Short Talk - Nonlinearity

Jay Chang

July 9 2015

Agenda

Harmonic Distortion

Gain Compression

Cross Modulation

Intermodulation

AM/PM Conversion

Agenda

Harmonic Distortion

Gain Compression

Cross Modulation

Intermodulation

AM/PM Conversion

Even-order harmonics result from αj with even j. nth harmonic grows in proportion to An.

DC Fundamental Second

Harmonic

Third

Harmonic

Effects of Nonlinearity: Harmonic DistortionHarmonic Distortion

2 31 2 3( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).

where ( ) cos .y t x t x t x t

x t A t

2 30 1 2 3( ) ( ) ( ) ( )y t x t x t x t

If only α0 ≠ 0, rectifier convert AC input to DC.If only α1 ≠ 0, linear attenuator (α1 < 1) and linear amplifier (α1 > 1).If only α2 ≠ 0, mixer.And in most PA α3 < 0.

x(t) y(t)

Example of Harmonic Distortion in Mixer

Solution:

An analog multiplier “mixes” its two inputs below, ideally producing y(t) = kx1(t)x2(t), where k is a constant. Assume x1(t) = A1 cos ω1t and x2(t) = A2 cos ω2t.(a) If the mixer is ideal, determine the output frequency components. (b) If the input port sensing x2(t) suffers from third-order nonlinearity, determine the output

frequency components.

(a)

(b)

Ex: B5, B8 and B9 fighting if ω1 = 2π x (850 MHz) and ω2 = 2π x (900 MHz),then |ω1 - 3ω2| = 2π x (1850 MHz), an “undesired” component that is difficult to filter because it lies close to the desired component at ω1 + ω2 = 2π x (1750 MHz).

Agenda

Harmonic Distortion

Gain Compression

Cross Modulation

Intermodulation

AM/PM Conversion

Effects of Nonlinearity: Gain CompressionGain Compression

Expansive Compressive Most RF circuit of interest are compressive, we focus on this type.

Output falls below its ideal value by 1 dB at the 1-dB compression point. Peak value instead of peak-to-peak value. P1dB is typically in the range of -20 to -25 dBm (63.2 to 35.6 mVpp in 50 Ohm system)

at the input of RF receivers.

31 3

21 3

3 cos34 gain compression.

cos 4v

A A tG A

A t

Gain Compression: Effect on FM and AM Waveforms

FM signal carries no information in its amplitude and hence tolerates compression (i.e., amplitude limiting).

AM contain information in the amplitude, hence distorted by compression.

Desensitization: the receiver gain is reduced by the large excursions produced by the interferer even though the desired signal itself is small.

Rx must be able to withstand blockers that are 60 to 70 dB greater than the desired signal.

For A1 << A2

Gain Compression: Desensitization2 3

1 2 3

1 1 2 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).where ( ) cos cos .y t x t x t x t

x t A t A t

21 3 1 2 1 3 2

3if 0, when the gain drop to zero.2

A A A In math

Agenda

Harmonic Distortion

Gain Compression

Cross Modulation

Intermodulation

AM/PM Conversion

Effects of Nonlinearity: Cross ModulationCross Modulation

Desired signal at output suffers from amplitude modulation at ωm and 2ωm.

Suppose that the interferer is an amplitude-modulated signal

Thus

when a weak signal and a strong interferer pass througha nonlinear system is the transfer of modulation from the interferer to the signal.

2 21 cos cosmA m t t

Effects of Nonlinearity: Cross Modulation

Wanted signal(fRX) corruption due to the cross-modulation of an amplitude-modulated blocker with a CW jammer close to the RX channel.

Wanted signal(fRX) corruption due to the intermodulation of an amplitude-modulated blocker (the aggressor TX) with a CW jammer.

LNA輸入端 , 會同時存在三種訊號 : Blocker、 TX、 RX, 兩種訊號便可產生 IMD (Intermodulation), 亦即這三種訊號中 ,隨意任兩種便可產生 IMD.

Effects of Nonlinearity: Cross Modulation

Agenda

Harmonic Distortion

Gain Compression

Cross Modulation

Intermodulation

AM/PM Conversion

Harmonic distortion

Desensitization

Intermodulation

So far we have considered the case of:

Single Signal

Signal + one large interferer

Signal + two large interferers

Effects of Nonlinearity: Intermodulation- Recall Previous Discussion

Effects of Nonlinearity: IntermodulationIntermodulation

assume

Thus

Intermodulation products:

Fundamental components:

Intermodulation Product Falling on Desired Channel

desired

Interferer

A received small desired signal along with two large interferers. Intermodulation product falls onto the desired channel, corrupts signal.

IP3 is not a directly measureable quantity, but a point obtained by extrapolation.

Intermodulation: Third Intercept Point

PA: power range that is limited at the low end by noise and at the high end by the compression point. This is essentially the linear operating range for the amplifier, and is called the linear dynamic range (DRl).

LNA or mixer: operation may be limited by noise at the low end and the maximum power level for which intermodulation distortion becomes unacceptable. This is effectively the operating range for which spurious responses are minimal, and is called the spurious-free dynamic range (DRf).

Intermodulation: Dynamic Range

Effects of Nonlinearity: Cascaded Nonlinear Stages

Considering only the first- and third-order terms, we have:

Thus,

To “refer” the IP3 of the second stage to the input of the cascade, we must divide it by α1. Thus, the higher the gain of the first stage, the more nonlinearity is contributed by the second stage.

Cascaded Nonlinear Stages: Intuitive results

1 3total IP

1 2( ) cos cosx t A t A t

IM Spectra in a Cascade (I)identify the IM products in a cascade

IM Spectra in a Cascade (II)Adding the amplitudes of the IM products, we have

Add in phase as worst-case scenario. Heavily attenuated in narrow-band circuits.

Thus, if each stage in a cascade has a gain greater than unity, the nonlinearity of the latter stages becomes increasingly more critical because the IP3 of each stage is equivalently scaled down by the total gain preceding that stage.

For more stages:

Demonstration

Experiment Measurement IP3

Amplifier Two-Tone Test

Mixer Two-Tone Test

1

1 2 1

0

2 33 2in

IP

P P G

P P P

1 2 12 3

3 0

3 2

3IP

IP

P P P

IIP P G

Agenda

Harmonic Distortion

Gain Compression

Cross Modulation

Intermodulation

AM/PM Conversion

Effects of Nonlinearity: AM/PM Conversion

AM/PM Conversion arises in systems both dynamic and nonlinear.

Phase shift of fundamental, Const. Higher harmonic

If R1C1(t)ω1 << 1 rad

Assume that

obtaining

Undesired phase deviation (PM) that is caused by amplitude variations (AM) of the system.AM/PM Conversion (APC)

1 1( ) cosinV t V t

Sinusoid frequency ω1 through a first-order low-pass RC section

No AM/PM conversion because of the first-order dependence of C1 on Vout.

First order voltage dependence:

AM/PM Conversion: Time-Variation of Capacitor

Example of AM/PM Conversion: Second Order Voltage Dependence

Suppose C1 in above RC section is expressed as C1 = C0(1 + α1Vout + α2Vout2). Study the AM/PM

conversion in this case if Vin(t) = V1 cos ω1t.

The phase shift of the fundamental now contains an input-dependent term, -(α2R1C0ω1V1

2 )/2.

This figure also suggests that AM/PM conversion does not occur if the capacitor voltage dependence is odd-symmetric.

Figure below plots C1(t) for small and large input swings, revealing that Cavg indeed depends on the amplitude.

Phase shift of fundamental, input-depet.

Thanks for your attention