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.

.

2012 2013

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,

,

.

,

.

2012

2013.

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.

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.

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2013,

iii

i

iii

xi

xxxi

1

1. 3 1.1 3 1.2 9 1.2.1 9

1.2.2 15

1.2.3 19

1.2.4 22

1.2.5 24

1.2.6 29

1.2.7 37

1.2.8 46

1.3 48 1.4 & . 51 1.5 54

2. 57 2.1 57 2.2 58 2.2.1 58

2.2.1.1 () 62

2.2.1.2 () 64

2.2.1.3 65

iv

2.2.1.4 66

2.2.2 & 67

2.2.3 & 71

2.3 73 2.3.1 73

2.3.2 76

2.4 & 79 2.5 81 2.6 82 2.6.1 82

2.6.1.1 82

2.6.1.2 85

2.6.2 - 88

2.6.3 90

2.6.3.1 90

2.6.3.2 93

2.7 & 100 2.7.1 100

2.7.2 100

2.7.3 101

2.7.5 102

2.7.6 102

3. 105 3.1 105 3.2 105 3.2.1 106

3.2.2 123

3.2.3 134

3.2.4 146

3.2.5 150

3.2.6 155

v

3.3 159 3.3.1 159

3.3.2 172

3.3.3 174

3.3.4 176

3.3.5 178

3.4 179 3.4.1 .. 179

3.4.2 .. 183

4. 185 4.1 185

4.2 185 4.2.1 185

4.2.1.1 FRP Ghazi et al. (1994) 186

4.2.1.2 FRP Triantafillou (1998) 189

4.2.1.3 FRP Khalifa et al. (1998) 192

4.2.1.4 FRP Triantafillou & Antonopoulos (2000) 195

4.2.1.5 FRP Monti & Liotta (2007) 196

4.2.1.6 FRP Chaallal et al. (2002) 202

4.2.1.7 TRM Triantafillou & Papanicolaou (2006) 205

4.2.1.8 TRM Si Larbi et al. (2010) 208

4.2.2 211

4.2.2.1 Fdration Internationale du Bton (fib) 211

4.2.2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) 212

4.2.2.3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) 214

4.2.2.4 Eurocode 8 Part 3 (EN19983) 215

4.2.2.5 (..) 217

4.3 219 4.3.1 219

4.3.1.1 FRP Anil (2006) 219

4.3.1.2 FRP Tanarslan et al. (2008) 222

vi

4.3.2 224

4.3.2.1 FRP Sato et al. (1997a) 224

4.3.2.2 FRP Sato et al. (1997b) 225

4.3.2.3 TRM Brckner et al. (2008) 227

4.3.3 229

4.3.3.1 FRP Khalifa et al. (1999) & halifa & Nanni (2000) 229

4.3.3.2 FRP Modifi et al. (2012) 233

4.3.4 235

4.3.4.1 FRP Kobayashi et al. (2001) 235

4.3.4.2 FRP Jino et al. (2001) 237

4.3.4.3 FRP Karantzikis et al. (2005) 239

4.4 240

241

5. 243 5.1 243

5.2 244 5.3 245 5.3.1 245

5.3.2 249

5.4 243 5.4.1 252

5.4.2 258

5.4.3 262

5.4.3.1 262

5.4.3.2 263

5.5 265 5.5.1 265

5.5.2 270

5.5.3 270

vii

5.5.3.1 271

5.5.3.2 273

5.5.3.3 277

5.5.3.4 278

5.5.3.4 279

5.6 280 5.6.1 280

5.6.2 284

5.6.2.1 284

5.6.2.2 (TRM) 285

5.6.2.3 (FRP) 291

5.6.3 293

5.6.3.1 293

5.6.3.2 294

5.6.3.3 294

5.7 300 5.7.1 300

5.7.2 304

5.7.3 305

5.7.3.1 . 305

5.7.3.2 . 306

5.7.3.3 . 307

5.7.3.4 . 308

6. 311 6.1 311 6.2 311 6.2.1 Control 2 312

6.3 (TRM) 316 6.3.1 L_1L_NA 316

6.3.2 L_2L_NA 320

6.3.3 L_3L_NA 324

viii

6.3.4 L_2L_A(10) 328

6.3.5 L_2L_A(15) 332

6.3.6 L_2L_A(15)* 336

6.3.7 H_1L_NA 340

6.3.8 H_2L_NA 344

6.3.9 H _1L_A(15) 348

6.3.10 H _2L_A(10) 352

6.3.11 H _2L_A(15)a 356

6.3.12 H _2L_A(15)b 360

6.4 IO (FRP) 364 6.4.1 L_2L_A(15) 364

6.4.2 H_2L_A(15) 368

7. 369 7.1 369 7.2 370 7.3 372 7.4 373 7.5 375

8. 379 8.1 379 8.2 379 8.3 U 381 8.3.1 382

8.3.1.1 382

8.3.1.2 385

8.3.2 388

8.4 U 388 8.4.1 389

8.4.1.1 389

ix

8.4.1.2 392

8.4.1.3 395

8.4.1.4 398

8.4.1.5 401

8.4.2 404

9. 405 9.1 405 9.2 406 9.3 408

411 419

x

xi

.

1.1 ,) 1440 .. . ) (. ) . ) .

4

1.2 (cartonnage) . 5 1.3 : ,

13 , radomes .

7

1.4 ) Teijin 437 kg . ) . ) Porsche Panamera.

11

1.5 ) 14,000 superyacht Strand Craft 122 Ned Ship Group. ) superyacht Q5 Quintessential YD66 Yachting Developments .

12

1.6 ) . ) Airbus A350 XWB 52% ( ). ) .

14

1.7 ,) . ) - B/Al . ,) / P100/6061 A1 Hubble, , .

18

1.8 ) Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 2699 , , . ) Vickers Wellington , , .

19

1.9 ) Kevlar Body Armor Level IIIA NIJ Certified. ) BRV-O General JLTV Humvee.

21

1.10 : ) 2.0 pen CuttingEdgeCarbon. ) Ringl Fine. ) stiletto Lamborghini ( 75,000). ) Logic3 Ferrari. ) Juventus Hublot. ) Racer Tag Heurer ( 8,500$). ) Aston Martin ( 35,000). ) ssurs Flex-Foot Cheetah Nike. ) Corcel . ) - Aeron Tozier.

23

1.11 ,) . ) , PVC .

25

xii

1.12 ) FRP Jiangsu Jiuding New Material Co. ) fiberglass Beijing Composite Materials Co.

26

1.13 ,) RWTH Aachen & Mall GmbH. ) . 27

1.14 ) Durapact, Germany Fydro BV, Netherlands. ) (FRP) .

28

1.15 ) 5 ( fiberglass fiberglass ) Aqua Stop. ) . ) McArthur Group & Task Green.

29

1.16 ,,) Heydar Aliev Center . ,) Aachen . ,,) Terminal Tower .

31

1.17 ,) Sheraton . ,) Yas Island 1 Burt Hill Abu Dhabi. 32

1.18 ,,) Sendai Asao Tokolo Atelier Hitoshi Abe, (FRP). ,) Arnhen Fydro, IAM (TRM).

33

1.19 ) Alphabeton AG Bron . ) FRP . , : ) Sidra Hospital , . ) Emirates Palace 7*, .

34

1.20 ) (Stuctural Insulation Panel: SIP) , . ) . ,,) .

35

1.21 ) (Stuctural Insulation Panel: SIP) , . ) Clarian Saxony Medical Center , Metl-Span .

36

1.22 ) - Urban Edge. ) JetArt . ) Monroe Industries.

36

1.23 ) 3 , ( ) 400 . ) , 250 . ) 9 , 2.5m 1200 . ) .

38

xiii

1.24 ) . ) . ) . 39

1.25 ) . ) .( 40

1.26 ,) 60 Fredrikstad . ,) , .

42

1.27 ) 3x12m ( ). ) 10x8m fiberglass. ) .

43

1.28 , , : ) ). ) . , , .

45

1.29 ) . ) . 45

1.30 ) . ) .

47

1.31 ,) , , . ,) .

50

1.32 ) . ,) .. . ) .

52

1.33 ) . ) (>40%) .

53

1.34 () : ) ) .

55

2.1 ) . ) - Nomex . ) .

58

2.2 ) . ) . 59

2.3 : ,) . ,) , fiberglass .

60

xiv

2.4 . 61

2.5 . 63 2.6 ,

( ). 64

2.7 - ) . ) Zaikan Group.

67

2.8 ) , . ) . ) . ) - Taparan. ) (fiberglass) DD Fiberglass.

68

2.9 ) , AR-glass, 125 /m 50 /m. ) , AR-glass, .

69

2.10 ) (yarn). ) (yarn). 70

2.11 ) . ) . ) . 71

2.12 , . 72 2.13 ) . )

. ) .(28) ) .

73

2.14 ACE. 74 2.15 )

. ) . 78

2.16 ) ( ) . ) , .

80

2.17 ) FRP OSI. ) FRP , .

81

2.18 ) , . ) , . . 82

2.19 ) Fibrolux GmbH: [1] , [2] , [3],[4] , [5] , [6] . ,,) : , ASU.

84

2.20 : [A] , [B] , [C] , [D] , [G] /

85

xv

(ii & iii), [] , [J] , [K] .

2.21 ) . ) . 86

2.22 ) / . ) .

87

2.23 . 88 2.24 Fraunhofer : )

, ( 4 ). ) . ) U , .

89

2.25 : ) . ) . 91

2.26 : ) . ) - . : ) . ) .

92

2.27 ) . ) . 94

2.28 . 95

2.29 ) . ) , fiberglass. .

96

2.30 ) . ) CCBM. 97

2.31 ) RIM. ) RIM.

98

2.32 ) . ) . 99

3.1 ) .(95) ) 1999 Adapazari.

107

3.2 . 108

3.3 ) 2010. ) 1958,

109

xvi

.

3.4 ) , . ) Nigata-ken Chuetsu 2004. ) Imperial Valley 1979, .

110

3.5 ) . ) . ) .

112

3.6 ) . 112

3.7 ) . ) . 113

3.8 ) . ) . ) .

114

3.9 - Kahn 1980 : ) . ) . ) . ) .

115

3.10 ,) FRP ( . ) .

116

3.11 : : ,) . ) fiberglass. ,) .

117

3.12 ,) . , , . 118

3.13 ) . ) .. (). ) .

120

3.14 ) . ) . ) / .

122

3.15 ( 0.25x0.50 m) : ) . ) ( ( 0.12mm) ( 0.6m) .

123

3.16 . 124

xvii

3.17 ) , , . ,) .

125

3.18 ) . ,) . 126

3.19 ) .(111) ) Bolu 1999. ) .

127

3.20 ) . ,) . 128

3.21 ,) . ) . 129

3.22 : ) . ) . 130

3.23 ) : [a] [b] [c] [d] . ) , , , .

131

3.24 . 132

3.25 . 133 3.26 ) . )

. 133

3.27 ) : [a] [b] [c] . ) : [a] [b] , . ,) .

135

3.28 . , , (G1) (G2).

136

3.29 ) . ) . 137

3.30 ) . ) . ) . ) .

138

3.31 ) .. , 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. .(117) ) ( ) ..

139

3.32 .. 140

xviii

3.33 ) , 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. . ) : [] , [] .

142

3.34 : ) . ) . 143

3.35 . 144 3.36 ) . ) . )

. 145

3.37 ) . ) : .

146

3.38 ) : [] . [] . ) . ) .

147

3.39 ),),) . ) . 148

3.40 ) . ) . 149 3.41 ) . )

Ebead & Marzouk (2002). 150

3.42 ) Adapazali, 08/1999.(118) ) Bolu Duzce 11/1999.

151

3.43 .. 152 3.44 ) : ,

, , . ) ..

153

3.45 ) : , , , . ) .

154

3.46 ) , . ) , . 155

3.47 ) . ) . 156

3.48 ,) . ) . 157

3.49 ) , . ) , .

158

3.50 160

xix

.

3.51 . 160 3.52 ) . )

. 161

3.53 ,) . 162

3.54 . 162

3.55 , ( ) . 163

3.56 & . 164 3.57

( , , , ).

165

3.58 : ) , . ) .

167

3.59 : ) :[] , [] , [] , [] , [] , [] . ) , , , . ) . ) .

169

3.60 : ) . ) . ) .

170

3.61 ) . ) . 171

3.62 ) . ,) 2 . 171

3.63 , . 172

3.64 : ) , , , , . ) . ) . ) . ) .

173

3.65 , , . 174 3.66 ,) ) .

.

175

xx

3.67 ) ) . 175

3.68 ) ) . 176 3.69 : ,) , )

, ) . 177

3.70 : ) . ) . ) . 178

3.71 : ) . ) .

182

4.1 . 186 4.2 : ) C(ontrol), ) W(ings) ) S(trips) )

J(acket). , , P .

187

4.3 ) ( ) (C) (J). J, . ) Vp S W.

188

4.4 ) , FRP, , . ) .

190

4.5 ) fe , rEr Triantafillou (1998). ) R , rEr Khalifa et al. (1998).

194

4.6 , ( kN) Monti & Liotta (2007), 4 (Control, S(ide Bonding), U(-wrapping) & W(rapping)).

197

4.7 3 . (S, U W). 198

4.8 . 200 4.9 : , , ,

CFRP. 203

4.10 ) : (a) , (b) , (c) . ) ; (a) , (b).

206

4.11 ) . ) . 207

4.12 8 . 208 4.13 :

, CFRP, , .

210

xxi

4.14 . 213 4.15 ) : (a) , (b) , )

. 220

4.16 ) - , ) 3, ) 4, ) 5.

221

4.17 ) C-FRP: , 2 4, , 3 5, , 6 7, ) : , 3 6, , 5, , 7. , .

222

4.18 ) C-FRP, U, ) C-FRP, L. .

223

4.19 ) ., ) - -.

224

4.20 , , . 225

4.21 ) , ( cm), , , ) , , , . , .

227

4.22 - . 228 4.23 ) , U-anchor, ,

() (), ) : , U, , / , , / , ) , ) : , U-anchors FRP, , U-anchors FRP.

230

4.24 ) , ) . 231

4.25 ) , ) 1 U, , ) 1 U , , ) .

232

4.26 ) (SFBA), ) (DAMA), ) (ERBA), ) (EFLA).

233

4.27 ) , ) . 236

4.28 . 237

xxii

4.29 , . 238

4.30 : ) , ) , ) .

239

5.1 ) . ) .

247

5.2 ) mm. ) ( ) mm. 259

5.3 ) . ) . 260

5.4 : ) . ) . ) . ) . ) . ) 16. ) 16. ) 16.

261

5.5 ) . . ) , .

263

5.6 ) . , . ) , .

264

5.7 28 , . 268

5.8 (B500C). 270

5.9 ) Tyfo TC, ) B Tyfo TC. 277

5.10 ) , ) . 278

5.11 . 279 5.12 ) . ) ,

. 281

5.13 . . 282

xxiii

5.14 ) . ) . 283

5.15 ) . ) / Google SketchUp. 283

5.16 ) . ) . 285

5.17 ) . ) . ) . 286

5.18 ) . ,) . ) . 287

5.19 ) . ,) . ) .

288

5.20 ) . ) . ) . ,) .

289

5.21 ) . ) . ) . ) .

290

5.22 ) . ) . ) . ) . 292

5.23 ) . ) . ) . 293

5.24 ) . ) . ) . 294

5.25 ) () . ) ( mm). 295

5.26 ( ). 296

5.27 ) . ) . 297

5.28 ) . ) . ) , .

298

5.29 ) , . ) 299

5.30 , . 300

5.31 : , . , .

301

xxiv

5.32 . 302 5.33 ) (LVDT). )

. ) .

304

5.34 : L_2L_A(15)* 5 mm, 2mm. 305

5.35 ) RMU . ) . 306

5.36 ) . ) . 307

5.37 ) . ) . ) . 308

5.38 . 309

6.1 ) . ) /. 312

6.2 ) . ) . ) .

313

6.3 , Control 2. 313

6.4 , Control 2. 314 6.5 : ,)

, ) . 315

6.6 ) . ) /. 316

6.7 ) . ) . 317

6.8 , L_1L_NA. 317

6.9 , L_1L_NA. 318 6.10 , : ,)

, ) . 319

6.11 ) . ) /. 320

6.12 ) . ) . ) . 321

6.13 , L_2L_NA. 321

6.14 , L_2L_NA. 322 6.15 (), .

, , : ) 323

xxv

, ) .

6.16 ) . ) /. 324

6.17 ) . ) . ) . 325

6.18 , L_3L_NA. 325

6.19 , L_3L_NA. 326 6.20 (), .

, , : ) , ) .

327

6.21 ) . ) /. 328

6.22 ) . ) . ) .

329

6.23 , L_2L_A(10). 329

6.24 , L_2L_A(10). 330 6.25 (), .

, , : ) , ) .

331

6.26 ) . ) /. 332

6.27 ) . ) . ) .

333

6.28 , L_2L_A(15). 333

6.29 , L_2L_A(15). 334 6.30 , : ,)

, ) . 335

6.31 ) . ) /. 336

6.32 ) . ) . ) .

337

6.33 , L_2L_A(15)*. 337

6.34 , L_2L_A(15)*. 338 6.35 , : )

, ) . 339

xxvi

6.36 ) . ) /. 340

6.37 ) . ) . ) .

341

6.38 , _1L_NA. 341

6.39 , _1L_NA. 342 6.40 , : )

, ,) . 343

6.41 ) . ) /. 344

6.42 ) . ) . ) . 345

6.43 , _2L_NA. 345

6.44 , _2L_NA. 346 6.45 , : )

, ) , ) .

347

6.46 ) . ) /. 348

6.47 ) . ) . ) .

349

6.48 , _1L_A(15). 349

6.49 , _1L_A(15). 350 6.50 , : )

, ) . 351

6.51 ) . ) /. 352

6.52 ) . ) . ) .

353

6.53 , H_2L_A(10). 353

6.54 , H_2L_A(10). 354 6.55 , : ,)

, ) . 355

6.56 ) . ) /. 356

6.57 ) . ) . )

357

xxvii

.

6.58 , _2L_A(15)a. 357

6.59 , _2L_A(15)a. 358 6.60 (), .

, , : ) , ) .

359

6.61 ) . ) /. 360

6.62 ) . ) . ) .

361

6.63 , _2L_A(15)b. 361

6.64 , _2L_A(15)b. 362

6.65 , : ,) , ) . 363

6.66 ) . ) /. 364

6.67 ) . ) . ) .

365

6.68 , FRP_L_2L_A(15). 365

6.69 , FRP_L_2L_A(15). 366

6.70 ,), . , , : ) , ) , ) , .

367

6.71 FRP / ( Google SketchUp) ) FRP_L_2L_A(15), ) FRP__2L_A(15).

368

7.1 14 . 370

7.2 : ) (L) , ) (H) .

371

xxviii

8.1 ) . ) , FRP, , .

380

8.2 . , . (L) (H) .

383

8.3 . . , . (L) (H) .

383

8.4 , . 384

8.5 . , . (1 ) (2 ) .

386

8.6 . . , . (1 ) (2 ) .

386

8.7 , . 387

8.8 . , . 390

8.9 . . , . 390

8.10 , . 391

8.11 . , , . ( / 10cm) ( / 15cm ) .

393

8.12 . . , . ( / 10cm ) ( / 15cm ) .

393

8.13 , . 394

8.14 . , , . (L) (H) .

396

8.15 . . , . (L) (H) .

396

8.16 , . 397

xxix

8.17 . , .

399

8.18 . . , .

399

8.19 , . 400

8.20 ( ) . , .

402

8.21 . ( ) . , .

402

8.22 , . 403

xxx

xxxi

.

1.1 U . 35

2.1 . 61

2.2 . 63

2.3 () . 75 2.4 ,

. 75

4.1 . 212

4.2 . 234

5.1 . 247

5.2 . 248 5.3

, . 251

5.4 , , ( ). , .

254

5.5 . 258 5.6 ,

( ), .

265

5.7 ( kN) , .

266

5.8 . 267 5.9 ,

, .

269

5.10 (L) 272

xxxii

.

5.11 () . 272

5.12 . 274 5.13 ( -

, FRP )

275

5.14 . 276

5.15 . 276

5.16 . 278

5.17 . 279

6.1 . 318

6.2 . 322

6.3 . 326

6.4 . 330

6.5 . 334

6.6 . 338

6.7 . 342

6.8 . 346

6.9 . 350

6.10 . 354

6.11 . 358

6.12 . 362

6.13 . 366

7.1 14 . 372 7.2 ,

. 375

7.3 . 376

7.4 , . 378

xxxiii

8.1 . 382

8.2 . 385

8.3 . 389

8.4 . 392

8.5 . 395

8.6 . 398

8.7 . 401

xxxiv

1

2

1

3

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. [6]

1907

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, fiberglass. [6] fiberglass,

.

( FRP)

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fiberglass ,

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Radomes). [6]

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1946. [6]

Brandt Goldsworthy,

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fiberglass, . Goldsworthy

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Molding Compound) SMC (Sheet Molding Compound)

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fiberglass. Stanford Civil & Environmental

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.

. ,

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33

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61

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.

[GPa] [MPa] [%]

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350 500 2500 3100 0.5 0.9

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.

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62

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,

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kg/m3)

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. [26]

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63

.

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. Z-glass

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65

,

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( 1450 kg/m3)

1971

(-

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Teijin, Technora Teijin,

Mars Rover

.[36]

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-

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66

(. Kevlar). .

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(HT),

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,

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67

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, :

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71

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75

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35 104 2.1 4.1 < 5.0 1.10 1.46

73 81 3.0 3.6 3.5 5.5 1.12 1.32

2.4 ,

.(73)

[kg/m3] 1100 1700 2350 7850

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83

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85

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86

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. [26]

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2

89

.

,

,

,

,

. [26]

2.24 Fraunhofer

: ) , ( 4 ).(28) ) .(28) ) U , .(28)

90

2.6.3

2.6.3.1

( ,

).

() ,

. [45]

,

.

:

(release agent), .

.

(gel coat), ,

.

(barrier coat), .

. .

(skin laminate), .

(osmotic blistering).

(coring material), , . ,

.

(bulk laminate), .

. [45]

2

91

,

: (hand lay-up)

(spray-up).

. ,

, .

, ,

( ).

, ,

,

.

(

). [45]

.

chopper gun

. ,

.

, ,

. [45]

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.(84) ) .(84)

92

2.26 : )

.(85) ) .(56) : ) .(86) ) .(56)

. (

, , ) . ,

,

,

. ,

, ,

(

) . ,

, ,

,

. [45]

2

93

2.6.3.2

, ,

. , ,

,

.

,

. [46]

,

( ,

):

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Light Resin Transfer Molding (RTM-lite) Vacuum Infusion Processing (VIP) Closed Cavity Bag Molding (CCBM) Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) Compression Molding Process (CMP)

.

,

.

, ,

, ,

,

,

, ,

. [46]

,

, .

.

94

(

) .

:

Resin Transfer Molding

, .

(laminate)

. RTM

.

, (,

, ) ,

. ( )

, ,

.

.

, RTM

.

, (200 10 000 ).

,

, , ,

, . [47]

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.(88)

2

95

Light Resin Transfer Molding RTM

,

.

2 psi, .

,

,

,

. , . [48]

2.28

.(89)

Vacuum Infusion Processing.

,

, .

( .)

, .

. ,

. [48]

VIP

,

. ,

,

. [48]

96

, ,

( RTM ).

200 5000 .

,

.

. [48]

2.29 ) .(89) )

, fiberglass. .(90)

, Closed Cavity Bag Molding

VIP RTM-lite.

,

. [49]

, (

)

.

(

VIP),

2

97

. , ( VIP ),

(

/). [49]

CCBM

,

.

.

,

, ,

, . [49]

2.30 ) .(91)

) CCBM.(91)

(DCPD)

, , .

DCPD, ,

,

.

, ,

, ,

. [50]

98

Reaction Injection Molding

DCPD .

, ,

.

Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding

(RRIM). , .

RIM Structural Reaction Injection Molding (SRIM),

.

.

, DCPD

, . [51]

, ,

.

, ,

.

DCPD ,

. 200 10 000

100 000

. [51], [52]

2.31 )

RIM.(91) ) RIM.(92)

2

99

H Compression Molding Process,

SMC (Bulk Molding Compound) MBC (Sheet Molding

Compound) .

,

BMC,

SMC, , GMT LFTP. [53]

,

. ,

. ,

,

, 2000 psi.

, ,

. , ,

. [53]

, ,

.

. ,

,

60 000 , . [53]

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.(94)

100

2.7 &

2.7.1

, (FRP) (TRM)

.

(). FRP

, TRM

.

. ,

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, . ,

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,

. [19]

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. ,

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.

2

101

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. [19]

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.

. ,

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.

, ,

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: 7080 C), .

,

.

, ,

.

,

. [19]

102

,

, , .

, 150 C

( ),

450 C,

. (

)

100 C. ,

,

400 C. [18]

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TRM FRP .

(

),

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2.7.6

,

.

,

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, .

, . ,

2

103

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.

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,

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104

3

105

3.

3.1

,

,

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,

( )

( , , ,

.) .

3.2

, ,

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,

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( , ),

.

,

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.[33], [55]

106

3.2.1

.

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,

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,

, ( 10%),

.

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.

, .

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' .

,

.

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.

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,

,

.

/ ,

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107

, .

,

/ . ()

,

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.(95) ) 1999 Adapazari.(96)

,

. 8

10, 300 mm,

,

90,

( 135),

, ,

. ,

,

.

108

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

() .[59]

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3

109

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,

,

).

/

(),

.

, 20.

,

. ,

, (.. 30 40),

,

.[59]

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1958, .(96)

110

,

,

. (

) .

.

, ,

.

, .

/ ,

,

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3.4 ) ,

.(51) ) Nigata-ken Chuetsu 2004.(99) ) Imperial Valley 1979, .(100)

3

111

,

,

.

, .

.

,

.

,

, (

30% ).

() .

, .

.

. ,

, .

, 12mm,

,

.

( FRP). (

)

.[57]

, ,

. ,

. ,

.

(

) .[56]

,

, .

112

3.5 )

.(101) ) .(102) ) .(103)

.

,

.

( FRP TRM).[57]

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.(38)

3

113

, ,

. ,

FRP ( )

,

,

.

3.7 )

.(102) ) .(104)

,

, . 4

,

,

.

, , ,

.

, ,

200 400 C,

.[57]

114

,

, -

.

.

( 3h d )

.

,

.

,

.[56]

3.8 )

.(105) ) .(102) ) .(106)

3

115

(min 50x50x5), (min 25x4)

(min 10),

(max 150mm, 100mm), (min 11/2

),

. ,

(max 400mm) (min 418).

300mm

,

.

.[57]

3.9 -

Kahn 1980 : ) . ) . ) . ) .(106)

116

( FRP)

,

().

,

( fiberglass).

,

,

., ,

, ( ,

, .).[59]

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FRP ( .(107) ) .(51)

,

,

, (

).

, .

3

117

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) (. ). ,

, (

), ,

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, ,

.

. ,

, .

,

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.

118

,

,

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,

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, .(108)

,

.

,

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.

3

119

, (

) ( ).

,

( ,

) ( ,

). , ,

:

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, ,

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.

, ( 100d mm )

.

, (

).

, .

,

.

, .

, .

, ,

,

(. ). ,

120

( ),

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,

. ,

,

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). ,

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).

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50-80mm ,

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3.13 ) .(108) )

.. ().(106) ) .(106)

3

121

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,

, (

),

.

, :

,

,

,

.[58]

,

.

.

. , FRP

TRM ( ),

. , ,

.

,

. ,

(

)

.

.

30mm.

( )

. , ,

.[57]

122

3.14 )

.(52) ) .(106) ) / .(51)

, :

,

(

, , ),

, (

), (1 4 1 5 ) ,

, ( mm),

, , ,

,

.

,

, ,

( )

( ,

), (

,

).[58]

3

123

3.15

( 0.25x0.50 m) : ) . ) ( ( 0.12mm) ( 0.6m) .(52)

3.2.2

, ,

.

( ),

.

,

. ,

,

, .[59]

,

,

, . ,

,

, ,

124

( , , ).[60]

,

.

,

. ,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

( 18-2/1954 & 19/1959)

1984,

, ..

.

,

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3

125

(

),

, 1985,

. ,

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, .(110) ,) .(111)

, ,

,

. ,

3

5

. ,

,

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.. ,

,

.

.

.

126

,

,

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3.18 ) .(110) ,)

.(109)

, , ..

, , ,

.

,

.

,

,

.

, (

, ,

[] ) ,

(ductile shear failure).

,

,

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3

127

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:

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.

.

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.

, .[59]

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.(111) ) Bolu 1999.(112) ) .(111)

128

.

, ,

.

,

,

.[62] ,

, , ,

,

, ,

, ,

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.

3.20 )

.(111) ,) .(111)

, , ,

, .

3

129

,

, ,

.

,

.

, .

, ..,

.. .

, ,

. ,

. ,

, ,

,

, ,

,

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130

, ..,

( , ).

, ,

,

, ( ). ,

,

( )

, .[64]

,

.. ,

.

(),

, (

, ).

, ,

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,

., .[63]

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. ) .(114)

3

131

,

.

,

,

.

. ,

,

. ,

.

.

60 cm .[57]

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[c] [d] .(102) ) , , , .(115)

132

3.24 .(106), (113)

, ,

,

. ,

,

,

. ,

,

.

300 mm , ,

.

,

( )

, ,

.[57]

3

133

3.25 .(106)

, ,

, (

). , ,

,

, (

, )

.

3.26 ) . )

.(116)

134

3.2.3

,

.

, , ,

-. ,

.

, ,

:

, ,

,

.

. , ,

.

, .

,

.

,

1 2

.

,

.

, ,

.[65]

3

135

3.27 ) : [a]

[b] [c] .(110) ) : [a] (117) [b] , .(118) ,) .(120)

,

, ,

, .

136

,

.

,

. ,

,

50-100mm, . ,

, , .

(, ),

( )

. ,

,

. , ,

(, .),

.[57]

3.28 . ,

, (G1) (G2).(102)

3

137

. ,

.

.

1-1.5mm, 240 400 MPa.

,

, .

,

. 4mm,

2% .

,

. ,

0.1-0.4mm, .

,

, ,

,

, , .

(

), , ( )

.[66]

3.29 ) .(106) )

.(119)

138

. ,

( ),

() .

3.30 ) .(106) )

.(106) ) .(106) ) .(52)

,

.

.

,

.

3

139

.

,

.

, ,

.

,

.

,

,

. , ,

.[34]

3.31 ) .. , 1.

, 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. .(117) ) ( ) ..(106)

140

,

..,

,

.

,

,

, . ,

( ),

,

. , ,

,

,

, . ,

, . ,

,

. , ,

, ,

,

. ,

..

.[30]

3.32 ..(121)

3

141

.

45.

, .

.

, ,

.

,

.

.

(> 0.5mm),

.

, .

,

.

.

.

.

. ,

, ,

.[34]

142

3.33 )

, 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. .(117) ) : [] , [] .(122)

. ,

,

,

.

. ,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

3

143

,

.

.

, ,

.

, .

.

. ,

,

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.

4mm 2% .

,

, . ,

.

, , .,

,

U .[34]

3.34 : )

.(38) ) .(106)

144

, .

, , ,

, .

.

, U, tf,

( ),

U, .

,

,

.

U.

( )

.

3.35 .(52)

3

145

,

,

,

(.. ).

, ,

.

,

,

.

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.(119) ) .

146

3.2.4

,

, ,

,

,

, .

,

,

,

, .

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: .(124)

, .

,

.

. ,

,

,

.

3

147

,

. ,

.

.

,

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. [] .(102) ) .(106) ) .(125)

148

.

.

.

, ,

(strips) ,

.

,

.

.

,

, ,

.

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3.39 ),),) .(126), (126), (108) )

.(127)

3

149

.

.

,