ΑΡΧΕΣ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗΣ ΘΕΩΡΙΑΣ
description
Transcript of ΑΡΧΕΣ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΗΣ ΘΕΩΡΙΑΣ
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& , - / & / .
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& , - / & / .
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, ,
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TEE. , .
, -, . , .. , - . . - , . , . .
. - , , .
. , . , .
- , - .
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(1723-1790) .
.
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1.
( ) . . , :
(i) , ( , .. );
(ii) ;
(iii) ;
(iv) , - ;
, , . Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), . , . , .
2.
, , . , .
, . , . ; , , ; - ; .
. ; ; ; , - . . .
, , . ,
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. , .
, , , . -, .., , . .
. . , , . .
3.
, . - , , , .
)
- . , - , - , - .
)
. , 1965, . :
1. . -. , , , , .
2. . . , .
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3. . . - , . .
4. . , . , , - , .
)
, . , - , , . . , . , . , .
4.
.
, , , . - .
, - . (- ) ( ). - . , , . :
(i)
. , , , , . , , .
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(ii)
. , . .. , , . . .. , , , .
(iii)
( ) . . .. , , . , , , , , , . , - . .. , , . . , . , . .
, - . .. , , . , .
5.
, , . . .. - . , , . , - .
, , . - , , ( ) , .
12
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6.
, . ( ), , . .
(i)
. - , . .
(.. ) -, (.. ) (.. ). , .
: () , - , , () , , () , - .
, : () , () . , . -, , . () . () - .
, -, -. , . , , . , .
- - . -: , , . .. . , -
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. , .. , , .
(ii)
( -, .), , . : () , () , () , , () , () , .
, , , .
, , .
- , - . , , . , , . , - .
(iii)
- - .
(18) . - . , . ,
, .
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, - , . . , .
. , . , - , .
, , - ( syndicat syndicate )*.
(iv)
- . - . , , . , , , , . .
7.
. -. .
, - , .
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(i)
- .
- , . - ( ). . - , . , , . - , . .
. , . , , , , - , , . . .
. , , .
(1) : , , .
, , . . - , , -, . .
(2) ( ): , -, , , , .
-, .
(3) : - .
, , , , .
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- , . , - , . , .., , . , . .
, .
, , , .
. , . , . , , - , . .
(ii) To
- , , -.
- . , . - . , , .
-, . , - . .
- - , .
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- , , , .
1.1.
(iii)
, . : , (). , . , , . 1.1., - . , 120 . - . 100 50 . , , , . 70 65 . , -
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. , (80 ). 1.1. , . . - .
: , -. :
: 200 160 120 80 40 0
: 0 80 140 180 210 220
- 1.2. . , - ( = 80, = 80). ; - - , ( ). , - ,
1.2.
19
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. , 1.2. - , = 120 = 180, . -, , ,
; . , .
(iv)
. . .
. , , .
, -, , . , - . . .
, 24 . . - 3 , . , , . .
- , 1.1. - . ,
.
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100 50 . 15 , , , . , 30. , 15 , 30 2 . . . 50 20, 1 0,4 .
,
( )
( )
1.1.
1.1. - , , , .. . - .
, . .
(.. ), - (.. )
120 0
20 : 50 = 0,4 50 : 20 = 2,5
100 50
30 : 15 = 2 15 : 30 = 0,5
70 65
70 : 15 = 4,67 15 : 70 = 0,21
0 80
=( )
KEY =
=( )
KE =
21
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(). , , , .
; (.. ). , .. 100 , - .
8.
. . ( ), , . . - , . , .
. , -. :
(i) .
(ii) , .
(iii) -, , .
, . .. , . .
9.
- , . . , - .
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: . , , - . , .
10.
- . , - , , . 1.3. , - . . . . - , . - .
1.3.
1.3. , . .. - , . , - .
. , , - .
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: , , . , , , .
11.
- . , - . , . . , , , . , - -. , . , , .
. , .
12.
, -, , . , . , - . . . , . .
13.
, , - .
- . , . . - . , . . , .
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1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ( ). ;
6. :
i) :
() -
()
()
()
()
ii) - :
()
()
()
()
()
iii) :
()
()
()
()
() .
iv) :
()
()
()
()
() -
) , - :
()
() -
() ,
() -
() -
7. :
) - [], []
)
-
25
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[], []
) , - [], []
) [], []
) [], []
) - [], []
) - [], []
) [], []
8) - - - , , , , , , , . . .
50 0 0 40 10 14 30 20 26 20 30 37 10 40 44 0 50 50
9. - . - .
10. , .
11. , :
0 500 100 300 150 150 180 0
() :
() = 160 = 110
() = 140 = 180
() = 90 = 310
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(1842-1924)
. .
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1.
. , . . , - .
, , , (demand) (supply). - .
2.
. -, . - . .
- : .
.
- .
, , - . .
- .
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, , , . , , , , .
3. -
: - ( ).
, , . , , .
, . - . , , - ( ). , ( ).
, , - . , :
:
4 , - 0,3 . 0,4 , 3 . 0,2 , 6 .
. () (Q) - . [ 2.1. ].
, , , , , - (ceteris paribus).
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2.1.
, - , .
- , 2.1.
2.1.
() (Q)0,2 90,3 60,4 4,5
4.
-, , , 2.2.
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2.2.
()
QA
QB
QD=QA+QB0,2 6 9 150,3 4 6 100,4 3 4,5 7,5
( ). [ 2.2.]
2.2.
, .
( ). , .
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5.
, . () ceteris paribus, : .
(.. .) , :
QD = f(P), QD = P =
. - . .
i) :
: QD = + . - , , ( ). - , :
QD 0 0.
: QD = 200 - 4 = 200 = -4. , ,
. = 10 , QD =160 . = 30 , QD = 80 . [ 2.3.]
2.3.
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ii)
: ,
. - QD . , : QD = .
: QD = 1200/. . 2.3., QD. 2.4.
2.3.
P QD10 120
20 60
30 40
40 30
60 20
80 15
2.4.
PQD =
A
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6.
, . , -, . , , -, . , . , .
D. D1, D2. [ 2.5.]
2.5.
:
)
. , , , .
, . , .
, .
34
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)
-. . , , , , , , . . - , , , , - , . - .
)
. : .
( ) , ( ), . , , , . - . , , , , . (ceteris paribus) P1 P2 2.6. () D1 D2 2.6. ().
2.6.
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( ) , ( ), . , , , . - (ceteris paribus). , , (ceteris paribus), 2.7. (), ( - ), D1 D2 2.7. (). , .
2.7.
) :
i)
ii) .
i) , , . , (.. ), , .
ii) . , , .
)
. , .
36
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, . .
7.
, . .
)
, - . 2.8. D . 1 Q1, . 2 (ceteris paribus), Q2 . D. , , . 1 3, Q1 Q3. D. , , . , , .
2.8.
37
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)
, - . 2.9. D1 . 1 Q1. D1. , , 1 Q1 Q2. , D2, D1 . , 1 Q1 Q3. - D3, D1 . , , , , - ( . 2.9.).
2.9.
)
, , . , - . , , ( ). .
38
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-
- . 2.10. - D1, . 1 Q1, D1. 2 - Q2. D1. , . , D1 D2. 2 Q2 Q3. , , D1 D2. Q3 Q1 ( . 2.10.).
2.10.
, , .
8.
2.4. , .
2.4.
100 300 400 200
110 285 360 160
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100 110, 10%, - :
:
:
:
- . .
, - .
A :
A :
:
, - , . - , (ceteris paribus).
.
ED
1 Q1.
. .
300100 = -5%285 - 300
400100 = -10%360 - 400
200100 = -20%160 - 200
10%= - 0,5-5%
10%= - 1-10%
10%= - 2-20%
ED = ED = 100
100
Q1Q
Q1Q
1
1
ED = Q
Q1
1
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- , . , 2.5.
2.5.
()
()
20 40
16 60
12 90
8 120
4 150
20 16 , 40 60 . = -4 Q = 20. - , 1 = 20 Q1 = 40.
:
8 4 , :
9.
2.11. .
2.11.
ED = = -2,5 -420
4020
ED = = -0,5 4 - 8150 - 120
1208
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, PA PB, :
ED(A) = QP
PAQA
ED(AB) = QB - QAPB - PA
. PAQA
, , :
ED(B) = QP
PBQB
ED(BA) = QA - QBPA - PB
. PBQB
Q/ , P/Q, .
, - .
:
PM = PA + PB
2 QM =
QA + QB2
P/Q PM/QM, :
EAB = QP
PA + PB2
QA + QB2
EAB = QP
PA + PBQA + QB
.
- .
, - 2,5 -1,33. :
EAB = 60 - 4016 - 20
20 + 1640 + 60
= -1,8
|EA| > |EAB| > |EB|
10.
. .
|ED| > 1, , QQ
> PP
.
|ED| < 1, , QQ
< PP
.
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11.
- .
(i)
ED = 0 , [ 2.12.].
2.12.
, . , , .
(ii)
2.13., - . - . , . .
2.13.
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(iii)
(5ii, . 2), . , .
(iv)
[ 2.14.] - , . . - , . MB - , .
, Q , P/Q . , , P/Q , , .
2.14.
12.
D [ 2.15.] 1 Q1, () - 1 Q1. ( ) - . (OP1AQ1).
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-
2.15.
13.
. : = Q. , , . - .
(|D| >1): ( ). -, , - .
(|D| < 1): - ( ). , , .
(|D| = 1): , ( - ). , .
2.6. . 12 10 , 8 6 , . 6 4 2 , , - . , 2 12 .
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2.6.
12 20 240 -6
10 40 400 -3,75
8 70 560 -1,71
6 100 600 -0,9
4 130 520 -0,3
2 150 300
14.
- . , . , , , .
: 100 - 5.000 . ( -) 5.000 x 100 = 500.000 . -0,5, - 20 , . 120 :
ED = Q2 - Q1P2 - P1
P1Q1
-0,5 = Q2 - 5000120 - 100
100
5.000
Q2 Q2 = 4.500 . 4.500 x 120 = 540.000 .
. 6.000 0,8 , -0,4. 6%, . ;
:
ED =
-0,4 =
-6%
= -6%-0,4
= 15%
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, 15%. ,
: P2 = P1 + 15
100 P1 P2 = 0,8 +
15100
0,8 P2 = 0,92 ,
0,12 .
15. -
, - . .
, . - . , :
E =
Q Q1
100
1
100 E =
Q
1Q1
2.7., , - .
2.7.
Q
10 150 50.000
12 150 55.000
15 150 60.000
18 150 72.000
22,5 150 96.000
: ,
, :
E =
QQ11
=
210
5.00050.000
= 100.00050.000
= 2
47
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-
, - :
E =
QQ11
=
-4,522,5
-24.00096.000
= 432.000540.000
= 0,8
- .
, , . .
, , . -.
, - , . . , . , , - .
- , , (.. ) , , .
- .
48
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-
1. :
, :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
2. . 1 - Q1 P1 Q1, P2 Q2. ;
3. D1 D2. 1 ;
4. . - 0,8 - 0,6. , ;
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
5. . -1,3 -1,2. , ;
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
-
49
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6. , :
-0,4 -0,5.
P
QD
50 150
60
100
7. QD = 300 - 2. , 50 60 .
8. . ;
P
Q
100 50 200.000
100 120 250.000
80 200 300.000
150 30 200.000
150 80 250.000
9. 400 . 15% ( 0,8) 10% ( -0,5), ;
[: 425,6]
10. -0,4. 10%, ;
[: - 6,4%]
50
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22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 51 2/21/14 10:57 AM
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(1842-1924)
. .
52
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.
1.
. - () . , , . - . :
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) . (.. ), - (.. ) (.. ).
, . , , . , - . , , , , .
2.
. . . . - , .
. , . , , , , - . -, , .
53
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-
- . . - . - , . , - , , -. , . .
3.
, , .
, - -. , , .
:
Q = f(x1, x2,... x), Q = , f = ,
, x = i ( i = 1, 2,... )
, (L) , (), :
Q = f(L, K)
4.
(Total Product, TP Q) , .
: , -, 10 . , , ., . (L) . , . 3.1. ( ).
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3.1.
(L)
(TP Q)
10 0 0
10 1 4
10 2 10
10 3 20
10 4 33
10 5 50
10 6 60
10 7 65
10 8 65
10 9 55
, - , .
3.1. 3.1.
3.1.
55
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-
. -. - . . . , , , .
5. (Average Product, ) -
. . :
=
, AP =
QL
,
Q= , L= , AP =
(Marginal Product, MP) , . - :
=
()
MP = QL
, = = .
, - . , , , - , .
3.2. - .
3.2.
(L)
(TP Q)
AP=Q/L
MP=Q/L
0 0 - -1 4 4 42 10 5 63 20 6.7 104 33 8.2 135 50 10 176 60 10 107 65 9.3 58 65 8.1 09 55 6.1 -10
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3.2.
. .
3.1., 3.2. 3.1., 3.2., , , - . , , , . , (10), . , (17), , , . , .
6.
, , . , , .
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-
, , , 3.3. 3.3. , .
(L)
(TP Q)
(AP)
(MP)
10 0 0 - -
10 1 4 4 4
10 2 10 5 6
10 3 20 6.7 10
10 4 33 8.2 13
10 5 50 10 17
10 6 60 10 10
10 7 65 9.3 5
10 8 65 8.1 0
10 9 55 6.1 -10
3.3. ,
3.3. ,
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3.3. 3.3. : (i) , . , , . (ii) , . - , . . (iii) - . . . . , , , , . (iv) . () , .
- . , .
10:1. , . , 10:2 , . , . , - , , . , 10:6, - , . 10:8, , . 10:9, , , .
7.
. , - . , , , , . 3.4., , - 20, 50 100 (TP) 40, 100 120. (TP) , 50, 120 150. , , 20, 50 60.
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3.4.
.
1.
, . . . -. , . . - , . .
, , - .
, -, (Variable Cost, VC). , , .
, (Fixed Cost, FC) . , .
C
TC
VC
FC
0020000400006000080000100000120000140000160000180000200000
0 20
30
60
90
120
150
50 100(L)
(Q)
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 Q
60
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-
(Total Cost, TC) .
= +
TC = FC + VC
2.
. - (Total Cost, TC), (Variable Cost, VC) (Fixed Cost, FC) .
: , , . -, . 100 . 1000 . 4000 .
3.4. . , 4000 . , - . : TC = 4000 + 1000L+100Q
3 4 .
3.4. , ,
(L)(1)
(Q) (2)
(FC)(3)
(VC) (4)
(TC) (5)
0 0 4000 0 4000
1 8 4000 1000 1 + 100 8 = 1800 5800
2 22 4000 1000 2 + 100 22 = 4200 8200
3 41 4000 1000 3 + 100 41 = 7100 11100
4 57 4000 1000 4 + 100 57 = 9700 13700
5 69 4000 1000 5 + 100 69 = 11900 15900
6 74 4000 1000 6 + 100 74 = 13400 17400
7 76 4000 1000 7 + 100 76 = 14600 18600
8 76 4000 1000 8 + 100 76 = 15600 19600
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, - . . - 3.5.
3.5.
. , - . , . - , . . . - . ( Q = 0, . = ). , . .
3.
, , . -. - : (Average Fixed Cost, AFC), (Average Variable Cost, AVC) (Average Total Cost, ATC).
C
TC
VC
FC
0020000400006000080000100000120000140000160000180000200000
0 20
30
60
90
120
150
50 100(L)
(Q)
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 Q
62
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 62 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
:
=
FC = FCQ
.
M =
AVC = VCQ
.
=
TC = TCQ
.
, , :
= +
ATC = AFC + AVC
3.5., , - . - 3.6.
3.5.
(Q) (1)
(AFC) (2)
(AVC) (3)
(ATC) (4)
8 500 225 725
22 181,8 190,9 372,7
41 97,5 173,1 270,6
57 70,1 170,1 240,2
69 57,9 172,4 230,3
74 54 181 235
76 52,6 192,1 244,7
76 52,6 205,2 257,8
63
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 63 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
3.6.
O 8
52,654
57,9
70,1
97,5
170,1172,4173,1181
181,8190,9192,1
205,2
225230,3235
240,2244,7
257,8
270,6
372,7500
725(C)
22 41 57 69 7476 (Q)
A.F.C.
A.T.C.
A.V.C.
64
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 64 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
. , () .
. . . -, , , , , .
. . , , . , - .
- U, .
4.
, . (Marginal Cost, MC) .
=
MC = (TC)
Q.
, , :
=
MC = (VC)
Q.
3.6., 3.7. .
65
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 65 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
3.6.
(Q) (1)
(Q) (2)
(TC) (3)
(TC) (4)
(MC) (5)
0 0 4000 - -
8 8 5800 1800 225
22 14 8200 2400 171,4
41 19 11100 2900 152,6
57 16 13700 2600 162,5
69 12 15900 2200 183,3
74 5 17400 1500 300
76 2 18600 1200 600
76 0 19600 1000
, , - , . , .
, - , , . , , , , - .
, , , -. , .
5.
( ) 3.8., , .
66
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 66 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
3.7.
O 8
152,6
162,5
171,4
183,3
225
3000
6000
(C)
22 41 57 69 7476 (Q)
MC
67
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 67 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
O 8
244,7240,2235,1230,3225
205,2
192,1190,9183,3181
173,1
170,2162,5
152,6
172,4171,4
257,8
270,6
300
725
600
372,7
(C)
22 41 57 69 7476 (Q)
M.C.
A.T.C.
A.V.C.
B
A
3.8.
68
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 68 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
, . - , . , ( ) - ( ). , . , . , , , . . - ( 3.8., ).
6. - -
U . - . 3.9.
3.9.
Q
(c)
OQ
AP
MP
AVC
MC
69
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 69 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
. , . . , , . .
* - (w), :
MP = QL
.
MC = TCQ
= VCQ
.
TC = , VC = .
VC = VC = W L
L = W = ( ).
VC = W L , , MC = WLQ
.
LQ
= 1
MP
MC = W
MP
, (MP), (MC) . MP , MC . (AVC) ().
AP = QL
AVC = VCQ
, VC = W L
70
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 70 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
, AVC = W L
Q.
LQ
= 1
AP
AVC = WAP
7.
, , - . , - . . , - . , . - , .
-. . , . . , , , .
, - - , . , . . " " ( - ) " " (- ).
- , .
8.
:
71
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 71 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
) . Adam Smith . . , , . -, .
) . - , . . - ., .
- . . - .
9.
- . - . . , . - , - , . , , , . - .
72
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 72 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
1. ;
2. ;
3. .
4. - .
5. :
) , - . [], []
) , . [], []
) . [], []
) - . [], []
6. :
(i). :
() .
() .
() .
() .
(ii). , :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
73
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 73 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
(iii). :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
(iv). :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
74
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 74 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
1. ( , ):
0 0
1 40
2 90
3 180
4 260
5 310
6 310
7 290
8 260
) - "" .
) . .
2. :
L
TP
AP
MP
1 14
2 16
3 54
4 26
5 24
6 150
7 11
8 7
9 168
10 16
75
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 75 2/21/14 10:57 AM
-
3. :
Q
0 500
10 2.500
20 230
30 240
9.360 260
280 460
4. -, .
0 - - -
1 - - 60
2 - - 40
3 - - 30
4 - - 24
5 - - 24
6 - - 30
7 - - 40
8 - - 60
, 6.000 .
) .
) .
5. - 8 5 . - 12 8,5 . 4 18 . 8 20 .
) 12 .
) , 15 18 ;
76
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 76 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
6. . - . W= 4.620
L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q 0 5 12 21 32 40 42 42
) -. ) . ) .
7. , -.
4 8 11.424
5 357
6 402 1302
8. 5 250 . - 6 , 20 280 , , 7 , 315 . . 264 275 , -;
9. :
L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Q 0 8 20 36 56 80 96 105 112
: W=5040 , 2520 - 12600 . -: ) . ) , 100 85 ; ) 80 54.600 , ;
[: ) 43.505 ) 20 ]
77
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 77 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(1767-1832) . 1803 " , ". " " " ",
, , .
78
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 78 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1.
, , -. . . , -, .
2. -
. , . . ( = x ).
, . , , , . - , . , . , . , -, , , . , - , . , . .
(Supply, S) .
3.5. 3.6. - 4.1. .
79
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 79 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
4.1.
() (Q)
183,3 69
300 74
600 76
Q = 69, - , , . 4.1. 4.1. (Price, ) (QS).
4.1.
, (ceteris paribus), , , (ceteris paribus), - . . - .
PSM
SM
SB
SB
SA
SA
S
S
00102030405060708090100
0 7069 72
100
183,3200
300
400
500
600
74 76 79(Q)
(P)S
20 40 60 80 100 130 210 290 370 450 Q
80
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 80 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
3.
- , .
- .
. - . : , . 4.2., 4.2., . " " .
4.2.
QSA
QSB
QS
+ +
QSM20 100 20 10 130
40 150 40 20 210
60 200 60 30 290
80 250 80 40 370
100 300 100 50 450
4.2.
PSM
SM
SB
SB
SA
SA
S
S
00102030405060708090100
0 7069 72
100
183,3200
300
400
500
600
74 76 79(Q)
(P)S
20 40 60 80 100 130 210 290 370 450 Q
81
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 81 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
4.
. - . , , :
QS = f (P),
QS =
=
. . , , . QS = + . , , - . QS 0, 0.
: QS = -8 + 4, = -8 = 4. 4.3. , , , , . = 4 , Q = 8 , = 6, Q = 16. QS , > 2.
4.3.
8
2
1
4
5
6
3
16Q
S
S
(P)
S1 S0 S2
S1S0 S2
Q0Q1 Q2
P
82
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 82 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5.
-, (ceteris paribus). , , . , 4.4.
4.4.
:
) . - . -, . - . , , , 4.4. S0S0 S1S1 Q0 Q1.
, , . S2S2, Q0 Q2.
) . - . , . , - , ,
8
2
1
4
5
6
3
16Q
S
S
(P)
S1 S0 S2
S1S0 S2
Q0Q1 Q2
P
83
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 83 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, . , S2S2 S0S0 (- 4.4). , . S1S1 S0S0.
) . . . - , ( 4.4.).
) . , , , , , - . , - - , .
6. " " ""
.
(i) , , . - 4.5. , , , 1, - Q1 ( ), P2, - Q2 ( ). , .
4.5.
S
S
S1
S1
S0
S0
S2
S2
Q1
A
B
P1
P2
Q2
0 Q0 Q1
ABP
Q2
S1
S1
S2
S2
0 Q2 Q3
A
B
P1
P2
Q1
84
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 84 3/10/14 4:09 PM
-
(ii) - . , - . 4.6. 1: , S1S1, - , , S2S2, , - ( S0S0).
4.6.
(iii) , . - - . , , 1 2 (.. ), - S2S2, Q1 Q2 ( 4.7.).
4.7.
, - .
S
S
S1
S1
S0
S0
S2
S2
Q1
A
B
P1
P2
Q2
0 Q0 Q1
ABP
Q2
S1
S1
S2
S2
0 Q2 Q3
A
B
P1
P2
Q1
S
S
S1
S1
S0
S0
S2
S2
Q1
A
B
P1
P2
Q2
0 Q0 Q1
ABP
Q2
S1
S1
S2
S2
0 Q2 Q3
A
B
P1
P2
Q1
85
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 85 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
7.
, . , . . S ,
ES = QQ1
: PP1
= QP
P1Q1
,
Q = , = , 1 = , Q1 =
: , 10 12 100 110.
, Q = 110-100, = 12-10, 1 = 10, Q1 = 100
ES = QP
P1Q1
= 102
x 10
100 = 0,5
-:
ES =
110 - 100 100
x 100
12 - 10 100
x 100 = 0,5
, 1 Q1. - (), ( ):
ESAB = QP
(P1 + P2)(Q1 + Q2)
86
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 86 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
8.
, - . Es > 1, , - . Es < 1, , , . 4.8.
4.8.
, . 4.9. , Es = 0.
4.9.
0
S
S
0
S
S
0
S
Es=0
Q
0
S
S
0
S
S
0
S
Es=0
Q
87
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 87 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
ES = 0 , , .
- . , , . . , -. , . .
9.
. , - . , , . .
88
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 88 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. ;
2. - .
3. ;
4. [] [] :
) -, . [], []
) - -, . [], []
) , - . [], []
5. :
i) :
() .
() .
() .
() .
ii) :
() .
() .
() - .
() .
89
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 89 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
iii) , :
() 25% - 25%.
() 30% 30%.
() 30% 30%.
() 25% 15%.
1. :
0 60
1 100
2 126
3 159
4 212
5 285
6 390
7 510
. .
. , 73 53 .
2. -:
0 0
1 7
2 25
3 45
4 60
5 66
6 70
7 72
90
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 90 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, , 7500 . .:
) .
) , 1875 . . 3750 . .
3. :
1 10 - -
2 - - 15
3 45 15 -
4 60 - 15
5 - 14 -
6 75 - -
:
. .
. 10 . . 5000 . ., .
91
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 91 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(1915- ), , . 30 .I.T. (
) ...
" ".
92
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 92 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
TN
1.
, , , . , . . - , . , , fax, . .
. - () (). . . , , . , . . ;
2.
. 5.1.
5.1.
()
()
()
()
()
60 5 37 3250 8 35 2740 13 30 1730 20 20 0 020 35 10 2510 50 3 47
93
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 93 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, . 30 , 20 . 30 . - 30 .
. , - . 30 . - , . 30 .
30 . , , , .
- : 60 , 37 , 5 . , 32 , 32 . -, , . , . , . -, 30 . 20 . 10 , 35 . 25 - . , . , 30 .
5.1. 5.1. D S . (30 20 ). , , 60 32 . , , 20 25 .
94
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 94 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5.1.
3.
, , . .
, QD= + QS = + . , :
QD = QS + = + (1)
, 0. 0 -, , Q0.
QD = 280 - 2P QS = 100 + 1,6, (1)
: 100 + 1,6 = 280 - 2 3,6 =180 0 = 50 , :
QD= 280 - 2 50 QD = 180 QS = 100 + 1,6 50 QS = 180
Q0 = 180.
5.2. .
050
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 20 25 35 40 45 50 55 603015Q
P
D S
95
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 95 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5.2.
:
( ) - , , (1, Q1) (2, Q2), :
Q - Q1P - P1
= Q2 - Q1P2 - P1
, , 1 = 8 Q1 = 10, 2 = 6 Q2 = 16 -, :
QD - 10P - 8
= 16 - 10
6 - 8
QD - 10P - 8
= -3 QD= 34 - 3P
4.
( ) - . , . , .
(i)
S D1 [ 5.3.]. 1 1 Q1. , (.. , .), .
O
SD3
D1 D2
E3
E1
E2P2
P1
P3
P
Q2Q1Q3 Q
Q
140
50
P
280180100
S
D
96
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 96 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. (.. ). ( ) D2, 2. - 2 2 Q2. , , , . (.. ). , D3, - 3. 3 3 Q3. , , - , .
5.3. ,
(ii)
S1 D [ 5.4.]. 1 1 Q1. , (.. , .), . - . . , S2, 2. 2 2 Q2. -, , , ,
O
SD3
D1 D2
E3
E1
E2P2
P1
P3
P
Q2Q1Q3 Q
Q
140
50
P
280180100
S
D
97
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 97 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. . , S3 3. E3 3 Q3. , , , , .
5.4. ,
(iii)
. , .
, 5.5. 5.6. D1 S1 . 1, 1 Q1. - D2 S2. 2. 5.5. - 2 , Q2 . 5.6. 1 , Q2 . (. 5.5. - 5.6. ).
O
D
E3
S3 S1S2
E1E2
P3
P
P1P2
Q2Q1Q3 Q
O
D1D2 S1
S2
E1E2
P
P2P1
Q2Q1 Q
O
D1D2
S1
S2
E1 E2
P
P1
Q2Q1 Q
98
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 98 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5.5.
5.6.
5.
, . .
O
D
E3
S3 S1S2
E1E2
P3
P
P1P2
Q2Q1Q3 Q
O
D1D2 S1
S2
E1E2
P
P2P1
Q2Q1 Q
O
D1D2
S1
S2
E1 E2
P
P1
Q2Q1 Q
O
D
E3
S3 S1S2
E1E2
P3
P
P1P2
Q2Q1Q3 Q
O
D1D2 S1
S2
E1E2
P
P2P1
Q2Q1 Q
O
D1D2
S1
S2
E1 E2
P
P1
Q2Q1 Q
99
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 99 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(i)
- ( ). 5.7. D, S , 1 Q1. 1 , , , , PA, - 1. QS, QD. QD - QS. , , . . , . , . , - .
" ", - . 5.7. - QS, , 2. "" . 2 - .
5.7.
O
D S
E1P2
P
P1
PA
QDQ1QS Q
O
D S
E
P
PK
P
QQD QS Q
100
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 100 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
- . , . , " ".
(ii)
, , . -, . .
, , : D S [ 5.8.]. Q, . . - K. K , QD, QS, (QS - QD ). QS - QD K. , , .
5.8.
6. :
- , . , 5.9. ( ).
O
D S
E1P2
P
P1
PA
QDQ1QS Q
O
D S
E
P
PK
P
QQD QS Q
101
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 101 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5.9.
- t1 Q1. , S1 , - . 1. 1 Q1. . t2 - Q2 2. 2 Q2. , , , . , t3 Q3 3. - 3 Q3. , , , . . - Q3 - Q2, , -. , . , Q2 = 140, 2 =70, Q3 = 150, 3 = 60. , 140 , 140 70 = 9.800, , 150 , 150 60 = 9.000. 10 - 140 70. Q3 = 150 ( ) . , Q3 Q2 :
= Q2 - Q3P2 - P3
P3Q3
= 140 - 150
70 - 60
60150
= -0,4
O
D
S1 S2 S3
P1
P
P2
P3
Q3Q2Q1 Q
102
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 102 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. , , .
103
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 103 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
:
:
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
.
) . [|, [].
) " ". [], [].
) . [], [].
) . [], [].
) - . [], [].
) . [], [].
) - . [], [].
) . [], [].
) - . [], [].
) - . [|, [].
) - . [], [].
) - . [], [].
104
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 104 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. . S1 S2 ( ), . ;
2. -1,5 0,5 ( 80 , 40 ). 100 , .
3. QD = 3.600/ - QS=50+. ) . ) .
4. , 8 300 200 . , 8 , - -0,4 0,4, . 200 ;
5. QD = 700 - 10 QS = 400 + 2 . = 20 , "" ;
6. :
Q
1800 55
2000 50
2200
. ) - . ) , ;
0
M
S1 S2A
P
Q2Q1 Q
105
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 105 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
7. .
300.000 , 20 180 . 350.000 , 30 220 .
) .
) = 20 2, - 350.000 .
[: ) QS = 100 + 4 ) QD = 280 - 2 ]
8. QD = 1000 - 0,5 QS = 560. ; , 500.000 ;
[: 60 ]
9. QD = 550 - 2 QS = 165 + 2 . . 40% , 20% -, .
[: Q0 = 357,5 0 = 96,25 Q0 = 462 0 = 110]
106
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 106 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 107 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(1903-1983) . 24 .
.
108
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 108 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1.
. . . , , , -, . - , . : ( ) , , .
, , : (i) , (ii) (iii) .
, , .
2. ( )
, :
. .
. .
. .
.
) , . - . - - . . - , , , , , .
109
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 109 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
6.0. ( ) , , .
6.0.
) . .
) . , , , . - , , . , , -, .
. , - , , . , . - . , , , .
.
O
D
E
S
PO
P
QO Q O
PO
P
D
Q
110
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 110 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
3. ,
(i)
(total revenue) . (TR) () (Q):
TR = P Q (1)
. , - (Q). , (1) [ 6.1.].
, (AR) (average revenue), :
R = TRQ
(2)
(marginal revenue MR) :
MR = (P Q)
Q (3)
:
R = TRQ
= P Q
Q = P
MR = (P Q)
Q =
P QQ
= P
6.1. . . , . 20 . (1), (2) (3).
6.1. (. 6.1. ).
111
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 111 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
6.1.
Q
TR = Q
AR
MR
0 20 0 20 201 20 20 20 202 20 40 20 203 20 60 20 204 20 80 20 205 20 100 20 206 20 120 20 207 20 140 20 208 20 160 20 209 20 180 20 20
10 20 200 20 20
(1), (2) (3) - 6.1. TR - . TR . P = AR = MR , .
6.1. ,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190200
Q
TRTR
P=AR=MR
112
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 112 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(ii) To
. , . , , , , , . -, , , , . , , - , .
6.2. - . . () . .
6.2.
TC
()
TC = TCQ
MC = (TC)
Q
0 10 - -
1 35 35 25
2 53 26,5 18
3 67 22,3 14
4 77 19,25 10
5 85 17 8
6 95 15,8 10
7 110 15,7 15
8 128 16 18
9 153 17 25
10 183 18,3 30
6.2.. -. , -, .
6.2.. () , , , .
113
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 113 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
6.2..
6.2.. ()
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190
Q
MC
ATC
FC
TC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1002468
1012141618202224262830323436
Q
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190
Q
MC
ATC
FC
TC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1002468
1012141618202224262830323436
Q
114
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 114 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(iii)
, :
() = - = TR - TC
, . , . : -, (AR), , (ATC), . (Q) :
= (AR - ATC) Q.
6.1. 6.2. 6.3. () .
6.3.
Q
TR
TC
= TR TC
0 0 10 -10
1 20 35 -15
2 40 53 -13
3 60 67 -7
4 80 77 3
5 100 85 15
6 120 95 25
7 140 110 30
8 160 128 32
9 180 153 27
10 200 183 17
6.3., , 15 . , 13 . , 4 .
. - 6.3. , 8 32 . (20 ), 8 , . .
115
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 115 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
6.3. - 6.3. (TR) (TC). , , . , . , , . . = 32, - 8 , , .
6.3. , TR-TC
, , 15 . . 6.4. -. . -, 7 - 5 . . , . 6.4. TR1 TR. TR1 , . TC TR1
0 1
-15
-13
25
15
30
A
B
32
27
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190200
Q
-
TC
TR
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190200
Q
-
TC
TR1
TR
116
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 116 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. , - . = 5.
6.4.
Q
TR
TC
= TR TC
0 0 10 -101 15 35 -202 30 53 -233 45 67 -224 60 77 -175 75 85 -106 90 95 -57 105 110 -58 120 128 -89 135 153 -18
10 150 183 -33
6.4. ,
(iv)
- , . ( R ) ( C ).
0 1
-15
-13
25
15
30
A
B
32
27
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190200
Q
-
TC
TR
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
102030405060708090
100110120130140150160170180190200
Q
-
TC
TR1
TR
117
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 117 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. - ; ( ), , ( ), . . , . , .
, . 20 , 20 . 6.5. - . . - , .
6.5.
1 20 25 -5 -5 10 -152 20 18 2 -3 10 -133 20 14 6 3 10 -74 20 10 10 13 10 35 20 8 12 25 10 156 20 10 10 35 10 257 20 15 5 40 10 308 20 18 2 42 10 329 20 25 -5 37 10 27
10 20 30 -10 27 10 17
7 . 8 ; 6.5. 8 20 , 18 . , 2 . , 9 20 , 25 . 5 . 6.5 . . , MCMR, MR-MC.
118
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 118 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, MR-MC . - . , . , -, .
, [ 6.5.] 8 9 . , 8 (Q=8), 9 (Q=9) . - : , ( ), ' , , MC = MR = P = AR.
6.5. , MC=MR
4.
. , . . , , -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100123456789
101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
Q
-
MR
MC
-10
-5-5
2256
1010
12
119
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 119 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. , .
. : TR = P Q. (VC) (AVC) Q: VC = AVC Q. :
() : 1
-
() , : AVC3 < 3 < ATC3.
3 MR3 = 3 , , Q3. [ 6.6.]. AVC3 Q3 < 3 Q3 < ATC3 Q3 VC3 < TR3 < TC3. . - . 6.6. [3 Q3] -, [3 Q3] [3 Q3] . [3 Q3] < [3 Q3] < [3 Q3]. [3 3 3] [3 Q3] [3 Q3] .
() 4 = ATC4.
4, MR4 = P4 , , Q4 [ 6.6.]. 4 Q4 = ATC4 Q4, TR4 < VC4. , (.. ), . 4 = MR4, MR4 = MC4 4 = ATC4 4 = MR4 = MC4 = ATC4. , -. 6.6. . [4 Q4] [4 Q4].
6.6. 6.6.
O
3
MC3
ATC3
AVC3
MR3
P3K3
Q3 piO
P4=4
MC4
ATC4
AVC4
MR4
Q4 pi
O
MC1
ATC1
AVC1
MR1
A
A
1P1
Q1 pi O
MC2
ATC2
AVC2
MR2B
P2=2
Q2 pi
121
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 121 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
() : 5 > ATC5.
5 MR5 = 5 , , Q5. [ 6.6.]. 5 Q5 > ATC5 Q5, . , , , , , - . 6.6. [5 EQ5] [5 EQ5] . [5 5] .
6.6.
: , - , , . , . - , , - ( ). ' .
O
P0 MR
DS
E AC
MCP
Q0 Q O
P0=K0
C
q0 Q
O
MC5
ATC5
AVC5MR5
E
A
E
5
5
P5
Q5 pi
122
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 122 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5.
:
. , - , , .
, , , . , , , , .
6.7. 0 Q0, - . 6.7. . , 0, ( ), . q0 - , : Q0 = q0.
6.7.. 6.7..
O
P0 MR
DS
E AC
MCP
Q0 Q O
P0=K0
C
q0 Q
O
MC5
ATC5
AVC5MR5
E
A
E
5
5
P5
Q5 pi
123
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 123 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, - , , .
6.
. . . , . -, , , .
, - .
7.
, - . . , . -, . :
()
() , .
, (), ().
8.
-:
(i) . , .
(ii) . , . - .
124
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 124 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(iii) To . - . , -, , .
(iv) -. . , .
9.
, . , . -: , .
, , , . -, , .
, - , , . , , , , , .
. .
, - , , , . .
, .
- , .
125
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 125 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
10.
, - . . , , , - , . , , . , . , .
. , -, , .
: . (, , .) . - . , , , , .
11.
- . . , , . , . , , .
, , .. ( , .), (, , .) - .
126
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 126 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, - .
, , . , . , .
12.
, : (i) , , , . (ii) . , , , , , .
, , - , , , . , , . , , . , - .
( ) ( ), .
, -, , , , .
13.
. , , , , .
: ) , ) .
127
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 127 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
14.
, , -, , . - , .
- , . , , - , .
128
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 128 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. :
(i) :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
() () ().
() () ().
() () ().
(ii) , :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
(iii) , . :
() .
() .
() .
() , -.
(iv) :
() .
() .
() , .
() .
129
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 129 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(v) :
() , .
() .
() .
() , .
() , .
() .
1. QD= 180 - 18 Qs= 4+4. , . - .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
0 6 10 12 16 22 30 40 52 66
2. - . 400 , ;
/. 500 540
/. 400 450
/. 300 380
3. .
() , i) 1000 ii) 3200 iii) 7000.
130
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 130 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
() :
i) .
ii) , , .
iii) .
0 10.000 0
1 10.000 3.000
2 10.000 5.000
3 10.000 6.000
4 10.000 6.800
5 10.000 7.800
6 10.000 11.000
7 10.000 18.000
8 10.000 26.000
9 10.000 35.000
10 10.000 45.000
4. , -. 1000 100 . 2000 . QD = 52.500 - 250 Qs = 100
() - .
() QD = 30.000 - 50 , - .
() 90 105 ;
L Q
4 80
5 100
6 110
131
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 131 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. (1883-1946) 20 . ,
1936 1929-32 .
132
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 132 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1.
- . - , . . , - . . , - . , , - . , . , , -, .
. -. , . . : , - ( ), , . , , - , , , .
2.
. - ( ) . , .. , ,
133
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 133 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
.., , . . . , . : , 7.1. , , . . . - .
7.1.
. . 1.000 100 100.000 100 2.000 . 200.000 1.000 . 50.000 . 50.000.000
50.300.000
(...) - . , , . : - , , .
: (i) ..., . (ii) (iii) .
3.
. . . ... . , , . , ..., , . , ,
134
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 134 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
..., . ... . ; - ..., . ... . , . , , - , 7.2. . , - .
7.2.
()
( )
50 50
( )
80 30
() 120 40 () 200 80
200
50 - , . 80 . - 80 - 50 = 30 . . . - , 200 . ... , . ... , . , . . ..., , - - .
4.
..., - -. , ,
135
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 135 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. ... . ... - . , , , ... . , -, . , , - , - . . 7.3. .
7.3.
...
...
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)1 10 10 100 10/10 = 1 1002 15 15 225 15/10 = 1,5 1503 8 20 160 20/10 = 2 80
(1) ... , ( 2) ( 3). ... (4) , ... ( ...). -. ... , - , . ... , -. , ( ) (5) . - 1 100, . ... , ... , (6). ... . ... . ... - , ...
(2) . -. ...
136
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 136 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(t) . - ... , ... .
... , = ... ,
100
, ... - . ... ( ). ... , , ..., . ... .
5.
. ..., . - (, , ) . , () . , ... , , . ... , , . . ... . - ... , - .
, .
(i) () , , , - , .
(ii) :
137
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 137 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
) .. , . , , - . , , . () . - , ' . - , . ( = - ). , .
- . . , , .
) . .
) . , - , . . , ..., , , , -, .
= - .
(iii)
. - ( , .) . , , , . ... , , , ., - .
... , . , , ... - ... , , ...,
138
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 138 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. ... : - - . ... , ... = + + + - .
- , , , .
(i) . , , .
(ii) . , .
(iii) . , , .
(iv) . , . , , .
. , , . .
- . , . : , , , . . : , , - . . : - , . . : , , , . . : , , - . . - , . , ...
139
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 139 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, : ... = + + + + + - - - .
6. ...
- . . , , - . ... , .
... . , , . , . - ..., , , , :
... ( ) = ... - + .
. , = - , ... ( ) = ... - .
7.
, , . , , , . - , . , ( ). -, ( ). - , , , . ... , (...).
= + .
140
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 140 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, - (). , - . () - . .
8. - -
- , . , (...). () . - , (, .) - . - , , . ( - ), . . , , . , , , . ,
= + + - - .
. - , . , -, , . (, .).
, , .
, = - .
7.4. . (. 7.4. ) 141
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 141 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
7.4.
1. + = 2. - = 3. - + = 4. + + - - = 5. - =
9. ...
. , , . ... , ..., ( ) .
... = ...
... , . , ..., . ... , - , .
10. ...
... -. ... . , ... , . :
) ... , . , - . , , , ...
) ... . , , ... , , - . - , , , ,
142
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 142 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, , , ...
) ... . ... , - . , , , . , ..., () . , , . ... , .
) ... -. - , , , . ... ... . , , , .
11.
... - ... . ... - ... - , . , , ., ... , ... , . , , ... - .
143
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 143 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. , - ;
5. :
) , . [], []
) . [], []
) . [], []
) . . [], [].
6. :
i) :
() .
() - .
() - .
() .
ii) :
() .
() .
144
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 144 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
() .
() .
iii). , :
() .
() - .
() .
() .
iv) ... , :
() .
() .
() , , - .
() .
145
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 145 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. :
( . )
( . )
1995 100 58 -
1996 - 72 -
1997 - 80 64
1995 1996 20%, :
. .
. - 1996 1997 1996.
2. :
( . )
1994 120 20
1995 140 25
1996 150 35
. 1995 1996 1994.
. 1995 1996 1995. ( .)
146
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 146 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
3. :
110
480
900
-
250
-
400
-
250
176
-
-
4. :
550
200
150
250
200
500
150
150
50
200
60
120
50
20
50
80
50
40
. - .
. .
147
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 147 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
5. :
1991
630
. 250
. /
320
/ 120
/ 150
380
. 490
80
180
200
1990 1991 110 1992 120, 1992 1991.
[: 20%]
6. :
2500 1600 3400 800 1300 1100 1700 950 550 2300 600 300 500 -200
.
[: 400 ]
7. 11.200. 20%, 12% 4%, - .
[: . 3% ]
1992
360 / 520 430 300 670 320 400 20 100
148
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 148 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 149 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(1912- ), , .
30 ... .
150
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 150 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1.
. . -, . , : ) , ) . , , -. ( :)
, , - , , , , , , , . :
) . , , . : .
) . , - . : , .
) . - .
-. , . , . , , , , , - .
.
151
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 151 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
2.
- :
)
- . .
)
. . , 0,5 , 2 ., , , . , . 4 (4 x 0,5 = 2).
)
, . : . , . , , . .
3.
. :
i) . - , , . .
ii) . . , - , . . .
iii) . . - , ,
152
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 152 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
- .
iv) . - . . , , .
4.
, , , . , , .
, , . , . - . . . , , . , . , . - , . , .
, ( , , , .) , . , - . , - . , , , . , -. . , .
153
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 153 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
. , 20%, - 100 , 20 80 .
, . , , -, .
. , , , , . - , , .
, , , , , - . , .. , .
- .
5.
, , . - . . - () , , . , 100 75 25 , - . . ,
, - -.
154
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 154 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, , .
, , - , 100% . - .
, . 10.000 . , 10.000 . 10.000 , 10.000 . - 2.000 , , , 20%. 8.000 . 8.000 , . 10.000 18.000 . 8.000 . , 8.000 , 1.600 ( 20%) - 6.400 , 6.400 . , , , . - 20%, , .
6.
( ). . :
) .
) , .
) .
) - .
155
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 155 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
.
: (i) , (ii) .
, , . : 100 5 .
- . , , , -. . , , , - .
, -, , . , . :
.
.
.
(i)
, , - . : 20%, 100 20 80 . , , , 30%. 100 , 30 - 70 . 10 , . , , , , .
156
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 156 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(ii)
-. . , - . , , . , , . , , , (). .
(iii)
. , . , - , , - . , . , , . . ( ), . . - , , . .
, , , - , . , - .
, -, .
7. -
. . 100 .
157
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 157 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
, , 400.000 - 15%, : 400.000 + (15%) 400.000 = 400.000 + 60.000 = 460.000 . , , (400.000 ) (60.000 ), 460.000 . : 460.000 + 15% 460.000 = 460.000 + 69.000 = 529.000 . . , 0 i, , :
= 0 (1 + i )
8.
.
- . - , .
158
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 158 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. :
i) :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
ii) :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
iii) , :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
159
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 159 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
1. 300.000 . . , . , . . 20%, ; - 10%, ;
2. 500.000 . 3 20%. ;
3. 2 20%. 1.152.000 . . ;
4. 20%. ;
160
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 160 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 161 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
(1818-1883) . " "
.
162
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 162 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
--
1.
. , , , , , . . -, , .
2.
, , , . - , . -. , , . - .
9.1. , , , (). - .
- : . , . . 9.1. . , . (. 9.1. ).
163
22-0127_OIKONOMIKH THEORIA_FINAL.indd 163 2/21/14 10:58 AM
-
9.1.
.
)
, - . - .