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Transcript of Λύσεις ερωτήσεων, ασκήσεων και προβλημάτων Φυσική...
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1:
1.1: 1) , 2) ;
: , Gay-Lussac, ( ). , , . , .
1.2: :
) .
) .
) .
.
: , , ( ). , , Charles. , . .
-
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1.3: :
:
1) ) p/v = .
2) ) p/ = .
3) ) v/ = .
) pV = .
1.4: . ) .
) .
) .
;
:
: V
m . ( ),
, , . , .
1.5: p-V , (1) (2) . n1 n2 moles , :
) n1 = n2
) n1 > n2
) n1 < n2
: , , (
). x
ay .
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a , ( y, p) .
, : V
nRTp
nRT a .
(1), :
V
RTnp 1
(2), :
V
RTnp 2
(1) (2),
RTn1 RTn2 .
, :
RTn1 212 nnRTn
, .
1.6: ;
) .
) .
) pV/T .
) .
:
) .
) .
) . : T
pVnRnRTpV .
, : .n , R . , nR, ,
T
pV.
) . , , .
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1.7: pV ;
: n : RT
pVn
, , n . n , . ,
pV , RT R
, .
( pV T )
. , , RT
pVn ,
pV .
: .
1.8: n1 n2 . ; (n1 > n2).
: : axy ( ).
, , ( V). , y V x .
, : Tp
nRV . ,
p
nR.
21 nn , :
21 nn p
Rn
p
RnRnRn 2121
mol 1n
mol 2n . , .
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1.9: ) ) ;
: ) , , . ) , ( ) ( ), (.. , ). , , , .
1.10: ;
) .
) .
) , .
) , .
: ) . : Tkum 2
3
2
1 2.
, .
) .
: V
umNp
2
3
1 .
) . , ,
: m
kTu
3 .
) . .
1.11: . , . :
) .
) .
) .
) .
.
: . (
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Boltzmann ), : Tkum 2
3
2
1 2.
, .
1.12:
) .
) .
) .
) .
.
: ,
V
umNp
2
3
1
:
) . .
) . .
) . V
m .
) .
1.13: .
) .
) .
) .
) .
.
: , m
kTu
3 , :
, , . , .
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1.16: 27 C 1atm. 60 C. ;
, Charles.
atmp 11 KT 300273271 (
), Charles :
11 kTp (1)
, () ,
KCT 360273878727602 , :
22 kTp (2)
(1) (2), :
atmK
Katm
T
Tpp
T
T
p
p
kT
kT
p
p2,1
360
3331
1
212
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
: 2/mN ,
( )/10013,11 25 mNatm ,
, .
, , 2/mN
atm :
25
25
1
212 /1022,1
360
333/10013,1
1
mNK
Katm
mNatm
T
Tpp
,
C K, ( 273K ) .
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1.17: . , . 27 C 0,20 m3. -3 C. ;
, , . , Gay-Lussac.
, KT 300273271 32,0 mV :
11 kTV (1)
, (
), KT 27027332 , :
22 kTV (2)
(1) (2) ,
2V :
33
1
212
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 18,0300
2702,0m
K
Km
T
TVV
T
T
V
V
kT
kT
V
V
1.18: 4m4m3m. 27 C 1atm. mol . : 1atm = 1,013x105N/m2, R = 8,314J / mol K.
: 348mV .
, mol:
CKmolJ
matm
RT
pVnnRTpV
27)/314,8(
481 3 (1)
:
2/mN .
atm : 25 /10013,11 mNatm . ,
atm1 , 25 /10013,1 mN .
. :
KT 300273272
, (1) :
molKKmolJ
mmNn 1950
300)/314,8(
48/10013,1 325
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: R, : R=8,314J/molK R=0,082Latm/molK. ; . :
N/m2 R=8,314J/molK
m3
atm R=0,082Latm/molK
L ()
1.19: . 1atm . 1/3 . .
, . , , . Boyle. :
: atmp 1 1VV , Boyle
:
kVp 11 (1)
2pp 3/12 VV , :
kVp 22 (2)
(1) (2) :
atmatmp
pV
Vp
V
VppVpVp
Vp
Vp
k
k
Vp
Vp
313
33/
1
2
1
1
11
2
1122211
22
11
22
11
1.20: 2x10-5 mol V=0,25m3 27C. . : R = 8,314J / mol K,1atm =1,013x105N/m2.
, . , :
KT 30027327 . :
2
3
5
/2,025,0
300)/314,8(102mN
m
KKmolJmol
V
nRTpnRTpV
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2/mN , , R
KmolJ / 3m ( 1.18).
1.21: . . 0,4m3, 300 1atm. 0,1m3 600 . .
: atmp 11 , KT 3001 3
1 4,0 mV .
:
2p , KT 6002 3
2 1,0 mV . ,
, (Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac). , ( ).
:
111 nRTVp (1)
:
222 nRTVp (2)
, mol ( ), n. , :
atmpKm
Kmatm
TV
TVpp
nRT
nRT
Vp
Vp8
3001,0
6004,0123
3
12
2112
2
1
22
11
1.22: ( ), 13x10-15 atm. 1L (300). R = 0,082L atm / mol K, NA = 6,023x1023 /mol.
mol :
molKKmolatmL
Latm
RT
pVnnRTpV 15
15
1053,0300)/082,0(
11013
R ( 1.18).
, :
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1 mol
0,5310-15 mol =;
:
mol
NmolN A 82315
15
1018,310023,61053,01
1053,0
1.23: 185 C 1atm (1atm = 1,013x105N/m2 ). 44x10-3 kg / mol R = 8,314J / mol K.
:
nRTpV
, mol n : M
mn ,
m . , :
RTM
mpV
, ,
V
m . , ,
. :
3325
/17,1300)/314,8(
/1044)/10013,1(mkg
KKmolJ
molkgmN
RT
pM
RTpMRTV
mpMRTmpVMRT
M
mpV
1.24: . =f(), .
1.23, :
RT
pM
( - , ). , :
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)273(
R
pM
, . :
=0C 273
R
pM
= -273C
0
, :
1.25: =27 C p=103N/m2 8x10-4 kg/m3. . R = 8,314J / mol K.
:
molkgmN
KKmolJmkg
p
RTM
RTpMRTV
mpMRTmpVMRT
M
mpV
/102/10
)27327()/314,8()/108( 323
34
1.26: mol s.t.p. . , , p-V, p-T V-T.
( ),
(s.t.p.), : atmpA 1 , KTA 273 LVA 4,22 .
(
). , : KTB 273 . ,
pM/273
R
-273 0
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, : atmpB 2 .
, Boyle ( ), :
LVLVVVpVpVpVp BABBAAABBAA 2,112/4,222/2
, . , ( )
: LVLVV B 6,332,1133
atmppp B 2 . , Gay-Lussac,
:
KTL
KL
V
TVT
T
T
V
V
B
B
BB
8192,11
2736,33
, :
1.27: () He 27 C. O 4x10-3 kg / mol 18x10-3 kg / mol. R = 8,314J / mol K.
:
m
kTu
3 (1)
m k Boltzmann
AN
Rk . , (1)
mN
RTu
A
3 .
: mol . , m. , m
1
2 2
1
T(K) 11,2 22,4 33,6
33,6
11,2
22,4
T(K) 273 819
273
819
p(atm) p(atm) V(L)
V(L) 273 819
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. : MmN A . m
: AN
Mm :
M
RTu
N
MN
RT
mN
RTu
A
AA
333
He, : KT 30027327 molkgM /104 3 .
: smmolkg
KKmolJ
M
RTu /7,1367
/104
300)/314,8(333
(2), : KT 30027327 molkgM /10183 .
: smmolkg
KKmolJ
M
RTu /8,644
/1018
300)/314,8(333
1.29: 5800. 1x10-3kg/mol R = 8,314J / mol K.
: m
kTu
3 .
: mol . , m. , m
. : MmN A .
m : AN
Mm :
smu
molkg
KKmolJ
M
RTu
N
MN
RT
mN
RTu
A
AA
/12028
/10
5800)/314,8(33333
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1.30: 3 L 12 L; 120 atm, 1,2 atm. .
12L n mol (He).
N , n mol . :
nNn (1)
:
RTnVp (2)
, :
RTnVp (3)
(2) (3), :
RTn
RTn
Vp
Vp
n
n
Vp
Vp
n (1), :
n
nN
Vp
VpN
Vp
Vp
, :
40032,1
12120
Latm
LatmN
: (Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac) ( mol ) - - . ( ) , .
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1.31: , h=27 cm, =27 C. =127 C ; .
, , Hg . , ( ). , Gay-Lussac:
.2
2
1
1 T
V
T
V (1)
1V 1T 2V
2T .
1V , : hAV 1 A
h ( ). , .
, (1) 2
2
1
1
T
hA
T
hA
(
, - : .)
, :
cmK
Kcm
T
Thh
T
h
T
h36
)27327(
)273127(27
1
22
2
2
1
1
, Hg : cmcmcmhhh 9273612
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1.32: , , =0,02m2 w=374 . 0,01m3 27 C. H p=1atm. ) ; ) , 207 C; (1atm = 1,013x105N/m2)
) : . , :
pA
wppp
: . , . , . , , , .
:
252525
2523
2
/102,1/10013,1/10187,0
/10013,1/107,18102,0
374
mNmNmNp
mNmNatmm
Np
A
wp
) , ( Gay-Lussac). :
3
2
3
1
212
2
2
1
1 016,0)27327(
)273207(01,0mV
K
Km
T
TVV
T
V
T
V
, : 333
12 006,001,0016,0 mmmVVV
1.33: V, , . . p=1atm. , , 410 K. , . . =273 .
, , , mol . :
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atmp 11 , KT 4101 1VV .
( ) :
11 nRTVp
, mol ,
: 2pp , KT 2732 12 VV (
). :
22 nRTVp
mol :
atmpK
atmK
T
pTp
RT
Vp
RT
Vpnn 66,0
410
12732
1
122
2
2
1
1
1.34: , . 1 2 mg H2 2 8 mg 2. l1 / l2 ; . 2 2 2x10-3 kg / mol 32x10-3 kg / mol, .
, . , . :
2
2
1
121
V
RTn
V
RTnpp
mol n : M
mn ,
m . , :
21 2
2
2
2
V
RT
M
m
V
RT
M
m
O
O
H
H
2
1
2
2
2
2
V
V
m
M
M
m
O
O
H
H (1)
, :
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11 lAV 22 lAV
.
, (1) :
4108
/1032
/102
102
2
1
2
1
6
3
3
6
2
1
2
2
2
2
l
l
l
l
kg
molkg
molkg
kg
l
l
m
M
M
m
O
O
H
H
1.35: V1=0,3 L V2=0,2 L . =300 . 100 50. 1atm .
, atmp 1
KT 300 . LV 3,01 mol n1
LV 2,02 mol n2 . ,
mol 21 nn .
, : KKKT 4001003001
KKKT 350503002 . ,
p . mol ,
(), . , .
, mol ( , ):
atmp
K
L
K
LK
Latmp
T
V
T
VT
VVpp
T
V
T
VpVV
T
p
RT
Vp
RT
Vp
RT
Vp
RT
Vpnnnnnn
25,1
350
2,0
400
3,0300
)2,03,0(1
)()(
2
2
1
1
21
2
2
1
121
2
2
1
121
2121
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1.36: , . ( ), h=40 cm. ( ), h=60 cm. . p=1,013x105N/m2 = 10cm2. .
(), ( ) :
A
wpppp (1)
(), :
A
wpppp (2)
, .
Boyle:
VpVp aa
ap aV , p V
.
hAV , h . :
hphphAphAp aaa
(1) (2), :
-
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)()( aa
aa
hhphhA
w
hA
whph
A
whp
hA
wph
A
wp
Nwm
mmNmw
hh
hhpAw
a
a
26,2010)6040(
10)4060(/10013,1)10(10
)(
2
22522
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2:
2.1: , .
:
. , .
. .
2.2: :
: .
2.3: ;
) .
) , .
) , , p-V.
) p-V .
: ) . .
) . VpW 0V 0W .
) . .
) . .
2.4: . . . , ; .
: , ( ) ( ). , , . ,
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. , .
2.5: ;
) .
) , (>) () . .
) .
) .
) .
:
) . .
) .
) . .
) . , . ( ) .
) . , : nRTU2
3 .
2.6: .
) .
) .
) . .
) .
: ) . , .
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, ( ) .
) .
: nRTU2
3 .
) . .
) . .
2.7: . :
) .
) .
) .
.
: . , , . .
2.8: . ;
) .
) .
) .
) .
: ) . , mol . , .
) . nRTU2
3 ( n mol )
) . ( ).
) . .
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2.9: :
: , 1) 2) .
2.10: :
) .
) .
) .
) .
.
: .
2.11: .
:
1) )
V
VnRTW ln
) Vpp
W
2
2) ) W = pV
3)
) W = 0
4)
)
1
aaVpVpW
5)
) p=f(V)
2.12: :
: .
-
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. .
2.13: . ; .
: , . ,
,
1
aaVpVpW ,
0 VVVV , .
( ), . , , . ( ). , ( ) ( ). , , p-V.
2.14: , , , , .
1. : ) ; ) ; ) ;
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2. : ) ; ) ; ) ;
3. : ) ; ) ; ) ;
.
:
1. , ( 12 TT ),
:
12 TT 22
3nRT 0
2
3121 UUUnRT
2. , ( 12 TT ),
:
12 TT 22
3nRT 0
2
3121 UUUnRT
3. , ( ), .
2.15: .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
: ) . , (
) 0U . , , ( - ) :
WUQ WQWQ 0
) . , .
) . :
VpWV 0 0W .
, , :
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WUQ UQUQ 0 . , ,
.
) . , . , . :
WUQ WU 0 UW
, ( ), .
2.16: , p ,V , V. p-V VB. o ;
: , 2.13, p ,V. , :
( ) V, ( ).
2.17: : , . ) ) . 1 2. :
) 1;
) ;
) 2;
; .
A
VA VB V
p
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: , , ( ). :
1111 0 WQWQ 2222 0 WQWQ
, . ( ) V,
2 ( ). 12 QQ .
2.18: . (). ) , ) , ) .
:
) , , V, 1. 2 3.
) ( ), , .
) 1 , , ,
( WUQ ),
1 2 3.
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2.19: ;
) .
) .
) .
) .
) p-V.
: ) . VpW 0V 0W .
) , , ( ) . , , . , . :
WUQ WU 0 UW
, .
) . .
) . .
) .
2.20: :
: mol . , .
RCC vp .
2.21: ;
) , . .
) CP/CV, .
) CP-CV =.
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) U = nCVT, , .
:
) . .
) . - .
) . , RCC vp .
) .
2.22: . :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
.
:
,
: nRTU2
3 .
2.23: .
: RCC vp , Cp Cv
R. , , , , .
2.24: CP CV ;
: , . , ( - ) (
-
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). , . CP CV.
2.25: ,
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
.
: , . , . ( ), ( ). () , ( ) .
2.26: ;
: () , .
2.27: ;
) .
) .
) , .
) 70 80%.
: ) . h, c.
) . .
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) . . .
) . . , 18% 20%.
2.28: . ;
) .
) .
) , . .
) . .
) 1.
) .
) . .
: ) . 100% ( ).
) .
) . . , , , .
) . .
) .
) . , .
) .
2.29: (). ; .
: , . . , , ( = + ).
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2.30: . ; ( ).
: ( - - - ) ( ). , . , .
2.31: Carnot ;
) Carnot .
) Carnot .
) Carnot .
) Carnot .
) , Carnot,
: ) . Carnot , .
) . .
) . 1.
) . h
ccarnot
T
Te 1 .
) . ( ).
2.32: .
: Carnot .
Carnot h
c
T
T1 .
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2.40: 0,004m3 p = 1,2atm 0,006m3. . 1atm = 1,013105N/m2.
2,1p atm. m3,
N/m2. 1atm = 1,013105N/m2, 1,2 atm :
2525
/102156,11
/10013,12,1 mN
atm
mNatmp
.
, , :
JmNmmN
mmmNVVpVpW
1,24310002431,0002,0/102156,1
)004,0006,0(/102156,1)(
5325
3325
12
! N/m2 m3.
2.41: mol 27C 127C. . . R = 8,314J/(molK).
, :
)( 12 VVpVpW (1)
( ), ( ):
TnRVp (2)
(1) (2) :
JK
KmolJmol
KKKmol
JmolTTnRTnRW
1663100314,82
])27327()273127[(314,82)( 12
! (C) (K).
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2.42: mol 27C. , . . R = 8,314J/(molK), ln2 = 0,6931.
, =27C. , :
1
2lnV
VnRTW (1)
Boyle , : , ,
: .Vp ,
( ), ,
, Vp . :
2211 VpVp . : 1
2
2
1
p
p
V
V (2).
(1) , (2):
2
1
1
2 lnlnp
pnRT
V
VnRTW
( 12 2pp ),
:
1
1
1 2ln2
1ln
2ln nRTnRT
p
pnRTW
abab lnln , :
J
KKmol
JmolnRTnRTW
3458
6931,0)27327(314,822ln2ln 1
2.43: To . .
-
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p(V) V. , :
J
mNmmNmN
EW
4600
10046,02
)02,004,0()/10013,1/10587,3( 532525
2.44: 10L 1atm. . . 1L = 10-3m3, 1atm = 1,013105N/m2, ln2 = 0,6931.
( ). :
1
2lnV
VnRTW (1)
, . . ,
WQ (2)
(1) (2) :
2ln2
lnln1
12
1
2 12 nRTV
VnRTQ
V
VnRTQ
VV
nRTpV ,
nRT pV . ,
:
2lnpVQ (3)
;
Boyle, pV .
( atmp 11 LV 101 ). (3) :
6931,01012ln11 LatmVpQ
N/m2 m3:
JmNL
mL
atm
mNatmVpQ 1,7021,7026931,0
1
1010
1
/10013,112ln
3325
11
-
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2.45: . V1 = 0,008m3, 1 = 300 p1 = 1,01310N/m2. , 2 = 375.
) .
) Q = 709,1J .
) ,
. VpW .
V , - - :
TnRVp TnRW
nR ( mol, R),
T
pV (
). , , .
(3
1 008,0 mV , KT 3001 , 25
1 /10013,1 mNp ), . , :
JKKK
mmNTT
T
VpTnRW 6,202)300375(
300
008,0/10013,1)(
325
12
1
11
) , , Q W
U: WUQ . , U :
JJJWQU 5,5066,2021,709
2.46: 0,2mol = 27C, . . R = 8,314J/(molK), ln2 = 0,6931.
: 1
2lnV
VnRTWQ
2/12 VV . :
-
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JKKmolJmol
nRTnRTnRTV
VnRTQ
8,3456931,0)27327()/314,8(2,0
2ln2ln2
1ln
2/ln 1
1
1
2.47: . .
, , (U=0)
WQ . ,
.
Vp , :
JJmNmWQ 150010015,0/10)013,1513,2(02,02
1 5253
2.48: 0,004m3. 1,013105/m2 3,213105/m2. . CV = 3/2R.
, :
TnCQ vv
RCv2
3 , :
TnRTRnQv 2
3
2
3 (1)
( ), :
-
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TnRpV (2)
(1) (2) :
JmmNVppVpQv 1320004,0/10)013,1213,3(2
3)(
2
3
2
3 32512
2.49: 1,013105/m2, 0,005m3 0,007m3. . CV = 3/2R.
, :
TnCQ pp (1)
: RCC vp RCv2
3 , :
RRRRCC vp2
5
2
3 (2)
(1) (2) :
TnRTRnQp 2
5
2
5
( ):
JmNmmmNVpQp 5,5065,506)005,0007,0(/10013,12
5
2
5 3325
2.50: Q = 10cal. = 1.41. 1cal = 4,18J.
, : TnCQ pp (1)
U , T - -
: TnCU v (2)
(1) (2) , :
-
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v
p
C
C
U
Q
v
p
C
C :
Jcal
Jcal
QU
U
Q64,29
41,1
18,410
2.51: , . 900MW 300MW , . .
, .
: hQ
We .
, :
tQ
tWe
h /
/
, t
W ( )
t
Qh (
). , :
33,0900
300
MW
MW
P
Pe
2.52: 200J. 25%. , .
) hQ
We . ,
:
-
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JJ
e
WQh 800
25,0
200
) , hQ .
W , cQ
. :
JJJWQQQWQ hcch 600200800
2.53: . . H 20%. 2100C. 23C, . ( ).
Carnot. Carnot :
87,0)2732100(
)27323(11
K
K
T
Te
h
ccarnot
2.54: Carnot 5mol . 500 300. VA = 310-2m3 VB = 610-2m3. :
) .
) .
R = 8,314J/(molK), ln2 = 0,693.
) : 4,06,01500
30011
K
K
T
Te
h
ccarnot
) : hQ
We : hQeW (1)
hQ .
Carnot, hQ
AV BV . ,
, :
-
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1
2lnV
VnRTWQ ( )
, , . , :
2ln500)/314,8(52
lnln KKmolJmolV
VnRT
V
VnRTWQ
B
Ah
A
BhABh
JQh 14404 (2)
, (1) (2) , :
JJQeW h 5762144044,0
-
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2.57: V. . .
) p-V .
) : i) ; ii) To ;
)
: 1.
: , 2. , , ( , 2 1 ). ; ( V 2V), . , .
: 3.
)
ii) , p-V V. , .
ii) , (Q=0). , .
B2
B1
B3 A
V 2V V
p
-
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2.58: p = f(V), p, V mol . p = f() V = f(T), , . o 1atm = 1,013105N/m2, 1L = 10-3m3.
, , .
: atmpA 1 LVA 4,22 .
, (STP).
KTA 273 .
( ). , Charles,
T
p . :
KTmN
mNK
P
pTT
T
p
T
pB
A
BAB
B
B
A
A 546/10013,11
/10013,1227325
25
( ). , Gay-Lussac,
T
V . , :
KTm
mK
V
VTT
T
V
T
V
B
B
B
B 1092104,22
108,4454633
33
. Charles, :
KTmN
mNK
P
pTT
T
p
T
p546
/10013,12
/10013,11109225
25
, p = f() :
-
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V = f(T) :
p = f(V). :
JmN
mNmatmLatmLEW
22691069,22
/10013,1104,224,22)12()4,228,44(
2
2533
2.59: , , w , V. , , . . p.
, . :
)( VVpVpW (1)
Gay-Lussac :
1
2
V(L)
A B
273 546 1092 T(K)
p(atm)
B
A 1
2
273 546 1092 T(K)
-
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VT
TV
T
V
T
V
(2)
p : ( p )
( p ). , :
wpppp (3)
( , w) ( , ).
(1) (2) (3):
VV
T
Tp
wW
VT
Tp
w
1
VT
TTp
w
Vpw
273
273273
( )
Vpw
273
2.60: . V1 = 1m3 , 1 = 27C p1 = 125105N/m2. p2 = 105N/m2 ( ). :
) .
) .
= 3/2.
) , :
-
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333/23
3/2
25
25
1
3/2
2
1
3/2
2
2/3
112
2
2/3
112/3
2
2/3
22
2/3
112211
251251/10
/10125
.
mmmmN
mNV
p
p
p
VpV
p
VpVVpVpVpVppV
:
111 TRnVp
:
222 TRnVp
:
KTmmN
mmNK
Vp
VpTT
T
T
Vp
Vp60
1)/10125(
25)/10(3002325
325
11
2212
2
1
22
11
) :
JmmNmmNVpVp
W 7325325
1122 1022/31
1/1012525/10
1
2.61: = 1,51024 , = 27C. = 127C i) ii) . :
) .
) .
) .
: R = 8,314J/(molK), NA = 6,0231023 /mol Cv=3/2R.
i) :
) : TnCU v (1)
mol n AN
N, AN Avogadro. ( 1
mol , AN , n mol ANn .
N ,
ANnN , AN
Nn - , AN 1 mol,
N .)
-
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, (1) :
)(2
3TTR
N
NTnCU
A
v
)]27327(273127)[/314,8(2
3
/10023,6
105,123
24
KmolJ
mol
J8,3105
) 0. VV JVpW 0
) JW 0 , :
JUQUQWUQ 8,31050
) :
) , (
), : TnCU v . , JU 8,3105 .
) : VpW
TnRVp
JKmolJmol
TTRN
NTnRW
A
6,2070)]27327()273127[()/314,8(/10023,6
105,1
)(
23
24
) : JJJQWUQ 4,51766,20708,3105
2.62: H Carnot 1 = 127C 2 = 27C.
) .
) = 10 t = 1h.
1 = 745,7W.
) :
25,0)273127(
)27327(1
273
27311
K
K
T
Te
h
c
h
c
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 50
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) hQ
We . W ,
, tPW , . , :
hQ
tPe
, hQ , :
kWhWhhWhHP
e
tPQh 828,2929828
25,0
17,74510
25,0
110
2.63: .
) V-T p-V.
) .
) .
:
n=0,975mol, CV=3R/2, R=8,314J/(molK) =0,082Latm/(molK), ln2,5 = 0,9163.
) .
: :
Latm
KKmolatmLmol
p
nRTV
A
AA 8
3
300)/082,0(975,0
: :
Latm
KKmolatmLmol
p
nRTV
B
BB 2,3
5,7
300)/082,0(975,0
-
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: :
Latm
KKmolatmLmol
p
nRTV 2,3
15
600)/082,0(975,0
: :
Latm
KKmolatmLmol
p
nRTV 8
6
600)/082,0(975,0
, :
) p-V. , ( ).
: , , , p-V, . , , , .
: :
8
2,3ln300)/413,8(975,0ln KKmolJmol
V
VnRTW
A
B
JJJJ 27,22285,2ln85,24315,2ln85,24315,2
1ln300314,8975,0 1
: :
0. VV JVpW 0
8
3,2
300 600 T(K)
3
6
7,5
15
p(atm) p(atm)
3,2 8 V(L)
-
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: :
2,3
8ln600)/413,8(975,0ln
KKmolJmolV
VnRTW
JJ 55,44565,2ln600314,8975,0
: :
0. VV JVpW 0
, :
JJWWWWW AB 3,2228)055,4456027,2228(
) : hQ
We
hQ .
- - (Q>0):
: :
WUQ JWQWQ 3,22280 0
: :
WUQ JWQWQ 6,44560 >0
: :
WUQ UQUQ 0 )( TnCTnCQ vv
JKKmolJmolQ 8,3647)600300()/413,8(975,0
-
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2.64: , , , . pA = 6atm, VA = 22,4L, TA = 546K, VB = 3VA, T = 273.
) p-V, p-T, V-T.
) .
ln3 = 1,1 1Latm = 101J.
) :
: : KTTT BAB 546
Boyle: atmpV
Vatm
V
VppVpVp B
A
A
B
AABBBAA 2
3
6
: : LVLVVV AB 2,674,2233
Charles:
atmpK
atmK
T
pTp
T
p
T
p
B
B
B
B 1546
2273
: : atmppp 1
Gay-Lussac:
KTL
LK
V
VTT
T
V
T
V91
2,67
4,22273
LVVV 4,22 .
, :
22,4
V(L)
67,2
91 273 546 T(K)
6
1
6
2
1
22,4 67,2 V(L)
p(atm) p(atm)
2
91 273 546 T(K)
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 54
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) p-V. , ( 2.63).
: :
A
B
V
VnRTW ln
mol,
nRT :
A
B
V
VpVW ln
p V ,
Boyle, pV . :
1,14,1343ln4,2263
lnln LatmLatmV
VVp
V
VVpW
A
AAA
A
BAA
: JLatm 1011 , : JJW 84,149311,11014,134
: :
0. VV JVpW 0
: :
JJLatmLLatmVVpVpW 8,45241018,448,442,674,221
: :
0. VV JVpW 0
, :
JJWWWWW AB 10407)08,4524084,14931(
2.65: mol (p0, V0) (2p0, 2V0) :
) .
) .
Q W . p0, V0, ln2 = 0,6931, CV = 3R/2.
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 55
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) . ,
, 02pp . ,
, Boyle :
2/2
0
0
00 Vp
Vp
p
VpVVpVp AAAA
, : (2p0, V0/2).
:
: : AV
VnRTW ln .
,
nRT :
AV
VpVW ln
p V ,
Boyle, pV . :
0000
1
0000
0
000 6931,02ln2ln
2
1ln
2/lnln VpVpVpVp
V
VVp
V
VVpW
A
AA
: :
VVpVpW
2p0, :
00000 32/22 VpVVpW
000000 3,236931,0 VpVpVpWWW
:
: : . ,
: 006931,0 VpWQ .
-
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: :
0000 32
33
2
3VpnRVpRnWnCWUQ v
nR , , :
0000000000 3)2/2(2
63)(2
2
33,2
2
3VpVVpVpVVpVpVpQ
0000000000 5,735,43,22
3
2
6VpVpVpVpVp
, :
000000 8,65,76931,0 VpVpVpQQQ
) . ,
, 02VV . ,
, Boyle :
2/2
0
0
00 pp
Vp
V
VppVpVp AAAA
, : (p0/2, 2V0).
:
: : AV
VnRTW ln .
nRT :
AV
VpVW ln
p V , Boyle,
pV . :
0000
0
000 7,02ln
2lnln VpVp
V
VVp
V
VVpW
A
AA
: : 0. VV JVpW 0
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 57
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, : 007,0 VpW
:
: : . ,
: 007,0 VpWQ .
: :
nRRnnCWUQ v2
3
2
30
, nR ( - - ):
)2/2(2
6)(2
2
3
2
3000 pppppVpVQ 0000 5,4
2
3
2
6VpVp
, 000000 2,55,47,0 VpVpVpQQQ
2.66: H : ) . ) , ) , ) . . = 5/3.
p-V.
hQ
We , W
p-V :
B
p
3p
p
V 3V V
-
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pVVpVVppW 422)3()3(
, hQ
, , . , - . , . :
: : )( ABvvv TTnCTnCUQ
AB TT , () .
: : TnCQ p (1)
: TnCQ pp ,
. , . , ( ) .
, Gay-Lussac kT
V ,
( ). , (), . (1) Q ( ).
: , ( - ).
: . (1) , ( ), . , (1) Q ( ).
, :
TnCTnCQQQ pvh (2)
Cv Cp ( ) . , :
2
5
v
p
C
C
2
5
v
p
C
C (3)
RCC vp (4)
-
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(3) (4): RCRCCC
RCvvv
v
v
2
3225
2
5
(5)
RCRRRCC vvp2
5
2
3 (6)
(2) (5), (6) :
TRnTRnTnCTnCQ pvh 2
5
2
3
mol , :
)(2
5)(
2
3
2
5
2
3 VVpVppVppVQh
)3(32
5)3(
2
3VVpVpp
V 3p
, :
pVVppVQh 18232
52
2
3
, :
9/218
4
pV
pV
Q
We
h
2.67: mol , s.t.p . :
) .
) .
: R = 8,314J/(molK), ln2 = 0,693, 1Latm=101,4J.
. :
-
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: atmpA 1 , LVA 4,22 KTA 273 (s.t.p.)
: , Gay-Lussac:
KTKTTV
VT
V
VTT
T
V
T
VBAB
A
AA
A
BAB
B
B
A
A 546273222
: , Charles:
KTKTp
pT
p
pTT
T
p
T
pB
B
BB
B
B
B
B 2732/5462/2/
:
) )(0 ABAB VVpVpWWW
JLatmLatmLLatm 1014,224,224,221)4,224,222(1
J2271
) T
T ( )273KTT A . ,
. :
JWWUQ 22710
2.68: mol , s.t.p. 8atm 4atm. , .
: R = 8,314J/(molK) ln2 = 0,6931. = 3/2 CV = 16,628J/(molK).
:
: atmpA 1 , LVA 4,22 KTA 273 (s.t.p.)
: :
Latm
Latm
p
VpV
p
VpVVpVp
B
AAB
B
AABBBAA
6,58
)4,22(13/2
2/33/2
2/3
2/32/32/32/3
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 61
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, :
: AAA TRnVp
: BBB TRnVp
:
KTLatm
LatmK
Vp
VpTT
T
T
Vp
VpB
AA
BBAB
B
A
BB
AA 5464,221
6,58273
: Charles :
KTatm
atmK
p
pTT
T
p
T
p
B
B
B
B 2738
4546
:
, :
JKKmolJmolTTnCTnCU ABvv 4,4539)273546()/628,16(1)(
, :
JKKmolJmolTTnCTnCU vv 4,4539)546273()/628,16(1)(
, :
JJJU 04,45394,4539
2.69: VA = 0,04m3, pA = 3105N/m2 = 600. VB = 0,16m3, . :
) , .
) .
: R = 8,314J/(molK), = 5/3, ln4 = 1,386, (0,25) = 0,0992
:
: 25 /103 mNpA ,
304,0 mVA KTA 600
: :
-
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25
3
325
/1075,016,0
04,0)/103(mN
m
mmN
V
VppVpVp
B
AABBBAA
: :
316,0 mVVB
25 /1075,0
600
mN
pK
p
pTT
T
p
T
p
B
B
B
B
(1)
p . ,
:
25
3/5
3
325
3/53/5
3/5
3/53/53/5
/103,0
16,0
04,0/103
mNp
m
mmN
V
Vpp
V
Vpp
V
VppVpVp
B
AA
VVAA
AA
B
(1) :
KmN
mNKT 240
/1075,0
/103,060025
25
:
) , : AA nRTU2
3
mol, :
JmmNpVnRTU AA 1800004,0)/103(2
3
2
3
2
3 325
, . ( ) . :
JUB 18000
:
JmmNpVnRTU A 720016,0)/103,0(2
3
2
3
2
3 325
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 63
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) :
: :
A
BAB
V
VnRTW ln
04,0
16,0ln04,0)/103(ln 325 mmN
V
VpV
A
B
JmmN 166324ln04,0)/103( 325
: :
0. VV JVpW 0
: :
JmmNmmNVpVp
W AA 107463/51
16,0)/103,0(04,0)/103(
1
325325
, :
JJWWWW 5886)10746016632(
2.70: , , , A = 10cm2 m = 10kg. pat = 1,013105/m2. R . Q = 50J :
) .
) .
: g = 10m/s2, CV = 3R/2.
p : ( p )
( p ). , :
mgp
wpppp
23
25
22
225
10
100/10013,1
)10(10
/1010/10013,1
m
NmN
m
smkgmNp
252525 /10013,2/101/10013,1 mNmNmN
-
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com 64
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) x. , :
xAV (1)
x , V. ( ),
25 /10013,2 mNp ( ).
:
VpW
TnCU v VpTnR 2
3
2
3
( + )
VpQVpVpWUQ 2
5
2
3
Q 50J (25 /10013,2 mNp ), :
VmNJ )/10013,2(2
550 25
25 /10033,5
50
mN
mNV ( 1J 1m)
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3.56: , =30cm, q=2C. . : Kc = 9x109 m2 /C2.
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, . : ( ), mg F . , (Ty, F) (Tx, mg) . , :
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3.89: , , l=1,5cm = 4107 m/s, . . e = 1,6x10-19C, me = 9x10-31kg.
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3.91: , , . 0 = 5105 m/s, . , ; : e = 1,6x10-19C, mp = 1,6x10-27kg.
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: d
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3.95: Q = 2x10-7C . m=1mg q = 3x10-8 C. d . . . l=3m, d=1m, =30o. : g = 10 m/s2 Kc = 9x109 Nm2/C2.
l d B
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q . , ( x y, F Q ). q:
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, . . , :
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q
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) . , :
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4:
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4.17: . ;
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, . ( ) , .
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x. ) ( ) Lorentz.
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: . , Lorentz . .
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4.41: =104 m/s, =2x10-2. . e=1,6x10-19C me=9,1x10-31kg.
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192
431
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p
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4.43: , =107m/s , . mp=1,6 10-27kg e=1,6 10-19C R=6400km.
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qB
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4.44: ( He42 )
, . Rp=10cm, . .
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, . . ( ), . , :
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4.46: . . D. . : me e.
. , , . , . ( ) . , :
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4.48: V=2000V . . =2x10-2
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: Be
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5.8: . , ) . ) . ) . ;
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5.14: :
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, F , a g.
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5.19: ;
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5.29: 2J. A ,
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5.33: .
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5. L ) J
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5.34: = 10-1 m2 B = 0,2 T. , t=10-2s
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:
0 sec t 210-1 sec :
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ttE
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01041
1
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R
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WbWb
ttE
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10410411
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10
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2
5.37: r = 2cm =100 R = 25. , . . ( .) R = 45. 183,4C. .
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R
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FL F
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, ( - - ) :
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R
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u
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VVVE
RR
ERV 6,1
3
8,4
33
5.42: h = 10 m, l = 1m. R=1. m = 0,04 kg . B = 0,2 T, . , . :
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. g=10m/s2.
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m
Fmga L
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smkg
lB
mgRu
R
luBmgl
R
lBuBmgl
R
EBmgBIlmgFmg L
/5,2)1()4,0(
1/1004,022
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22max
2
max
2
max
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B
mg
FL
(-)
(+)
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JQ
smkgmsmkgmumghQQmumgh
875,3
)/5,2(04,02
110/1004,0
2
1
2
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2
max
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V o 2202
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22
22
: AmTsrad
RR