: & : 34 &

. : 2003-4

3.0 14.06.2004

34 & 34

.

( - Demand) ( - Supply) ( ) .. .

& () : . . : , . : , . , . : [ ()]. : , ( , .. ) () K : , . , . , .

2

, (. ). , (. ). : , . : , ( 1%, ). , ( 1%, ). : , ( ) . : -. [ Qd = Qs] : . . , , . Q*. ( 1 P+, ). P S P+

P*

D 0 Q* 1

Q

3

, , , . Q* ( 2 , ). P S

P* PD 0 Q* 2

Q

= = () / 1: Qs = 10*P. 0, 1, 10 [10*1] 2, 20 [10*2] 3, 30 . Qs 10 1 . 10/1 = 10. () . 2: Qs = 100 + 10*P. 0, 100 [100 + 10*0] 1, 110 [100 + 10*1] 2, 120 [100 + 10*2] Qs = f(P) Qs = f(P)

4

3, 130 . Qs 10/1 = 10. . , . 48.

: = a + bX. ( ). To a . : To b ( 1 ) : (. /) a b . b > 0, b < 0, Y Y

4 Y = a + bX a = -2 b>0 0 X -2 3

Y = a + bX a=4 b 2P = 100 Q => P = [100 Q] / 2 => P = 100/2 Q/2 => : Q = 140 4P Q = 200 0.5P Q = 1000 P

( Q). : P = 1200 4Q P = 1500 0.4Q P = 100,000 25Q

, & = [ = f()] = ( ) / = / () / / 10 utils ( ) () 10 utils (. ) ()

6

1 10 3 . 14 , 3 3*10 + 14 = 44 /11 = 4 . : , ; 2 () P = 100 0.2Q () . : R = P*Q => TR = (100 0.2Q) * Q => TR = 100Q 0.2Q2 ( ) = ( ) /: TR/Q = 100 0.4 Q (. ) ( ) = / TR/Q = [100Q 0.2Q2] / Q = 100 0.2 Q Q = 100 = 100 * 100 0.2(100)2 = 10000 0.2 * 10000 = 10000 2000 = 8000 = 100 0.4 * 100 = 100 40 = 60 = 100 0.2 * 100 = 100 20 = 80 < . . , Q = 101 = 100 * 101 0.2(101)2 = 10100 0.2 * 10201 = 10100 2040.2 = 8059.8 = 100 0.4 * 101 = 100 40.4 = 59.6 = 100 0.2 * 101 = 100 20.2 = 79.8

Ceteris paribus , (ceteris) ( = paribus) . , , .. , , .. .

7

: () . , . , . , , . . ; . , .

. : &

. , .

() 3 .

( )

(.. )

(.. CD)

8

, Y = = PA * QA + + PB * QB =>

Q ( Q , . 4). Q , . Q = f (QA). , . = PA * QA + PB * QB => => ( Q) PB * QB = PA * QA => => QB = [ PA * QA] / PB => => QB = [ / PB] [PA * QA] / PB => => QB = [ / PB] [PA / PB ] * QA [ = a b *X] / PB ( ). pa/pb, . QB

- PA/PB

QA /PA 4

, / , . [ ;] , ,

9

() () . : , , (). QB

O Z E I QA 5

II

. . , , . ; ( ) . : . , dy/dx (Marginal Rate of Substitution MRS) (MRS) , .

10

() ( ) , . . . ( ) , . , , ( ).

(.. ), () , (. ) . : , . . , . 1 P = 10 P = 12 P = 14 Q = 100 Q = 90 Q = 80 .

2 3 . ( ): 110 102 94 435 387 339

10 12 14

100 90 80

105 95 85

120 100 80

() , , 2-5.

; . . 11

() () , = + : PA/PB : ( ) : (Q > 0) : (Q > 0). [ , Q, (Q < 0).] o Q > 0, [ Giffen ] o Q < 0, [ , Giffen] o Giffen Giffen

() = = : = / / / = Q = = = : 1% , % ()

12

& : (). ( ): L (-Labour -Capital). = Q= f(K, L) (T): L . : L/K : /L . Q . Q . () Q ( ). , . : L (PL) L Q : (MP) Q Q. , . (SR) ( ) (LR) ,

, , : Q = f(L, K) P ( ): AP : L = Q/L AP : K = Q/ 13

( ): MP : MPL = Q/L MP : MPK = Q/ . . 101 (SR)

SR: = , MPL L . LR: A K (AAK): , Q . . A K (AK): , Q . (): , Q . . (.. ).

, . ( L) (r w, ). ( w/r). , Q . . . , MRTSL,K = MPL/MPK. (. . 111) : (budget) , Q. : Q , . , : w / r = MRTSL,K. 14

: Q. SR: . w / r = MRTSL,K. ( ). LR: . w / r = MRTSL,K. . . , .

. C=f(Q). , () , () .

FC = . SR. VC = . , VC. LR: FC, VC. C = FC + VC , : TC = C/Q. U ( ). AVC = VC/Q. U. AFC = FC/Q. ( 0) Q. AVC ATC , AFC 0 ( ATC = AFC + AVC). C: , Q . MC = TC/Q. VC/Q ( FC/Q = 0) MC < ATC ( AVC) => ATC ( AVC) MC > ATC ( AVC) => ATC ( AVC) . . 130.

15

, FC, VC. (LAC) Q. U ( : , .. ... ( Q), (.. , ..). Q managers - Q. Q , . . . : . (LAC) ( ) .

. , . . = f(Q) : = [ ] [ ] Max (1 ) => => => => = TR TC d/dQ = = 0 => (TR TC) = 0 (R) (TC) = 0 MR MC = 0 MR = MC

, max Q MR = MC max , (). , . : : < 0, (TR) (VC) FC, ( , FC, ).

16

(TR) VC . . < 0, TR , . TR = 0, TC = 0, = 0.

() SR LR . ()

. . ( )

( P > AC). ( LR) P = AC = 0. ( ), () SR LR. = [ ] [ ] => = [ * ] [ ] = TR TC => = P*Q TC

( , ),

17

. R = P*Q (R) = = ( ). (. ), P . , . , R = P*Q = [a bQ]*Q = aQ bQ2 R = a bQ (. ). 1: 2:

P = 700 ( P = 1000 Q Qd Qs) C = 100Q + Q2 TC = 100Q + 2Q2 = TR TC => = P*Q TC => = 700Q [100Q + 2Q2] => = 600Q 2Q2 = TR TC => = P*Q TC => = [(1000 Q)*Q] TC => = [(1000Q Q2) (100Q + Q2) => = 900Q 2Q2 = max () = 0 () < 0

()

= 0 => (600Q 2Q ) = 0 => 600 4Q = 0 => 4Q = 600 => Q = 1502

= 0 => (900Q 2Q2) = 0 => 900 4Q = 0 => 4Q = 900 => Q = 225 = () = (900 4Q) = = 4 < 0 , Q = 225

()

= () = (600 4Q) = = 4 < 0 , Q = 150

, => => = 0 , ( = 0). 18

. : . MC (SR) (LR). : / ( ).

. , Q P . , (DWWL) (. . 208). , Q P ( C ). . : : P = 1000 0,5Q C = 100Q. () () ; TC = 100Q => AC = 100Q/Q = 100 MC = 100 MR MR = P = 1000 0,5Q ( , MR ) = R = R = (P*Q) = [(1000 0,5Q)*Q] = (1000Q 0,5Q2) = 1000 Q [(1000 0,5Q)*Q] 100Q = 1000Q 0,5Q2 100Q = 900Q 0,5Q2 Qs MR = MC => 1000 0,5Q = 100 => 900 = 0,5Q => Q = 1800 Max = 0 => (900Q 0,5Q2) = 0 => 900 Q = 0 Q = 900

19

P

P=

1000 0,5*1800 = 1000 900 = 100 (=AC)

P=

1000 0,5*900 = 1000 450 = 550 (>AC)

CS = [Q*(1000 100)] /2 = (1800*900) / 2 = (CS) 810 000 .. Q * (P AC) = 1800 * (100 100) = 1800 * 0 = 0 .. CS

CS = [Q*(1000 550)] / 2 = (900*450) / 2 = 202 500 .. Q * (P AC) = 900 * (550 100) = 900 * 450 = 405 000 ..

CS CS = 810 000 202 500 = 607 500 . 405 000 .. . (202 500 ..) .

P, MR, AC 1000 D 550 100 MRM 0 900 1800 6

AC

2000

Q

Baumol: , . , . 20

( P) ( ) ( , ). -----

21