, Lancaster . (Research Associate) Cambridge (Affiliate Lecturer) Cambridge. Anglia University Cambridge. Honorary Research Fellow Anglia University- Cambridge.

, , , .

(International Association for Relationships Research) (international Society for Research on Emotion) British Academy Royal Society . , Nuffield Foundation .. (. http://www.soc.uoc.gr/psycho/ kafetsios).

,

V 7 ] CO

2 0 0 5

TOY Prof. MARIO MIKULINCER ................... 13

, ................................ 21

............................................ 24 ................................. 27, ........................................ 31 .......................................................................................... 34

\ .................... 37

: John . Bowlby .............................................................................................. 39 ........................................ 42

.......................................................... 43 ................................................................................. 44

.. 46 ............................... 47

............................................................ 49 ........................................ 52

; ........................................................ 52 ....................................................................... 54 ................................. 57 ......................... ................................................ 60 .......................................... 63 ........... ..................................... 65

........................................................................................ 66

.......................................................................................................... 70

......... 73

......................... 76 ................... 82

.......................................................... 85

87 ..................... 88 91

............................................................................. 96 ............................................................. 99

....................................................................... 102 ............................................................... 103

.......................................................................................................... 107

....................................................... .. 109

.............................................................................................................. 111 ....................................................................... 113 .. 116 ..................... , .............................................. 117

............................... 117 . . . 119

. . . . 120

............................................................... 121 : ;...................................................... 121 .................................................... 124

..................................... 126 ............................................................... 127

.................................................................................r ................. 130 ............................. 131 ..................................................................................................... 134

^ :

...................................................................... 135 .............................................. 137 - .................................... 138

..................... 147

...................................................................................... 151

: 154 - P. Crittenden ....................... 157

.................................................................................................. 159 .......................................................... 161 :

....................................................................... 162 , ............ 165 ...................................................................................................... 166

__*^^, ............... 167

....................................................................... 170 ..................... 171 173

........................................ 177 ,

............................................................................... 179- ........................................................ 182

....................... 184 ................................. 185 () 187 ...................................................................................................... 189 ...................................... 190

............................................................ 193 .............................................. 194

.......................................................................................................... 195

, ................................... 197

....................................................................... 199 .......................................................... 201 , .................................. 204 ,

....................................................................................... 207 :

..................... 209 tit ............................................ 209

............................................................. 210 .......................................... 214, .............................................. 215

; ................................................................................................ 216 ; ........................... 219 ............................................ ............................................................. 220

............................................................221

............................................................. 224 .......................................................... 226 - /

.................................................................................... 228 ..................................................................... 229

............................................................ 230 .......................................................................................................... 232

............................................................................................................ 233

INDEX ................................................................................. 235

.................................................................................................. 2373.1 ........ 2393.2 ................................................................. 2403.3 ............................. 2413.4 2433.5 2453.6 2465.1 (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) . . . , . 2475.2 :

; ....................................................................... . 2485.3 Ekman & Friesen (1975)

............................... 2515.4 MSCEIT

(Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test 2002) ................... 2525.5 ;

( Couples Emotion Communication Test) ............... 2557.1 - 258

.................................................................................................... 259

t o y Prof. M a r i o M ik u l i n c e r

, . , , - , , , , , .

Bowlby (1969/1982* 1973* 1980) . ( ), ( ( ). , > , . , . , : ) , , .

M ARIO M IKULINCER

, , , , ) . , , (), , , . John Bowlby, , Mary Ainsworth, . Bowlby Ainsworth . Bowlby , Ainsworth . , , , 3 .

Attachment and Loss - - Bowlby (1969/1982* 1973* 1980) : ( , , ) ; [> , Bowlby , , - . , , , .

, Bowlby (1969/1982) ,

M ARIO M IKULINCER

( ) . . , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , .

Bowlby (1969/1982) - - . , Bowlby . , Bowlby , . , ( ) . .

. , , (\ . ,

M ARIO M IKULINCER

* * , , . , , .

, Bowlby (1973) , /- , / . , , , . , , , , . , , , , (.. , ), .

30 . , ; - , , , , Ainsworth 1 ) .

SHMEIQJWA M ARIO M IKULINCER

- , Ainsworth : , , /- . ^^^ . - , . Aj /^ , . , , . , . , , (. Cassidy & Shaver.1999).

, Bowlby (1979) . , ^ (Bowlby, 1979* . 135). , Bowlby (1979) , . Hazan Shaver (1987) - . , , ( ) , , .

, Hazan and Shaver (1987)

MARIO MIKULINCER

: , . - . , , . , , / . .

, , , , , . / ( ).

, . , - . , , , . , , , . ( )

M ARIO MIKULINCER

, , . / , , -' , .

Bowlby . , . .

, , , :>- . , , .

Professor M a r io M ik u l in c e r Bar-Ilan University

,

... , ... . , . , .

Harvey Keitel , , 4 2000.

,

0

. .

, . , , , 20 . . (.. Hinde, 1979* Doise, 1986) (.. , , , ) : (.. , , ), (.. , ), (.. , , ), -- .

, , , - . , . , . ( ), . , , .., () . , -

,

(, , ) , . , . 1960 John Mostyn Bowlby , , , , .

40 John Mostyn Bowlby, (, , , , ). 10 , , . ( ) .

, (..) . > : .

, . . . , , . Heider (1958) . (Heider & Simmel, 1944) , . , . . - , Heider (1958).

, . : , 3, , , .. , (, ). . / Byrde, , 20 - . . . ( ).

,

(Hogg & Vaughan, 1995).

. 1950 1960 ( ). ( ) Harlow Harlow (1965) , . rhesus (). , Harlow Harlow , .

. ) Schachter Singer (1962). . (Dr. Zilstein) - , , - . (. Buunk, 1996). ( ) ( ).

. / / (Ryff & Singer, 2001). ( 5.

Gurung, 1997* Williams, Ware & Donald, 1981). , , , , , (Cunningham & Barbee, 2000). , , (House, Robbins & Metzner, 1982).

( ) . , , .. (Gottman, 1999* Andersen & Guerrero, 1998). . 75% (Campbell, 1992).

/ (Triandis, 1994), 47% . : (.. , ) , (Wheeler, Reis & Bond, 1989).

, . (), (.. )). (Duck & Gilmour, 1981* Kelley et al., 1983). .

,

Harry Reis Helen Bersheid (2001) . . 1970 ( . (Sampson, 1977), , . Zajonc Sampson (Zajonc, 1968) ( , , - ), . .

1970 - . , . 1970 (Kuhn, 1962) (attraction) (marital satisfaction), (> , . 1970, Robert Hinde, Cambridge, . : , , . : , (Doise, 1986).

Hinde . q , /. . ; <

. Hinde , , . : , , , , , , , . Hinde Doise , . Hinde , Bowlby (. 2).

. (Duck, 1999 Hendrick & Hendrick, 2000). (Journal of Social and Personal Relationships & Personal Relationships), (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). 1980 (International Society for Study Personal Relationships & International Network for Personal Relationships) ( ), (. www.iarr.org). (Duck, 1997 Hendrick & Hendrick, 2000).

; Steve Duck (1999) Zeitgeist . , , 1980 1990. Helen Berscheid (1992),

.

: , , , , ..

. , John Gottman1 . Gottman (.. ), (, , ). - , , (.. , Gottman, 1999) .

.. -- . , ( 55%). , .. , (attribution theory, Fincham & Bradbury, 1988* Bradbury & Fincham, 1987* 1988). , ( , .., . Hewstone, 1997). Robert Hinde (1979* 1995* 1997). , 6( (, , , )., , ( ^.

. 2000 Newsweek Dr. J. Gottman.

(.. , , ..).

, : , , (Cunningham & Barbee, 2000' Sarason, Sarason & Gurung, 1997), (.. Andersen & Guerrero, 1998), (.. Ryff & Singer, 2001), (.. LaGaipa, 1981 Asher & Rose, 2001 Adams & Blieszner, 1993), (.. Blieszner,2000), (.. Peplau & Spalding, 2000). (.. Sprecher & McKinney, 1993), (.. Gottman & Levenson, 1986- 1992), (.. Canary & Messman, 2001), (.. Cassidy & Shaver, 1999).

, . . ( , . Kirkpatrick, 1999). Bowlby -- .

,

,

2 (attachment theory) John Bowlby. , , (Fonagy, Steele & Steele, 1991), , , . 1970 1980, .

3 20 : , . Bowlby : ; Freud . . , Bowlby . ,

2.0 (attachment style) : ) , . ^ (Bowlby, 1969), , ) (dependency). , () (bonding).

3. :' / . ./ . ; - ; ( .

, . : . . , Bowlby (.

^ , - , , . > , , , - > .

. , (, ). / , , ) . , 20 . , - ) . . , , .

.

, . .

, . 20 . , . . (1872) Paul Ekman (1995), . Daniel Goleman best seller . - Kuhn (1962) >:\ . , .

. . .

( ) .

, . - . . Bowlby .

. . ( , ) ). .

, . , - , .

:> -- . : , .. -

.

. , .

. / .

, ( ) . , . . - .

, : ) ) / .

(, , , ), , . ' , , - . .

!

Kurt Lewin .

In my beginning is my end T.S. E l io t (1888-1965) East Coker

. (Bowlby, 1969 1988) , --

. , 20 : , . Bowlby - .

, . .

, , Bowlby. : , , , . , () : Ann Freud Melanie Klein.

, , . .

, . , , . ( , ..) .

: John . Bowlby

Bowlby

. . ( , Hunter, 1991).

Edward John Mostyn Bowlby 26 1907 . . Sir Anthony 52 May Mostyn 40. . Sir Anthony . Bowlby - 1861 The Times. Sir Anthony . , Bowlby, May, , . ( Bowlby) .

Bowlby . ( ) . Bowlby ( ) . Evelyn, , Sir Henry Brown. Evelyn Bowlby - , , - Hyde Park. , , , . , . Tony, , , , .

Bowlby Trinity Cambridge 18 . , Dartmouth, , (Holmes, 1993). Tony ( , ). .

, - - Summerhill S. Neil. University College Hospital. Riviere, Melanie Klein.

Holmes (1993), Bowlby (Adult Attachment Interview, . 3) -.

) I

, . Hunter (1991) , :

. , ... (Bowlby 1991, . 101).

(Sutherland, 1991). - . - . Tavistock . John Byng-Hall, , Bowlby , ,

Bowlby (Bowlby, 1951), .

. , ( ). , , . . (. ) Bowlby ... .

Bowlby (, , ..), . - . . , , . Bowlby , (.. Ainsworth et al., 1978 Main & Solomon,

1990)4. Marvin Britner (1999), Bowlby Ainsworth : .., 5; ; ;

Bowlby . , : . Bowlby . ( ) (.. Spitz & Wolf, 1946* Heinicke, 1956). - .

. , , Bowlby (attachment behavioural system).

4. 15 : ' (Marvin : Br i t ne r . 1999).

5. - (, ..) - - .

( ) . , , ) . , , (evolutionary adaptness).

, ^ Ainsworth (1967) , . (, ..) , . , .

, . Bowlby , , Wilson, , .

, . , . . (.. Harlow & Harlow, 1965).

, Bowlby ,

. , , (Bowlby, 1969). , . , (.. ). : (.. ), (.. ) (.. ).

, . (felt security). . - (Sroufe & Waters, 1977), , . , (goal corrected system). Bowlby (Sroufe & Waters, 1977, . 1185). (set goal), (felt security). . ( , , ..) , . / (/..

, (adaptive fitness)

. (.. , , ) - . , , , . . ( , ..) . , , .

(. 2) (affiliation). (Attachment and loss) , . (Cassidy, 1999). , (primates) Robert Hinde (1974) . , . - . , . , .

Bowlby . Bowlby (.. Robertson, 1967) , () (). - : (protest), (despair) (detachment). . 3 , (Stern, 1985* 1995). , , . , .

, Harlow Harlow (1958) . rhesus ( ), ( ) . . . , , . ( ), .

Harlow Harlow7 /, . /. ) . oi un< ma

(), . , . . ( .

( 6 3 ) . Bowlby - , (imprinting) Lorenz (1935). (Bateson, 1979). (sensitive) . , (, ) . , , . .

(maternal deprivation), ) . , . , . , 1 2 . (monotropism), , , . ,

(.. Cox, Owen, Henderson & Margant, 1992). , , . . . , Harlow Harlow. Lewis (2002), , . , . Lewis (1997) , , , .. .

( ) / . . . , Freud - . . ( .. ), (, ) . Bowlby < '.. - __

4 49

, . (.. ). .

Bowlby , . , (Klein, Riviere) Tavistock. (Attachment and Loss, 1969) Bowlby , . , , .

. Freud Freud . Melanie Klein, , , . , , (.. ), - . 1950 1960 . Wilfred Bion . (enactment) .

, /. , (.. , ),

. 20 . - (Stevens, 1996). Bowlby . , , ( , . Erdelyi, 1974).

^ . , , . ( ). (Bartlett, 1932). . , (Bower, 1981 Forgas, 1979), (. Power & Dalgleish, 1998, ).

- . Bowlby (Robertson & Bowlby, 1952* Bowlby, 1953) , ( ), . Daniel Stern (1985 1995 ) / , . /.: < ;/. ;(\/ : : / ; :

Bowlby .

Rutter (1984) Stern (1974) , . (Gusella et al., 1988). (Fernald & Kuhl, 1989). (Johson & Morton, 1991). , Striano (2004) .

Averill (1980) . Caspi Elder (1988), , . .

;

. . ;.

^^ Mlahler -- 1>7

, . . , . , ^^ ^ ^, , , ^ Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters Wall "(1978) . .

, , Bowlby. Hinde (1979) . Hinde (1979 1981 1991 1995) [> - . ( ) . ( . , 20 . , 1.1.

. , , , ( . . , , Hinde (1999) - .

Stern . (affect attunement) Stern (1974) Tiffany Field ( 19s5). Field / Ainsworth (1991). < / /.< ! >

. Schore (1994) , .

1.1

Hinde

, Bowlby . Bowlby - Mary Salter Ainsworth . .

-

, . , (.. , ), (Biringen, 1990* Biringen & Robinson, 1991) .

Bowlby, Ainsworth, . ( , ..) : , , . .

(Strange situation) , . , Ainsworth . ( 18 ) . _ (. 1.1) , . , , . . , . (attachment patterns): /-, B/, /-/. ( ) /.

1.1

(Ainsworth et al., 1978)

1 30 , 3 .

2 3 1 , 1 1 .

3 3 , 3 .

4 3 , , 3 .

5 3 3 .

6 3 3 .

7 3 , , ( 20 ).

, Ainsworth : /, (secure base) . , . /-, , . . , . , /- / . , .

,

(Main & Hesse, 1990* Main & Solomon, 1990* Crittenden, 1988). / , , . Crittenden (1988) ( / , . 4) , .

(14-16 , Ainsworth et al., 1978). , (Belsky & Pensky, 1988* Grossman & Grossman, 1991). (Crowell & Feldman, 1988' Isabella & Belsky, 1991).

(21 , 1.584 , 1977 1990) 67% , 21% - 12% -- (Van Ijzendoorn, Goldberg, Kroonenberg & Frenkel, 1992). 15% ().

; , ( .

(maternal sensitivity hypothesis) Ainsworth ( - : : . , : ( ..).

. Smith & Pederson (1988) - . , - : , . , . (Smith & Pederson, 1988* Pederson et al., 1990) / (attention overload). / . . , .

Bowlby (.. 1980* 1988) . . - , (.. ) .

. , . Wolff (1969) . , : , ,

. . , . , , . (Harris, 1992).

( ) . Grossman, Grossman, Schwann (1986). -- , , . , , , . , , (Stayton & Ainsworth, 1973), - (Tracy & Ainsworth, 1981) . - (Bell & Ainsworth, 1972). Stevenson-Hinde (1986) / . (temperament) McDevitt Carey (1978). , . .

(Attachment Working Models) - , , , (Main, 1991). , , : (selfpresentation), (object representations), (internal object), (schema), - (representational world). .

Bowlby, , . (Bowlby, 1973):

: ) / / ) , (. 204, ).

, (Main et al., 1985) (Bretherton, 1991). (West & Sheldon-Keller, 1994).

) , , , , (emotion regulation). , , , , , . , , , , -

, (emotion regulation). 4 5.

Main, Kaplan & Cassidy (1985) . : , , . , ( ). 40 , . Polaroid, . (-Adult Attachment Interview). . ( ).

. . , , ( ) . .

, , . , 18 , t c o v .

18 .

, (attachment organisation) Main et al. (1985, . 67) , . 6. (.. Steele & Steele, 1994 Fonagy, Steele & Steele, 1991). 1990, 100 (). , ( 18 ) . 85%. .

, (felt security). . , / , . . ,

6. . -- (Waters 1995, SRCD monograph).

.

- , (Freud, 1933* 1937* Erikson, 1950), qcrp (object relation).1^ Bowlby (1988, . 9) (Bowlby, 1973* 1988). ^ ) . .

( ) ( , ) (interpersonal) (intrapersonal) . (Matas, Arend & Sroufe, 1978). , (Waters, Wippman & Sroufe, 1979). . (Jacobson & Wille, 1986). , , , (Erickson, Sroufe & Egeland, 1985).

.-Tet- , (Matas et al., 1978). (Sroufe, Schork, Motti, Lawroski & LaFreniere, 1984) . , , , . 4.000 , , .., 12 18 , , (. Motti, Cicchetti & Sroufe, 1983).

, , .. Jacobson (1986, . 76) , ... ( ), .

/ . Bowlby , . , Elicker, Englund & Sroufe (1992) Grossman & Grossman (1991) - . - .

.

( 12 18 ) Elicker 47 . . . , , , . Grossman Grossman (1991) 10 . . , , ( , ). . .

Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters Wall (1978) , - . .

. , . __

5 65

() . .

, Sylvan Tomkins (1963) Affect, imagery and consciousness. . , , (Izard, 1991). . (Hess, 1975) , , . . . (Hofer, 1996).

-. Tomkins - . , . Duchenne. .

(Stern, 1985) - . Schore (1994)

. . . .

Schore (1994), . (affect attunement) Stern (1974) Tiffany Field (1985). Field Ainsworth Stern. . , , Bowlby : (protest), (despair) (detachment).

(Reite & Snyder, 1982' Reite & Capitanio, 1985), ( , , ..) , . , ( ). () . .

(.. Field, 1977' Fogel, 1980 1993). , . , (Field, 1978).

, . , , , , . Lamb (1978) , . Field .

Field, Reite Bowlby . , ( ) , .

, . Hofer . , , , , , .

: . Hofer (1996) . Hofer . , , .

, .

, , (), ) (Schanberg & Field, 1987). , - (Stanton, Wallstro & Levine, 1987). , ( Lorenz), , , - .

- . (. Oshner & Lieberman, 2001).

Thomas Insel (1997) : . - (microtus ochrogaster) . (3% Kleinman, 1977) . , , . . (Microtus montanus) , ( ) ( ) .

Insel ( , . ( , : , - , , ) . , , , ( ) -

(Panksepp, Siviy & Normansell, 1985). , . .

(Parkes, Hinde & Marris, 1991). , Bowlby. (Hinde, 1995* 1997) / (attachment behaviours) , (working models) , , . , , . , . .

^ , ^ .

().| , . (attachment behavioural system) -

. , (attachment bond) / , (Ainsworth,1989). , . . . , , .

. .

. , . , , .

B o w lb y ( 1969)

' (Freud, 1933), - (object relations, Erikson, 1950) , , . , , . , , Bowlby, .

/ , /

/ . Mary Ainsworh . (. Cassidy & Shaver, 1999). , ( ) .

1990, Bowlby & Ainsworth . Bowlby -

___ . Hazan Shaver (1987) -

. 2004 1.300 (adult attachment style). , (IARR)7 1990 .

. - . . , 1990 , . : . _ ^ . , : . , , .. , , (matching hypothesis).

7. To 2002 (IARR), ; . (International Network for Personal Relationships).

/ Bowlby (Separation: Anxiety and Anger, 1973). O Weiss (1975)

, ( --), . Kitson (1982) . Berman (1988) . , - , (.. Fishier, Sperling & Carr, 1990' Lipson-Parra, 1990). , . . , . , .

. 1987 . (Kuhn, 1962) Cindy Hazan Phil Shaver . ^_^ . . - , , .

-

Hazan ( ). Ainsworth (1978).

: . . / , , , .

: , . . , .

: . .

, . (, , ) (. 1.1).

Hazan Shaver :

^ () / , () -

. / () (. 511).

2.

1

2.1

(

)

(), , . ( ), , . ( = 620 ). - , . 2.1 .

, ( , , , , ..). . .

. Kim Bartholomew (Bartholomew, 1990* Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). To Bartholomew Bowlby . . - . Bartholomew .

^ (secure) . / (preoccupied) ,

. (avoidant) , : (dismissing) (fearful). ( ) . , . , . .

.

2.1

Bartholomew

Hazan & Shaver . 1980 (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1989, Sternberg, 1986). . , ; (Levy & Davis, 1988* Feeney & Noller, 1990)

6 ~ 8

. .

. .

- - . .

- . -.

1990. /, .

/ (love8) 1980 . : ) Lee (1973) , ) Robert Sternberg (Sternberg ^arn^rl^85^StembSrg7tf8b) ) Shaver, Morgan & Wu (1996) .

John Alan Lee (1973) , . : (eros), (Indus), ( - storge), (pragma), / (mania) (agape). , - (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986* Lasswell & Lasswell, 1979) Lee, . , . Lee > . Sternberg, .

8. love , : , , . . .

/) Sternberg (. 2.2) - : ) (intimacy) , ) , ) / . . .

2.2

Sternberg

:

:

+

(

)

:

+

:

Sternberg . / . , . , / . ^. Sternberg (factor analysis) . -

. / - 1980 ( ).

- , , - . . , . Jankowiak & Fischer (1992) ( , ..) 166 . 147 . 19 . . Dion & Dion (1996), . , - , . , / .

. - . Ekman Izard / . , , / (Shaver, Morgan & Wu, 1996).

Shaver .

Hazan Shaver (1987) /. ( ), .

Mark Levy Keith Davis (1988) . , (, , ) - Hendrick & Hendrick (1989) / Lee Sternberg . - . ( 234 0,19 0,24). Lee. . Lee ( ) (Indus). , .

(Feeney & Noller, 1990* Hendrick & Hendrick, 1989), - (Sternberg) Lee . ( | >'j i/.io'/ouq ),

( ) .

Levy Davis (1988) , ( , ).

Judith Feeney Pat Noller (1990) Hazan & Shaver Levy Davis (1988). - , , , . :> , : () / ( , , / ), () , , .., () (^ ). ( ).

Clyde Hendrick Barbara Hendrick (1989) - 391 , Lee, Sternberg (passionate scale) Davis, . Levy Davis, , . 5 : , , /, .

/.

mo . Hazan & Shaver (1987) , (, ..). 1988 (Shaver & Hazan, 1988), - .

. (.. , , ..).

. , . - . , Hazan & Shaver (1987) , , . (Hazan & Shaver, 1994), . , Bowlby (. 1). . (.. Collins & Feeney, 2000).

( ) (Feeney & Noller, 1990) (Brennan & Shaver, 1995). . , : (Shaver & Brennan, 1992), (Brennan, Shaver & Tobey, 1991* Latty-Mann & Davis, 1988), , (Kobak, Sudler & Gamble, 1992* Carnelley, Pietromonaco & Jaffe, 1994* Scattolon & Spinner, 1996), (Magai, Distel & Liker, 1995), (Brennan & Morris, 1997), (Hazan & Shaver, 1990), (Mikulincer, Florian & Tolmasz, 1990), (Feeney & Ryan, 1994) ..

. . , . . (Pietromonaco & Feldman-Barrett, 1997* Cook, 2000). 3 .

Rob Hinde (1979* 1995 1997), 3 -- . -

( , .. ). -

.

: ) ( , ) (outcomes) ) ( , ..). , , , .

Jfy Hazan & Shaver S 14 82 -

. / . , , ^ . , , , ( , . , 3). , .

Levy & Davis (1988) / .

Carole Pistole (1989) (.. :s ll 19 ). Jeff S im pso^ 144 . , . , . Kelly Brennan Phil Shaver (1995) . 148 (.. 19 ).

, , , . -

. , . , - (Carstensen, 1991) . Merilyn Senchak & Kenneth Leonard (1992), . ( 11% 6%). , . , , , /. , . , . Collins (1996). .

Lee Kirkpatrick Mark Davis (1994). (354 ) (.. 21 ). . , . , - , . , (, , ..).

Hazan & Shaver. Cohn, Silver, Cowan, Pearson (1992) ( , George, Kaplan & Main,1984). , . , . . , , .. , . (.. , ), . .

(relationship satisfaction) . ( ), ( , ..) . Hinde (1997), : , , ..

- / (..

, Locke & Wallace, 1959 , Spanier, 1976). ; . , . , , (Sternberg & Barnes, 1985* Levinger, 1966).

. ) . , . , . , . ( 4). ( ) .

3 : (Brennan & Shaver, 1995* Fitzpatrick et al., 1993* Feeney et al, 1994* Jones & Cunningham, 1996* Levy & Davis, 1988* Pistole, 1989* Simpson, 1990* Whisman & Allan, 1996), (Collins & Read, 1990), (Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994), , (Senchak & Leonard, 1992), (Kobak & Hazan, 1991* Fitzpatrick et al., 1993* Feeney et al., 1994), / (Kirkpatrick & Hazan, 1994), (Levy & Davis, 1988* Simpson, 1990* Keelan, Dion & Dion, 1994), (Levy & Davis, 1988* Pistole, 1989* Senchak & Leonard, 1992* Simpson, Rholes & Phillips, 1996), (Simpson, 1990), (Feeney [] & Kirkpatrick, 1996).

, (Brennan & Shaver, 1995* Hammond & Fletcher, 1991* Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994 Pistole, 1989 Simpson, 1990).

, . , . , . Nancy Collins (Collins & Read,1990) , . . Evco . . . , , , . , .

Collins & Read(1990), ( , ). . Jeff Simpson (1990) . Kirkpatrick & Davis (1994), , (, / ), . : ,

. .

; ; (, );

. . , , . , . , . , (. 7), (.. ).

6-7 - ( ), . . , . 1990 , (Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel & Thompson, 1993" Baldwin, Keelan, Fehr, Enns & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996) (.. Collins, 1996 Pietromonaco & Carnelley, 1994). .

, . Judith Feeney (1995) . . (, , ) ."if -

/ . Koski & Shaver (1996) , - I , \ (Hatfield, Brinton & Cornelius, 1989- Hindy & jSchwartz, 1994): (Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994 Shaver & Brennan, 1992). : ( ) .-.. (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).

. , , . . , 1990 Laura Carstensen (1991 1993). -- (Carstensen et al., 2000), , . (, 2003) (40-66) - (18-38). (Carstensen, Levenson & Gottman, 1993). , -

Carstensen, (Mayer, Salovey & Caruso, 2002* Kafetsios, 2002* Kafetsios, 2004).

, , . 42 41 66 (.. 52 ) . 20 29 (58,5%), 30% 30 12,3% 10-19 . , : (Consensus)^ (Satisfaction), (Cohesion) (Affectional Expression). (Bartholomew & Horowitz,1991) MSCEIT (Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, Emotional Intelligence Test, 2002).

- , . () - (). . - , . ( - 6) , - - .

. ,

, .. . , . Hazan & Shaver (1987), . .

Don Sharpsteen Lee Kirkpatrick (1997), . . , / (jealousy complex, ), : ) , ) - , ) - , , , ) . Bowlby (1973) . . - .

. (, , ), (, ) (, ). 86 (Q-sort method). (, ), ,

. (. 2.3).

2.3

5.5

5

4.5

4

3.5

3

2.5

2

2.3, , , , , . . - ( ). . . Sharpsteen Kirkpatrick. , / / . , . . ( - helplessness).

. ,

. , . ( 4 5). , , . Sharpsteen Kirkpatrick (1997) .

(, ) (Hadeley, 1992 Stark & Flitcraft,1985). (1996) ( 22%) . 75% (Campbell, 1992).

, . . , , (.. Campbell, 1992) . . (bullying) 3 -, - (Egeland, Sroufe & Erickson, 1983 Erickson, Sroufe & Egeland, 1985). , .

. , , . , . / (.. ). , - / .

. Dutton : , , , (Dutton, 1994). Dutton, Saunders, Starzomski & Bartholomew (1994) , - -. , , . . , ( ) . , (.. , Bower, 1981) / () / .

Dutton (1994), (Kesner, Julian & McKenry, 1997 Kesner & McKenry, 1998 Bookwala & Zdaniuk,1998). Oi Kesner et al. (1997), / 91 . . ,

. , , .

, , . , , . , Kesner et al. (1997) .

Crittenden , . (. 4).

Bookwala & Zdaniuk (1998) 85 . , -. . , . , ( ) .

, , , ( , ) . , , . , ; ; ;

(. 2).

Babcock (2000) . , . (23 ) 13 , . 74% . - . . ( ), . - . -, . , .

, / . ( ), .

, , . , . , , , . .

(caregiving) (social support) , , . (social support) toe , DeVellis (Wallston, Alagna. De Vellis & DeVellis, 1993). , :: ; (Murphy & Kupshik, 1992). (Billings & Moos, 1981 DiMatteo, 1991). , , (Berkman & Syme, 1979 House, Robbins & Metzner, 1982).

, (Sarason et al., 1997). . .

(Sarason, Pierce & Sarason, 1990). Bowlby / (care-seeking behaviours) . , (West et al., 1986).

Simpson, Rholes Nelligan (1992) , . . 72 . . . . , . 9.

. , ,

9. (ethics). : http://www.bps.org.uk/documents/Code.pdf

, () . , . . . , , . .

Simpson . , .

, , . / . , , (intersubjective). . (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). , .

Simpson et al., (.. Simpson, Rholes & Nelligan,1992). Fraley Shaver (1998) , - . , - (

), ( ) . .

. ( , ) , , . Brooke Feeney Nancy Collins (2001) , . , . , - , (Heller & Rook, 1997). , , () (, 2003).

. , : , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , .

, , .

Cindy Hazan

Mary Ainsworth 1978 , . Hazan Shaver (1987) - 2004 1.000 - . , , , . .

, , , . ( 4 & 5) .

. ?] ;.

R. C a r l s o n , Psychological Bulletin, 1971

, .

M a r g a r e t M e a d , Blackberry Winter, 1972

109

, Carlson , . - (.. , ) . , .

, Carlson . , , . , , . Miles Hewstone (1997) - (, , , ).

, , . ( ) . . ,

Mary Ainsworth (. Van Izjendoorn, 1995). . , ( ) - .

- . , . ( , , ). , (Fraley, Waller & Brennan, 2000 Tsagarakis, Kafetsios & Stalikas, ).

, .

Hazan Shaver (. 3.1) . () .

Kim Bartholomew (1990) , ( ). : Hazan & Shaver (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), 30 (Relationships Scales Questionnaire, Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) (Peer attachment interview, Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).

1990 , , . , 18 (6 ) (Collins & Read, 1990) 13 (Simpson, 1990 Carver, 1997). , , , ( = 0,54 = 0,71).

. . (.. Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998) (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994a). 45 (. 3.1).

, Kelly Brennan 36 ( , Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998 ,

Fraley, Waller & Brennan, 2000). ( ) . / .

(Relationships Questionnaire, Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991, 3.2) - : ) , ) , . . , (.. ) . , , (test-retest). .. ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987) r = 0,60 1-8 (Baldwin & Fehr, 1995).

3.1 . 50% . -- . (Mickelson, Kessler & Shaver, 1997). . - ___

8 113

. . 32% .

3.1

( )Kafetsios (2002) 1: . 18-30 .. .: 25,1 48%

57% 17,2% 19,1% 6,4% 100

2: . 31-65 .. .: 46,7 80%

76,1% 7,1% 9,7% 7,1% 109

Kafetsios (2000) .. : 33 54,5% 24,5% 8,2% 12,7% 108Kafetsios (2002) . 18-30 .. .: 22,4 41,5% 20,8% 14,2% 17,0% 106. 31-66 .. .: 47,5 48,1% 9,9% 13,0% 26,7% 130

Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) 1 .. .: 19,6 47% 18% 14% 21% 77 2 .. .: 19,5 57% 18% 10% 13% 69

. 3.2 . , . (social support) , (trait anxiety), .

(-). , . , ( ) .

3.2

= 209 18-66, .. 37 67,5%

11,7%

14,1%

6,8%

F

( ) 18,47

(10,87)17,46(9,19)

15,39(9,45)

16,62(10,03)

0,73 ns

30,61(5,82)

27,35(6,36)

26,00(9,12)

27,77(5,21)

4,9**

1,92(0,32)

2,19(0,40)

2,15(0,46)

1,99(0,40)

6,15**

0,71(0,61)

1,16(0,49)

1,13(0,66)

0,71(0,52)

6,62***

1,37(1,31)

1,71(1,40)

2,24(2,40)

2,00(1,29)

2,89*

30,67(9,30)

42,24(11,65)

41,11(9,48)

30,44(7,44)

16,67***

2,21(0,37)

2,17(0,24)

2,41(0,28)

2,24(0,23)

2,93*

5,07(2,36)

8,69(3,19)

8,48(2,70)

4,57(2,27)

25,70***

1,72(0,64)

1,41(0,58)

1,20(0,56)

1,92(0,49)

7,53***

: *

Hazan & Shaver (. 2.1), . . , . , (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), , . , . . , (sensitivity). , . , , - . , (Cronbach a). , , (test-retest).

Mark Baldwin Beverly Fehr (1995) / 30%. , ( ) . , (desirability effects).

116

(.. Collins & Read, 1990 Feeney & Noller, 1991 Feeney, 1996). . 30 Bartholomew (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994), ( ). .

()

(Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998) : - - (. 3.1). 36 (. 3.3). (- - 10). . (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). (Fraley & Waller, 1998' Crowell, Fraley & Shaver,1999).

. ( = 238, .. 27 47 , , 2002). . (: = 0,85,

10. .117

: = 0,79). r = 0,17( < 0,01).

( ) . 3.4 ( ) , .

3.3

1 2 3 4 5 6 71. - 0,12 -0,12 -0,38*** 0,28* 0,22* 0,29**2. - 0,16 - -0,02 -0,17 0,38*** 0,06 0,24**3. -0,15 -0,09 - 0,38*** -0,09 0,07 -0,26**4. 0,04 -0,21* 0,40*** - -0,22* -0,03 -0,55***5. 0,21 0,37*** -0,09 0,01 - 0,15 0,40***6. -0,04 0,29** 0,02 -0,05 0,55*** - 0,137. 0,15 0,28* -0,37** _0 40*** 0,21 0,16 -

: (18-34), (34-66). . *

()

2000 Fraley, Waller Brennan, (item response theory, , ). , , , . 13 18 - , 7 18 . (ECR-R, . 3.4).

Tsagkarakis, Kafetsios & Stalikas ( ). . , . . . ( = 40). r = 0,90 r = 0,82 . 40 . 0,85 0,88 . 220 (0,90 0,91 ). r = 0,39.

. (k-means cluster analysis) (clusters). Bartholomew. , (cluster) (-1,03)

(-0,96), (-0,46) (1,06), (1,39) (0,70) (0,30) (0,28). , 26,8% , 21,5% , 19,7% 28,8% .

Bartholomew. , . - - . , , .

3.5

-0,36*** -0,04 0,43*** 0 29*** -0,32*** q 41*** Q 0,06

: ***

. . , - . , , ( 0,05).

3.6

-5

0 32*** 0,11 -0,15* -0,22** -0,09

-0 29*** Q41* * * -0,11 -0,11 -0,20**

: *

3.1

( -) Bartholomew (1990)

, : (, /, , Hazan and Shaver, 1987) (, /, -, - , Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), - (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994a,b). ( ) -- (Fraley & Waller, 1998 Crowell, Fraley & Shaver, 1999). 3.1 Bartholomew - - , 45 . Bartholomew, Fraley ( ..) .

Griffin Bartholomew (1994a), . . , Bartholomew Horowitz(1991), (. 2). ( ). , - , . Bowlby . , Griffin Bartholomew , (fuzzy sets). ( 3.1) .

- , Fraley Waller (1998) .

. Meehl (1992) , Fraley Waller (observable) (latent) . ( ) ( ), .

Fraley Waller , , Ainsworth ( , ..).

(.. Baldwin et al., 1996).

, Fraley Waller / . Sanford (1997) . , Fraley Waller, (recursive systems).

, . , , ( ), ( ). - , , ; . (Schwartz, 1990' Schwartz, Groves & Schuman, 1998), .

. -

, . , Sanford (1997) , . (.. ) . , (. Collins & Read, 1994) . , . (event sampling, Kafetsios & Nezlek, 2002 Pietromonaco& Feldman-Barrett, 1997) . Bartholomew , .

, - . , ( ), .

( ) . , ( 80%, Kobak & Hazan, 1991* Senchak & Leonard, 1992). (.. , Fonagy, Steele & Steele, 1991) ( 82%)

61 %. 3.1 .

, . (Scharfe & Bartholomew, 1994).

, (. Crowell & Treboux, 1995). () (Bartholomew & Shaver, 1998). , , () .

(Peer attachment interview, Bartholomew, 1990) , , . :

. . , - : , , , , .. ( ). : -

126

, , , , , ... : , , ( ), , , , , , , .

. (0,90 , Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994a). (construct validity) , r = 0,24 r = 0,45 (Bartholomew & Shaver, 1998). 67 134 , -. , .

(state of mind), , , . 11. Main : (Main, 1990). Main

11. : () (). . ____

127

(-Adult Attachment Interview, George, Main & Kaplan, 1984). , - (. 3.5). , - .

Main 1980 (Hesse, 1999). 4. 4 5 4, (). .

45 2 ( ) - . 30-50 . , .

0^ . : ') , ev(iM)hr\v - (Hesse, 1996). Grice (1975' 1989) :

- , .

- , . - . - .

, , .

Grice Main George - . 3.7 .

- . : ) ) . Grice. , . - , . , . ( ).

- . , . , . - . , (Tulving, 1972). . ___

9 129

. , . . , . , , . . , .

: , - , . - - , - / /. ( ) .

. Hesse (1999). ( ). 3.6 .

Fonagy, Steele Steele (1991) ( ) 96 , 12 . 75% - 66% .

. ( ) 77% - (Radojevic, 1994). 60% () .

. (prospective) (disorganization) ( ) (dissociation) (Carlson, 1998). 19 - / , , , . .

, (2004) . .

t o j v , |.- . t o j v , , . , (, ).

Ofra Mayseless (Mayseless & Sagi, 1994 Sagi et al., 1994) t o j v . 60 (31 ), 23 .

, Nancy Collins (Collins & Read, 1990). 3.7 . : ( ).

3.7

() 0,22 -0,28* -0,34** -0,20 0,01

() 0,16 -0,23# -0,23 0,00 0,16 () -0,43** 0,32** 0,40** 0,26* 0,11

() -0,31** 0,18 0,19 0,02 0,02

() 0,00 -0,11 0,12 -0,08 0,37** () 0,08 -0,07 0,02 0,07 0,22#

() -0,42** 0,31** 0,31** 0,08 0,06

() -0,29* 0,26* 0,07 0,07 0,06

() -0,09 0,09 -0,06 0,26* -0,02

() -0,02 0,09 -0,07 0,00 0,07 () 0,04 -0,02 0,18 0,07 -0,09

() -0,01 0,02 0,08 0,08 -0,05

() -0,19 0,10 0,27* 0,06 0,21

( ) -0,13 0,03 0,11 -0,05 0,23#

0,00 0,06 0,12 -0,03 -0,25# I 0,07 0,13 0,19 0,10

0,09 -0,23# 0,14 0,19 0,23#

0,04 -0,09 -0,21# 0,03 -0,17

: #

. - , . () . (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). , - . , . , . , . . , . , (, ..). . . , . , , .

, . ; .

. , .

. (, ), ( ) (George, Main & Kaplan, 1984). .

, .

:

: (). Bowlby - .

, . , . - , - .

. Bowlby Cambridge, Craik (1943). , , Bowlby .

, , . (Bretherton, 1991* Bowlby, 1973 1980 1988). (West & Sheldon- Keller, 1994).

:

, , . , , . , -( , , , , , . Stern (Stern, 1995) : ) , ) ) . Stern , .

, , , , . Bowlby , . , .

, , , . , (Peterfreund, 1983).

. - (social cognition) . "/

. , ( - ) .

-

- . Gestaldt, (Bartlett, 1932), - . , - - , , , (. Fiske & Taylor, 1984 1990). , (.. , ) ( , ..).

. Mary Main , 2, , (state of mind), , . / , . . .

:

(.. Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991- Baldwin, 1992 Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel & Thompson, 1993 Collins & Read, 1994 Collins, 1996). , - 1990, - . 1990 , (Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel & Thompson, 1993 Baldwin, Keelan, Fehr, Enns & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996) (.. Collins, 1996* Pietromonaco & Carnelley, 1994). .

- , , . ( , ) , , ( . Macrae & Bodenhausen, 2001). . , Bargh (.. Bargh, 1997) ( , top-down) , . , . , Bower (.. 1981) .

-

. Nancy Collins - , , (Collins & Read, 1990 Collins, 1996). - . Collins & Read (1990) , , , . , . (.. , ). , (, , , ).

, - . - - (relational schema, Baldwin, 1992). Sally Planalp (1985) , . , Planalp : , - .

, Mark Baldwin (1992) , - . Baldwin (Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel & Thompson, 1993) .

:

. Inge Bretherton (1987 1991) . -- - (Anderson, 1983 Smith, 1984, Baldwin et al., 1993).

, : , . , . ( ) ( ) , ( ) . / , . (lexical decision task). , - . ( 72 ). ( ). - .

Baldwin (Baldwin et al., 1996). 10 ( ). 88%

, 47% .

. , . . Baldwin et al., - : (availability and accessibility, Baldwin, Keelan, Fehr, Enns & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996). , .

(Kelley, 1967). ( ), , , . , (Baucom & Lester, 1986 Epstein, Pretzer & Fleming, 1987 Fincham & Bradbury, 1988 Fletcher, Fincham, Cramer & Heron, 1987 Margolin & Weiss, 1978). , (Fincham, 1985 Fincham & Bradbury, 1987 1989 Fletcher & Fitness, 1996).

. - . (social perception) , (. Markus & Markus, 1985).

:

(), . , (Sumer & Cozzarelli, 2004) ( ) .

- . Collins & Read (1994) . , . , - (, , ) .

Collins - - . (Collins & Read, 1990) , , , , , . ( , ). , (, , , ). Collins & Read . '- . (.. , reaction time)

.

Collins (1993, Collins & Read, 1994) . . , . (.. , / )12.

. (.. Shaver, Collins & Clark, 1996), (.. Sroufe & Waters, 1977) (Kobak & Sceery, 1988).

. , (schema-triggered affect, Fiske & Pavelchak, 1986 Markus & Wurf, 1987). / (Shaver, Collins & Clark,1996). , . . -

12. Bowlby .

------ .144

:

, . , , .

, Collins . , . , - . / (appraisal) (.. Berscheid, 1983- Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).

. (Doherty, 1982 Fincham, Beach & Nelson, 1987 Fincham & Bradbury, 1988 Fincham & OLeary, 1983). , 4.1, , . , .

, , , / .

, ( 2). - , - - ___

145

, .

4.1

Collins (1996) ,

, , . , ( , . 3);

. , , . , (Shaver & Hazan, 1987* Bartholomew & Horowitz,1991) . ( ) (Mayseless & Sagi, 1994) . - , . , ( , , , , );

:

(outcomes) , . , .

, Collins & Read (1994) (top-down) . , (. 4.2). , Collins & Read (1994) : 1) , 2) , , 3) 4) - .

Collins & Read . Lazarus . Richard Lazarus (appraisal) . Zajonc 1980 - . , Murphy Zajonc (1993) , (affective) .

, Collins (1996) -

. .

4.2 Collins & Read (1994)

Collins & Read . , ( ) (2 ) ( , ) . , , . . .

, .

:

Bowlby (1969) Crittenden (1996). Bowlby (1969, . 113) / (appraisal): ( . - - (3) (4) . , Crittenden (mental) . - . . , (, , ..). ( -).

, , (heuristic), Bowlby - . Bretherton (1987) . , . Bowlby . , . , (1990) (traits) .

, . ... (Bowlby, 1979, . 204). , Shaver Hazan

(1987) (1987, . 511, . 521 ). , : , (Carnelley & Janoff-Bulman, 1992, . 5), . , (.. Jones et al, 1990, -- ). ( - 1990) . , , .

, - . (Bartholomew, 1993). . , (Ainsworth et al., 1978 Brazelton et al., 1975* Stern, 1974 Sroufe et al, 1983* 1984).

/ . .

:

Collins Lazarus . , Lazarus , . Zajonc, .

. (.. McDougall, 1908), - (.. Cannon, 1927), / (.. James, 1890/1922). - . , , 1950.

, : (.. Bower, 1981), (Frijda, 1986), (propositional theories, Lang, 1979), (. Power & Dalgleish, 1997). (.. Beck, 1976 Power & Dalgleish,1997).

(cognition) (, , , , , , Fletcher & Fitness, 1996). (emotion) / .

Bedford (1956) , , - . (.. ). / (affect) . (top-down) (Frijda, 1986- Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson & OConnor, 1987).

To 1980 : ;. , ;

, (Zajonc, 1980). . , Zajonc , . , ( ) . , Zajonc (Preferences need no inferences) . Zajonc , , , , .

. Richard Lazarus (1982

:

1984) . , . Zajonc , , . Lazarus , 13. Lazarus (1984) Zajonc . Murphy Zajonc (1993) , - - ( , ). / , , (Powell & Dalgleish, 1997, . 67).

. . . , Zajonc .

13. , , , ^ ( - ).

:

, (. Sroufe et al., 1983* 1984). . . (Goldsmith & Alansky, 1987* Thompson, Connell & Bridges, 1988' Vaughn et al., 1992).

(Ainsworth et al., 1978* Sroufe & Waters, 1977) (Cassidy & Kobak, 1988 Kobak et al., 1992* Kobak & Sceery, 1988) . Grossman Grossman(1991)

4.3 Lazarus

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

(

( )

:

.

. , (Kobak & Sceery, 1988). , , (Dozier & Kobak, 1992). (Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995). O i uendeling (1998) .

. (Simpson, 1990' Magai, Distel & Liker, 1995). (Simpson, 1990).

, . 1980 , (Kobak & Sceery, 1988). ( ) ( ). , Fuendeling (1998) , , (trait) .

'. , -

/. ^, (Sroufe & Waters, 1977 Berman, Marcus & Berman, 1994). ( ), , (.. /, ..), . , , (.. Nelson & Panksepp, 1998).

, (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978). () , ( ..) . , , , . - (, anxious-avoidant) (disattachment), . , - (C, anxious-resistant) () , - .

(control systems), (Kobak, Sudler & Gamble, 1992). ( ). , () (Dodge, 1991). ( ) ( C)

:

. , (- [repression] - [hyperactivation] ) . , Kobak Sceery (1988, . 35) -

, . , - Oui-

- ^' - ms worth, 1985J/& , (Kobak et al., 1993) ( ). - (Kobak & Hazan, 1991 Simpson, Rholes & Nelligan, 1992 . Mikulincer & Florian, 2001), .

- P. Crittenden

Pat Crittenden - . . Crittenden (1995) . , . Crittenden : , - , , - (Lymbic System) , .

(LeDoux, 1997). , LeDoux, , - .

. . . , . .

(Lymbic system) . - (, ..) .

- - - , /. /, . , / . / ( ). , / , , , .

, , - (Kafetsios, 2004). , . / --

:

. , . , , . , / , . , , (Mickelson, Shaver & Kessler, 1997 , 2003).

Crittenden 4.4. , . , ( 4 ). - , ( C5-6). .

, , . Bowlby , . Mikulincer, Birnbaum, Woddis Nachmias (2000) (priming) . - .

(.. , ..) (lexical decision). Mikulincer, Gillath Shaver (2002) - , .

4.4

(Crittenden, 1995, )

C

/

AD

(Mikulincer & Shaver,2001) (Mikulincer et al., 2001). , (Pre-emptive) (post-emptive). : , , .

:

Fraley, Garner & Shaver (2000), . , - , , . . , , , ( -- ) .

/ .

(Bower, 1981). Joseph Forgas - (Forgas, Bower & Krantz, 1984). - /) - < ) 7. { vex . . .

Pereg (2001) . Pereg (2001) , . , ( ECR) : ) ( ),/?) (

161

- ). - . (.. / ). . - , .

( ) , ( , .. Kelley, 1967). - . Shaver Mikulincer (2002), - (working memory). , , . , , Pereg .

:

, (Isen, 1987). Barbara Fredrickson - - (broadening). Isen

:

, , (Isen & Daubman, 1984* Isen, Daubman & Nowicki, 1987).

Mikulincer Sheffi (2000) . , , . , , . .

, . . , , . Zikos (2003), .

, , :> Russell . Russell , , Fredrickson (Tugade, Fredrickson & Barrett, 2004).

( (

& , 2004), , , .

, Michael Cohen Shaver (2004) Cognition & Emotion, , . ( ) '^ . , - ; *) , . :| (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999). :* ;/ 7>(| , ({ \%\) - oudiivi't . / ^ ( - ). ^ ( , *;. . , , . , , , (, ..), - .

:

,

, -.

(Mickelson. Kessler & Shaver, 1997). (Davila, Karney & Bradbury, 1999* LaGuardia et al, 2000).

- (r (82) = 0,26, p-} : ri)c Carsien^-p nnorrrvn or* , . *' rnv n> -

Bowlby (, -, -) (, , ..). (). .

. , . ( ) , .

,

1 .

... , , , .

Jo h n B o w l b y

, . : ,

( . Gottman, 1999). , (.. , , ..) - (, , ). , ( , .., Quinton & Rutter, 1988).

. ^< -

\ . , , , , (.. Andersen & Guerrero, 1998* Berscheid & Ammazzarolso, 2001).

< / , V, < > ( * ^ , . , , , , . , () - . .

, , >

.

, . Bowlby ( . Bowlby, (Kafetsios, 2004* Magai et al, 1995* Niedenthal, Brauer, Robin & Innes-Ker, 2002).

( ) , (Custrini & Feldman, 1989 Carton, Kessler & Pape, 1999), (Sabatelli, Buck & Kenny, 1986 Carton et al, 1999* Koerner & Fitzpatrick. 2002) (Mayer et al, 1990). L:ivai ;>\ un i:; i r .; ra a* y.< ;r . ; . roc /, \'{ or

ir/ < / - ';: {Ickc^ .0) * > fckis / * ^ V' ;

, (.. Fitness & Strongman, 1991). ( , ..) (. Gottman, 1979).

Hinde , ( ) . Hinde. , (Buck, 1985). . , .

- (symbolic interactionism), 20 George Herbert Mead, . Mead . . 1960 Ervin Goffman, , . Goffman, , ( ) (Goffman, 1961, . 1)

, -- (Buck & VanLear, 2002). , , ,

,

(Buck, 1984). , , (Hall, Gaul & Kent, 1999). . , . : .

, (. 5.1) , . 14, . , , . , (.. , Noller, 1984), .

- , . , , - . , (Berscheid & Ammazzarolso, 2001). , ( ). , (,

14. < ; {;. , ..) . ___

171

), , .