&

&

1105055

& : -

:

-,

,

,

, 2008

2

/ . 3

/ . 8

:

. / . 9

II. / . 14

III. Susan Neiman/ . 18

IV. / . 22

:

I. / . 26

II. - / . 30

III. / . 36

IV. Onora O Neill/ . 42

:

I. / . 46

II. Samuel Fleischacker A Third Concept of Liberty/ . 52 III. / . 56

V. / . 60

/ . 63

/ . 67

3

ant, (1781), F1F, F2F ( ). , , , . .

, a priori . ( 97).

a priori . (Fakultten) , , . . , () . , , . . ant, , . , ( ), . , , . ( ) (, , , , , ), . 1 transzendental . , , transzendental ( ) . 2 ( ). , .

4

. , ( , , ). , , , , , , . , , ant . . 1. , a priori ( ) / , . 1. , , ant . () . 1. , , () ( ) a priori . , . 1. , Susan Neiman, The Unity of Reason, . Neiman, (). Neiman, , , , ( ). , 1. IV, , ant . , , , ( ). Kant . . .

, .

5

. , ( ) , . , . 2. Kant , (1788). , , , . . . ( ) . . F3F , . 2. 2. , , . ( ) , ( ) . , . 2. , . 2. , Kant , , ( ) , , , . 2. V Onora O Neill , Constructions of Reason. O Neill .

3 Kant . .

6

, , . Kant (1788). 3. , ( ). 3. Samuel Fleischacker A Third Concept of Liberty Hanna Arendt Kant. Fleischacher , . ( ), , . , , , () . Arendt, , , () () , . 3. , . Kant, , , , . , 3. V, " " ( ). " ", , , "", . , , . / . Kant ( ), " , , , . " ( 135).

7

( / ) . ant , . . (1797), . -, , , , .

8

Immanuel Kant

:

:

:

,

. , , , . ant a priori . , ( a priori ) :

, a priori ( ) , . , , , , , : . , , , , a priori , , , ( ), ( 45-46).

, , , . a priori , , , . ( ), .F4F

4 (1783).

, , ( 105- 106), ( ) ( 106). , , ( 106) . ( ). , ant, a priori . :

[] o F5F , . , , , a priori ( 108- 109).

ant, , . , () , ( 106). a posteriori, a priori, . , . a priori . , , . . , . ant a priori/ , , .F6F a priori a priori . , , , ( 111). ant : , . , ( 116). . 5 , . , . . 6 . Fullerton 1901: 113-123, O'Neill 1976: 29-45, Parsons 1992 :62-100, Warren 1998: 179-224 Hyslop 1898: 71-84.

, , . F7F, ant, , . . ant , a priori ( 134 ). .F8F , , .F9F , , . , , . , , . , ( 45 ). , . , , ( ) ( ), . Kant : [] . , a priori ( ) ( 46 ). , . a priori .F10F , , 7 . , , , a priori [ ] ( 30). 8 12 : : - , - , - . : -, -, -. : - , - , -. : -/ , -/ , -/ . 9 ( ) a priori () ( 30 ). a priori 2. 2. V. 10 . Young 1992: 110-119.

( ), a priori ( 47 ). , Kant, . , . Kant :

[], . : , , . , . . ( 80-81 ).

, a priori ( 86 ). . Kant : [] , [ ], ( 86 ). , () , . .

, . Kant :

[ ], , ( 87 ).

, ( ). . Kant :

, ( 16 ).

, , , , . , .

II.

, , , , . , () ( ) a priori . , . Kant :

[] , [] ( 9 ).

: , . , . , . .

a priori . . . . Kant :

, [], a priori, , [] [] ( 9 ).

, , , .F11F , F12F, Kant, . . .

, [] . , , , ( 28 ).F13F

( / ), ( ) , , . , ( ) .

( 26). . . , 11 3. . . 12 , , , . 13 Kant : ( ) , . , , a priori, [] , ( 23 ).

. . Kant : [] , [] , ( 26 ). , .

. , . , , . .

, , , . ( 13 ).

, . , . , . Kant :

, . [] . , . , ( 26-27 ).

, Kant, , ( ) , . Kant :

[ ]

( 28 ).

. , , ( ) a priori . , , . . , , , ( 11 ). . . .

III. Susan Neiman Susan Neiman, The Unity of Reason, . (The Inadequacy of Understanding) .F14F , (low-level knowledge) .F15F

Neiman, , , 17 18 , . , , . Neiman (Neiman 1994: 49): , . () , . , .

Neiman ( ) ( ), , .

14 P. F. Strawson The Bounds of Sense . , . 15 . Buchdahl 1992: 169-182.

. . , () ( ) . . . () . (Neiman 1994: 49) . . Neiman , , . , , Kant, F16F.

. () (Neiman 1994: 50). , . . Neiman , . , . (Neiman 1994: 54). . . . ( Michael Friedman) , .

Neiman . F17F , , , . (1786), Neiman, Kant ,

16 The move to increasing degrees of autonomy is at issue in the progress by which knowledge, Kant tells us, begins with the senses, and procceeds through understaning to reason (Neiman 1994: 50). 17 , , .

, (Neiman 1994: 58). Neiman : , Kant . Kant .F18F , Neiman, . , . . , , . , . , ....F19F . , , . .

. , . , .F20F . Neiman ( ) ( ) (Neiman 1994: 58). , . .F21F

18 Reconstructing the story of Adam and Eve, Kant sees the exit from paradise as the transition from merely natural functioning to the use of reason. Kant describes the first acts of reason as involving the capacity to resist natural drives (Neiman 1994: 58). 19 Routinly and automatically, understanding applies the twelve categories to the given manofold. This is its sole function, and there is no means within it for doing something else... (Neiman 1994: 58). 20 The capacity to demand explanations of experience requires the capacity to go beyond experience, for we cannot investigate the given until we refuse to take it as given. To ask a question about some aspect of experience, we must be able to think the thought that it could have been otherwise (Neiman 1994: 58). 21 It may seem paradoxical that it is the capacity to go beyond experience that yields the capacity to discover empirical, in addition to transcendental, laws. But this is just the result of Kant's view that all possible experience requires some rule-governedness (Neiman 1994: 60).

, . Neiman, (). , , , ( ). , , , . [] .F22F , . , Neiman, , ( ) . .

22 ... [R]eason is the only candidate for making the transition between low-level kanowledge to science (Neiman 1994: 62).

IV. 1. , ( ) a priori . , , / . , , Kant . F23F . , . , . . . Kant :

. , , [] , ( 460).

, . . : [] ( 460). , , Kant, . a priori . 23 . Patellis 2007.

, . , . Kant, . . , , , .

, , . , , , . , , ( ) / / / . Kant :

, [] [] , , , a priori ( 460).

, , ( 460).

, , . Kant :

, , [] ( 460).

, , ( ) ., ( ) / /

, .F24F , Kant, , .

, , , , . . Kant :

, . [] , ( ) [] , ( a priori ) ( 461).

, , , in concreto () ( 461). , / . , , . , . () ( 461). , , , ( 462).

, , , , ( ) () . , , . . .

24 P. F. Strawson The Bounds of Sense , .

[], ( ) . , , [] , , , . , [ ] ( 466).

, Kant, , . , , , . Kant : , , , , a priori, , , ( 412).

, Kant [] (teleologia rationis humanae) , ( 465). Kant , . , , . , . , , ( 466). , , , ( ) . ( ), .

I.

F25F , . . . , , , . , . ( ).F26F / . . Kant, , . .

Kant, , , , , . , , . , . , ,

25 Kant , , , . 26 , . , , , .

( ), .F27F , , , .

, , , , ( 106).

( ) , . , . , . ( ), , .

( ) ( 97).

, , , , .

(1785) , Kant, , ( 119). , ( 140-147). Kant ( ) , ( 121). , (Interesse) , ,

27 (Faktum) , ratio cognoscendi ( 14).

( 119). Kant :

[] , , ( 119-120).

. , . Kant ( ) , ( ), , ( 126-127).

, , Kant , ( a priori ), , , , ( ) ( 177). Kant :

[] , , , , , , ( 178-179).

, . . , , . Kant :

, , . , , ( ). , , . , , , . a priori , , ( 177).

. , . , , , , ( ) . . , , . . ( ) . Cassirer : Kant . . , . : , (Cassirer 2001: 594).

II. -

. , . , , .F28F , , . , , . , . , ( ).F29F , . , 28 . , . , : , , ( 71). . : , , ( 81). , , . . [] , [ ] ( 84). . . 71-97. 29 Kant, , . , . 2004.

, .F30F ( ) , ( 384).F31

. / . .F32F Kant (1795). Kant ( 69) [ ] ( 73). , Kant , . .

Kant , . : , , , ( 73 ).F33F , , . . . , , . ( ). , (), . , () . . 30 . . 31 Ethical lawgiving (even if the duties might be external) is that which cannot be external; juridical lawgiving is that which can also be external ( 384). 32 , . Williams 1983: 39-41. 33 I can indeed think of a moral politician, that is, one who takes the principles of political prudence in such a way that they can coexist with morals, but not a political moralist, who frames a morals to suit the stateman s advantage

( ) . Kant ( ) . Kant .

Kant . . () . . , , . , .

. , , , , . ( ) . , , . , ( ), , ( ) . , . , . . ( ) , . , , () , . ( ) , . ( ) . , . . , , .

. , Kant .

. Kant :

[] [] ( 75).

, . ( ). . , , .

: , ( ) ( 70).

, , .. . .

. , . . .F34F .

34 Kant, , . , [ ] [] [] ( 131). , , , , .

, ( )F35F. , , . , , .

...[] , , , , , ( 75).

Kant ( ) . Kant , .

... , , , , , ( 73-74).

, Kant , ' , [ ] (1797), . Kant :

; : [ ], [ ] ( 194).

, , . ( ) . 35 .

.F36F Kant :

, ( ) ( ) . ( , a priori ), ( 85).

, , .

36 , . Guyer 2000.

II. , a priori, .F37F , . Kant :

( 456).

, , . , , . ( 459). , , . , , , ( 393-394). , , . ,

37 Kant , : , .

. , , ( ) .

, ( ) .F38F , Kant, ( ), . , . Kant:

, , a priori : 1. , . 2. . 3. , . ( 130).

, ( ), . , . () .

. Kant :

[] : ( ), , ( 130).

(1797), . , . , .

38 ( ), Kant, .

, , , , . , . . ( ), , , . , , , , ( ), . , , . Kant, , : , ( ) ( 61). , (), , , ( , ) .

. Kant ( ).

, ( 131).

, . . , .

. , , . ( ) . .

. , , . ( 135).

. , , Rousseau, . Kant, , a priori ( 479). .

, , , , . . Kant, , , . . , ( 38). , , , . . ( , ), .

, . , . Kant : [ ] [ ] ( 131). , () () . , ( 460). , . , , . . : () . ()

, () . F39F. .

F40F. a priori . , , ( ) .F41F , , . , , . , , . Kant :

, . , . ( 39).

, , , , . . (trias politica): , , ( ) ( ), (potestas legislatoria, rectoria et iudiciaria)F42F. ,

39 2001: 190. 40 : , . ( ) ( 2001: 188-189). 41 . . , Kant, a priori , , . 42 Every state contains three authorities within it, that is, the general united will consists of three persons (trias politica): the sovereign authority (sovereignty) in the person of the legislator; the

Kant, , .F43F , / .F44F

, , Kant , , ( ). . , , , . .

executive authority in the person of the ruler (in conformity to law); and the juridical authority (to award to each what is his in accosdance with the law) in the person of juge (potestas legislatoria, rectoria et iuiciaria) ( 457). 43 Kant, . Beiner, Booth 1993 Flikschuh 2000. 44 , . Bohman & Lutz-Bachmann 1997.

V. Onora O Neill

2. 2. , ( ). . Onora O Neill , . . Ernst Cassirer : - , . Kant : ; (Cassirer 2001: 338). O Neill .

Kant : (1784). . . Kant , , . .

. Kant , .F45F , , , , . (.. ) (.. ), / . , , . . . Kant : , . : ! ( 44). Onora O Neill , Constructions of Reason. O Neill , , , . , , . Kant , . [ ] , . .F46F O Neill . , / . , . / / 45 Kant , , , , : , : , , , : , . 46 Toleration on this understanding is too negative a matter to be fundamental; It would be easy in theory and often not ot difficult in practice, especially when we are called to tolerate matters we are not much concerned about. Such a view of toleration fuels a recurrent suspicion that toleration is the outward face of indiffrence (O Neill 1989: 31).

. O Neill : . , [ ] .F47F

Kant , . . Kant : ( 43). . , . .

Kant , , , . , / ., . . O Neill , . / . , , . . . , , . .F48F , . O Neill

47 Expression is parasitic on communication, and all successfull communication requires some sort of recognition or uptake by others, whether it consists in an understaning of the content communicated or merely in a recognition that the other seeks to communicate; nd attempted communication requires the possibility of such recognition (O Neill 1989: 31).

48 Communication, whether public or private, needs a medium. We cannot communicate by universal telepathy. But need access to the media of our times. We need soapboxes and assemblies, publishers and libraries, and above all today electronic media. Kants celebration of the freedom of the pen is quite inadequate as an account of the social arrangements and technical resourses needed if we are to succeed in communicating with the world at large, or even with a moderate audience (O Neill 1989: 33).

, , : , Kant, , . , . , , . . , , . , Kant, . [ Kant] , , , .F49

, O Neill, . (O Neill 1989: 34). , , . O Neill, , . Kant : , , , . , , , veto ( 382).

: (1786) Kant . :

49 For the same reasons he would see reasoned discussion between friends, or an inward process of reasoning, as fit to be public, though in no way made public; but would see all communication that presupposes authorities other than that of reason as neither public nor fully publizable (O Neill 1989: 34).

. : , . , , ; ( 86). ( 86). O Neill Constructions of Reason ( ). .

Kant , a priori ( ) . , , ( ), , ( ) ( 81-84). F50F , , Kant , , , . Kant :

, ( 79).

50 Shaftesbury Kant, . Townsend 1987: 287-305.

, . . Kant, , , , . , , ( ) , ( ) , . (, ) , . Kant :

, , , , ( ), , , , , ( 80).

. ( ) () . , , , , . , ( ) . Kant :

, a priori , . , a priori ,

( ) . a priori ( 104).

, : , . , , , , . a priori , . , ( ) , . , ( 83).

( 84) . (, , ) , , ( 84-85). , , . , (, , , , ). . , , , / / . Kant :

( = major) . ( = minor) . (conclusio) [] [ ] a priori ( 10).

/ , . ( ) () / / ( 85). , ,

. . () , . . . ( 92). Kant , , ( ), :

[] , , , [ ], ( ) , ( 86).

. . ( ) , . Kant :

, , , , , ( ), . ( 95-96).

, Kant, . , Kant, . . , . .

8 Kant / .F51F . , . ( 126). : , . , , , , ( 129). ( ) , . Kant ( ) . :

, ( , ) , , ( 129).

( ).

, Kant, , ( ). () / , , . / . , .F52F , ( ) - 51 , . Rogerson 1982: 301- 308. 52 , , , ( 157). , .

( ) ( 157-158). , .

, , . . ( ) , , ( ) , ( , , ). ( ) , .F53F , , , .

53 , Fleischacker A Third Concept of Liberty.

II. Samuel Fleischacker A Third Concept of Liberty Fleischacher A Third Concept of Liberty . Fleischacher (Fleischacker 1999: 8). , . , , . . Fleischacher , .

Fleischacher . , . Fleischacher, (Fleischacker 1999: 23-26). , .

, , , (Fleischacker 1999: 25). , , , , (Fleischacker 1999: 25).F54F Fleischacker , , , (Fleischacker 1999: 23-26). , , , .

Fleischacher , . , ( ) , ( ) (Fleischacker 1999: 26-28). Fleischacher . . : , , . , , (Fleischacker 1999: 28).F55F , , , , (Fleischacker 1999: 28). , Fleischacher, . . Fleischacher Kant . , ,

54 We realize that as organizable, rather than something we merely impose organization upon, both when we succeed in getting a conceptual framework to apply to the world of our experience and when our experience bucks our frameworks, when we have to repair a framework or start again (Fleischacker 1999: 25). 55 Responsibility, in the sense we use that term when we speak of responsibility to evidence, is something we learn in the first instasnce and paradigmatically from aesthetic interpretation, not from scientific procedures or moral choices. In this way, aesthetic interpretation is essential, if essentially in the backround, to all our thinking (Fleischacker 1999: 28).

, ( ).

. , ( ). , , , . Fleischacher Adam Smith . ( Smith) Smith , Fleischacher, , / . , , , . , Fleischacher, , () .

, Hanna Arendt Kant. Hanna Arent New Scool for Scial Research (1970) Kant Kant . Arent . Kant , , F56F. , Arent ( ) , ( ) . Kant (Arent 2008: 32). , Arent, Kant .

, Arent , Kant , ( ;, ;, ;). Arent

56 Arent 2008: 25.

. , , . : [] (Arent 2008: 34). Arendt , , . ( 2008: 85). , , ( 2008: 81-91). , ( ) Arendt Kant .

III. (1784) Kant . .F57F , Kant , .

Kant, , : , ( 26), , Kant, . , , ( 26-27).

57 Kant , . , . , Kant , , . , , , , .., .

( 27). , . : , ( 27). . , . , , [ ] ( 28). . . . , ( 30). , ( ) . , ( 32-34). , . Kant ( 36-41).

Kant , . , , , . ( 327), () , ( ), . .

, , , , , , ( 372-373).

, , . . () , () , , .F58F

(formale Zweckmssigkeit) ( 361). Kant , , . . , . , . . . Kant :

, , , ,

58 1. V . , .

, ( ) ( 267).

83 Kant ( 325-329, 382-388) ( 388-393). , , ( 349). . Kant . Kant :

...() , , , , , , ( 388).

F59F, , / .F60F , . . , . , , , . Kant , , ,

59 . 60 . Neiman 1994: 81-88 Guyer 2000: 408-434.

( 39-41).F61F Kant :

[] , , . () , , ( ) ( 65).

, , , . V. , , " ". " " Kant , . Kant " " . :

"... [] , . ' , , , , , . , . ,

61 Kant . Beiner 1993: 155-167.

, " ( 54-55).

Kant, , . , , , , / . , Kant, ' , " " ( 56). " ", . : " [ ] , "", , , " ( 133). . Kant ( - ) . : " , , , , , ( ) . , ( ), ( ) "" " ( 141). . , - . " , ( - )" ( 141). " ", , ( ), ( ) ( ), . , - "

, " ( 150). . : " . , " ( 143). " ", , , Kant, "" . ( "" ) "". . . / ( 168). Kant ( ), " , , , . " ( 135). ( ) " " " " ( 135). , ( , , , , ( 192). " Kant [ ] - (' ) - . , " ( 193). , " , , " ( 196).

, , , . , , . , , ( , ) .

, . . a priori . , . . . ( ).

Susan Neiman . Neiman (). , .

, . . () , ( ) , , . , . .

, , ( ) , ( ) (.. , , ..) .

, , , , . .

A priori

( 106)

Fleischacker Arendt . Fleischacker , . Arendt () () , . , . ( ). , , Kant, . , , . Kant , , . , Kant .

, ., , . ., (, 1979). , ., , . ., (, 2006).

, ., , . (, 2004). , ., , . . (, 2002). , ., , . , . (, 1996). , ., , . , . (, 1982). , ., , , . (, - 1984). Kant, I., The Metaphysics of Morals, Gregor, M., (.), Practical Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996). , ., , . ., (, 1971). :

:

:

: ,

Kant Immanuel, (, 1992). Kant Immanuel, Toward Perpetual Peace Gregor, M. (.), Practical Philosophy (..).

, ., , . ., . . (, 2008).

Beiner, R., Booth, J., (.), Kant & Political Philosophy. The Contemporary Legacy (Yale University Press/ New Haven, London 1993).

Bohman, J. & Lutz-Bachmann, M., (.), Perpetual Peace. Essays on Kants Cosmopolitan Idea (MI Press, Massachusetts 1997).

Buchdahl, Gerd, Kant and the Dynamics of Reason. Essays on the Structure of Kants Philosophy (Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 1992).

Fleischacker, Samuel, A Third Concept of Liberty. Judgement and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith (Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1999).

Flikschuh, K., Kant and Modern Political Philosophy (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000).

Fullerton, George Stuart, The Doctrine of Space and Time: I. The Kantian Doctrine of Space The Philosophical Review, 10, No. 2. (, 1901), . 113-123.

Guyer, P., Kant on Freedom, Law and Happiness, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000).

Hyslop, James H., Kant's Doctrine of Time and Space Mind, New Series, 7, No. 25. (, 1898), . 71-84.

, , . & , . . (, 2001).

Neiman, Susan, The Unity of Reason. Rereading Kant (Oxford University Press, New York 1994).

O'Neill, Onora, Space and Objects The Journal of Philosophy, 73, No. 2. ( 29, 1976), . 29-45.

Neill, Onora, Constructions of Reason (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989).

Parsons, Charles, The Transcendental Aesthetic The Cambridge Companion to Kant, Guyer, P. (.) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992), . 62-100.

Patellis, I., Kant: Sciences, Systems and Organisms Goudeli, K., Kontos, P., Pattellis, I., (.), Kant. Making Reason Intuitive (Palgrave Macmillan, Chiptenham and Eastbourne 2007).

, ., : 1773 (2004), 328-347.

Rogerson, Kenneth, F., The Meaning of Universal Validity in Kant's Aesthetics The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 40, 3 (Blackwell Publishing, 1982), . 301- 308. Strawson, P., F., The Bounds of Sense. An essay on Kant Critique of Pure Reason (Rootledge, London 1993). Townsend, Dabney, From Shaftesbury to Kant: The Development of the Concept of Aesthetic Experience Journal of the History of Ideas, 48, 2, (University of Pennsylvania Press, - 1987), . 287-305.

Warren, Daniel, Kant and the Apriority of Space The Philosophical Review, 107, No. 2 (, 1998), . 179-224. Young, Michael, Functions of thought and the synthesis of intuitions The Cambridge Companion to Kant, Guyer, P. (.) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992), . 101-122. , , . (, 2001).