.

2 . 2009-2013

, , (electrolyte) (acidbase status)

1

.

. . , .

, (diabetes) (hypertension). , (acidbase disorders) . (extracellular volume). . . . 2

.

(glomerular filtration rate - GFR). , GFR GFR. GFR

(creatinine) (urea nitrogen). (protons), (sodium) (potassium). , . , . , ( - acidosis) ( alkalosis) . (body fluid) (aqueous solution) (electrolytes) (nonelectrolytes) (intracellular) (extracellular compartment). , . (interstitial fluid) (plasma). , (solute content) . 3

.

(aquaporins), (osmotic equilibrium) (osmolality) (extracellular osmolality). (optimal ionic strength) , , . (homeostatic mechanisms) . , , . . . , (vascular volume). . , , . , 4

.

. . , . , (vascular congestion) (pulmonary edema).

(total body water TBW) (deuterium), (tritium), (antipyrine) (aminopyrine). 54% . (fractional water content) (73%) , 45%. , 60%. (40-50%) , , . , 54% 1 kg 2.2 lb, : (L) = (lb) / 4

5

.

10% 10%. 20%. 10% , . . , . (sodium), (chloride) (bromide) , , (mannitol), (inulin) (sucrose) . , , 27 53% . (chloride) 42 53%, . (inulin) (sulfate) , 30-33% . , , 40% . (extracellular volume) : (interstitial volume), 28% , (plasma volume -

6

.

8%) (transcellular water volume - 4%) ( 1-1). 1-1. [*] *

24 L (60%) 16 L (40%) 11.2 L (28%) 3.2 L (8%) 1.6 L (4%)

73 kg (160 lb) 40 L . (luminal fluid of the gastrointestinal tract), (fluids of the central nervous system), (fluid in the eye) (lubricating fluids at serous surface).

7

.

1. .

2. .

8

.

3. .

V L M O B D F UD OU E F OY L I S

T T LV OA

9

I TA EL NR CL 2 L ( OGL 8 RUH

ETA EL XR CLU

.

4, 5 6. .

COMPOSITIO

10

.

COMPOSITIOCATIONS (mmol/l) Na 7 8. .

Pla

1

K

4

Ca Mg

1

0

ANIONS (mmol/l)Cl 9. . Ca+ +

1

HCO3+ +

2

Mg

.

Protein HPO4

1

11

2

.

.

10. .

12

.

11. .

12. .

13

.

13. .

14. .

14

.

15. .

V L M MAU E OU E E S RM F U SC M L ID O 16. .

IN E S IT T RT E F P C

15

IN R C L T A E L T B

.

FLUID COM

EXTRACELLUAR FLUID 17. .

PLASMA

INTERS FL

Intra P Per Sy Digestive16