Σημειώσεις ...
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, 2003
1.
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
, ,
, ..
1.1
/ 100% , ..
/
/ >50%
,
4 / >60%
4 / 40%
,
10%
,
50
. ,
.
- 1 -
1.1. ( ,
)
.
, ( ,
)
(effective competition), .
.
(Effective Competition)
(effective competition)
.
.
, (ineffective)
.
(risk).
(internal) (external)
:
.
.
. ,
.
- 2 -
.
.
.
. 50%
.
2. (Performance Values)
:
. 1. (internal efficiency, X-efficiency).
.
: )
)
.
.
.
cyinefficienX =
2. (allocative efficiency).
.
.
.
3. - .
- 3 -
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
. .
, ..
.
:
( ) .
,
.
.
(supernormal profits) .
.
.
.
- 4 -
, ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
2.1
PSR
QLR
D
S
Q
P
qSR
MC
PLR
CS
AC
q
P, C
O qLR
. :
.
.
.
.
- 5 -
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
3. ( )
.
.
. ,
: TR pQ= ( )qfp = . .
:
(3.1) TC-pQ maxQ
=
R=MC.
P=MC.
- 6 -
:
QP = (3.2)
:
( ) 2QQQQpQTR === (3.3)
(3.3) :
QpQpQAR === (3.4)
QQ
TRMR 2== (3.5)
.
3.1
MR AR=D
B
c0
Q
A
MC
P0 AC
P, C
O Q0
- 7 -
3.1
. MC=MR,
. P0
Q0 .
P0c0:
00000 cPOQcBOPTCQPTCTR ==== (3.6)
QQ
TCACTC
== .
Q.
MC
.
,
, .
P=MC=AC.
.
Lerner (1934, RES)
:
( )
p
MRMCM eP
MCPLI 1=== (3.7)
ep .
c0.
3.2
.
E .
,
. -
(X-efficiency)
- 8 -
, . c0-c
-
.
.
p Q0 ,
pc.
3.2
Qc
c0
c
P
P, C
O Q0
MR AR=D
B
TC=AC=MC A
Q
Q0
. :
ZBAcpBAcZBpCSW mmm =+=+= (3.8)
,
p=AC=MC.
c0 Qc .
c0Qc
- 9 -
.
:
0cZCSW cc == (3.9)
(
) :
BAccZBAccZWWW mc +=== 00 (3.10)
cc0
.
(misallocation burden).
.
.
Q.
( )( )
( ) ( ) TReTReLI21
PQPP
PQ
QPLIPQ
PQ
QPLI
21
QQQPLIQP
PPQPBAABA
p.
pM
MM
M
1732
21
21
21
21
21
21
==
===
=====
(3.11)
(
)
- 10 -
.
(effect on equity).
.
.
. ,
.
4.
30 Chamberlin.
.
.
.
4.1
QSR O
P, C
ACPSR
MC
A
Q
CSR B
ARSR=DSR
MRSR QLR
MC
P, C
QLR O
AC
MRLR ARLR=DLR
Min AC B
PLR
Q
A
:
- 11 -
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.1
.
.
MR=MC,
PSR QSR .
PSRBCSR.
.
.
MR=MC, PLR QLR
.
.
.
.
(idle capacity)
.
QLRQLR.
- 12 -
q
.
,
.
p202000 =2012505 q,qC ==
:
.
AR.
:
q,p 050100 =
TR (1) ( ) 2050100050100 q,qqq,pq ===
:
(2) 22 012505050100 q,qq,qCTR ==
1 (2) R=MC. ,
100 760012509502505100 ==+= qq,q,q, (3)
:
(4) 10036760012507605760050760100 22 .,, ==
, :
62760050100 == ,p (5)
:
61062
7600250562 ,,pMCp
M =LI == (6)
- 13 -
p=MC.
267107509505002509502505050100
.qq,q,q,q,q,
==+=+=
(7)
:
372671050100 == .,p (8)
, :
( )( ) 3386255072162377602671
21
21 ..pqW ==== (9)
5.
.
. ,
.
1
2 :
1
2
2
1Qp
pQ
eD = (5.1)
2 1.
.
- 14 -
, .
:
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. :
:
:
1.
1.
- 15 -
2.
3.
.
,
.
6.
.
.
. ,
.
Schumpeter (1943)
: () (invention)
, () (innovation)
()
(diffusion) .
13 ,
5 50 .
.
.
.
(process innovation) (product innovation)
.
(autonomous)
- 16 -
(induced).
.
.
6.1
.
.
.
. (&)
. : ,
;
; ,
;
.
.
(patent or licensing systems).
. &
. (W)
(CS)
().
- 17 -
:
CSW += (6.1)
:
(6.2) Siii 11 ++=
i i
, i-1
i
(spillovers)
.
0 .
i
.
Si 1
11 >+ Sii
11 ii
- 18 -
,
.
6.2 &
.
&.
&
.
(RR) (MRR)
6.1.
&.
.
, .
6.1
AR=D
B
c
c1
ARR
MRR
C, (%)
O R1
E&A ()
- 19 -
&
.
.
.
6.3. &
&. Arrow (1962)
&
.
. :
-. Arrow
. ,
, - .
, &
. ,
(6.3) BMAMM I =
,
6.2, c0
MR=MC. mQ , . P . :
mP cm
(6.4) 00 >== cABPcPI mmBMAMM
6.2
Qc Qm
P, C
O Qm
B Pm
TC=AC=MC
A c
AR=D MR
c0
Pm=c1
Q
,
Qc c.
(royalties) r .
c1-c0.
mQ .
r.
mP
( 011 ccACrACn )AC +=+= . &
:
(6.5) mC IcP >= 0
- 21 -
&
.
- ( 6.3)
c0
MR=MC. Qm , . .
: