Διπλωματική Εργασία Χιούμορ

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: A.M: 264

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, 2012

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Abstract

The aim of this thesis was to study counselors humor during counseling

sessions. The character of this research was qualitative, focused on phenomenological

methodology. We sought to study the phenomenon considering the way participants

experience and interpret it. The means we attempt to study the subject was by

interviewing 12 counselors, virtual text context analysis derived from 2 videotaped

counseling group meetings and semi structure interviews at 12 members of the

counseling team and the leader. The main findings are: a) counselors utilize the

benefits of humor to achieve specific counseling aims b) counselors humor takes

place spontaneously, as an element of his personality, counselors didnt received the

necessary training to implement humor as a specific therapeutic technique either as a

humor integrated intervention, c) clients deal positively counselors humor and

finally, d) depending on the time of the counseling process counselors use of humor

varies as to type, frequency and direction.

Keywords: counselling, humour, clients, counselors humour

4

.

, (Franzini, 2001 Sultanof,

1992Gladding, 1999)

.

(Goldin & Bordan et al. 1999).

.

, (Cundall, 2007

Greenwald, 1975)

.

,

,

(Killinger, 1987 Foster & Reid, 1983). ,

,

(Jefrey, 2009).

,

(,

2009, & , 2012).

,

.

5

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.................................................................................................................... 1

....................................................................................................................... 2

Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 3

....................................................................................................................... 4

1 - ........................................... 9

1.1 ...................................................................................... 10

1.2 ............................................................... 12

1.3 .................................................................................................. 17

1.4 ....................................... 22

1.5 ............................................................... 27

2: ..................................................... 31

2.1 - (tension arousal-relief theories) .... 34

2.1.1 .................................................................... 35

2.2 (Superiority Theory) .................................................. 42

2.3 (Incongruity Theory) ........................ 46

2.3.1 / (Reversal Theories - Play

Theories) ...................................................................................................................... 51

7

3: .............................................................. 54

3.1 ............................................................... 54

3.2 .. 61

3.2.1 ........................................................................... 62

3.2.2 ................................................ 66

3.2.3 ............................................................... 69

3.3 ............................................................................. 72

3.4 .......... 77

................................................................................................ 83

4.1 .................................................................................... 83

4.2 ............................................................................ 85

4.3 ............................................................................................................... 87

4.4 ............................................................................................. 90

4.4.1 .......................................................................................................... 90

4.4.2 ........................................................................................... 93

4.4.3 .................................. 95

4.5 ..................................................... 98

4.5.1 .................................................................................................. 98

4.5.2 ....................................................................................................... 98

4.5.3 ..................................................... 100

4.5.4 ............................ 101

4.6 .......................................... 102

4.7 .......................................................................................... 103

8

5: ............................................... 105

5.1 ........................................................................................................ 105

5.2

.......................................................................................... 120

5.3 ......................................................................... 124

5.4 1 ................................................................. 128

6: - - - ..... 129

6.1 - ................................................................................... 129

6.3 ..................................................................................... 137

6.4 ..................................................................... 138

............................................................................................................. 139

1 ........................................................................................................ 150

2 ........................................................................................................ 157

3 ........................................................................................................ 160

9

1 -

; .

.

(Martin, 2007).

. ,

.

; ,

.

:

1. ;

2. ;

3.

;

4.

;

5. ;

10

1.1

.

20

,

(, 2004).

, .

,

,

. ,

, , ,

, .

,

(BAC, 1984, . . Mc Leod, 2003 . 30)

, Burks Stefflre (1979)

.

,

.

,

.

Feltham Dryden (1993)

,

11

, ,

, .

, ,

,

(Mc Leod, 2005).

,

.

, (, 2004, . 18, Mc Leod, 2003 .

220 )

12

1.2

:

.

S.Freud

humour humor umor

,

.

,

, ( , ,

). .

,

, .

(, & , 2012).

2 .

:

, ,

, ,

, ,

( & 2005).

.

13

,

.

16

.

Thomas Hobbes (1558- 1679), Immanuel Kant (1724-1804),

Arthur Sopenhauer (1788-1860), Anri Bergson (1858-1954). 18

,

. 20

( , 2010).

, , ,

. ,

.

Chapman Foot (1975)

,

. , ,

. , ,

.

Raskin (1985, .2) Semantic Mechanism of Humor

, , ,

,

.

.

. ,

.

, ,

, , .

,

.

14

Fry (1994)

,

, ,

. , ,

( OJha & Holmes, 2010).

. , Martin (2001)

, , ,

,

.

O Dubberley (1988)

,

,

.

.

.

.

, ,

.

Mc Ghee (1979 .6 . . Loizou 2006)

, .

, (Ausubel et al., 1980)

,

. Rollo May (. . Sultanoff, 1994) :

,

15

.

,

.

.

Reiger (2004 . . , 2008)

,

,

.

Freud, (1972)

,

.

Martin, (2007)

.

, , . ,

- . ,

,

.

,

(Mc

Ghee, 1979 o. . Ojha & Holmes, 2010).

,

,

(Romero & Cruthirds, 2006).

Mallet, (1995)

.

16

,

,

.

, (,

2010).

.

, .

,

(Fine, 1984, .84).

(Romero & Cruthirds, 2006)

. ,

,

, .

,

.

.

,

,

,

(, 2010).

17

1.3

.

.

( , ),

(, ) ( , ).

.

,

,

. ,

, ,

(, 2001).

,

. ,

. ,

, , . ,

/ - ,

(ibid, 2001).

,

. (2001)

.

( & 2005).

18

. ,

. , ,

.

. , , ,

... ,

,

,

. ,

(Martin, 2007).

Long Graesser (1988)

:

1. :

.

. :

: !.

2. : ,

.

3. :

.

.

(Cartsburg, 2007).

4. :

, . (

; !!).

5. :

. ,

,

.

19

6. :

.

, .

7. :

,

.

.

8. : , ,

.

.

9. :

,

.

10. : ,

, (.

).

11. :

, (..

; - )

,

.

,

.

.

(adaptive)

,

20

.

()

() (Kuiper & Leite, 2010, , 2010).

, (affiliative humor)

,

(Kuiper, & Leite, 2010). ,

.

, ,

,


,

,( Kalliny,

Cruthirds, & Minor, 2006).

(X, 2010).

(self-enhancing humor)

.

. ,

.

.

,

. ,

.

(maladaptive)

()

(-).

21

(),

( -).

, (aggressive humor)

, ,

(Kuiper & Leite, 2010).

, ,

(Kalliny, Cruthirds & Minor,

2006).

.

(Saroglou, & Scariot, 2002).

(Romero & Cruthirds,

2006).

( , 2010).

(self- defeating

humor)

(Kuiper & Leite, 2010).

,( Kalliny, Cruthirds &

Minor, 2006). ,


(, 2010).

, ,

(Saroglou, & Scariot,

2002).

22

1.4

.

:

- ?

, , .

, , , ,

, , ,

.

.

- ,

, .

, ,

. (Mc Ghee, 1974 . 2010).

Lawrence (1915)

,

, ,

. Mc Ghee (1979)

,

. ,

.

23

(Van de Water,

1939). Shultz (1972 . . Loizou, 2006)

. ,

.

,

. Sanford & Eder (1984)

. ,

, ,

.

,

,

(Ziv, 2010).

Ericson Feldstein (2007)

,

.

,

.

,

.

(Lakoff 1975, Mc Gee 1976,1979)

,

,

(. Robinson & Smith- Lovin 2001).

, ,

(Sacks 1974 .. Robinson & Smith-

Lovin 2001 . 128).

24

. (Chupchick &

Leventhal 1974)

. (Lundell, 1993)

. , Dovidio et al. (1988),

.

Kramarae (1981)

,

(Franzini, 1996).

Crawford (2003)

.

.

. ,

,

(Crawford 1995, 2003).

, ,

, .

,

.

.

(Masten, 1986, Kauck &Thomas, 1972 . 2010).

25

,

(Aspenger, 1944 Wing, 1996 . Lyons & Fitzgerald, 2004).

, Vasudevi et al. 2002

,

. ,

.

,

,

(Vasudevi et al., 2002 Bell et al., 1986 . . Suits et al., 2011).

.

Wicker et al., (1981)

.

-

, .

Ziv (1988)

.

(Kruger, 1996).

(, 2010).

.

, ,

, ,

.

.

(Shanon, 1963). Obrdlik (1942)

(Haig, 1988).

26

. ,

,

, (Kruger, 1996).

,

,

(Haig 1988).

. Wimer Beins (2008)

.

.

.

. ,

(Wimer &

Beins 2008).

,

.

27

1.5

..;

.

:

1. ,

2. , ,

,

3. ,

. ,

. Alice Isen (2003)

.

, ,

,

(Lyubomirisky, King & Diener, 2005 . Martin 2007).

,

, ,

.

.

28

,

(Boverie et al., 1994).

.

. , Shiota (2004, . Martin,

2007)

. ,

(Bressler, Martin & Balshine, 2006 o. . Kuiper, Leite, 2010). ,

,

.

(Martin, 2007).

.

.

(Ziv, 2010).

O Mulkay (1988),

.

.

.

(Robinson & Smith- Lovin, 2001).

29

,

.

,

(Ziv 2010).

,

,

.

. Vinton (1989)

.

.

,

.

. ,

(Martin, 2007).

.

.

,

, .

, Boverie et al., (1994)

,

. Krohe (1987, . 32)

, ,

.

Humphreys, (1990)

,

31

2:

.

.

: -!! !

.

.

, Kieth- Speigel, (1972 . . Foster 1978)

.

.

: () , ()

,()

,()

, ()

()

()

() ,

, ,

,

(Foster, 1978).

32

Morreall, (1982)

. ,

- .

, (superiority theories)

.

, ,

.

(incongruity theories),

- ,

- , (play theories),

.

.

-

(relief theories)

Freud,

,

(Mio & Graesser,

1991).

.

,

.

, .

(Smuts, 2006).

.

,

33

.

.

34

2.1 - (tension arousal-relief theories)

;

- .

. Herbert

Spencer Sigmund Freud.

.

(Smuts, 2006 Krikmann,

2006).

Freud

,

(Krikmann, 2006).

.

Spencer (1860)

(Smuts, 2006).

.

. ,

. .

,

.

(Morreall, 1982).

35

,

. .

.

(ibid, 1982). ,

.

Spencer

(Smuts, 2006).

Daniel Berlyne (1960)

. ,

.

.

Berlyne (1960)

.

(Martin, 2007).

Freud .

2.1.1

S.Freud

Sigmund Freud,

, .

36

,

, ,

(Newirth,

2006).

.

,

,

(Martin, 2007, Freud, 1972).

. ,

.

(alcohol+ holidays= alcocholidays).

( ).

,

.

(, 2009, Freud, 1972).

,

. ,

.

.

. ,

,

.

37

.

, . ,

.

.

, (),

(, , )

(Freud 1972 Martin 2007).

. ,

. (,

2010).

Freud

.

, .

,

,

.

.

(Freud, 1972):

1.

2.

3.

.

38

, , ,

,

.

.

.

.

, .

,

. Freud ,

(Freud

1972 Martin, 2007).

.

.

. ,

. .

(Berry, 2004Freud, 1972 Goldin & Bordan, 1999)

, , .

,

.

.

.

Freud

(id) ,

.

39

, ,

(Weisenberg, Tepper & Schwarzwald, 1995).

Freud

: !

,

(Martin, 2007).

.

.

.

.

.

.

. ,

.

(Erickson

&Feldstein 2006)

Humor

.

:

.

.

, .

40

,

. (Newirth, 2006).

,

. , , , ,

, , .

Freud

, ,

. ,

.

Freud

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

. .

(Martin, 2007).

.

( & , 2005).

,

41

,

(Freud, 1972).

Freud .

Lacan

,

. Blanco

(Newirth, 2006).

42

2.2 (Superiority Theory)

;

,

. Freud

(Martin, 2007).

, Hobbes (Berger, 1993).

,

,

. ,

(Ferguson & Ford,

2008).

,

, .

,

, . ,

, ,

(Ferguson, & Ford, 2008 , 2010).

Hobbes 17

.

43

(Ferguson & Ford, 2008).

(,

2010).

(Martin, 2007).

Gruner (2000)

. Hobbes

, o

.

.

, ,

.

.

,

(Gruner, 2000 . 9).

.

,

.

, ,

, , (Martin, 2007).

Gruner (2000)

.

.

44

. .

(, 2010).

.

, Mindess (1970)

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

Obrdlik (1942, . Franzini 2001)

.

Freud

.

,

.

. ,

, (Martin, 2007).

45

. Mc Dougall (1922 .

. Martin 2007),

,

.

,

.

46

2.3 (Incongruity Theory)

;

-

.

,

.

.

(,2)

.

,

(Smuts,

2006).

Immanuel Kant ,

,

.

(Attardo, 1994, . 396).

O Arthur Schopenhauer

,

. ,

47

.

Schopenhauer (1818, ,13)

(Smuts, 2006).

,

- .

.

,

,

,

.

, (Morreall, 1982).

,

,

(Morreall, 1982 2010) .

,

.

, ,

.

,

(, 2009).

Koestler

- (bisociation)

. - , ,

(Krikman, 2006).

48

.

(Martin, 2007).

:

Riley .

. . Riley

;

,

. Riley , .

, .

-

.

.

Beatitie (1776), Freud (1960), Shultz(1970), Suls(1972)

(Shultz 1976).

. ,

(Morreall, 1981).

.

(Suls, 1983),

(Rothbart, 1976)

,

,

.

, ,

. (,

, ) ,

.

49

,

(Morreall, 1981 Rothbart, 1976).

Cundall (2007)

.

.

.

,

.

, .

, Shultz (1976)

,

.

,

,

,

.

, , .

.

.

(, 2010).

Veale (2004)

, ,

.

.

50

Suls (1972,1983 . Martin 2007)

.

,

.

,

.

, ,

. ,

. ,

.

2: Suls (1972) Martin, (2007 . 65)

;

.

;

=

=

51

.

.

2.3.1 / (Reversal Theories -

Play Theories) ,

. () ,

. .

- ;

- . - , , ...

.

.

Max Eastman (1936)

. ,

, ,

, , ,

(Martin,

2007 Smuts 2006).

Berlyne (1969), Gruner (1997)

Michael Apter (1982, 2001 . . Martin, 2007)

,

,

.

52

Apter (1991)

.

(paratelic),

, ,

.

(telic) - -,

.

Apter (1982)

.

,

,

. ,

, , ,

.

,

. (synergy)

.

,

.

Wyer Collins (1992 . . Martin, 2007),

. ,

.

. ,

.

53

,

.

,

. ,

. ,

(Martin, 2007).

54

3:

3.1

:

:

;

.

: ()

, ()

, , ()

,

, ()

, ()

(Martin, 2007).

Haig (1986) Therapeutic Uses of Humor

. ,

. Johnston (1990) ,

.

.

55

Goldin et al., (2006)

,

.

(Martens, 2004).

Frakes (1999)

,

Rutherford, (1994)

.

.

.

.

(Kuhn et al., 2010).

(Gladding, 1995).

Johnston, (1990)

,

(Epstein, 1998)

. Schnarch (1990) ,

.

, Rutherford (1994)

.

.

(Gladding, 1995). ,

56

(Haig, 1986Goldin & Bordan 1999).

,

(Martin, 2007).

(Haig, 1986).

,

.

(Gladding, 1995).

,

(Rutherford, 1994).

,

(Martens, 2004).

(Goldin et al., 2006).

(Dimmer et al., 1990).

.

(Haig, 1986).

57

.

.

. ,

(Martin, 2007).

Epstein (1998)

, .

, Goldin et al. (2006)

,

(Goldin et al.,

2006Glading, 1995).

Sultanoff (2000)

,

.

,

,

. ,

(Frakes, 1999Martin, 2007).

.

,

(Rutherford, 1994).

58

,

(Johnston, 1990Glading, 1995 ).

,

(Dupey et al., 2001) .

(Rutherford, 1994 Frakes, 1999).

.

,

.

(Johnston, 1990).

,

.

,

,

.

Kaplan

(Goldin et al. 2006). ,

.

,

59

,

(Goldin & Bordan, 1999).

(Martin, 2007).

(Haig, 1986).

.

.

,

(Gladding, 1995).

. Kennedy (1991)

. ,

,

. ,

.

. ,

.

,

.

Bollas (1983 . . Kennedy, 1991)

60

.

,

.

,

(Martens, 2004),

(Walter et al., 2007).

61

3.2

, - , !

, , . ,

, ,

. ,

(Berry, 2004)

Gladding (1995), o

, .

(Martin, 2007):

.

.

,

,

.

.

62

3.2.1 -,

- ; - ;;

.

.

,

.

,

. ,

,

(Martin, 2007).

,

Albert Ellis,

(Provocative Therapy) Frank Farelly, Natural Hight Therapy OConnells.

Albert Ellis, ,

, ,

.

.

63

/ ,

. Ellis 1977

. Johnston (1990) , Ellis

.

,

,

. Ellis

,

. ,

(Martin, 2007 )

(Provocative Therapy) Frank Farelly.

. , ,

.

.

.

.

,

, , ,

64

, , .

. Farelly (1974)

,

, .

.

, Natural

High Therapy .

O Connells Carl Jung

Alfred Adler. ,

,

.

- (self

actualization).

, ,

,

,

(Franzini, 2001, Martin, 2007).

.

(OConnell 1981 . . Franzini, 2001).

.

(OConnell 1975b . . ibid, 2001).

,

, (OConnell 1975a . ibid,

2001).

-

(humordrama)

. O Connell (1977 . Prerost, 1983),

66

3.2.2

- , .

- , . .

,

.

, (Smith, 1973)

(Weisenberg et al., 1995) .

,

, . ,

. ,

. ,

Prerost (1983) (Humorous

Imagery Situation Technique).

.

(systematic desensitization),

,

, .

,

.

.

.

67

,

. , Smith, (1973)

,

.

.

.

.

.

(distraction).

.

Weisenberg, Tepper Schwarzwald (1995),

,

.

.

,

.

Prerost (1983)

/ ,

, .

.

(Humorous Imagery

Situation Technique) .

,

. ,

68

, .

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

, (Prerost, 1989).

,

. ,

. ,

,

(ibid, 1989).

.

69

3.2.3 , !

- .

.

.

.

,

. Greenwald (1975)

, .

.

Marci et al., (2004)

,

.

. ,

, .

(Martin, 2001).

(Berry, 2004).

,

70

. ,

,

, (Martin, 2007).

Bachelor Horvath (1999),

,

.

,

, .

. ,

,

,

.

,

,

, (Greenwald,

1975).

.

. McGhee (1979

. Rutherford 1994),

.

, o Sultanoff (1994)

.

71

,

.

Franzini (2001)

.

:

, ,

.

,

.

,

.

72

3.3

.

,

. ,

,

, ,

(Ryenes et

al. 1978).

Kubie (1971)

,

.

(Martin, 2007).

.

,

.

,

. ,

(Frakes, 1999).

.

,

73

, ,

.

. ,

.

,

. ,

, .

(Berry, 2004 Martin, 2007)

Foster (1978)

,

.

,

.

, ,

,

.

Kubie (1971) ,

,

.

,

,

(Haig,1988Foster, 1978).

,

74

,

.

,

,

.

.

Marcus (1990)

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

. ,

,

, .

Berry (2004)

, .

.

Kubie,

.

.

.

75

. Kulman Foster

.

,

,

,

.

Percie

, ,

.

Foster (1978)

.

1 ,

,

.

2

.

.

3

- ,

.

76

4

,

.

, 5

,

.

,

,

.

77

3.4

-

- . . !

.

, .

, .

Killinger (1987 . . Martin, 2007)

,

.

,

-,

.

. ,

.

,

- , .

Killinger

. ,

,

. ,

78

. ,

(Cundall, 2007).

.

,

.

, Foster Reid (1983)

, .

.

,

.

,

.

(Foster &

Reid, 1983).

Golan, Rosenhein Jaffe (1988)

.

:

, .

,

.

: ,

.

.

.

,

79

.

.

,

.

Medgell (1984, . . Martin, 2007)

,

.

,

, ,

.

, .

.

, Abel (2002),

,

.

, ,

,

.

,

. ,

.

,

(Abel, 2002).

80

, ,

Ericson Feldstein (2007)

94 12-15

.

, .

.

Falkenberg et al. (2010)

,

.

.

,

.

Newton Dowd (1990)

.

.

.

.

Goldin, Bordan Araoz, et al. (2006)

.

.

.

81

.

Jefrey (2009)

,

.

.

,

, , , ,

.

,

.

Gregson (2009).

.

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