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Presentation Topic:

SYSTEMS

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Presented to: Syed Waqas HaiderPresented by: Syed Qaisar Jalil

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Contents

Definitions Common characteristics History System Concept Element of system Types Nature systems from daily life Classification of systems ( in own

words)

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SYSTEM

System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma, "whole compounded of several parts or members, system", literary "composition") is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole [1].

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SYSTEM…

A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole is called a system [2].

An established or organized procedure; a method, is called system [3].

A computer system refers to the hardware and software components that run a computer or computers [4].

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SYSTEM…

A functionally related group of elements, especially:

The human body regarded as a functional physiological unit.

A network of structures and channels, as for communication, travel, or distribution.

A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices [5].

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Most systems share common characteristics, including:

Systems have structure, defined by components/elements and their composition.

Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material, energy, information, or data.

Systems have interconnectivity: the various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships to each other [6].

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HISTORY

The word system in its meaning here, has a long history which can be traced back to Plato (Philebus), Aristotle (Politics) and Euclid (Elements). It had meant "total", "crowd" or "union" in even more ancient times, as it derives from the verb sunìstemi, uniting, putting together [7].

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HISTORY…

In the 1824 the first to develop the concept of a "system" in the natural sciences was the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot who studied thermodynamics [8].

In 1850, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius generalized this picture to include the concept of the surroundings and began to use the term "working body" when referring to the system [9].

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HISTORY…

In 1950 significant development to the concept of a system was done by Norbert Wiener and Ross Ashby who pioneered the use of mathematics to study systems [10].

In the 1980s the term complex adaptive system was coined at the interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute by John H. Holland, Murray Gell-Mann and others [11].

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System concept

Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. We scope a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside - part of the environment. We then make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the structure and/or the behavior of the system [12].

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Elements of System

Following are considered as the elements of a system in terms of Information systems: -

Inputs and Outputs Processor Control Environment Feedback Boundaries and Interface

[13]

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Types of systems

Systems are classified in different ways:

Physical or Abstract systems Open or Closed systems 'Man-made' Information systems Formal Information systems Informal Information systems Computer Based Information

systems

[14]

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Now we discuss some systems of nature which are from our daily life.

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Nature systems from daily lifeHuman Body:

Human body is a complex system in which many things(bones, veins, arteries etc ) are connected in way that everyone perform a specific task. Every organ of a body has a different function and performing very well. We can think, see, touch, smell, taste and many more qualities that we have. All these qualities combine to make a human being (complex system).

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Nature systems from daily life

Universe:Universe is a very complex system in which all the creatures are connected, interrelated and interdependent to other such that they are necessary for each other like human, sun, moon, sea, animals, trees, mountains, weather etc.

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Nature systems from daily life

Plants and Trees:Plants and trees are nature system from which we take fruits, vegetables, wood etc. They have a complex system inside them as we see how seed turn in plant and then in tree and in every season they have new fruits, vegetables. They also keep environment clean. They have many more functions.

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Nature systems from daily life

Hen:Hen also have a complex system as we see in our daily life. We see that how chick take birth from egg and with the passage of time grow up and change in hen. Hen give us eggs, meat.

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Nature systems from daily life

There are so many systems like these that are in our daily life given by nature. Every living thing has a complex system in it that they take birth and grow up and like this. Also non-living things are complex system. This is on us how we categories them biologically, physically or any other category.

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Analysis of systems

There are many types of systems that can be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, with an analysis of urban systems dynamics, [A.W. Steiss]  defines five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory, where Kenneth D.

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Analysis of systems

Bailey defines systems in terms of conceptual, concrete and abstract systems; either isolated, closed, or open, Walter F. Buckley defines social systems in sociology in terms of mechanical, organic, and process models. Bela H. Banathy cautions that with any inquiry into a system that understanding the type of system is crucial and defines Natural and Designed systems.

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CLASSIFICATION OF

SYSTEMS

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Classification of Systems

Now we classify systems in our own way and also very simple that one can understand it easily. Systems are now classified into 3 categories:Soft systemsHard systemsSoft-Hard systems

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SOFT SYSTEMS

Soft Systems are those system which can not be touched by us but we can see them, feel them. Soft systems are set of instructions or pro-programmed by us which we define for our purposes. These systems control whole the system (in which software is necessary).

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EXAMPLE

Windows XP is an example of soft systems (Fig 1). We see that without windows computer can not work.

There are many more examples like this which we see in our daily life while dealing with programmed machines.

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HARD SYSTEMS

Hard systems are those systems which only consists of hardware. We can see and also touch them. These are the systems in which software is not necessary. These systems work without software.

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EXAMPLE

Motorcycle is an example of hard system in which every part is run without software (Fig 2).

Fig 2

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SOFT-HARD SYSTEMS

Systems which consists of both software and hardware are called soft-hard systems. In these system software and hardware both are must without any one system can not run. Now a day almost all old systems are replaced by soft-hard systems in which software controls the hardware.

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EXAMPLE

Personal computer is good example of soft-hard system (Fig 3). Personal computer consist of both software and hardware. Both are dependent on each other.

Fig 3

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Examples of soft systems

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Ms Word

Microsoft word is use for writing (Fig 4). We can not touch it but we can see it.

Fig 4

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Yahoo Messenger

Yahoo messenger is use for communication (chat, voice chat, video chat) in all over the world. Using yahoo messenger we can talk any where in the world.

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Skype

Skype is also a messenger but much better than yahoo. It has good sound and video quality than other messengers (Fig 5).

Fig 5

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Google

Google is a web browser in which we search the world's information, including web pages, images, videos and more (Fig 6).

Fig 6

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Nod 32

Nod 32 is a anti-virus which protects our computer from viruses (Fig 7).

Fig 7

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Need for speed 7

Need for speed 7 is gaming software in which we drive car in races (Fig 8).

Fig 8

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REFERENCES:

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [2]. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/system [3]. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.html [4]. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system.html [5]. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/system [6]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [7]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [8]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [9]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [10]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [11]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [12]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System

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REFERENCES…

[13]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System [14]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System