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195679075 Πανεπιστημιακή Φυσική Τόμος Α Hugh D Young Μέρος Α...
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Transcript of 195679075 Πανεπιστημιακή Φυσική Τόμος Α Hugh D Young Μέρος Α...
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:
1:
(Hugh D. Young).
www.sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
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.
(Hugh D. Young).
2 3, .
.
.
(, ..) mail:
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: .................................................................. 4
. 1) ........................................................................... 4 . 2) .................................................................... 4 .1-.2 ............................................................... 6 .3) ........................................................................ 8 .3 ....................................................................... 9 .4) ....................................................................... 11 .4 ..................................................................... 12 .5) .............................................................................. 16 .5 ..................................................................... 17 .6) ....................... 20 .6 ..................................................................... 21 .7) ................................................... 23 .7 ..................................................................... 24
: ................................................................... 25 .1) ............................................................................................... 25 .2) .................................................................. 25 .3) ........................................................... 25 .4) ( 3 ) . 26 .5) ( 2 ) . 26 .6) ............................................................... 27 .7) ........................................................ 28 .8) .............................. 28 ( 3 ) ................................................................................................... 28 .9) .............................. 29 ( 2 ) ................................................................................................... 29 .10) .............................................................. 29 .11) .............................................................................................................. 30 ........................................................................ 31
: .................................................................................................................... 37
.1) ................................................................................... 37 .1 ...................................................................... 39 .2) ....................................................................... 47 .2 ...................................................................... 50 .3) 2 .............................................. 52 .3 ...................................................................... 54
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:
. 1)
x av x
x t , :
t
x
tt
xxav
12
12 (.1.1)
, .
. , . , .
. 2)
.
tx / t x t :
dt
dx
t
x
t
0lim (.2.1)
x , () .
x(m)
t(s) t1 t2
x1
x2
p1
p2
=
x(m)
t(s)
p1
t1
x1
=
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, x . , , , . , .
, .
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.1-.2
2-6 . 50 , (Hugh D. Young)
. 5 min . . , a) , b) , c) , d) , e) ;
a) IV ( ).
b) I ( ).
c) V ( ).
d) II ( ).
e) ( ).
2-8 . 50 , (Hugh D. Young)
. ,
32 ctbtx ,
2/40,1 smb 3/100,0 smc . a)
0t st 0,10 , b)
i) st 0 , ii)
st 00,5 , iii) st 0,10 .
a) 0t st 10 :
3121322212 ctbtctbtxxx
mmmmx )01,0()04,1()101,0()104,1( 3232 m240
, :
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t
xav
s
mav
10
240 smav /24
b) x :
232232 )/3,0()/8,2(32 tsmtsmctbtdt
ctbtd
dt
dx
(1)
st 0 :
(1) smsmsm /00)/3,0(0)/8,2( 232
st 5 :
(1) 232 5)/3,0(5)/8,2( ssmssm sm /5,21
st 10 :
(1) 232 10)/3,0(10)/8,2( ssmssm sm /58
2-40 . 53 , (Hugh D. Young)
m0,20
. m0,20 s0,12 .
,
s0,8 .
a) m0,20 ;
b) ; c) ; d) ;
a) sms
m
t
xav /67,1
12
20
b) sms
m
t
xav /5,2
8
20
c) , . , :
smtt
xav /0
0
d) ( ) : smss
mm/2
812
2020
.
: .
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.3)
x ava x
t , :
ttt
aav
12
12 (.3.1)
. :
dt
d
ta
t
0lim (.3.2)
dtda / , . dtdx / , :
dt
xd
dt
dx
dt
d
dt
da
2
(.3.3)
, a x t .
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.3
2-13 . 51 , (Hugh D. Young)
x x . .
st 0 st 5 : ,
. ( st 0 ) , .
st 5 st 15 : ,
.
st 15 st 25 : ,
. .
st 25 st 35 : . ,
.
st 35 st 40 : . , . ( st 40 ), .
:
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2-14 . 51 , (Hugh D. Young)
2)( tt ,
sm /00,5 3/200,0 sm . a)
0t st 00,5 , b) i) st 0 , ii)
st 00,5 .
a) 222 /1
05
/02,05/52,05sm
ss
smsm
taav
b) tsmtsmbtdt
btad
dt
da
)/4,0(/2,022
)( 332
(1)
st 0 :
(1) 23 /00)/4,0( smssma
st 5 :
(1) 23 /25)/4,0( smssma
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.4)
. , . , ( ), :
12
12
tta
(.4.1)
01 t , 0
tt 2 , :
atttt
a
0
0
12
12
0
(.4.2)
0t 0x 0 ,
t :
200
2
1attxx (.4.3)
(.4.2) , : a
t 0
.
(.4.3), x , a , t :
)(2 02
0
2 xxa (.4.4)
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.4
2-17 . 51 , (Hugh D. Young)
. a) st 3 , st 7 st 11 , b) s5 ; s9 ; s11 ;
a) st 0 st 5 , , st 3 , 2/0 sma .
st 5 st 9 , (
), . , st 7 :
2/25,659
/20/45sm
ss
smsm
taa av
st 9 st 13 , ( ), .
, st 11 :
2/25,11913
/45/0sm
ss
smsm
taa av
()
b) 5s: mssmtxS 1005)/20(0
4s: mssmssmattxS 130)4(/25,62
14)/20(
2
1 2220
, 9s : mmmS 230130100
4s: mssmssmattxS 90)4(/25,112
14)/45(
2
1 2220
, 13s : mmmS 32090130100
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2-42 . 53 , (Hugh D. Young)
(
), 2/250 sm .
hkm/100
, ;
sm / :
sms
mhkm /8,27
3600
1000100/100
. () . , . ,
, 2/250 sm .
, , .
msm
sm
axxxxa 55,1
)/250(2
)/8,27(0
2)(2
2
22
0
2
00
2
0
2
m55,1 (
) , .
2-63 . 53 , (Hugh D. Young)
, . sm /0,6 .
m60 ,
2/180,0 sm .
a) ; b) ; c) )(tx ,
. 0x
d) a) , , , . . ;
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e) sm /0,4 , ;
f) ; ;
a) 0x , .
t , tx 11 0x ,
22
2
160 atx . , ,
. :
stttattxx 25,12060609,02
160 1
22
121 st 4,542
, . , :
mssmtx 2,7325,12)/6(11 .
b) smssmat /20,225,12)/18,0( 22
c)
d) , ( st 13 )
st 4,542 . ,
:
smssmat /79,94,54)/18,0( 22
e) :
060409,02
160 22121 ttattxx
( ), .
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f) ( ) . :
21
( 1 2 ).
atat 22
:
axtx a
t2
1111
2
ax
aaxatx a
t
260
2
160
2
160
2
222
2
22
2
2
2
,
( , 21 xx ). , :
a
21
a260
2
2 (1)
, 21 . , (1) :
a
2
1smmsm
aa/65,460)/18,0(2
260
260 1
22
1
2
1
2
1
, sm /65,4 .
, :
ssm
sm
at
at 82,25
/18,0
/65,42
12 21
:
mssmtx 12082,25)/65,4(12
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.5)
, (
), ( - 2/8,9 smg
) . , , . , y x .
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.5
2-29 . 52 , (Hugh D. Young)
. - - 50,0m 7,00s . a) ; b) ; c) ; d) ;
, 0
, 2/8,9 sma . 0y
.
a) y :
22020 /8,92
1
2
1tsmtyatty
st 7 , my 50 ( 0y ).
:
smssmsm /2,277/8,92
1750 0
22
0
b) , ( ) ( ). , . :
myysmsmyya 8,37)0(/8,92/2,270)(2 220202
c) , , ( ).
d) 2/8,9 sm .
2/8,9 sm ( ),
( ). .
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2-51 . 54 , (Hugh D. Young)
, m0,46 .
, m80,1 , sm /20,1 .
, ; .
m80,1 ( ),
mmmy 2,4480,10,46 . :
ssm
m
a
ytaty 3
/8,9
2,4422
2
12
2
( , 2/8,9 sma )
, , , 3s 3s . , , , :
mssmtx 6,33)/2,1(
, m6,3
.
2-53 . 54 , (Hugh D. Young)
, m0,25 . ,
hkm/100 . . a)
; b) hkm/100 ;
; ;
a) my 00 .
, 2/8,9 sma (
).
:
)25)(/8,9(20)(2)(2 2202
00
2
0
2 msmyyayya
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sm /1,22
, ( ) .
hkm/ , , :
hkmhkm
h
km
sm /6,79/6,31,22
3600
11000
1
1,22/1,22 ,
hkm/100 . , .
b) :
sms
mhkm /8,27
3600
1000100/100
, :
)25)(/8,9(2)/8,27()(2)(2 2202
00
2
0
2 msmsmyyayya
sm /8,160
( ).
, ( , ,
sm /0 ):
msm
sm
ayyya 4,14
/8,92
)/8,16(0
2)(2
2
22
0
2
0
2
0
2
( ). m4,14 , ,
. , .
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.6)
. ; :
, ( ),
. 1t 2t
t . t
. , : tx av ( av
) , . , ,
1t 2t
. , . , . , .
, 1t 2t . 1x 2x
1t 2t , :
2
1
2
112
t
t
x
xdtdxxx
01 t 01 xx , tt 2 , xx 2 :
tt
dtxxdtxx0
00
0 (.6.1)
, :
2
1
2
112
t
tadtd
01 t 01 , tt 2 , 2 :
tt
adtadt0
00
0 (.6.2)
av
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.6
2-33 . 53 , (Hugh D. Young)
2BtAta , 2/90,1 smA
4/120,0 smB . 0t .
a) . b) .
a) 0t , mx 00 ,
, sm /00 . t :
3/12,02/9,1)(/12,0/9,10)(3
42
2
0
242 tsmt
smtdttsmtsmtt
3422 /04,0/95,0)( tsmtsmt
:
4/04,03/95,0)(/04,0/95,00)(4
43
2
0
3422 tsmt
smtxdttsmtsmtxt
4432 /01,0/317,0)( tsmtsmtx
b) . 0/ dtd . , . , :
sttsmtsmadt
d8,150/12,0/9,100 242
( 0t , 0 )
( ) , :
smssmssm /4,79)8,15(/04,0)8,15(/95,0 3422
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2-50 . 54 , (Hugh D. Young)
2)( tt , 2/00,6 sm 3/00,2 sm . 0t , 0x . a)
. b) ;
a) tt tsm
tsmdttsmsmdtxtx0
332232
00
3
/2/6/2/60)(
332 /7,0/6)( tsmtsmtx
tsmdt
tsmsmd
dt
dta 3
232
/4/2/6
)(
b) ( ) ( ). :
sttsmsmdt
dx73,10/2/600 232
, ( ) . , :
mssmssmtx 76,673,1/7,073,1/6)( 332
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.7)
. . . . ,
APx / , BPx /
ABx / , :
ABBPAP xxx ///
, :
ABBPAPABBPAP
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx///
/// (.7.1)
:
1. BA / .
2. , , C, :
ABBCCPAP ////
, : , .
3. , :
ABBA //
4. . .
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.7
2-37 . 53 , (Hugh D. Young)
sm /0,1 m0,80 .
sm /0,2
, a) ; b) ;
, . , .
a) :
smsmsm /3/1/2 ////
:
ssm
mlt 7,26
/3
80
/
b) :
smsmsm /1/1/2 ////
( sm /1 )
:
ssm
mlt 80
/1
80
/
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:
.1)
r
.
kzjyixr
(.1.1)
zyx ,, r
.
.2)
, :
12
12
tt
rr
t
rav
(.2.2)
! . .
.3)
, 0t .
dt
rd
t
r
t
0lim (.3.1)
, , ( ).
t ,
1r
,
2r
.
t , :
12 rrr
(.2.1)
1r
2r
r
x
y
z
av
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.4) ( 3 )
(1) :
kdt
dzj
dt
dyi
dt
dx
dt
rd
kji zyx
(.4.1)
zyx ,,
zyx ,, .
,
dt
dxx ,
dt
dyy ,
dt
dzz (.4.2)
:
222
zyx (.4.3)
.5) ( 2 )
(1) :
jyixr
(.5.1)
:
jdt
dyi
dt
dx
dt
rd
ji yx
(.5.2)
, , .
x
z
y
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yx ,
yx, .
,
dt
dxx ,
dt
dyy (.5.3)
.6)
, :
12
12
tttaav
(.6.2)
!
.
:
22
yx (.5.4)
:
x
y
x
y
arctantan (.5.5)
.
( 1t ) 1
( 2t ) 2
.
12 ttt :
12
(.6.1)
x
y
x
y
1
2
1
2
ava
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.7)
, 0t .
dt
d
ta
t
0lim (.7.1)
.8)
( 3 )
(5) :
kdt
dj
dt
di
dt
d
dt
da z
yx
kdt
zdj
dt
ydi
dt
xda
2
2
2
2
2
2
kajaiaa zyx
(.8.1)
zyx aaa ,, a
zyx ,,
zyx ,, .
,
2
2
dt
xd
dt
da xx
,
2
2
dt
yd
dt
da
y
y
, 2
2
dt
zd
dt
da zz
(.8.2)
:
222
zyx aaaa (.8.3)
! . . . . ( 2). , .
a
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.9)
( 2 )
(9) :
jdt
di
dt
d
dt
da
yx
jdt
ydi
dt
xda
2
2
2
2
jaiaa yx
(.9.1)
yx aa , a
yx ,
yx, .
,
2
2
dt
xd
dt
da xx
,
2
2
dt
yd
dt
da
y
y
(.9.2)
:
22
yx aaa (.9.3)
.10)
. ||a
a
.
||a
a
,
. ,
( a
).
a
a
||a
||a
1
2
1
2
a
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(
||a
).
.11)
: dt
d
H dt
d
.
: dt
d
dt
d
,
.
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3-5 . 77 , (Hugh D. Young)
xy
atmx 0,2 2ty , sma /6,3 2/8,2 sm .
) . ) st 0,3 .
) r
:
jts
mit
s
mmjyixr
2
28,26,30,2
,
jdt
dyi
dt
dx
dt
rd
jt
s
mis
m 2
6,56,3
jdt
di
dt
d
dt
da
yx
js
ma
2
6,5
22
yx (1)
, st 0,3 ,
s
mx 6,3
s
ms
s
my 8,1636,5 2
, (1) :
22 yx
22
8,166,3s
m
s
m sm /2,17
xx .
) :
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x
y
tan
6,3
8,16tan
10267,4tan
:
22
yx aaa (2)
, 0xa 26,5 s
ma y
(2) :
22 yx aaa
2
26,5s
ma
26,5s
ma
a
a
xx . 0xa , a
xx .
3-31 . 79 , (Hugh D. Young)
xy
atx 20,19 tmy , sma /40,1 2/800,0 sm .
) st 00,2 ;
b) ( ) st 00,2 ;
c) ( ) st 00,2 ;
d) ; e) ; f) ; g) ; ; h) .
) st 00,2 :
mss
mx 8,224,1
mss
mmy 8,1528,00,19
2
2
, :
22 yxr 22 8,158,2 mmr mr 16
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b) :
jts
mmit
s
mjyixr
2
28,0194,1
,
jdt
dyi
dt
dx
dt
rd
jt
s
mi
s
m
26,14,1
:
22
yx (1)
, st 0,2 ,
s
mx 4,1
s
ms
s
my 2,326,1 2
(1) :
22
2,34,1s
m
s
m
s
m49,3
xx .
x
y
tan
4,1
2,3tan
4,66 (
x )
c) :
22
yx aaa (2)
, 0xa 26,1 s
ma y
(2) :
22 yx aaa
2
26,1s
ma
26,1s
ma
, 2
6,1s
ma y ,
y .
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d) , : 0a
,
06,16,104,100
22 s
mt
s
m
s
maaa yyxx
006,16,122
ts
mt
s
m
e) , : 0
r
,
06,18,0194,14,1002
2
2
t
s
mt
s
mm
s
mts
myxr yx
028,14,3096,1 34
2
2
2
2
2
ts
mt
s
mt
s
mt
0
128,14,3096,1
2
22
2 s
mtt
s
01
28,144,282
22
2
s
mtt
s
01 t
01
28,144,28 22t
s 2
2
128,144,28 ts
22 28,144,28 ts st 71,42
f) 01 t , 01 x my 191
st 71,42 , mss
mx 6,671,44,12 ms
s
mmy 25,171,48,019
2
22
h) :
20,19 tmy
2
0,19a
xmy
2
2
4,1
8,00,19
s
m
x
s
mmy
2
2 4,18,00,19
m
sx
s
mmy
2
2
2
2 4,18,00,19
x
m
s
s
mmy
2
4,1
18,00,19
x
mmy
m
xmy
1
96,18,00,19
2
mxmy1
4,00,19 2
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24,00,19 xy
:
222 yx 2222 4,019 xx 3612,1416,0 242 xx
3612,1416,0)( 24 xxxg
66,666,664,038,4464,04,2864,0)( 23 xxxxxxxxg
( 0x , ts
mx 4,1 )
x 0 66,6
x64,0 + +
66,6x - +
66,6x + +
xg - +
xg
mx 66,6 .
:
2222 yxr 22 yxr
2
22 166,64,01966,6
mmmmr
22 58,135,44 mmr mr 8,6
:
a
xtatx
s
m
mtatx
4,1
66,6st 7,4
g)
..
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3-33 . 80 (Hugh D. Young)
xy jtit
2 ,
sma /1,2 , 3/6,3 sm 2/5 sm y
. 0t .
a) . b) ( y) 0x
0t ;
0t , , 00 x , 00 y .
a) tt
jtdtidttrr00
2
0
j
ti
ttr
23
23
jtittr
23
2
1
3
1
jtdt
dit
dt
d
dt
da
2 jita 2
b) 0x :
03
10 3ttx
03
1 2 tta
0t 2
3
1t 23 t
32t
3t
36,3
1,23
s
ms
m
t st 32,1
st 32,1 ,
2
2
1ty 2
232,15
2
1s
s
my my 4,4
0
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:
.1)
( ). .
( 00 t ) 00 , yx .
2 :
000 cos x (.1.1)
000 sin y (.1.2)
x :
000 cos xx (.1.3)
txx x00 txx 000 cos (.1.4)
y :
gtyy 0 gty 00 sin (.1.5)
2002
1gttyy y
2
0002
1sin gttyy (.1.6)
y
x
y0
x0
0
0
y
x
x
y
0
-
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(.1.3)-(.1.6) t .
r ( r
) :
22 yxr (.1.7)
:
22yx (.1.8)
, yx , (.1.3), (.1.5).
.
x , :
x
y
x
y
arctantan (.1.9)
(.1.4) (.1.6) :
2
00
0
00
0000
cos2
1
cossin
xxg
xxyy
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
(.1.10)
, :
0,0 00 yx , (31) : 2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
(.1.11)
, : 2axbxy , ab,
.
-
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.1
3-41 . 80 , (Hugh D. Young)
. Guinnes, , Roy Carlyle . 188m .
a) 45 , m9,0 ;
. b) m0,3 m116 (
) ;
a) 00 , yx , my 9,00 .
,:
mmyy 9,09,000 ( m9,0 )
my 9,0 .
mxxx 1880 .
(.1.10) :
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
yx
yx
xg
00
2
22
0tancos2
mm
ms
m
9,045tan18845cos2
1888,9
2
2
22
0 sm /8,420
b) mx 116
,
-
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2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
2
2
116
2
18,422
/8,9116 m
s
m
smmy
mymyymy 451,441,44 0
mmmy 42345 .
3-42 . 80 , (Hugh D. Young)
.
c) T Joe Bob . Mary Belle , m6,8 ;
a) (.1.10) :
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
yx
yx
xg
00
2
22
0tancos2
mm
ms
m
1,653tan2,853cos2
2,88,9
2
2
22
0 sm /8,130
b) Joe Bob:
txx 000 cos tx 00 cos
00 cos
xt
53cos8,13
2,8
s
m
mt
: Mary Belle ,
53 Joe Bob,
m1,6 m2,8
.
a) 0 Mary Belle
Joe Bob; b) (a), Joe Bob;
-
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st 9874,0
(.1.3) (.1.5) :
00 cos x 53cos8,13
s
mx smx /31,80
gty 00 sin ss
m
s
my 99,08,953sin8,13 2
s
my 34,1
, (.1.9) :
x
y
arctan
31,8
34,1arctan 16,9
c) Mary Belle 00 , yx , my 6,80 .
Mary Belle :
mmyy 6,86,800 ( m6,8 )
my 6,8 .
Mary Belle 0xxx .
(.1.10) :
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
yx
0tancos2
0
2
0
22
0
yxxg
06,853tan
53cos8,132
8,92
2
2
2
mxx
s
m
s
m
06,832,107,0 21 mxxm
mx 9,23 ( ).
-
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3-43 . 81 , (Hugh D. Young)
00 , yx , my 1000 .
:
myy 150 ( m15 )
my 15 .
mxxx 400 .
(.1.10) :
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
200
22
0
000cos2
tan xxg
xxyy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
yx
yx
xg
00
2
22
0tancos2
mm
ms
m
1553tan4053cos2
408,9
2
2
22
0 sm /88,170
, , . .
53 , m40
m15
. m100 . ;
-
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3-47 . 81 , (Hugh D. Young)
0
090 .
0 :
txx 000 cos tx 00 cos (1)
:
g
ty02
gt 00
sin2 (2)
(2) (1) :
g
x 0000sin2
cos
(3)
090 :
g
x 000090sin2
90cos
(4)
,
000 sin90cos90cos (5)
0000 coscos90sin90sin (6)
(5), (6) (4) (3):
g
x 0000cos2
sin
g
x 0000sin2
cos
xx
-
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3-55 . 82 , (Hugh D. Young)
0 .
. a) , , .
,,,0 g .
b) ,
;
a) , :
0,0 00 yx , : 2
0
22
0
0cos2
tan xg
xy
( .1.11)
: 0 ()
: tantan xyx
y ()
() () (.1.11) :
222
0 cos2tantan x
gxx
x
g
22
0 cos2tantan
xg
22
0 cos2tantan
tantan
cos2 220x
g
g
x
22
0 cos2tantan (C)
:
cos
xs (D)
y
x
s
-
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2 (C) cos
1
cos
cos2tantan
cos
22
0
g
x ()
(D) (E) :
tantan
cos
cos2 220
g
s
, .
b) () : 0
,
tantan
cos
cos2 220
gs
tantan
cos
cos20
0
22
0
gs
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
cos2
0
00
22
0
gs
2
0
22
000
2
0
cos
sincos2
cos
sincos2
ggs
2
0
22
0
2
00
2
0
cos
sincos2
cos
cossincos2
ggs
sincoscossincos
cos
20
2
002
2
0 g
s (F)
,
2
2sincossin 000
(G)
2
2cos1cos 00
2
()
(G) () (F) :
sin2cos1cos2sin
2
1
cos
2002
2
0
gs
0022
0 2cossinsincos2sincos
gs
0022
0 2cossinsincos2sincos
gs
-
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sin2sin
cos02
2
0 g
s
s : 02sin
: 2
212sin 00
24
0
24
24
-
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.2)
. ( ) . .
.2.1 R . s ( ) t .
, .2.2.
( ) . :
.2.1 .2.2
. ,
:
R
s
1
s
R
1
t
s
Rt
1
t
s
Raav
1
:
t
s
Ra
t
1
0lim
t
s
Ra
t 0
1 lim
dt
ds
Ra 1
1
1
Ra
Ra
2
1
: To t
s
t
0lim 1 .
R
a2
1
:
1
2
s
R
R
1
2
R
rada
.2.1
.2.2
.2.3
R
rada
-
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R
arad
2 (.2.1)
.
rada (. .2.3)
, t , s .
, :
t
s (.2.2)
, :
Rs 2 (.2.3)
Rs 2
Tt (.2.4)
.
(.2.3) (.2.4) (.2.2) :
T
R
2 (.2.5)
(.2.5) (.2.1) :
2
24
T
Rarad
(.2.6)
.
, R
arad
2
(
). tana ,
. tana :
-
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dt
da
tan (.2.7)
! 0tan a . , dt
daa rad
: dt
d
dt
d
. 0dt
d
.
dt
d
rada
tana
.
-
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.2
3-49 . 81 , (Hugh D. Young)
xy. :
tRx cos , tRy sin
R .
a) R, R. b) . c)
R2 . d) R . e) (c) (d)
R
2.
a) 22 yxr 22 sincos tRtRr tRtRr 2222 sincos
ttRr 222 sincos 12Rr 2Rr Rr
b) To :
jyixr
jtRitRr
sincos
:
tR
dt
tRd
dt
dxx
sin
cos
tR
dt
tRd
dt
dyy
cos
sin
:
ji yx
jtRitR
cossin
,
yxr yx
tRtRtRtRr sincoscossin
ttRttRr sincoscossin 22
ttttRr sincoscossin2
-
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0 r
,
r
.
c) :
xtR
dt
tRd
dt
da xx
22 cossin
ytR
dt
tRd
dt
da
y
y
22 sincos
:
jaiaa yx
jyixa 22 jyixa
2 ra 2
, 2 , a
r
.
d) tRtRtRtRyx 2222222222 cossincossin
ttR 2222 cossin 22R R
e) :
Ra 2 ()
:
R ()
() () :
RR
a
2
Ra
2
-
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.3) 2
,
/// rrr PP
jyixjyixjyix PPPP
//////
jyyixxjyix PPPP
//////
,
/// xxx PP (.3.2)
/// yyy PP (.3.3)
2 :
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx PP /// xxPxP /// (.3.4)
dt
dy
dt
dy
dt
dy PP /// yyPyP /// (.3.5)
, (.3.4) (.3.5) :
///
PP (.3.6)
(.3.6) . :
2
, . . x r
,
yx, . P
. :
/// rrr PP
(.3.1)
/r
/Pr
/Pr
x
y
P
y
x
z
z
-
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2
/
2
// PP (.3.7)
: //
.
:
/
/
/
/ arctan
PP (.3.8)
/P
/P
/
-
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.3
3-25 . 79 , (Hugh D. Young)
sm /4,2 . .
sm /5,3 . m1000 .
a) ; b) ; c) ;
a)
,
2
/
2
//
22
4,25,3s
m
s
m sm /24,4
:
/
/
5,3
4,2
4,34
b)
/
/
x
tt
xsm
mt
/5,3
1000st 286 ( x ).
c) ty / ss
my 2864,2 my 686
/
, /
/
.
/
/
/
-
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3-51 . 82 , (Hugh D. Young)
( ) ( ) hkm/220 . h500,0
km150 km40 .
a) ( ). b) hkm/120 ,
; hkm/220 .
a)
( ),
/
.
hkmh
kmx /300
5,0
150/ ( )
hkmh
kmy /80
5,0
40/ ( )
/
, /
x (
) y ( ). /
,
/
x /
/
, /
y /
.
/
/
/
.
/
/
/
x
y
/
y /
x /
-
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:
:
xx /// xx /// /// xx
hkmhkmx /220/300/ hkmx /80/
:
yy // yy // hkmy /80/
:
yx /2
/2
/
22
/ 8080h
km
h
km hkm/113/
:
45180
80
/
/
y
x
b)
/
/
/
.
y /
x /
/
x
y
/
/
/
/
-
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: hkm/120/
: hkm/220/ .
,
/
.
1,331220
120sin
/
/
( )