force hitherto unknown. Therepulsion area traveled over the solenoid aperture at aspeed of 15–18 deg/h.

The upshot of the experiments at the KIAE andGPI showed that the value of the new force in sole�noids with a magnetic field of ~10–15 T was ~0.01–0.07 g at a test body mass of ~30 g. One of coordinates

of vector in the second equatorial coordinate sys�tem was determined for the first time in these experi�ments: right ascension α ≈ 270°.

After the experiments with high�current magnets, acycle of investigations into the impact of the new forceon the rate of βdecay of radioactive elements [8–12]was performed.

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The Anisotropic Phenomenon in the β Decay of Radioactive Elements and in Other Processes in Nature

Yu. A. BaurovCentral Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMASh), Korolev, Moscow oblast, 141070 Russia

e�mail: Baurov@mail.ru

Abstract—Results from experimental studies of a new hypothetical interaction in nature based on analyzingfluctuations in the intensity of the β decay of radioactive elements are presented. One possible explanation ofthe results, based on a hypothesis as to the global anisotropy of physical space caused by the existence of cos�mological vector potential , is given. It is shown that vector has the following coordinates in the secondequatorial coordinate system: right ascension α = 293° ± 10°; declination δ = 36° ± 10°.

DOI: 10.3103/S1062873812040065

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THE ANISOTROPIC PHENOMENON IN THE β DECAY OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS 1077

According to theoretical representations in [1, 4,

10, 11], the modulus of vector is 1.95 × 1011 G cm.

Large�scale estimates of the vector�potential values

of the magnetic fields of the Earth ( ) and Sun ( )in the Earth’s orbit yield ∼108 and ~5 × 108 G cm,

respectively; i.e., fluctuations in АΣ modulus by ~| +

|/| | ≈ 10–3 can be observed for radioactive sourcesrevolving around the Earth and the Sun.

A neutron is known [9] to have the magneticmoment Мn ≈1023 erg G–1. Large�scale estimates show

that we can expect the enormous value ≈ 1016 G

to be found in the vicinity of a neutron due to the exist�ence of the neutron’s Мn, but the ΔАΣ value from theneutron’s magnetic field is low at 103 G cm. Since dur�ing the rotation of the radioactive sources along withthe Earth about its axis and the Earth’s revolutionaround the Sun, the ΔАΣ value at the site of the sourcescan change by several orders of magnitude due to the

action of the АЕ and potentials on АΣ, the commonaction of the two factors of ΔАΣ from the Earth and the

Sun and from the neutron’s magnetic field can

create a new force capable of influencing the time ofneutron decay.

The first experiments on studying anisotropy inβ decay [8, 10, 11] were performed in 1994 using scin�tillation detectors. These registered deviations inintensities (at a level of (6–7)σ, where σ is the stan�dard deviation) of the γ quanta accompanying the βdecay of 60Co and 137Cs. In this case, the observationtime was three to four days.

Experiments on studying fluctuations in theβ decay rate of 90Sr, 60Co, and 137Cs have been con�ducted at the JINR since 1995. The duration of studiesof the β decay of radioactive elements using scintilla�tion detectors ranged from two weeks to a year and ahalf. As in [8, 10, 11], deviations in the β decay ratefluctuations for radioactive elements with a period ofaround 24 h were also recorded. The five�month exper�iment at JINR from December 9, 1998, to April 30,1999, [11, 12] revealed an explicit 27�day period inaddition to the 24�day period of oscillations in theβ decay rate of the radioactive elements. Analysis ofthese experiments showed that their results are notexplainable from the standpoint of traditional physics,but can be interpreted in view of a new force caused by

the existence of vector In this case, the direction ofthe vector in the α coordinate was ≈285°.

NaI(T1) scintillation detectors were used in exper�iments to study fluctuations in the β�decay rate of 60Coand 137Cs, while a plastic scintillator based on a

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YAG:Ce crystal was applied during 90Sr studies. Thespecial Kolmogorov–Smirnov method was used toreveal the anisotropic effects of the β decay of radio�active elements via the application of scintillationdetectors.

Low�noise Ge(Li) detectors were used to achievegreater contrast in observing the anisotropic effectsnoted during the β decay of radioactive elements(without the application of a special mathematicaltechnique).

From March 15 to April 10, 2000, experiments tostudy simultaneous measurements of the β�decay rateusing Ge(Li) detectors were performed at two labora�tories located 140 km apart: one at the INR (for 60Co)and one at the JINR (for 137Cs) [9, 11, 12]). Deviationsfrom the typical level were observed in the rate ofcounting γ quanta that follow β decay: 0.7–0.8% at theINR and 0.2% at the JINR. Analysis of the extremaldeviations in the γ�quanta count rate for both experi�ments showed that the set of tangents to Earth’s paral�

lels (the direction of the vector) at sites whereextrema were observed in the motion trajectory in thespace of each laboratory clearly forms three separatesubsets of directions that agree with those for the otherlaboratory within an error of ±10°. This phenomenoncannot be explained on the basis of traditional con�cepts. An interpretation of the observed phenomenonis given in [9, 11], based on the hypothesis that there isa new anisotropic interaction caused by the existenceof a new fundamental constant, cosmological vector

potential which (according to the experimentaldata) has a right ascension coordinate α of approxi�mately ≈285° in the second equatorial coordinate sys�tem, in agreement with earlier experiments. Figure 1presents the experimental result from [9], while Fig. 2shows the directions of the new force action that cor�respond to the extrema given in Fig. 1.

The results from measuring radioactive half�lifeТ1/2 of 32Si (β decay) from 1982 to 1986 at BrookhavenNational Laboratory (United States) and the resultsfrom the Т1/2 measurements made at the PhysikalischTechnische Bundesanstalt (Germany) using an ion�ization chamber for 226Ra (α decay, Т1/2 ≈ 1602 years)from 1984 to 1998 are presented in [13]. Yearly oscil�lations were found in both decays at a level of 0.1–0.25%. An analysis of the experimental data is alsogiven in [13], where it is shown that the correlationbetween them is ~85%. In [14], it was demonstratedthat the oscillations revealed in the decays correspondto the action of the assumed anisotropic force ofnature. An angular histogram of the spatial arrange�ment of maxima and minima of 226Ra decay is pre�sented in Fig. 3. As can be seen from the figure, the

maxima of the decays lie in the direction of vector

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BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 76 No. 10 2012

BAUROV

while their main segments lie almost exactly along

vector

Experimental studies of the new hypotheticalanisotropic force at plasma facilities were described in[11, 15]. These experiments were performed by differ�ent experimental groups using three different facilitiesat TsNIIMASh and at the Faculty of Physics at Mos�cow State University. The first experiments were con�ducted at TsNIIMASh [11] in the first half of 1998 ona plasmatron with stationary discharge, placed in aspecial rotary device that allowed the plasmatron torotate about its vertical and horizontal axes. Devia�tions of 20–40% from the average heat release in theplasmatron jet were observed in experiments duringthe plasmatron’s rotation. Analysis of systematic andrandom errors did not reveal the causes of these devia�tions within traditional physical concepts.

Directions of the plasma axis at the moments ofobserving deviations from the average heat release in

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the plasmatron jet were formed into two sets of direc�tions corresponding to within an error of ±10° to thedirections of tangents to the Earth’s parallels at thesites where fluctuations in the β�decay rate of radioac�tive elements are observed (see Fig. 2). In [11], theheat content in a plasma dynamic accelerator (PDA)jet was experimentally investigated using a water calo�rimetric device that depended on the PDA’s orienta�tion in physical space while rotating together with theEarth. These experiments also confirmed the separatedirections of the maxima of the new hypotheticalforce’s action, obtained from analyzing fluctuations inthe β�decay rate of radioactive elements.

Results from experimental studies of the luminos�ity (the integral of time and spectrum in the quartztransmission band) of plasma created by the pulsedplasmatron in dependence on the position of its axiswith respect to ambient space are presented in [11,15]. It was shown in these experiments that the spatialdistribution of the plasma emission intensity is of anexplicitly anisotropic nature; i.e., a certain cone ofplasmatron�axis directions with an aperture on theorder of 90°–110° is observed, along the generatricesof which the plasma emission reaches its maximum

values. It was shown moreover that vector directedalong the axis of the indicated cone had the following

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Fig. 1. Fluctuations in intensity I of γ�quanta fluxesaccompanying 60Co β decay, recorded for periods of10 min (a) from 16 h 24 min on March 15, 2000, to 21 h48 min on March 31, 2000, and (b) from 21 h 49 min onMarch 31, 2000, to 24 h 00 min on April 10, 2000, (INR,Troitsk). The observed peaks in 60Co decay intensity areindicated with the numerals 1, 2………22.

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Fig. 2. Spatial disposition of sites where the clearly pro�nounced extremums in γ�quanta flux were observed in theexperiment with the 60Co β decay (see Fig. 1). Dots witharrows denote the sites of location of γ�quantum flux max�ima with the indicated directions of the new force’s action(numbered as 1, 2………22), drawn along the tangents tothe Earth’s parallels. (a) Trajectory of the radioactivitysource’s motion in Earth’s rotations. (b) Orbit of theEarth’s motion along with the radioactivity source aroundthe Sun. The dates denote the characteristic points of thistrajectory (e.g., March 21 is the vernal equinox, and so on).

is the direction of the vector potential of the magnetic

field of the Earth’s dipole. is the direction of the cosmo�logical vector potential.

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THE ANISOTROPIC PHENOMENON IN THE β DECAY OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS 1079

coordinates in the second equatorial coordinate sys�tem: right ascension α = 293° ± 10° and declinationδ = 36° ± 10°. The results from the experiments agreewith earlier experiments to determine the direction of

vector and are most exact. It was shown in [11] thatof the three anisotropic directions recorded in study�ing the β decay of radioactive elements, two coincidewith the generatrices of the revealed cone and onedirection is along the cone axis.

Results from experimental investigations of thenew force’s characteristics using two different systemswere considered in [10, 11]: one and two Sodin high�precision quartz gravimeters at GAISh (Moscow StateUniversity), and a system of two quartz resonators atTsNIIMASh. The anisotropic phenomena obtainedfrom these experiments also correspond to the actionof the new force and cannot be explained from thestandpoint of traditional physical concepts.

The nature of the Earth’s seismic activity was dem�onstrated in [11], based on the physics of the newforce. The results from statistical treatment of spatialbinding were given for ~1500 earthquakes with a mag�nitude of more than 6–7 on the Richter scale (cata�strophic). It was shown that these earthquakes in thenorthern hemisphere form an explicitly pronounced

anisotropic direction perpendicular to vector which agrees with the predicted dependence of parti�

cle masses on the modulus of the total potential

The spatial anisotropy of solar flare distributionover the surface of the Sun, immovable with respect tothe stars, was considered in [10, 11], and its associa�

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tion with the direction of the new force of nature wasshown. The anisotropy of pulsar speed distribution wasinvestigated in [11, 16]. It was shown that one or twoplasma jets are ejected for 10–3 s when a neutron star ora pulsar is created during the collapse of a supernova.These jets, as was assumed in [11], are created due toaction of the new force of nature. According to New�ton’s third law, pulsars have to move in the directionopposite the new force’s action. As can be seen fromFig. 3, most of the 147 pulsars processed in [16] movein this way. The obtained directions of anisotropy thusmatch the concept of the new force’s action and the

direction of vector observed in ground�basedexperiments.

From February 2010 to the present, an experimenthas been underway at JINR to study fluctuations in theβ�decay rate of 60Co; scintillation detectors based onLaBr3 crystals are being used along with a techniquefor the coincident recording of the γ quanta with ener�gies of 1.117 and 1.332 MeV accompanying 60Coβ decay. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statisticalmethod was used in processing the experimentalresults. In April 2010, results exceeding the 1% level ofsignificance in the maximum of the differencebetween the theoretical uniform distribution ofγ quanta for one day of observations and the experi�mental nonuniform distribution were recorded. Anal�ysis showed that the same three directions are sepa�rated in the space recorded earlier (see Fig. 2). Theresults from the experiment in the spring of 2010 werequalitatively repeated in the same period of 2011.

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points of the yearly circle; is the direction of the cosmological vector potential.gA�

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1. Baurov, Yu.A., Babaev, Yu.N., and Ablekov, V.K.,Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1981, vol. 259, no. 5, p. 1080.

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11. Baurov, Yu.A., Global Anisotropy of Physical Space.Experimental and Theoretical Basis, New York: NovaSci., 2004.

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