, 2003

1.

.

.

,

,

. ,

,

, ,

, ..

1.1

/ 100% , ..

/

/ >50%

,

4 / >60%

4 / 40%

,

10%

,

50

. ,

.

- 1 -

1.1. ( ,

)

.

, ( ,

)

(effective competition), .

.

(Effective Competition)

(effective competition)

.

.

, (ineffective)

.

(risk).

(internal) (external)

:

.

.

. ,

.

- 2 -

.

.

.

. 50%

.

2. (Performance Values)

:

. 1. (internal efficiency, X-efficiency).

.

: )

)

.

.

.

cyinefficienX =

2. (allocative efficiency).

.

.

.

3. - .

- 3 -

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

. .

, ..

.

:

( ) .

,

.

.

(supernormal profits) .

.

.

.

- 4 -

, ,

.

.

,

.

,

.

2.1

PSR

QLR

D

S

Q

P

qSR

MC

PLR

CS

AC

q

P, C

O qLR

. :

.

.

.

.

- 5 -

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

3. ( )

.

.

. ,

: TR pQ= ( )qfp = . .

:

(3.1) TC-pQ maxQ

=

R=MC.

P=MC.

- 6 -

:

QP = (3.2)

:

( ) 2QQQQpQTR === (3.3)

(3.3) :

QpQpQAR === (3.4)

QQ

TRMR 2== (3.5)

.

3.1

MR AR=D

B

c0

Q

A

MC

P0 AC

P, C

O Q0

- 7 -

3.1

. MC=MR,

. P0

Q0 .

P0c0:

00000 cPOQcBOPTCQPTCTR ==== (3.6)

QQ

TCACTC

== .

Q.

MC

.

,

, .

P=MC=AC.

.

Lerner (1934, RES)

:

( )

p

MRMCM eP

MCPLI 1=== (3.7)

ep .

c0.

3.2

.

E .

,

. -

(X-efficiency)

- 8 -

, . c0-c

-

.

.

p Q0 ,

pc.

3.2

Qc

c0

c

P

P, C

O Q0

MR AR=D

B

TC=AC=MC A

Q

Q0

. :

ZBAcpBAcZBpCSW mmm =+=+= (3.8)

,

p=AC=MC.

c0 Qc .

c0Qc

- 9 -

.

:

0cZCSW cc == (3.9)

(

) :

BAccZBAccZWWW mc +=== 00 (3.10)

cc0

.

(misallocation burden).

.

.

Q.

( )( )

( ) ( ) TReTReLI21

PQPP

PQ

QPLIPQ

PQ

QPLI

21

QQQPLIQP

PPQPBAABA

p.

pM

MM

M

1732

21

21

21

21

21

21

==

===

=====

(3.11)

(

)

- 10 -

.

(effect on equity).

.

.

. ,

.

4.

30 Chamberlin.

.

.

.

4.1

QSR O

P, C

ACPSR

MC

A

Q

CSR B

ARSR=DSR

MRSR QLR

MC

P, C

QLR O

AC

MRLR ARLR=DLR

Min AC B

PLR

Q

A

:

- 11 -

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

4.1

.

.

MR=MC,

PSR QSR .

PSRBCSR.

.

.

MR=MC, PLR QLR

.

.

.

.

(idle capacity)

.

QLRQLR.

- 12 -

q

.

,

.

p202000 =2012505 q,qC ==

:

.

AR.

:

q,p 050100 =

TR (1) ( ) 2050100050100 q,qqq,pq ===

:

(2) 22 012505050100 q,qq,qCTR ==

1 (2) R=MC. ,

100 760012509502505100 ==+= qq,q,q, (3)

:

(4) 10036760012507605760050760100 22 .,, ==

, :

62760050100 == ,p (5)

:

61062

7600250562 ,,pMCp

M =LI == (6)

- 13 -

p=MC.

267107509505002509502505050100

.qq,q,q,q,q,

==+=+=

(7)

:

372671050100 == .,p (8)

, :

( )( ) 3386255072162377602671

21

21 ..pqW ==== (9)

5.

.

. ,

.

1

2 :

1

2

2

1Qp

pQ

eD = (5.1)

2 1.

.

- 14 -

, .

:

. .

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. :

:

:

1.

1.

- 15 -

2.

3.

.

,

.

6.

.

.

. ,

.

Schumpeter (1943)

: () (invention)

, () (innovation)

()

(diffusion) .

13 ,

5 50 .

.

.

.

(process innovation) (product innovation)

.

(autonomous)

- 16 -

(induced).

.

.

6.1

.

.

.

. (&)

. : ,

;

; ,

;

.

.

(patent or licensing systems).

. &

. (W)

(CS)

().

- 17 -

:

CSW += (6.1)

:

(6.2) Siii 11 ++=

i i

, i-1

i

(spillovers)

.

0 .

i

.

Si 1

11 >+ Sii

11 ii

- 18 -

,

.

6.2 &

.

&.

&

.

(RR) (MRR)

6.1.

&.

.

, .

6.1

AR=D

B

c

c1

ARR

MRR

C, (%)

O R1

E&A ()

- 19 -

&

.

.

.

6.3. &

&. Arrow (1962)

&

.

. :

-. Arrow

. ,

, - .

, &

. ,

(6.3) BMAMM I =

,

6.2, c0

MR=MC. mQ , . P . :

mP cm

(6.4) 00 >== cABPcPI mmBMAMM

6.2

Qc Qm

P, C

O Qm

B Pm

TC=AC=MC

A c

AR=D MR

c0

Pm=c1

Q

,

Qc c.

(royalties) r .

c1-c0.

mQ .

r.

mP

( 011 ccACrACn )AC +=+= . &

:

(6.5) mC IcP >= 0

- 21 -

&

.

- ( 6.3)

c0

MR=MC. Qm , . .

: