STUDIES in MECHANICS, ENVIRONMENT and

GEOSCIENCE

Proceedings of the

2nd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on CONTINUUM MECHANICS

(CM '07)

2nd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on WATER RESOURCES, HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY

(WHH '07)

1st IASME/WSEAS International Conference on GEOLOGY and SEISMOLOGY

(GES '07)

Portorose, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007

ISSN: 1790-5095 ISBN: 978-960-8457-70-6

Copyright © WSEAS 2007, http://www.wseas.org

STUDIES in MECHANICS, ENVIRONMENT and GEOSCIENCE Proceedings of the 2nd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on CONTINUUM MECHANICS (CM '07) 2nd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on WATER RESOURCES, HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY (WHH '07) 1st IASME/WSEAS International Conference on GEOLOGY and SEISMOLOGY (GES '07) Portorose, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 Published by World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society Press http://www.wseas.org Copyright © 2007, by WSEAS Press

All the copyright of the present book belongs to the World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Editor of World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society Press. All papers of the present volume were peer reviewed by two independent reviewers. Acceptance was granted when both reviewers' recommendations were positive. See also: http://www.worldses.org/review/index.html

ISSN: 1790-5095 ISBN: 978-960-8457-70-6

World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society

EDITORS: Professor Jurij Krope, University of Maribor, SLOVENIA Professor Sarka Necasova, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZECH REPUBLIC Professor Nikolay Tutyshkin, Tula State University, RUSSIA Professor Sapountzakis Evangelos, National Technical University of Athens, GREECE ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Professor Vladimir Sokolov, GERMANY SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Abdel-Karim Daud, ISRAEL Alfred Stein, THE NETHERLANDS Andrei Bala, ROMANIA Arturo Bretas, BRAZIL B. Saf, TURKEY Beghidja Abdelhadi, FRANCE Bugaru Mihai, ROMANIA C.M. Kao, TAIWAN Chen Yuchen, CHINA Chris Cramer, USA Christos Chalkias, GREECE Chun Chang Huang, CHINA Constantin Ionescu, ROMANIA Corneliu Botan, ROMANIA Daniel E. McNamara, USA David Gomez, SPAIN David Schaff, USA Dimitris Achilias, GREECE Dimos Triantis, GREECE Dong-Hee Rhie, KOREA Ebrahim Mussavi, IRAN Efthimios Karymbalis, GREECE Epaminondas Sidiropoulos, GREECE Ernst D. Schmitter, GERMANY Eser Durukal, TURKEY Fernando Carapau, PORTUGAL Filippos Vallianatos, GREECE Frank Stagnitti, AUSTRALIA Gaetano Zizzo, ITALY George Papaevangelou, GREECE George Verros, GREECE Gulum Birgoren Tanircan, TURKEY Hassan Rahimzadeh, IRAN Heiki Tammoja, ESTONIA Hing-Ho Tsang, HONG KONG Hong-Kai Chen, CHINA Iraj Hassanzadeh, IRAN J. Janela, PORTUGAL J. R. Kayal, INDIA Jassim Gaeb, JORDAN Jiri Neustupa, CZECH REPUBLIC Jiri Zdenek, CZECH REPUBLIC John Carranza, THE NETHERLANDS John Gelegenis, GREECE Juan Ospina, COLOMBIA Juan Zolezzi Cid, CHILE Juhan Valtin, ESTONIA Levent Yilmaz, USA Lucio Ippolito, ITALY Luis Borges, PORTUGAL Maria Diamantopoulou, GREECE Maria Sakellariou-Makrantonaki, GREECE

Maria Stella Giammarinaro, ITALY Menas Kafatos, USA Mihaela Popa, ROMANIA Mircea Radulian, ROMANIA Mladen Stanojevic, SERBIA and MONTENEGRO Mohamed Hassan, KUWAIT Mohamed Zahran, EGYPT Mustafa Aktar, TURKEY Nam H. Tran, AUSTRALIA Nasreddine Saadouli, KUWAIT Nicolas Abatzoglou, CANADA Nikolaos Taousanidis, GREECE Nikolay Djagarov, BULGARIA Niranjan Kumar Injeti, INDIA Panayotis Yannopoulos, GREECE Pandelis Biskas, GREECE Panos Papanicolaou, GREECE Paschalis Grammenoudis, GERMANY Paul Deuring, FRANCE Paulo Correia, PORTUGAL Pei-Hwa Huang, TAIWAN Petr Kucera, CZECH REPUBLIC Rainer Krebs, GERMANY Renato Lancellotta, ITALY Ruey-Fang Yu, TAIWAN Rui Pedro Juliao, PORTUGAL Sameer Khader, ISRAEL Seied Hossein, IRAN Sergei Stanchits, GERMANY Shiyong Zhou, CHINA Sombat Chuenchooklin, THAILAND Sonia Leva, ITALY Stanislav Krasmar, CZECH REPUBLIC Stefan Florin Balan, ROMANIA Stefano Gresta, ITALY Stelios Zimeras, GREECE T.Y. Yeh, TAIWAN Tamaz Chelidze, GEORGIA Tom Rockwell, USA Tomas Bodnar, CZECH REPUBLIC Toshiaki Hishida, JAPAN Tsanakas Dimitrios, GREECE Vladimir Graizer, USA, Vladimir Sokolov, GERMANY Wael Al-hasawi, KUWAIT Werner Varnhorn, GERMANY Xiyuan Zhou, CHINA Yanbin Wang, CHINA Yue Dong, CHINA Zakaria Al-Qodah, JORDAN Zengxi Ge, CHINA Maria Specovius-Neugebauer, GERMANY

2nd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on WATER RESOURCES, HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY

(WHH'07) TABLE OF CONTENTS

Experiences with Riverbank-Filtration on the Szentendre Island (Danube River, Hungary) 143 Ferenc Homonnai, Ferenc Kaszab, Csaba Szabo A New Technique for Evaluation of Crop Coefficients: A Case Study 148 H.V. Hajare, N.S. Raman, Jayant Dharkar Distribution of Chlorides and Sulfates in the Aeration Zone of Coal Waste Landfill and Sulfides Decomposition Kinetics and Ground-Water Environment Acidification

156

Gwozdziewicz Michal, Bzowski Zbigniew, Bojarska Katarzyna Flood Simulation and Emergency Management: A Web-Based Decision Support System 161 Xiaofeng Zhao, Xin Zhang, Tianhe Chi, Huabin Chen, Yunhai Miao Hydrologic Model Combined to a GIS for Estimating Hydrologic Balance at Watershed Scale - Application to the Watershed of Macta (Western Algerian)

167

Mendas Abdelkader, Errih Mohamed, Djilali Abdelkader Cavitation Swirl in the Inlet Pipe of the Radial Pump 172 Andrej Predin, Ignacijo Bilus Development of Fuzzy Reservoir Operation Policies using Genetic Algorithm 176 Banafsheh Zahraie, Seyed-Moussa Hosseini Port-Based Modelling for Open Channel Irrigation Systems 182 Boussad Hamroun, Laurent Lefevre, Eduardo Mendes Fuzzy Logic Model for Soil Water Balance Problem 188 I.N. Chalkidis, Ch.D. Tzimopoulos, Ch.H. Evangelides, M. Sakellarioy, St.Yannopoulos Introduction of a Mathematical Storage Function Model Based on Lumping Process of Infiltration Theory 193 Siamak Bodaghpour, Seyyed Ahmad Mirbagheri, Seyyed Arman Hashemi Monfared Analysis of the Assimilative Capacity with Various Dimensional Water Quality Models in the Tseng-Wen Reservoir (Taiwan)

198

Yi-Chao Lee, Chen-Cheng Yang, Chao-Shi Chen, Shui-Ping Chang, Ching-Gung Wen, Chih-Sheng Lee Vulnerability of the Aquifer System: Considerations on a Methodological Approach 204 Dimitra Rapti-Caputo, Francesco Sdao GIS – Based Water Management in the Chania Area, Western Crete 210 Maria Kouli, Pantelis Soupios, Filippos Vallianatos Hydrogeological Water Balance in a Carbonate Hydro-Structure 216 Salvatore Manfreda, Francesco Sdao, Aurelia Sole Climate and Soil Controls on Flood Frequency 223 Andrea Gioia, Vito Iacobellis, Salvatore Manfreda, Mauro Fiorentino

1st IASME/WSEAS International Conference on GEOLOGY and SEISMOLOGY (GES'07)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Numerical Modelling of Site Effects – Influences of Groundwater Level Changes 233 Dominik Ehret, Dieter Hannich, Sascha Schmitt, Gerhard Huber Generic Theoretical Formulae for Estimating Site Effects 238 Hing-Ho Tsang, Nelson T.K. Lam, Michael W. Asten, S.H. Lo Site-Dependent Response Spectral Attenuation Modelling 244 Hing-Ho Tsang, Nelson T.K. Lam, S.H. Lo Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment without Source Characterization 250 Hing-Ho Tsang, Nelson T.K. Lam, S.H. Lo The Importance of Crustal Shear Wave Velocity Profile for Ground Motion Modelling 256 Hing-Ho Tsang, Nelson T.K. Lam, S.H. Lo A Simple Experiment on Seismic Precursors 262 Carlo Artemi Modeling Earthquake Data using Spatial Statistics Techniques 265 S. Zimeras A Neurogenetic Method for System-Identification 269 Silvia Garcia, Miguel Romo Evolution of Debris Flow on Hillside 278 Chen Hong-Kai, Tang Hong-Mei Endochronic Model Applied to Earthfill Dams with Impervious Core: Design Recommendation at Seismic Sites

283

S. Lopez-Querol, P.J.M. Moreta Deaggregation of the Regional Seismic Hazard: City of Patras, Greece 289 Laurentiu Danciu, Efthimios Sokos, G-Akis Tselentis INPAR, CMT and RCM Seismic Moment Solutions Compared for the Strongest Damaging Events (M>=4.8) Occurred in the Italian Region in the Last Decade

296

M. Guidarelli, G.F. Panza On the Contradictory Characteristics of the EEP Signal Observed Prior to the Kythira M 6.9 Earthquake on January 2006

302

A. Konstantaras, J.P. Makris Static Stress Changes and Fault Interaction Related to the 1985 Nahanni Earthquakes, Western Canada 307 Ali O. Oncel

Authors Index

Abdelkader, D. 167 Hannich, D. 233 Oncel, A. O. 307 Abdelkader, M. 167 Homonnai, F. 143 Panza, G. 296 Almansa, A. 16 Hong-Kai, C. 278 Paoletti, D. 1 Ambrosini, D. 1 Hong-Mei, T. 278 Pavlika, V. 54 Artemi, C. 262 Hosseini, S.-M. 176 Ponticiello, A. 1 Asten, M. W. 238 Huber, G. 233 Predin, A. 172 Balazs, V. 12 Iacobellis, V. 223 Puksic, A. 115 Barbieri, A. 68 Itskov, M. 95 Raman, N. S. 148 Baritz, M. 80 Kajtar, L. 121 Rapti-Caputo, D. 204 Bilus, I. 172 Kaszab, F. 143 Romo, M. 269 Bodaghpour, S. 193 Kobasko, N. 7 Sabbagh-Yazdi, S.-R. 99 107 Bojarska, K. 156 Konstantaras, A. 302 Safta, D. 43 49 Brojan, M. 115 Kosel, F. 115 Sakellariou, M. 188 Bzowski, Z. 156 Kouli, M. 210 Schmitt, S. 233 Candea, I. 134 Krukovskyi, P. 7 Scutaru, L. 134 Caraus, I. 90 Lam, N. T. K. 238 244 250 256 Sdao, F. 204 216 Cecchi, A. 68 Lamine Boubakar, M. 22 Sokos, E. 289 Chalkidis, I. 188 Lee, C.-S. 198 Sole, A. 216 Chang, S.-P. 198 Lee, Y.-C. 198 Somoiag, P. 43 49 Chen, C.-S. 198 Lefevre, L. 182 Soto, J. C. 16 Chen, H. 161 Leitner, A. 121 Soupios, P. 210 Chi, T. 161 Lexcellent, C. 22 Stanciu, A. 80 Cotoros, D. 80 Li, Z. 127 Szabo, C. 143 Danciu, L. 289 Lo, S. H. 238 244 250 256 Szantho, Z. 12 De La Sen, M. 16 Lopez-Querol, S. 283 Teodorescu, H. 84 134 Dharkar, J. 148 Makris, J. P. 302 Tsang, H.-H. 238 244 250 256Dollevoet, R. 127 Manfreda, S. 216 223 Tselentis, G.-A. 289 Ehret, A. E. 95 Martin, O. 31 37 Tzimopoulos, C. 188 Ehret, D. 233 Martin-Moreta, P. J. 283 Vallianatos, F. 210 Esveld, C. 127 Mastorakis, N. E. 99 107 31 Videnic, T. 115 Evagelides, C. 188 90 37 Vlase, S. 84 134 Fiorentino, M. 223 Mendes, E. 182 Wen, C.-G. 198 Garcia, S. 269 Miao, Y. 161 Yang, C.-C. 198 Garrido, A. J. 16 Mirbagheri, S. A. 193 Yannopoulos, S. 188 Gioia, A. 223 Mohamed, E. 167 Yurchenko, D. 7 Guidarelli, M. 296 Moldoveanu, C. 43 49 Zahraie, B. 176 Guiman, V. 84 Monfared, S. A. H. 193 Zhang, X. 161 Gwozdziewicz, M. 156 Moraru, F. 43 49 Zhao, X. 161 127 Hajare, H. V. 148 Moue, A. S. 76 Zimeras, S. 265 Hamroun, B. 182 Nicoara, D. 80 84 Zounemat-Kermani, M. 99 107

GIS – based water management in the Chania area, Western Crete

MARIA KOULI (1), PANTELIS SOUPIOS (1), FILIPPOS VALLIANATOS (1)

(1) Department of Natural Resources & Environment,

Technological Educational Institute of Crete 3 Romanou, Halepa, 73133, Chania, Crete

GREECE mkouli@chanihttp://www.chania.teicrete.gr

Abstract: - The aim of this work is the quantification of the hydrologic regime of the Chania prefecture area and the development of a sustainable water management plan which will be easily adopted from the local authorities. For this reason all the available hydrological data collected from the local authorities have been integrated into a GIS environment and several thematic maps have been created using as source hydrological, hydro-geological and meteorological data. This approach helped to the determination of the hydrological properties, the evaluation of the chemical characteristics of the underground water and the construction of water level and hydro-chemical maps. Moreover, the positive water balance estimation for the Tavronitis basin, a major watershed of the study area, comes in agreement with the water level observations and the existed water management scenarios of the study area. Key-Words: - Geographic Information Systems, water management, water balance, Chania prefecture.

1 Introduction

GIS is one of the most important tools for integrating and analyzing spatial information from different sources or disciplines. It helps to integrate, analyze and represent spatial information and database of any resource, which could be easily used for planning of resource development, environmental protection and scientific investigations.

The tabular data concerning hydrological parameters of the northern area of Chania Prefecture, in Crete, were collected from the local authorities and were converted into GIS layers. Afterwards, the data were analysed as automated mapping and quantitative data analysis using GIS have been successfully applied for groundwater planning and management.

The GIS database system is used in order to help for applying groundwater management practices such as, proper groundwater resource management in terms of groundwater quality and quantity, integrated management of water, land-use of the area under investigation and the environment and to prevent groundwater quality through proper monitoring and evaluation. Hence, the groundwater chemistry could reveal important information of the suitability of groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. For the above mentioned

reasons several hydrological thematic maps of the northern Chania Prefecture area were produced. Furthermore, the water balance for one of the two major watersheds (Keritis and Tavronitis basins) of the study area was estimated since it is an essential and crucial task for the formulation of sustainable water management scenarios of the study area.

2 Hydro-Geological Framework of the Study Area

Crete is considered as a semi-arid region [1]. The average annual precipitation is estimated to be 900 mm, the potential renewable water resources 2650 million m3/yr and the real water used about 485 million m3/yr. The major water use in Crete is in irrigation for agriculture (84.5% of the total consumption) while domestic use is 12% and other uses 3.5% [1].

In Crete, water imbalance is mainly comes from the following three reasons, the temporal and spatial variations in the precipitation, the increase in water demands during summer months (tourist period) and the difficulty of transporting water due to the mountainous terrain [2].

The demand for irrigation water is high, while at the same time only 31.0% of the available agricultural land is irrigated [1]. The growing water

Proceedings of the 2nd IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Water Resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 69

requirements make the rational management of water resources extremely important for development to be sustainable and for the environment to be served.

Our study is focused on the Western part of Crete, on the area of Chania Prefecture (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. A map of Crete island. The study area is indicated with a dashed white square, while the Tavronitis basin is shown with the black rectangle.

In the sense of permeability the exposed

geological formations of the study area can be classified into four hydro-lithological units: high permeability rocks which comprise the karstic limestones of Tripolis and Trypalion nappes, medium permeability rocks which consist of the Quaternary deposits as well as the Miocene to Pliocene conglomerates and marly limestones, low permeability rocks which consists of the Pliocene to Miocene marles and impervious rocks which consist of the phyllites – quartzites unit.

The tectonic regime of the study area is characterizing by faults of NW-SE and E-W directions. These tectonic structures clearly define the boundaries between the existing geological and hydro-lithological units. 3 Data Acquisition and Data Analysis

In order to create the appropriate information platform it was essential to collect all the available data (hydrological, geological, meteorological, and topographical).

The hydrological and hydro-geological data of the broader area of Chania (wells, springs and shafts) were collected from the Hydro-Geological study of Chania and provided from the Department of Hydrology of the Ministry of Agriculture. These data are in the form of maps and card inventories which contain important information such as the record code, the geographical coordinates of the

data, the water supply, the usage and an in-situ time sequence of measurements related to the depth of ground water table, temperature and chemical characteristics of the water (TDS-Total Dissolved Solids and EC-electrical conductivity).

In a next step we implemented all the data into a GIS environment and then we performed data digitization with the use of ArcGIS software package. The several maps were geo-referenced to the local projection system of Greece (GGRS ΄87 - Greek Geodetic Reference System) so that they can all be fused to the same projection system, together with all kinds of future information that may rise.

The above mentioned digital information were analyzed aiming to examine a probable spatial relation between hydro-lithological units, faults, springs, shafts and riverbed distribution. For this purpose, several thematic maps using as source hydrological, hydro-geological and tectonic data were created.

The mapping and interpolation functions of GIS were also used for the production of maps of water quality parameters as well as water supply and groundwater levels.

Geological maps of one of the two major drainage basins of the study area, the Tavronitis drainage basin, were used in combination with GIS software in order to categorize rock formations and then infiltration rates were assigned to each geological formation based on literature and recent regional hydro-geological surveys, so as to estimate groundwater recharge. The necessary meteorological data of the Tavronitis area catchments, such as rainfall, were collected from a network of stations of the National Meteorological Service and the Department of Hydrology of the Ministry of Agriculture. The aforementioned data comprise monthly values and cover a time period of 1950 to 2002.

4 Results Different maps have been produced mainly

using point data spatial analysis of GIS. The following parameters have been selected and their respective maps have prepared believing that the analytical results would indicate the hydrological conditions of the project area.

4.1. Hydrological maps The possible spatial relation between hydro-lithological units, faults, springs, wells, boreholes and riverbed distribution was examined with the creation of thematic maps as the one of Figure 2. In

Proceedings of the 2nd IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Water Resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 70

many cases, the springs, wells and boreholes distribution coincides with either major tectonic lineaments or streams. In some other cases their linear distribution indicates the probable presence of linear structures such as faults or hydro-lithological boundaries. 4.2. Water supply map

The water supply map (Fig. 3) that was produced shows maximum values inside the two major watersheds of the study area, the Tavronitis and it’s tangential to the east, Keritis basin.

4.3. Water level map

As a part of the hydrologic cycle, groundwater is always in motion from regions of natural and artificial replenishment to those of natural and artificial discharge [3]. One of the main imperative approaches for the identification of groundwater flow directions is the water level contour map. Hence, water level contour map of the study area was constructed, based on water heads in meters above sea level (a.s.l.) (Fig. 4).

4.4. Water Quality Maps

The presence or absence of a potential salinity problem and the monitoring of fresh and saline water mixing is evaluated from the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (EC) and by the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). These two values by themselves are usually an adequate measure of a potential salinity problem (Table 1).

Conductivity can be regarded as a crude indicator of water quality for many purposes, since it is related to the sum of all ionised solutes or total dissolved solid (TDS) content. Electrical conductivity is widely used for the total dissolved solids may increase owing to the disposal of wastewater, urban runoff and increased erosion due to the land-use changes in the drainage basins [4]. In the Mediterranean environments, the high conductivities are most likely related to high evapotranspiration, evaporitic deposits and intensive agriculture.

As it can be seen from figures 5 and 6, and the Table 1, the electrical conductivity and the total dissolved solids parameters indicate salinity moderate problems for the Kissamos area (EC>1) as well as the central part of the study area (700<TDS<2000), while a small area northwest of Kissamos may suffers from severe irrigation problem (EC>3).

Table 1. Guidelines for water quality for irrigation (modified from [5], [6]).

Restriction on Use Potential

Irrigation Problem

No Slight to Moderate

Severe

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l

<700 700 - 2,000

>2,000

Electrical Conductivity (EC) dS/m

<1 1 to 2.5 >3

4.5.Water Balance Calculation for Tavronitis Watershed Geological maps were used in combination with

GIS software in order to categorize rock formations and then infiltration rates (I1-In) were assigned to each geological formation based on literature and recent regional hydro-geologic surveys. The infiltration rate for each formation was multiplied with its area of extent (E1-En) giving the infiltration capacity of the five geological formations (Table 2, Fig. 7) and the total infiltration capacity of the Tavronitis watershed was calculated equal to 0,0952067 (Ι=9,52%) with the use of equation (1):

1 1 2 2 ... n n

T

I E I E I EIE

+ + += (1)

Table 2. Infiltration capacity for the five formations of Tavronitis watershed.

Formations Infiltration(%)Alluvial 26 Karst-Formations 40 Quartzites - Phylites 3 Conglomerates–Marly Limestones

15

Marles 15

The necessary precipitation data were collected from a network of four adjacent stations. According to these, Tavronitis receives an annual average precipitation of the order of 120×106 m3 from which the 32×106 m3 (26%) corresponds to surface runoff through the mainstreams, which finally percolates through the riverbed and infiltrate the Neogene sediments. The rest 74% is considered to be the sum of evaportransipation and infiltration through the phyllites.

Proceedings of the 2nd IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Water Resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 71

Figure 2. Spatial relation between hydro-lithological units, faults, springs, wells, boreholes and riverbed distribution. The springs, wells and boreholes distribution coincides with either major tectonic lineaments or streams (green areas) or their linear distribution indicates the probable presence of linear structures such as faults or hydro-lithological boundaries (yellow areas).

Figure 3. The water supply map shows maximum values inside the two major watersheds of the study area, the Tavronitis and it’s tangential to the east, Keritis basin.

Figure 4. Water level contour map of the study area based on water heads in meters above sea level (a.s.l.).

Figures 5, 6. The electrical conductivity (EC) and the total dissolved solids (TDS) parameters indicate salinity moderate problems for the Kissamos area (EC>1) as well as the central part of the study area (700<TDS<2000), while a small area northwest of Kissamos may suffers from severe irrigation problem (EC>3).

3

4

5

6

Proceedings of the 2nd IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Water Resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 72

Figure 7. Geological map of the Tavronitis watershed. The three watershed sub-basins are also shown.

According to the data of IGME (Institute of Geology & Mineralogy of Greece), the annual average surface runoff volume is of the order of 27*106m3, the percolated volume is 3.7×106 m3 while the infiltrated volume is 1.2*106m3. Thus, the total annual average underground feeding is approximately 5*10 6m3.

The above-mentioned data coupled with the calculated infiltration capacity were used for the estimation of water balance, using the equation (2):

P = I + R + E (2) 120×106 = 11.42×106 +26.9×106 +81.68×106

where P: precipitation (m3), I: infiltration (m3), R: runoff (m3) and E: evaportranspiration (m3).

5 Conclusions In this work GIS applications were combined

with hydrologic models to develop a sustainable water management plan, which will achieve both environmental protection and coverage of human water demands in the Chania prefecture area.

The derived maps reveal spatial relation between

hydro-lithological units, faults, springs, wells, boreholes and riverbed distribution. With the extensive analysis and study of all the available hydrological data both in temporal and spatial basis we constructed water supply, water quality and groundwater level maps.

The electrical conductivity and the total dissolved solids maps indicate salinity moderate problems for the Kissamos area (EC>1) as well as the central part of the study area (700<TDS<2000), while a small area northwest of Kissamos may suffers from severe irrigation problem (EC>3).

The primary effect of high EC water on crop productivity is the inability of the plant to compete with ions in the soil solution for water (physiological drought) [7]. The higher the EC, the less water is available to plants, even though the soil may appear wet. Because plants can only transpire “pure” water, usable plant water in the soil solution decreases dramatically as EC increases [7].

The total dissolved solids may increase owing to the disposal of wastewater, urban runoff and increased erosion due to the land-use changes in the drainage basins [4]. In the Mediterranean environments, the high conductivities are most likely related to high evaportranspiration, evaporitic deposits and intensive agriculture as well as to the proximity from major saline-water bodies.

Furthermore, from the positive estimation of water balance for the Tavronitis watershed is inferred the potential of water-bodies development.

In the future, the local authorities plan the construction of two reservoirs in the area of Roumatianos and Sebreniotis sub-basins. The two reservoirs will trap the 50% of the total Tavronitis watershed runoff. The rest 50 % seems to be an adequate quantity for the conservation of the hydro-geological regime.

Finally, all the above-mentioned information can be utilized by many categories of users, such as scientists, engineers, professionals and public employees in order to develop a sustainable water management plan which will achieve both environmental protection and coverage of human water demands in the Chania prefecture area.

6 Acknowledgements Financial support for this project was provided

from the Operational Program for Education and Initial Vocational Training of the Ministry of

Proceedings of the 2nd IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Water Resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 73

Education of Greece and the European Union in the framework of the project, Archimedes II: "Support of Research Teams of Technological Educational Institute of Crete", entitled “Multiparametric identification system development for the origin of water resources in karstic basins: Application in the Keritis river basin (Natura 2000-Chania)”.

The project is co-funded by the European Social Fund and National Resources in the framework of the project INTERREG III B ARCHIMED, sub-project A1.020 entitled “Methodology integration of EO techniques as operative tool for land degradation management and planning in Mediterranean areas”.

We would like to thank National Meteorological Service and the Department of Hydrology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Development Organization of Western Crete (especially Mr. Vozinakis) for providing the data.

References: [1] Chartzoulakis, K.S., Paranychianakis, N.V.,

Angelakis, A.N., Water resources management in the island of Crete, Greece, with emphasis on the agricultural use, WaterPolicy, Vol.3, 2001, pp. 193-205.

[2] Tsagarakis, K.P., Dialynas, G.E., Angelakis, A.N., Water resources management in Crete (Greece) including water recycling and reuse and proposed quality criteria, Agricultural Water Management, Vol.66, 2004, pp. 35-47.

[3] Bear, J., Hydraulic of Groundwater, McGraw-Hill Inc. 1979, p.1-81

[4] Fetter, C.W. Applied Hydrogeology, Prentice-Hall Inc.4th edition, 2001, p. 598.

[5] Ayers, R.S. and D.W. Westcot., Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 (Rev. 1), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Rome, Italy, 1985, 174 p.

[6]Alberta Agriculture. Salinity classification, mapping, and management in Alberta. 1998. Internet: www.agric.gov.ab.ca/soil/salinity/index.html

[7] T.A. Bauder, R.M. Waskom and J. G. Davis, Irrigation Water Quality Criteria http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/crops/00506.html

Proceedings of the 2nd IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Water Resources, Hydraulics & Hydrology, Portoroz, Slovenia, May 15-17, 2007 74