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AbstractThe present study aims to describe a complete system planning, methodology and software development for monitoring the geom-etry of tunnels. It also includes a presentation of instructions and procedures for the reliable monitoring of geometric displacements of a tunnel, with emphasis on the tunnel convergence, that are very important for the health of the tunnel construction. In addition, the software application program Tunnel-Eye is presented. This software attempts to present a reliable, automated and user-friendly answer to everyday needs for monitoring of tunnel geometry dur-ing construction. In many cases, the geometrical and geotechnical monitoring of tunnels tends to become a significant factor affecting the whole construction procedure, which is a type of project with high cost and risk.

1. INTRODUCTION

Based on long experience of the deformation monitor-ing of constructions and/or landslides, the members of the Laboratory of Geodesy and Geomatics of the Department of Civil Engineering, A.U.Th., attempt in this study to present an integrated approach for the monitoring of alterations in the geometry of tunnels, primarily during their construction stage. The key object of this study is an integrated approach to the problem, starting from the planning of the geodetic control networks and ending with the development of soft-ware for the processing and managing of data and results. In addition, this study contributes to the improvement of already known methods of monitoring the convergence of tunnels. This is achieved by improving the reliability of the projection plane for every cross-section measurement by using not the theoretical axis of the tunnel, but the one measured each time and computed as the connection of the weighted average centers of each cross-section. There fol-lows an analytical description of the method, and the rel-evant software package, named Tunnel-Eye, is presented

at the end of this study. This software was developed in the Laboratory of Geodesy and Geomatics of the Department of Civil Engineering, A.U.TH.

2. PLANNING THE CONTROL NETWORK

The approach to the problem of monitoring the conver-gences involves a unified monitoring scheme that includes measurements both outside and inside the tunnel.

The whole scheme could be divided into different net-work types, such as the Reference Control Network (RCN), the Surface Control Network (SCN), the Traverse Stations and the Monitoring Points inside the tunnel.

In all these three cases, three-dimensional (3D) position-ing is accomplished.

3. TIMEPLAN AND ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS

A timeplan for measurements should be established, in-volving different control network types, which must satisfy the following criteria: 1. The required accuracy of the measurement results and

the program of re-measurements must be linked to the type of geological phenomenon that causes the conver-gences.

2. The need to establish a timeplan of continuous re-mea-surement and computation of the deformation of SCN points is mandatory.

3. The RCN must also be re-measured using a program that involves the geologically dynamic attributes of the bed-ding area of RCN points.

Extended summary

Planning, Methodology and Software for Geometrical Monitoring of Tunnels with

Surveying Engineering Methods

K. LAKAKIS S. P. CHALIMOURDAS P. SAVVAIDISLecturer, A.U.TH. Ph.D. Candidate, A.U.TH. Professor, A.U.TH.

Submitted: Apr. 4. 2006 Accepted: June 5. 2007


4. GEODETIC INSTRUMENTS FOR MONITORING OF DEFORMATION

Geodetic instruments and surveying marks for control points always derive from the need for accuracy in the de-termination of position and in its changes. As a result, instru-ments must be of high accuracy, resistant, with permanent and forced centering devices.

5. MEASUREMENTS AND PROCESSING METHODS

The principal methodologies for the determination of coordinates of control points in the tunnel also include ad-justment procedures.

A method to be used with the Reference & Surface Con-trol Networks (RCN & SCN) points is the 3D Free network adjustment.

The most widely used methods for the determination of the three-dimensional position of points inside the tunnel are: the method of using least-square adjusted closed tra-verses and the method of free stationing using a high preci-sion Total Station instrument. The method that has been used in the Tunnel-Eye software is free-stationing.

5.1 Free stationing method

This is based on the already-known method of multiple resections and must meet the following criteria: Each time, the unknown point is the position of the Total

Station inside the tunnel and the known points are the 3D determined reflectors at the cross-section, already mea-sured in a previous survey.

Each measurement period should ideally start from the area outside the tunnel, based on the RCN and SCN. The coordinates of the reflectors that have already been marked are re-determined.

It must include three-dimensional adjustment of observa-tions, and for that reason it is necessary to aim and mea-sure at least 7 known points, with a three-dimensional determination of position.

6. ADJUSTMENT OF 3D RESECTIONS

The problem of the multiple resections is formulated as follows: from point P (the unknown resection point) observations (directions, horizontal and vertical angles, and distances) towards m points with known coordinates (where

m>3) are made. The coordinates (x, y, z) of point P must be computed.

Provided that the number of observations is always great-er than the number of the unknowns, the above mentioned problem can be solved by using least squares adjustment of observations.

7. THE WEIGHTED-AVERAGE CENTRE

An important issue for the monitoring of tunnel conver-gences is the projection plane on which the 3D coordinates of the reflectors at cross-sections will be projected for every tunnel section. The current procedure uses for this purpose the plane vertical to the theoretical (from the tunnel design) axis, as staked out during the construction.

In this paper we suggest a dynamic procedure for the determination of the construction axis which also means of its vertical layer which is based on the weighted-average centres of the constructed cross-sections of the tunnel. This method can improve the accuracy of the computed conver-gences as a result of the more accurate projection layer.

8. SOFTWARE PACKAGE

8.1 Introduction

The software application program Tunnel-Eye runs under Win32 based operating systems. The software pack-age has been developed in order to design, optimize and adjust horizontal and vertical networks (2D and 3D geodetic networks) in order to resolve the Free-station problem, as well as performing deformation analysis of the behavior of control points and graphic presentations.

The program is supplied with a modern, object-oriented, graphical user-interface. With the results of observations tak-en in two epochs, a deformation analysis can be calculated, to determine the displacements of individual points.

It is also able to generate files that include the coordinates of points in DXF format, so that the design may be manipu-lated with the aid of any standard CAD program.

Tunnel-Eye is a unified application that provides file processing, performs calculations, and uses graphics allow-ing friendly communication with the user.

8.2 Description of the program

Through the main form, the user can choose the prob-lem to be solved or the computational procedure to be per-formed.


The choice is made by clicking with the mouse on the relevant icon. When the choice is made, the appropriate subprogram is activated and the corresponding forms are opened. The data that must be filled in may either be given through the keyboard or be imported from an already cre-ated file. The choice of file name uses the standard Windows environment, allowing the selection of drive, directory and

file. After the import of the necessary data, the correspond-ing calculations are performed and in a new window the results appear in both an analytical and a graphical way that indicates to the user the geometry of the solution. After that, and in certain applications, there is the possibility of printing the results or/and saving them in a new file by entering path and name.

K. Lakakis, Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering A.U.TH., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 ThessalonikiP. S. Chalimourdas, Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil Engineering A.U.TH., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 ThessalonikiP. Savvaidis, Professor, School of Civil Engineering A.U.TH., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki

Τεχν. Χρον. Επιστ. Έκδ. ΤΕΕ, Ι, τεύχ. 3 2007 Tech. Chron...

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