,

A : , , : K.

Ministerium fr Bildung und Religion, Kultur und Sport

Zentrum fr die griechische Sprache

Antikes Makedonien: Sprache, Geschichte, KulturHerausgeber: Georgios K. Giannakis

Ministre de lducation et des Cultes, de la Culture et des Sports

Centre de la Langue Grecque

Macdoine antique : langue, histoire, cultureSous la direction de Georgios K. Giannakis

Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports

Centre for the Greek Language

Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, CultureEditor: Georgios K. Giannakis

Thessaloniki Thessalonique 2012

e l

e n

f r

d e

, - , , - ( ) ( 2007 2013 ).

2012

The present volume has been published within the Action Ancient Greek Dialects of vital importance for the continuity of the Greek language and the cultural tradition A documentation project for the support of the curricula in the Universities Departments of Language and Literature, which is implemented through the Operational Programme Education and Long-life Learning of The Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports and is co-funded by the eu (European Social Fund) and through National Resources (NSRF 2007 2013 ).

2012 Centre for the Greek Language

ISBN 9789607779526

: Cannot Not Design

, 1, 551 32 .: 2310 459 101, : 2310 459 107 : centre@komvos.edu.gr

Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and SportsCentre for the Greek Language1, Karamaouna Skra sq.551 32 Kalamaria, ThessalonikiTel.: +30 2310 459 101, Fax: +30 2310 459 107E-mail: centre@komvos.edu.gr

Ministre de lducation et des Cultes, de la Culture et des SportsCentre de la Langue Grecque1, Karamaouna place Skra 551 32 Kalamaria, ThessaloniqueTl.: +30 2310 459 101, Fax: +30 2310 459 107E-mail: centre@komvos.edu.gr

Ministerium fr Bildung und Religion, Kultur und SportZentrum fr die griechische Sprache1, Karamaouna pl. Skra551 32 Kalamaria, ThessalonikiTel.: +30 2310 459 101, Fax: +30 2310 459 107E-mail: centre@komvos.edu.gr

http://www.greeklanguage.gr

, , , , - , , , , , - 2121 / 1993 - .

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Centre for the Greek Language, and as expressly permitted by the Law 2121/1993 and the other terms of the National and International Law applied in Greece.

7 . 11Michael Zahrnt : 31rthur Muller 53Emilio Crespo : 65 Julin Mndez Dosuna

Introduction 79Georgios K. GiannakisThe history of Macedonia in the pre-Hellenistic period 83Michael ZahrntThe other Greece: The archaeology of Macedonia 101rthur MullerLanguages and dialects in Ancient Macedon 121Emilio CrespoAncient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work 133Julin Mndez Dosuna

Introduction 147Georgios K. GiannakisHistoire de la Macdoine pendant la priode pr-hellnistique 151Michael ZahrntLautre Grce : archologie de la Macdoine 169rthur MullerLangues et dialectes dans la Macdoine antique 189Emilio CrespoLancien Macdonien en tant que dialecte grec : 201une tude critique des travaux rcentsJulin Mndez Dosuna

Einleitung 215Georgios K. GiannakisGeschichte Makedoniens in vorhellenistischer Zeit 219Michael ZahrntDas andere Griechenland: Die Archologie Makedoniens 237rthur MullerSprachen und Dialekte im antiken Makedonien 259Emilio CrespoDas antike Makedonisch als griechischer Dialekt: 271Kritischer berblick ber die jngste ForschungJulin Mndez Dosuna

Appendix 287 Bibliography Bibliographie 289

InhaltsTable des matires Contents

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Cresp Juli Mdez Dsu,

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. - , -, , - . , - , - . - , - . , - , , - - . - 5 , - . -, , , - : (8.137 ..) - (2.99) . - - , 479, , - 429, . - , .

,

*

* .. .

1 , , : Geyer 1930 d 1972 d & Griffith 1979 1982 Errigt 1986 Brz 1990, 1999.

2 . Zhrt 1984.

Michael Zahrnt

12 Michael Zahrnt

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( ). - . - , . - -. , , . - , , , , , - .

7 .. - . , , . . , - 6 , - , . - . -, ( ), , , , . .

2

. - : 510 , , . , - . 496 , - , . 496, , . - -, . - , , .

3 - . Zhrt 1992 2011.

1313

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(480/79), , - , ( ). , - - . - , , , - . - , - , , . , , . . - - , , , - .

-, , -, . - , (. Zhrt 2007), - , - , -, . - 463, , , - , . - , , . -, , -. 446 .

5 , . - , - - .

14 Michael Zahrnt

el

- , .. 436 -. - . , , , -, 433 , . - - , , , . - .

432 . - , 432 431 . 429 , - -, - . , . - , 424 , - , . - , 423/2 - , - , . - , - .

, 413 399, , -. , - . -

4 . Zhrt 2006 . Zhrt 2010.

5 , . Zhrt 1971.

1515

el

, - . - , - . . - . - , - , , , : - , - , , , - . , , , . - -, . - , 399 .. .

3 399 359

: (Crey 1983, 260) 399359 - , - . - . - .

, . , 393 .. , . , - . 380 , . , - 382 , , . , , .

6 - . tzpuls 1996 . 469 .. . Muller .

7 . Zhrt 2006b.

16 Michael Zahrnt

el

, - , , . - .

: - , 380 .., , , , - . - , - . , 343 370 - . - , , - . 375 -. , , , - - . 370 , - . , , , -, 380, - , , , - . 370 .

- , , - , . - - - .

370/69 , . - . - . - , - , . , - , .

1717

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- , - . , . - . - . , -. . - . , - , , . - - , . . 369/8 .

, , - . - - 368 , . , . . , .

365 -. , , , - - . - , . - - , . , - , - . , , , . . 361/60 - - . , -

8 . tzpuls 1985.

18 Michael Zahrnt

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. , . , -, . - 4.000 .

4 4.1

, , - , , - . , , . : , 382379 , (371) . 357 355 - . : , - . , 356, - - . , , - , 360 , , . , 350 .

: 358 - . , , . -, , - 350 -, , - , . , . -, , . 356 - , .

9 : Ellis 1976 Cwkwell 1978 Griffith 1979 tzpuls & Lukpulu 1980 Brdfrd 1992 d 1994 Le Rider 1977, 1996.

1919

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357 - . , - . , . , , . , . 356, , , , , . .

- . - , -, , , . 355 , - , . , - , - . - : 353 , . - : 352 -, , - .

. - . : , , - , . , , , - , . - .

10 . tzpuls 1991.

11 Cllrt 1937.

12 . Griffith 1970.

20 Michael Zahrnt

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: - 358, . 355 , . - , .

354 . 353 . - , . - . -, , . 352 , . , . - . -, - . - . - , , , , . . - , - , . - , - 348 - , - . 349 .

. , - . - 352 , - . . 346 , , .

13 . Buckler 1989 - d 1937.

14 Begts 1975, 318 ..

2121

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. - , , .

, 346, , , sttus qu. - . , -. -: , - - . . , 346 .

- - . - . 345 , 344 - . 343/2 - , . , - . - , , -, , , , 342/1 .

, . . 346, , , - , - . - . - , - . , 344 , .

:

15 . Begts 1975, 312 ..

16 Mrkle (1974) Ellis (1982), 346 - - ( -) . - - ( ) , - .

17 . Wst 1938 Ryder 1994.

22 Michael Zahrnt

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- . , - - . - 344/3 - 346. - . 343 , -, . 342 . - , - . , - , - , . .

: 344 , 343 , -, . , , , - . .

- , . . . 340 , , , , , , .

- , , - - . 340 . . , , . , . , , - . .

18 - . Zhrt 1983.

2323

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- . , , . - 339 - . -, , , - , . .

. - , . -: - , , 479. - - . -, . , , - , , , - . , , - . . - 339 , - . , , , -. -, 338 . .

, , : , , - , . . - .

19 . Rebuck 1948.

24 Michael Zahrnt

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: - .

346 , -, . . - , , - , , - . , - , , , . . , , - . , , , , , . - , - - . , - . -, , , .

- . - . - . - : , - . , , , - , . , - . , , , - .

, - - . . - , - , - , , . . .

20 - . Schitt 1969, 1 ..

2525

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- , .

- . - : , , - , , - . , . - . , , - . - . - . -, 348. -, .

4.2

- - . 346, . , , - . -, , 346, , - . , 346 , , - . - - . , - . . (380) - , ,

21 . .., Griffith 1979, 619 .. Ellis 1976, 11 . 1992 Cwkwell 1978, 111 ., .

26 Michael Zahrnt

el

. - , , - . 370 . -: 346 , , - : - ,... - .

. 380, 2 - , , - (-, 142149 3.6.914). , - . 4 . ( 10.000 ) - - . - 380 . - , , , : -, - 352. - , . , , - , . - 352 346, , , . . . , , - , - .

, - , . 353 5.000 , . - , ,

22 346 . 16.60.5 . , 99104 . , 119 .. , 6.1.12.

2727

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. . - 350 . . , - ( ) , - . 352 , . - .

- . - . , - . - , - . , - , -, , , - . 351 , . - 350 - . - : , , , - . , , . , .

, - , , , - . - ,

23 21. Ellis 350 , Cwkwell Griffith . - . Errigt (1981) - , - . , - - , , - . Buckler (1996), , - - , . .

28 Michael Zahrnt

el

. - . , , - . , - . , - . - . -, . . - , .

, , - - . , , . , - . - . , , , .

, - ( ), , . 337, - , . - , , - , . , - . - , - , - . , , , - . - , , - , . ,

24 . Schitt 1969, 3 .. Jehe 1994, 139 .. bckgrud f the iterstte reltis durig the 4th cetury . Perl 1985.

2929

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, . , , .

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- - . - - , , , , - . , , . . - - . , 350. , - . .

. 336 - 10.000 - - . , 336. : 334 -, , , .

.

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: , - , - . : , , , ( -), , , - , . - . 5 , - , - . 4 , , - , - , .

, - (Grd Tur), Grd Tur), Tur), Tur), ), -, 17 19 . , L euzey, 1861. 1827 - , 1912 - . - , , . - , . - , 1977, -. ,

rthur Muller

:

32 Arthur Muller

el

, , - , - , , . - - .

, -. , . - , , , , - , .

, , -, -. - , , . , , , , . , , - - , . , - , , , .

2 2.1

, - , . -, , - . , -, . - , -. , , - , . - , ,

: 3333

el

.

. , , - , - .

2.2

, , - , - , -. . - , 432 , . - - , - . , 9. (30 ), 5. (17 ). 35,60. (120 ) - . , , , . - - - . - 4 , 348.

( 5.2.13) - , 4 , 5 , , . , (. 3.3.2) - . , . , 110 150., 9. , 15. - . , 47., 6., -, 9., . , - , (. 4). - ,

34 Arthur Muller

el

(. 3.2), - .

- , -. , - , -, 315 -. .

2.3

2 .. , , , ( 10.4.1) . - , .

, , - , - . - (300 100 . ), 4 -. , - , - () . - , , - . - , , ( ) . - , . , , - - .

, . . , ( 28,5.), - , - . 336, -. - .

: 3535

el

, ( 7), - - .

, , - . - . -. , - . , - -. , , -, - , . ( 26.) , , - .

, , -. 4 , , - (47 36 .), , ( ), ( ) ( -). -, (), , , .

. , 4 . - , - , (). , . , - (2 .), , .

2.4

, .

, , . ,

36 Arthur Muller

el

. , - . - 22., - . , , - . , , , , . 2 , - .

, - . , - , -. -, : , -, , . , , , -.

2.5

, , , - , . - , - , . - , , , - , - . - - . , , - . , , . , (. 300 ..),

: 3737

el

. -.

, , - , - - . , , . , , - , - , , . ( ) . ( ).

, 357 . - (2,2 .) (7,5 .) . - - (5 .). -, , , - - . - , . (4.103 108) - - (422 ..). , . .

3 : 3.1

, -. , - , : - .

(), -. , - . ( ), ,

38 Arthur Muller

el

, - . , - (300..), -. , , , , . , , 4 . . , , , - . -, , , , .

3.2

. 1950 . - 2.000 3.000.. . , . , , . , - , - . - 4 , - .

, , - , , , . - , , - (pus sectile). pus sectile). sectile). sectile). ). -, -, , . , , , , , - , - , , -. , , ,

: 3939

el

, , -. .

, , - - . - , . - . , -, , , - .

, , - . - , , - . , , , . . . (5.) - . - , , , .

3.3

, . - , -, , , - , .

3.3.1

, (), - , - . L euzey, 1891 20 - . - , , , , .

(104,5 88,50 . 9.250..)

40 Arthur Muller

el

. , - 44 44 ., . 44 ., . 44 ., . - , , . , -, , . , (. 300 ..) - .

, , , , , . , ( 6 .) - . - , , . - ( 10 .), , .

, , - , , - - , , -, , , - . , , -, .

4 . , , -, , .

3.3.2

, - , , - (. - 2.2) . ( . 60.000 ..) -, . , , 14

: 4141

el

- - .

- , . - - ( 2 .). ( 154 .) - , ( 15 .) - . , - , , - (35 30 .) 30 .) 30 .) - , ( 22 12 . 12 .), . , , , . - ( 50 .) , . () (7 5 .) . , , - . 4 3 .

3.3.3

, - , - , , . , - . - - - . , , - .

, - . , , -, - .

42 Arthur Muller

el

4

4 - .

, , - , , , , . - , - , - . - . , - , . , , , .

- -. , - . , - , - . (, , ), - . - , - . - , . , , , , . . - , , . , 4 - , () -, .

, , - . -, - (, ),

: 4343

el

, , - () . - , , , .

- . , . - (, ) (, , , [. ]), . , - , - , . , - . - . - , , .

. - , - (262 238 .). 238 .). 238 .). - , , - , - . , , , . , , . . , , . , , , - - , : , , [ ], - ( 7.12.6). , - , , .

5

, - ,

44 Arthur Muller

el

, . , . , , .

5.1 ()

() , , - . , . . , , .

, , . ( ) - (4 4 .) . .

(. 350 ..) - , . , 110 . 12 13 ., - , . (3,50 2,10 ., 3 .) 2,10 ., 3 .) 2,10 ., 3 .) - , - , . , - - , . - . , , . , - 340 , .

1962 , -, , , - . ( 3 2 .) 2 .) 2 .) - 330, , - (. . 5354 ), - , .

: 4545

el

, 76,6 . ( ), . , , , - - (, ).

, 4 . - -. , , - .

(. 300 ..) (4 2 .). 2 .). 2 .). - , - . , . . , - , - .

5.2 :

, - . - , - .

, , - . , , . - , - , -, , . () . , , ( 947d-e). , .

, - .

46 Arthur Muller

el

-, , , , - . , . - , - . , , , - 4 4 3 , - 2 .

, - - , , . - , , - , 4 .

, . - , , , . , , - , , - . - , - . , , , - . , .

5.3 : 5.3.1

, - - . , - 1987, . (. 10,7 7,7 7,9 .), - . - ,

: 4747

el

. . , - (5,51 4,48 ., 5,8 .), 4,48 ., 5,8 .), 4,48 ., 5,8 .), - : , -, - . ( 2 .) . - , -. -. 340 , .

, , - , 1977, - . ( 5,5 .) , , , . - ( 1,1 .) - , , (, , ) , . - , - ( ), , - . - , . (4,50 3,3 .) 3,3 .) 3,3 .) - ( 4,50 .), ( 5,3 .), . , , , . , - (, -, ), - , ( , , ). , , - , , - . . - , . -, ,

48 Arthur Muller

el

. , , . , - - , - , 336 . - . , , - .

- . , - . , . , , ( ) . -, ( 24.) , - . - , . - , , - 310 .

, 1938, , . - , . , , , , . - , -, (4,56 2,5 .) 2,5 .) 2,5 .) - ( 4,56 .). ( ) ( ) -. -, - 300 ..

5.3.2

( ) 19 - 2004 ,

: 4949

el

. , . , 1954, - , . (4,82 4,90 ., 5,26 .) , - . , - (6,50 2,12 ., 7,70.), , (8,68 8,60 .). , , 8,60 .). , , 8,60 .). , , - , - , - . - : ( ) ( ), , ( , ), - - . , , - . -. . - , , . , . 4 .

- . - : , , -. , . - , ( ).

ich , ich , , - 19 , . - . 3 .

, -, , , (3,92 3,05 .),

50 Arthur Muller

el

. - . - . , , . - , . - 3 - .

5.3.3

, - , 20 . - . , 1994, - . ( 3 .) . , , -. , , - . , , . , , , . , - . - 4 .

5.4

4 2 - - , . - , , , - . . 63.., - - . - 3 2 . -, . , , - , - .

: 5151

el

6

, - . , . , , , - , , .

, , , - - , . , , - , . , - - , , , .

, , , - , 4 - , - . , - , , , . , , , . - , .

.

el

11

, 5 4 .. 4 .. - - (360/59338 ..).

20 , . - (. tzpuls 2006, 16 ..). , - , - (. Ris & Wrthigt 2010).

1986 (. , . 287), - , , Brixhe, Dubis, , Mss .

2

, - . - , , . 5 .. . - , .

Emilio Crespo

1 Juli Mdez Dsu .

2 , , , ( ), , (. 8.137139). - , .

3 .

4 tzpuls (1996, 2 ., 1518) - : , , , . , , - .

el

54 Emilio Crespo

(- 4 . ..) .

: , 140 - - , - .

3

, , , - (. 9.4 ) - .

- (, , , , , ), (, , , ), (, , .), (), . - . - , - .

4

1986 , , - (Restsprche), Restsprche), ), -. , - 400 .. -, , . , , - . () . - (SEG 31.649, . 480 ..).

- 4 ..

5 . Tstsglu, Prssglu & ureure-es 2006 Berb 2004 2005.

6 , - 3 ..

7 - 437 .., (. 4.106.1).

8 . se & Nielse 2004, 1356 ..

9 1999, Mkedisch Der Neue Puly, - Trersprche . , - .

el

5555

. 5 .. - 8 7 .. (. . 2), - .

, - (. - 1992). , - . (5.22, 8.137139), . , (2.80.57, 2.81.6, 4.124.1) - ( 1324b) , . ( 108 154), , - ( ). , - ( 24, 31, 308) .

, , , , , , . , , , , - , (. 5.24). , (31.29.15) -, .

5 1

, 1986 1993 (. - 1993 Vutirs 1996, 1998 Bull. pigr. 1994, 413 Dubis 1995 ONeil 2006). 4 .. - . - :

: , * *a a [i] [u] [e] []:

[e] [e]: [ig] > [i]: : , ,

[t],

, [st]: .

10 . Brixhe & Pytu 1988. - . tzpuls 1996, 2 ., . 5 (, 345): , , , . 6 (, 330): , , , , , , . - , - 4 .. .. IG 12.2 526 (, 336 ..) , - (. Rhdes & Osbre 2003, . 83) . 156 (, 334 ..) () ( ) (. Rhdes & Osbre .., . 86). (357/6 ..), - , - , - (SIG 194 tzpuls .., 2 ., . 40 Rhdes & Osbre .., . 49).

11 d (1994b) -.

12 - 7 -, - .

13 . , . 287.14 , -

(7.323b) , . (IG 10.2.2.1.36, ) s , . tzpuls 2007b, 233 ..

15 ( ) -, (. Mdez Dsu 1985, 389394).

el

56 Emilio Crespo

/t/ [d], (. 5.3 ).

a a ,

: , -

() : , - .

-. - . - -. . - , - . (. Mdez Dsu 2007b 6 ), . - .. , .

.

5.1 [i] [u]

(. . -) [] [u], - . , - , . , Brixhe (1999, 47 ..) Brixhe (1999, 47 ..) (1999, 47 ..) - .

5.2 > [gi]

> [gi] .

5.3

, Dubis (1995) , . (IG 1.89, , 423/2 ..)

16 , .

el

5757

. - : (. 72), , (. 61), (. Mss 1998 tzpuls 2006, 43).

tzpuls (1987a 2006, 42) ( - ) , . (. ) (. SEG 27.277 Bull. pigr. 1977, 269 1984, 250). , .

, - . tzpuls (2007a, 167176), . elly (2007, 196 ..), , elly (2007, 196 ..), , (2007, 196 ..), , - - , 5 ..

6

- - . - - .

() - , 5 .. [] ( -, ). - -. .

() 4 .. - (. Curber & Jrd 2003). (. 1) , (. 7) (. 10), .

(. -, & 1997 SEG 47.885, 3 . ..) - -: , [] > [a], .

Mdez Dsu (2007b) (. Mdez Dsu ). , Mdez Dsu ). , dez Dsu ). , dez Dsu ). , Dsu ). , - , - . (.

17 , , . 8.

18 () . . 26.19

. 8.20 . 1993 Bull.

pigr. 1994, 385 Brixhe 1999, 42 .. PytuTritphyllpulu 2007b.

el

58 Emilio Crespo

), , (. 1.281, 9.2) - .

7

. - , , - .

. . - . tzpuls (2000, 103), :

1 , - - (.. ) (.. )

2 : , 3 : (),

(), ( , - )

4 , - (.. ).

8 , , , ,

4 .. .. - , , , , . , - . shibbleth, shibbleth, , - - .

(. - 1993): (SEG 35.798, , 4 . ..), (SEG 35.775, , . 350 ..), (SEG 35.804, , 300275 .., - ). tzpuls (1987a) , , , , , . (. Ppzglu 1988).

- (SEG 40.541, , . 350300 ..). - - (. Mss 1984 tzpuls 2007a, 171).

-, , (1.281) (. ) .

21 IG 1.89 (, 423/2) - , . - tzpuls 1996, 2 ., . 62 ( 4 . ..). - . tt-zpuls .., 79 (, , . 350300 ..). - (SEG 49.750, , , - ) : , , , .

22 , - -.

23 . Lexicon of Greek Personal Names [LGPN] IV.

24 shibbleth Mdez Dsu (2007b, 284).

el

5959

: , , - .

: , . 657, , - 303, () 108, , , - 433, . - . , , .

(IG 13.89.64, , 423/2 ..), - - (5.3). , (. Mss 1998, 118). - [][], . , 5 .. , (. tzpuls 2007a, 170 elly 2007, 212 ..). , , , , , -. , 352350 .. - (. tzpuls 1996, 2 ., . 88 357 ..)

9 , , , , 9.1

( retscher ), - , (*b > b, *d > d, *g > g). b > b, *d > d, *g > g). > b, *d > d, *g > g). b, *d > d, *g > g). , *d > d, *g > g). d > d, *g > g). > d, *g > g). d, *g > g). , *g > g). g > g). > g). g). ). - , , , , - (*b > p, *d > t, *g > k) -. retscher, .

. (1993, 28), - . , : .. (SEG 39.567a, , , 5 . ..) (SEG 54.612, , , 4 . ..) (SEG 2005.682) - (SEG 50.264, , 5 4 . .. . SEG 47.944).

25 29247 (= ): , - .

26 tzpuls (1987 2006, 42) - () ( - ) - (. SEG 27.277 Bull. pigr. 1977, 269 1984, 250). () (), , - . [ ].

27 Lejeue, (preyciee) .

28 .

29 - ( ), , , , ( ), , [] ( ) .

el

60 Emilio Crespo

, , , - , .

, , , - . , - - .

9.2

Brixhe & Pytu (1994b), Brixhe (1999) (2001, 322 .. = Pytu 2007, 433443) Pytu 2007, 433443) 2007, 433443) - , - - .

- . - , . (7.73), -, . 5 , - , - .

- : - edes *deh , , (- ) ( ) *ber .

-, -. - - .

, , - , , : .

. tzpuls (2000, 2007a . Dubis, Bull. pigr. 2000, 210 elly 2007) (EKM 4, 223 .. . SEG 54.603), .

30 - (. 5.3).

31 (. Brixhe & Pytu 1994, 199), - .

32 . IG 11.2.137, , 313302 145, , 302 .. 154, 296 .. Ttki 1998, 339 tzpuls 2007, 171, . 79 . EKM 4, 223 .. SEG 54.603.

el

6161

, - [e]. - . , - , , *g- [e]. e]. ]. - *ge > *ke , ge > *ke , > *ke , ke , , - [e] ( - , .. e-qe-t [hekts], qe-t [kts], . .), , , (. Dubis, Bull. pigr. 2000, 210 elly 2007, 213 telly 2007, 213 t 2007, 213 tt-zpuls 2007b, 230 ..). , :

1 : *b, *d, *g, *g > p, t, k, k

2 [e()]3 , , , , . -

. *geb(e)l- . .

. gebl (. Chtrie, DELG s.v. ). , - -. * . * - . , - :

1 : *geb(e)l-2 -

: kepl 3 ( Grss): kepl4 -

, - : kebl(s).

, .

- . , - - . - . - .

33 - *g (.. < *seig, < *gi, < *ger, , < *ge, *g).

34 , t (thrs ) ts (), dke (). . Lejeue 1972, 30.

35 Grss (*trp > *hk > ) - - - (. Lejeue 1972, 56 ..).

el

62 Emilio Crespo

9.3

tzpuls (1987b, 2000, 2006, 2007a) B, , , , B, , , , , , , , - - - . , (, ) (, ) -. , , , , , - :

1 (b, d, g > , , )

2 (p, th, k > f, , )3 (f, , > , , ).

Brixhe (1999, 58 ..), Brixhe (1999, 58 ..), (1999, 58 ..), - , , - 1 .. (. Lejeue 1972, 55, 61). Lejeue 1972, 55, 61). 1972, 55, 61). - - (. Lejeue .., 54 ..), . - , , - .

, (5.3), tzpuls, 4 .. . , , . , , - (//, //, //) , /d/, - (/l/, //), . /b, d, g/ [, , ] -. , , , : , , (. 6 ) ], [ (IG 1.89.72, 423/2 ..). , .

tzpuls (2000, 115 ..), - - . - , : (= *), (= ). , - 5 . (. elly 2007, 196 ..).

el

6363

9.4

, , , - , , , . , - - -. , - - - . , - . , : , . - - .

. , , , , . , , - , . , , , , , .

(. , 51.6 14.11), , - (. 3.32) (. 17.101.2). - , , - . - () [diglssi], - - . - (Curtius 6.9.3436, 6.11.4), .

36 , - , (. Fergus 1959). (-) - . Fish 1967.

el

64 Emilio Crespo

10

- - , - . , , , . - , .

- - 5 .. - . - , 4 , , . , - , - , . 168 .. - . , . - , , (7.7.8), () ( ).

.

37 - . SEG 48.847 (, , 6 . ..).

38 (. , 27.5).

el

1

. , , - , ( ). - ( ), 4 .. - , , , (. Pytu 2007 ).

- :

.

: .. . ( ), - ( ), . (- * = . . , 2.22c), ( .) ( = . , , . ).

: , , , .

, , . ( -, . , . 287), . 380350 .. (SEG 43.434 . - 1993 Vutirs 1996, 1998 Dubis 1995) ( ), (. 5.2 ).

, - - .

:

1 , - . - -. Alcrc Als Diz .

2 , , - (Sw 2006, 117118): . , ( ) , .

Julin Mndez Dosuna

66 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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, . Clvi (2007, 2010), , Adrds (2005, 3637), - rrcks (2010, 79 122, . 1), rrcks (2010, 79 122, . 1), (2010, 79 122, . 1), - .

.

2 ( )

( ) - (*b, *d, *g). , *b, *d, *g /p t k/ ( , , ). , -, , *b, *d, *g /b d g/ ( ). , d, *g /b d g/ ( ). , , *g /b d g/ ( ). , g /b d g/ ( ). , /b d g/ ( ). , b d g/ ( ). , d g/ ( ). , d g/ ( ). , g/ ( ). , g/ ( ). , / ( ). , - - .. . vs. . B (- ) (< *ber), . vs. . (. ), . vs. . ( < *bhu-sl) vs. . .

, - . (tt-zpuls 2007), . (. tzpuls 1987, 1998, 1999), , - (1896, 1911) (1992, 1992b). - *b, *d, *g > /b d g/ -, - *p, *t, *k : . .. (= ), (. -), ( ), (. ) .

- (Lutverschiebug) :

, - 5 4 ..: .

3 Clvi (1999, 279) .

4 (edie) .

5 (IG 11.2.161.102, 186.5 ., 278 ..).

6 4 () 2001 2002, - 2007.

7 . (SEG 37.590, 23, , 189 ..). - * - (-). , ( 29248 [= ]), -, , , /p/ ( ): , , - [ - , , : ].

8 (IG 3.89.72, 423/2 ..;) . .

9 . (SEG 55.600.2, [- ], 3 . ..).

10 /p/ /b/ [] [] [f] [v]. f] [v]. ] [v]. v]. ]. - [f] [v] . f] [v] . ] [v] . v] . ] . - /d/ d/ / - - .

*p,*t, *k *bh, *dh, *gh

*b, *d, *g

/p t k//ph th kh/ (/f x/ )

/b d g/ (~ [ ] )

( )( )( )

>>>

/p t k/ ( ) ~ [b d g] ( ) /f x/ ( ) ~ [v ] ( ) /b d g/ ( ) ~ [v ] ( )

6767

el

, (SEG 35.775 , 350 .) , . 6 (Dubis 1995, 195196). Dubis 1995, 195196). 1995, 195196). - (tzpuls 2007).

, , - , -/ () - , : , , ([ls], [te]) ( /b d g/ , . Mdez Dsu 19911993 2009, 8284). - .

. , - , - : . [pte] > . ['pe()de]. - (__, R__, __R) R__, __R) __, __R) R) ) - . - : . > . ct > ['kd] > . cd ['ka] . ptre(m) > ['pde] > . pdre ['pe] fther > Lt. Stephus (ph = [f]) > . Esteb [es'te] > . Rphus > . rb ['ra] . trifliu(m) > . trbl ['tel], . , tel], . , el], . , el], . , l], . , l], . , ], . , - (. ptre > . pdre) : prte > prte , ltu > lt , syphi ( . *supi) > . zpa , , zz-fa . , /v /, (.. /'i/ vs. /'di/), di/), /), - ( ) [ ] /b d g/: .. dis ['djs] , el dis [el'djs] u dis ['u'djs] l disa [l'js] , a Dis [a'js] pr Dis [p'js] .

- . - . - [t]: pt ['pd] (), uchch [u'dd] ( . ['pt], [u'tt]). /p/ pt (sdhi), .. la pt [l'bd]. l'bd]. 'bd]. bd]. ]. - - /p t k/, la pt [la'bd] [la'aa] la bt [la'd] [la'aa] lvd [la'aa] (.) ( . [la'pt], [la't], [la'aa] ).

- . , . , , /p t k/ > /b d g/, /f x/ > /v / . , .

11 , - - ( Tedrss (1974) ) , - .

12 (. tzpuls 1999, 235 2007, 162, 165, . 1). .

13 . - . - . f- > . h > : . ft > . hd ['aa] .

14 - - : . robot dbil [r'd'deil] / ( voz dbil ['b()'eil], abad dbil [a'ba()'eil] ).

15 Alcrc Als Diz, Ls Pls Gr CLs Pls Gr C Pls Gr CPls Gr C Gr CGr C CC-ri, - .

68 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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(sdhi), .. , T - [hverek], [hdrevls]) hverek], [hdrevls]) verek], [hdrevls]) verek], [hdrevls]) k], [hdrevls]) k], [hdrevls]) ], [hdrevls]) hdrevls]) ls]) ls]) s]) s]) ]) -, . , (< ). (tzpuls 1999, 239 2007, 165, 170) - (.. , ), - - /m/: . * > , *- > . ( [phi]).

- - , - , . .

, - ( ) - (.. - ) .

, (tzpuls 2007, 171) , (, ) . - (, ).

- . , p, t, k v, d, g (Rhlfs 1966, 194, 199, 205): . . *puperu > . pver , . Episcpu > vescv . epte > . ipte , . pe > . pe . ptre > . pdre , . strt > . strd . prtu > . prt , . vit > vit . spic > spig , . pcre > . pgre . urtic > . rtic , . icu > . ic . , - , - .

(2008) -. , , - . . * - (. . ), . - < *hbr(e)u. : (*) (*).

*b, *d, *g, (tzpuls 2007, 172) :

K- (. ) - , - . K- / , *b, *d, *g ( Grss), .. *gebl > . *kepl > [kepl] () > [kefl] () > . [kevl] ().

. , . , . , - *g.

16 , - , , , : . . pce > . pke / bke (Michele 1977, 238240, 529 ..).

17 . , IG 9.2.325B.6, (, . ), .

18 o , - .

19 . tzpuls 1991, 3843, . 7.5, , 357 ..

20 -, . - - . / . - . - h; . Sw (2007, 177178) // > /a/, - ( . / ), Sw (- ). , Sw , // > /a/ . , . ( . - h > h > .

6969

el

*-. *ge > *ke > [pe] > [fe] > [ve] ke > pe . (.., 239240) - -, (. ): .. (. < ), , -, . . . (< *ket), ket), ), - - , ke > * > / .

Brixhe Brixhe - (Brixhe & Pytu 1988, 1994b Brixhe 1999 Pytu 2007, 439). Brixhe (1999) Pytu 2007, 439). Brixhe (1999) 2007, 439). Brixhe (1999) Brixhe (1999) (1999) - (. tzpuls 2007 ). Brixhe Brixhe - , . -, - .

ONeil (2006, 205) . :

- , - . - , - , - .

ONeil ONeil Neil Neil -:

*b, *d, *g -, .

/b d g/ , . - , .

ONeil (. ) . 8. /d/ ( ) *- / * ( ).

ONeil .. , .

3

(tzpuls 2007b) - . (< *hek) *ki > [ki] > .

23 ( . -- [tth] . -- [tt] ). - (tzpuls 2007, 173) , . -, - . k, g, k - ( q) , - .

24 . (, ).

25 Brixhe (2010, 65) .

26 [st]. /t/ /s/, , s/, , /, , - //, - [st] (Lejeue 1972, 47, . 7. 110, . 8 Mdez Dsu 1985, 333394).

70 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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, : . *kis > (. ) (). , , . , /k/ . . /t/ . . () ( *) - .

, (< *hekw), (< *hek) ( * < *luk), *k > , - -. , , . , / , - -- / --. , -- / -- - . , , , - , .

( /) . tj --. - - ()/()o. - ()- (< *edj) + (< *her) () ( ()- + < *wrw ). tj > t- >t > tt . () / ()o - t.

, , : / t > tt t > tt > tt tt -

(Mdez Dsu 19911993), Mdez Dsu 19911993), dez Dsu 19911993), dez Dsu 19911993), Dsu 19911993), Dsu 19911993), 19911993), - () tt > tt .

, *thj - (76 . ..), . , (. , ), . Buck 1955, 70. , : ; , ([s] > [z]), - /f x/ (. tzpuls 1991, 3843, . 7.19, , 357 ..) (. - = ).

, -- - . - .

, , Brixhe, -- , -. tt > tt , tt > tt , > tt , tt , , - , / [tt] > [tt] *tj tt] *tj ] *tj tj j j j j - / - [tt] > [tt] > [ss] ().

27 - .w .j - - (. > > *.j > *.j > . Mdez Dsu 1994). [w], . . qu > . cqu ['k.kw].

28 (SEG 49.846.2, 2 . ..), (SEG 49.847, 2/1 . ..), [][] (SEG 49.849.23, . 1 . ..), [] (SEG 49.850.1, . 150200 ..), [] (SEG 49.851.1, . 150200 ..). , SEG, -.

29 - Tab. Heracl. 1.63, 69.

30 . *ts (< *ds) *tw (Mdez Dsu 1991, 3233): h (. ) SEG 17.442.4 (, 550500 ..;) (. ) SEG 19.628.3 (/-, 550500 ..;).

31 . (. 6).

7171

el

4 4.1

- . - (< -) (. -, . ) , . (SEG 36.556, , 350300 ..).

: .. : (. 2), (. 4), (. 4, 6),

(. 6) . - (< -) (. -, . -):

(. 1), (. 2). (2008, 236, 240) -

: (< ) vs. [ili'ci] (< . ), (. ), [il'tus] (. . , 17.9 = . ), d ['zd] (zd] (] (-) (< * . , ).

4.2

, . - (= ), (IG 10.700.1, , 2 . ..), (SEG 2.436.79, , . 198 ..). . , . - . /u()/ .. /y()/ ( 1993, 11 Pytu 2007, 438 Brixhe & Pytu 1994b, 213 Brixhe 1999, 4749).

, (2008, 236, 240) [u] [i] (< ): [a'ustus] , (. - [a'ists]), [ku'xtir] (. . / , ), ['frut] (< . . * - , . > ['frii]).

/u()/ u()/ ()/ - . , [y], ([y] > [u]) ([y] > [i]). , y] > [i]). , ] > [i]). , i]). , ]). , - , [u] (Newt 1972, 1923): . [us'tci] ( , -), [ku'luri] ( , - , ), ['fusk] ( -). : [y'ek] > [uek] ( [i'ek]). y'ek] > [uek] ( [i'ek]). 'ek] > [uek] ( [i'ek]). ek] > [uek] ( [i'ek]). ] > [uek] ( [i'ek]). uek] ( [i'ek]). uek] ( [i'ek]). uek] ( [i'ek]). ek] ( [i'ek]). ek] ( [i'ek]). ] ( [i'ek]). i'ek]). i'ek]). i'ek]). 'ek]). ek]). ]). - -, .. [cy'li] > [cu'li] > [tu'li] > [tsu'li] ( [ci'a]). /k/ // [y] .

4.3

I E O Y

32 /y()/ > /u()/ . Mdez Dsu 1993c, 117120.

72 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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: (. 3) , L (. 3) , - (. 3) (. 6) . (1993, 14) - E , .. (185 ..), (2 . ..;). /e/ /i/ /e/ /i/ /r/. Dubis (1995, 194) e, ei i .

, . 6 /e/ () /i/ (). (. e/ () /i/ (). (. / () /i/ (). (. EI>) /i/ (). (. >) /i/ (). (. i/ (). (. / (). (. I>). (. >). (. - 1993, 10), - : (= ) (SEG 37.583, -, 352/1 ..) . I ( ) - (SEG 40.542.8 17, , 359336 ..). - , , - .

(1993, 1417 Pytu 2007, 438) - , // > [] ] ] - : (SEG 36.626.22, 323303 ..), - ( 4 . ..) (tzpuls 1988), (Vuli 1948, 165, 341 Gr Tplic, 212 ..), .

= - (SEG 37.583, , 400348 ..), Brixhe (1999, 47) tzpuls (2007, 164) - 4 .., - . .

ONeil (2006, 197) , - . , Brixhe (1999, 4551) tzpuls (2007, 169) Brixhe (1999, 4551) tzpuls (2007, 169) (1999, 4551) tzpuls (2007, 169) tzpuls (2007, 169) (2007, 169) - /e/ //. , - , . Brixhe (.., 5051), Brixhe (.., 5051), (.., 5051), - , /e / /i u/: [pe'i] > . [pi'i], [p'li] > . [pu'i].

: -

. , , , .

, - /e/ //: .. = , = , . , // /e/ (.. = ) /e/ (< /ei/) /i/ (.. - = ). Brixhe (1985, 366 .., 370371 Brixhe 1999, 50) Grca R (1987, 126128 tzpuls 2007, 169)

33 (Vutirs 1998, 89) - L> > - E, I.

34 . - , - - (Vutirs .., 9).

35 (.. - , ) - (. ). /e/ /i/, - /E/. , E/. , /. , - . - - (Mdez Dsu 1993c).

36 , - , . - = . . () , (. ) - . , **.

37 (1993, 15, . 55) , - : .. : : = : x. .

7373

el

/e/ // , , - .

(. -) - /e/, : , > , > j, j (Mdez Dsu 19911992,1993, 1993b, 2002).

// > /u/ . , *wosn - (. . ). . , ., . (tzpuls 1988, 45). tzpuls 1988, 45). 1988, 45). - , , (25 . ..).

Brixhe, / - - . , - . , - (Newt 1972, 189 ..). / - , /i u/ : ['eie] ['ei], ['e]. : , > [i'tri] > [ma'tr] , ['pd]. , - [i] : [i'tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], i] : [i'tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], ] : [i'tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], i'tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], 'tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], ] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], i'tr] > ['tr], i'tr] > ['tr], i'tr] > ['tr], 'tr] > ['tr], tr] > ['tr], ] > ['tr], 'tr], 'tr], tr], ], - ['eie] > ['ei], ['emi].

, (Vutirs 1998, 9, 23) , . . -, - E O . - 1.

4.4

Brixhe (2008) // () [] () Brixhe (2008) // () [] () (2008) // () [] () / () [] () / () [] () O>) [] () >) [] () E>) >) - -. , , (: - IG 10.296, , 2 . ..) ( , IG 9.2.791, ) : (. , SEG 36.548.4, , 3 . ..), - (. , .. . 4), (. , .. . 11), (. , SEG 37.494.10, , 3 . ..), - (. , .. . 12), .

, Brixhe .

38 - . - . - ( , -, , , -) /i u/ () /e /: ['er] , - [pe'i] . pe'i] . 'i] . i] . ] . - / .

74 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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- . Brixhe :

- > - , .. . (tute cse ptute cse p cse pcse p pp-

puyte): /j/. Brixhe :

( !) -.

// [] / [] / [] - // > /u/ ( /e/ > /i/;). , i/;). , /;). , - [] > [] () [] > [u] (/] > [] () [] > [u] (/] > [] () [] > [u] (/] > [u] (/] > [u] (/u] (/] (/-) . [] > [] > [u] (, , [e] > [] > [i]) .

Brixhe . yd ( ).

(Mdez Dsu 2007, 367377), - : > . ['de], > [i'te], > ['e], > ['ale], > [cu're]. cu're]. 're]. re]. ]. - -, //. , // /e/ , : . . . (SEG 36.548.19) - (.., 20) , > ['tp], > ['tp] , > ['erif] , > ['uk]. , // .

5 5.1

- . .

(Vutirs 1998, 2034 Dubis 1995 Brixhe 1999 tzpuls 2007 Pytu 2007 ONeil 2006 2008). (. , . 287) - :

1 .. : (. 2), (. 4), (. 4, 6), .2 - 1 : (. 1),

(. 2)

39 Brixhe -. - (. cses ppuyes). - - . , Brixhe, (SEG 36.548.21), ([epip.t]) ([epit.t]) . (IG 9.2.1233.1, 2, , 3 . ..).

40 Brixhe - - (20 2001).

7575

el

3 ( ) ( ): (. 2)

4 (= .. )5 -: (. 3)6 > (. 2), (. 7)7 :

(. 3)8 : (. 8). 15 .

[u()] (. 4.2) u()] (. 4.2) ()] (. 4.2) - , - . - 23 , . . . . - . . - , . - , .

45, - . (, , , ). 78 .

Brixhe (1999, 45) :

1 , -- - *-ms *sm (*, = . , ), A -- : . (. 4), (. , . 5). , - - (5 . ..) (. 29 Orth = PCG 29), (7.323b) - , -. Clvi (1999, 279) , (2007b, 234) IG 10.2.2.36.2 ( , 23 . ..), * - , (. . , ., . , .. < *krs , ).

2 Brixhe - (. 3) ( ). ONeil (2006, 197) , - , , Brixhe, - - (Mdez Dsu 1985, 473 ..).

- . (1) (.. > /i/) (2) i/) (2) /) (2) - [u], , (2008, 231235) u], , (2008, 231235) ], , (2008, 231235) - :

3 /w/ () [v], w/ () [v], / () [v], v], ], - : ( ), - , , (< *) , , . (. ) ,

41 Brixhe, ONeil Brixhe, ONeil , ONeil ONeil Neil Neil - .. . , , . -. . , .. , (< . . *hjd + k te). .. , , - , (., ., . . . Ruijgh 1996, 402, 424, 490). , (. , SGDI 2171.1112, , 10050 ..), (Cresp 1993). Wckergel * - , * (. Mlis Tejd 1992, 337338, . 28). , - , ( .. , ) .

42 Dubis (1995, 192) Dubis (1995, 192) (1995, 192) - : ( /)

43 - , ( 104bc) (= o) . - (. 895).

44 , - , . > , -, - .

45 Alcrc Als Diz : - , : , [] (IPArk 15A.33 49, . 360350 ..). -, Brixhe, , , , - , ( > ) .

46 , - - : (IG 9.2.257.4, , 5 .).

76 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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* (. Z -). , . (= , . SEG 41.575, , . 350250 ..), (= , . EAM 1.94a.2, , 21 . ..).

4 /a/ (< /a/) /u/ (< /:/) : [vt'ru] + (< * . mare - ), o [vt'uru] ( . o, ) [r'kut] r'kut] 'kut] kut] ] - , * * ( ), [ur'kut] . (= ). - ., . vs. . , . (;) vs. .. , .

, , , . - [] [u], ] [u], ] [u], u], ], - , -. , * * . , : -, . , - *. , - (, . 74) , . [a] (. ) . [u] - . [a] , , - (llegr): . -, , , . , , . (.., 235236) - :

1 /er/ > /ar/: ( ) [pr'p] < *- < (. -, ), *, - * (. ).

2 /r/ > /ar/, /re/ > /ra/: , < * < *- < (. ).

, - -.

, /er/ > /r/ er/ > /r/ / > /r/ r/ / - (Buck 1955, 2324 Mdez Dsu 1985, 395412): . . , , (. , , ), . , (. ). /er/ > /ar/

47 .

48 - - .

49 : [] - , .

50 .

51 . Jseph 1997, - .

52 - .

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el

, : , > [ara'], . -, - .

/r/ > /r/ ( r/ > /r/ ( / > /r/ ( r/ ( r/ ( r/ ( / ( - /r/ > /ra/) .

, - :

1 *ke > : . . - (. ), . . , .

2 : . . , . . ( ) ) < *-.

5.2

- - 1930 4 .. (-, & ., . 2493A, , 871). (Mdez Dsu 2007b, 283284).

:

, - [] ;

, , ; -

: (. 1), (. 2, 3) vs. .. , - (. 1) vs. .. : (. 3). : (. 1), (. 2), [] (. 3)

(. 3) 4 (//) (/i/) i/) /) -: , , , .

*dj, *gj > (. 1), (. 3) . , .

> (. 3) vs. . . 3 . (. 1), (.

3) . , -. - (, . 2) .

-. : (//) (//) (. 1), (. 1), (. 2),

(. 3) EI (/e/) (//) > (. 3) . - (, . 2) . - ( ) 3 . (. 1),

(. 3) . ( ), .

53 e__a > a__a. /e/ , .

54 - , - - . . Sw (2009) - .

55 ( 2003) . - . - . Mdez Dsu 2007b 2008, 53.

56 - .

57 - , - 4 . ( , ) * .

58 - 4 -. Vtter (1995) , , , . - [] (3 . ..) - [] (2 . ..) - .

59 -o (, ) -: [i] > []. - - : -o ([i] > [i]) () - ([i] > [ei]) (). . -o, . Lejeue 1941 -, . Mdez Dsu 2007, 367377.

78 Julin Mndez Dosuna

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- , (. 1), (. 3). , -. , yd ( > > ) - .

, - . . , - . , (Mdez Dsu 2008, 6869). , Lhte (2006, 91, 4 . ..) (. 1), (. 2), - (. 2), (. 4) .. (. 1), (. 2), (. 3). , .

. *, . . , - . , - . , - -. , , , - . , - .

6

, - . , : - /p t k/ [b d g] /f s x/ [v z ] .

.

60 , -o 3 .. (. Mdez Dsu 1985, 413 ..).

61 yd , . Mdez Dsu 1993b. dez Dsu 1993b. dez Dsu 1993b. Dsu 1993b. Dsu 1993b. 1993b. - - (Mdez Dsu 2008, 7677).

The geerl chrcter f the lguge f the kigd f -ciet Mcedi d its relti t Greek hs sice tiqui-ty bee the subject f debte, fteties clred by tesi,

seties cducted t ecessrily strictly scietific

gruds, but geerlly schlrly criteri hve previled. The

debte revlves rud tw i theses: e schl f thught

hlds tht Mcedi is idepedet IdEurpe l-guge (e.g., O. ller, G. Meyer, M. Vser, d thers); the

secd schl f thught believes tht Mcedi is prt f

the dilect gegrphy f Aciet Greek (e.g., G. N. tzidkis,

. , d thers). A sht f the secd psiti

is represeted by uber f schlrs wh hve bee wrk-ig the tpic durig the lst tw r three decdes d hld

tht Aciet Mcedi belgs t the NrthWester dilect

grup, with clse ffiities t the Dric grup. The i diffi-culty i tcklig the prble f idetificti f Mcedi

is the frgetry teril, which csists f c. 150 glsses,

pprxitely 200 prper es (thrpys d plce

es), crpus f epigrphicl teril writte i Attic kie

but with certi survivls d/r ifluece fr the spke

lguge f Mcedi, d uber f refereces i ciet

uthrs. wever, the chieveets f histricl liguistics

d dilectlgy f Aciet Greek durig the lst three decdes

hve uch ctributed t the clrificti f the issue f the

lguge f the ciet Mcedis. T the se ed f cru-cil iprtce re ls the fids f rchelgicl excvtis

i the re, the study f which hs dded iterdiscipliry

tuch t the whle tter, fct tht ects the iterpretti

f the liguistic teril s well.

The studies i the preset vlue represet the ccuu-lted kwledge f fur schlrs wh specilize i the study

f the lguge d culture f ciet Greece, f Mcedi

i prticulr. As required by the ture f the tpic, their p-prch is iterdiscipliry. The first study fcuses the his-try f ciet Mcedi up t the elleistic perid, the

secd study exies the rchelgicl fids, the third

study tckles the issue f the phillgicl dt d the liguis-tic p f Mcedi, wheres the lst chpter fcuses the

exiti f the lguge issue. The c feture tht

fuctis s the uifyig thred fr ll fur essys is the b-jective study f the relevt issues by fur uthrities i the

study f the lguge, the histry d the rchelgy f -ciet Mcedi. The i fcus f the vlue is the relti

f Mcedi t Aciet Greek, re specificlly its psiti

withi the dilect gegrphy f ciet Greece, ert sup-prted by evidece fr the ctiguus disciplies f phill-gy, histry, d rchelgy.

Prfessr Zhrts essy gives utlie f histricl fcts

whereby Mcedi bece ledig pwer, ily durig

the reig f Perdiccs, Philip, d Alexder. I this study e

fids histricl utlie f the begiigs f the kigd f

Mcedi bsed the ldest refereces by ciet hist-ris, ily erdtus d Thucydides. The tw histris

were t tht distt fr the fcts they re reltig, d their

vyges red the with filirity with the cditis d

the fcts theselves i the regi. Furtherre, i their wrks

they ke excursus the lder histry f Mcedi: i

erdtus (8.137.) the fudig f the Mcedi kig-d, d i Thucydides (2.99) but its evluti up t the Per-si Wrs. The tw histris exie the erly histry f Mc-edi i the frewrk f referrig t evets f the histry f

Greece i geerl, fr, s they believed, the evets i the tw r-es were relted t e ther. Zhrt tlks f the expsi

f the Mcedi kigd s well s its reltis t bth the

eighbrig tis d t the Atheis, especilly durig

the Pelpesi Wr. The essy clses by etiig Philips

ert t uite the Greeks i their c ert t luch

excursi gist the Persis, s decided i the Cgress t

Crith (337 BC), d filly the pssig f the ledership t his

s Alexder, wh ws t fulfill his fthers pl t puish the

Persis, the ld eey f the ellees. I su, the essy pr-vides the geerl histricl bckgrud withi which Mced-i ce it histry, ws rgized d evlved it gret

wrld pwer f tiquity; it ls prvides the frewrk withi

which e shuld red the rest f the essys f the bk.

Introduction

Georgios K. Giannakis

80 Georgios K. GiannakisGeorgios K. Giannakis

Arthur Muller discusses the rchelgicl evidece, which

pits t picture siilr t tht fr ther regis f Greece,

s fr s the city plig, the teples d scturies, d the

beliefs f the Mcedis twrds their ded d the like re

ccered. I Mcedi the istituti f kigship survived

till quite recetly, fct tht ers the resercher the ppr-tuity t dcuet with specific evidece the structure f the

kigd f Mcedi, d t the se tie t be ble t ke

re plusible hyptheses with regrd t this istituti i

prehistric Greece. As ted by Arthur Muller, fr this ec-essrily icplete verview we derive t the se tie the

sese f filirity, f dierece, d f the rigility f Mc-edi uets. By the ter familiarity we refer t the

fct tht ll relevt fetures re Greek, ely the frs d

their expressi, fr city plig d resideces, sctur-ies d tbs t teril prducti i geerl [i] the cus-ts, wy f life d beliefs tht culd be cected with these

uets, d [i] religius prctices d buril custs.

As fr the feture f difference, he refers t the fct tht i Mc-edi e ls eets certi fetures which re cpletely

bset fr Greece f the citysttes, e.g., the plces, e-ril grves, d the curt rt, ll f which re sscited with

the istituti f kigship, sethig tht i the rest f Greece

ws give up fr erly perid. Yet, this dierece is l-wys trslted it lguge with exclusively Greek types,

ideed lguge chrcterized by zig cherece,

sice the rchitecture f the fcdes the plces d Mc-edi tbs is essetilly ideticl, s is the wll decrti

f plces, ristcrtic resideces, d uetl tbs. Fi-lly, with respect t the feture f originality, the uthr clis

tht 4thcetury Mcedi hd t siply brrwed fr the

ther Greek citysttes frs d dels but i st cses its

ctributi t their further evluti ws crucil.

Recet studies shw tht Mcedi hd y ivetis

tht i the pst were sscited with ther ceters f tiq-uity, such s the cstructi f lrge residetil cuities

tp f elevted res, lrge cldes i public buildigs,

cpsite rchitecturl style, the structurl style i huse

decrtis, d the pictril style i the sics. I certi

istces, like pitig, Mcedi is the ly plce tht pre-serves such style. Muller ccludes his study by sttig tht

future reserch will reffir the specil psiti f Mcedi

i the study f civilizti f ciet Greece.

The fidigs f Arthur Muller prve t be f specil sigifi-cce fr the iterpretti f the liguistic teril, which is

ttepted i the ext tw essys f the vlue. This fct sup-prts the view tht, s i the cse f the rchelgicl te-ril, the Mcedi lguge t is clsely relted t Aciet

Greek s e f its dilects.

The ext tw chpters tckle the issue f the lguge f Mc-edi. Mre specificlly, withi phillgicl frewrk, Pr-fessr Eili Cresp discusses the liguistic stte f ciet

Mcedi, ccludig tht Mcedi is dilect f Greek

with specil cectis t the NrthWester Greek dilects,

cclusi tht fids further supprt i the lst essy by Juli

Mdez Dsu. Eili Cresp ers geerl evluti f

the lguges d dilects which, directly r idirectly, re t-tested i ciet Mcedi i writte dcuets f the 5th

4th ceturies BC.

Accrdig t the uthr, the liguistic picture tht eerg-es fr the exiti f these dcuets discvered i

the gegrphiclly ultivried but pliticlly uified regi

f Mcedi pits t liguistic sic csistig f lcl

Greek dilects d t lest e re IdEurpe lguge.

With regrd t this IdEurpe lguge Cresp tlks f

liguistic dstrte, which is ttested ly i se glsses i

Greek texts f the re, s well s t tw r three phlgicl

fetures tht rther pit t Phrygi d Thrci. Further-re, it is pssible tht ther lguges were ls used, such

s Illyri, which hve t bee preserved i texts r i refer-eces by ciet uthrs. Filly, se freig thrpys

etied i texts f Greek writers, pit t spekers f Phry-gi, Thrci, d Illyri. Prfessr Cresp is f the pii

tht the ukw IdEurpe lguge ws still i rl use

t the tie f the first writte texts i the 5th cetury, d we

y ssue tht it ws preserved isfr s its trces i the

pruciti f Greek re visible i Greek texts. O the ther

hd, the lcl Greek dilects used i the citysttes tht were

ccessed by the kigd f Mcedi were grdully replced

i the writte lguge by AtticIic kie, perhps eve t

erlier tie th i ther Greek territries s es t cpe

with the cuictive eeds durig the id4th cetury. The

lcl Mcedi dilect, which ws st likely ever used s

the lguge f stte dcuets, cesed t be used fr writig

privte dcuets s well, s it ws superseded i ll fuctis

by AtticIic kie.

The dispperce rte f the lcl dilects ws ccelerted

durig the R cquest f Mcedi i 168 BC, while the

rle f AtticIic kie ws further stregtheed. It is durig

this perid tht the rl use f the lcl dilects d f the u-kw IdEurpe lguge fded. As result, these lcl

lguges disppered cpletely, wheres the lst referece

t the Mcedi dilect i the rl speech ces fr the

erly prt f the Christi er whe Strb (7.7.8) reprts tht

se () Mcedis were biligul (), i.e., they

spke the kie d the lcl dilect.

The lst essy by Prfessr Juli Mdez Dsu is creful

d detiled lysis f the liguistic teril tht speks i

fvr f Mcedi beig dilect f Aciet Greek (the s

clled elleic ypthesis, s he tes). The lguge hs

y fetures i c with the NrthWester Greek di-lects. Dsu ges discussig ll the evidece i supprt

f his view, e.g., ciet testiies with regrd t the Greek

idetity f the Mcedis, the glsses fr esychius Lexi-c (5th c. AD), like . (AG ), . (AG ), . (AG ), . (AG ), . (AG ), (AG ), (AG ), ), ), - (AG ), .

81 Introduction IntroductionIntroduction

(pssibly * = G ; cf. Mced. fr

AG ccrdig t Plutrch 2.22c), ( s.) ccrdig t Plutrch 2.22c), ( s.) ccrdig t Plutrch 2.22c), ( s.) ( s.) ( s.) s.) s.) - (perhps = Attic gll, bile, eric i (perhps = Attic gll, bile, eric i = Attic gll, bile, eric i = Attic gll, bile, eric i gll, bile, eric i gll, bile, eric i i i-testies), , (perhps

fr ) , r , , etc.; thr) , r , , etc.; thr) , r , , etc.; thr , r , , etc.; thr , r , , etc.; thr, r , , etc.; thr r , , etc.; thr , , etc.; thr , , etc.; thr, , etc.; thr, , etc.; thr, etc.; thr, etc.; thr-pys like , , , , etc.;

iscriptis, with the st sigifict the curse tblet f Pell

dtig t c. 380350 BC. I his study Dsu ers idepth

d fully dcueted lysis f the vilble evidece d its

specil chrcteristics, ily fr the pit f view f ph-etics d phlgy, prvig the clse cecti f Mced-i t the rest f the ciet Greek dilects. Of curse, Mce-di ls shws certi phetic fetures tht dier fr ll

ther Greek dilects, e.g., the vicig f the viceless stps /p

t k/ t [b d g] d f the viceless ctiuts /f s x/ t [v z

], lthugh with regrd t this pit e culd thik f siilr

chges tht tk plce i ther dilects f Greek lter , i.e.,

the pruciti f /b d g/ s ctiuts [v ] rther th

s viced stps, suggesti first de by G. Bbiitis severl

yers g.

I cclusi, the fur essys f the bk help i decisive wy

i clrifyig the idetity f the lguge f the kigd f -ciet Mcedi. The histricl evidece, the rchelgicl

fids lg with eleets f culture, tgether with the phil-lgicl d liguistic teril dubt plce Aciet Mced-i g the dilects f Aciet Greek. Mre prticulrly

the lst tw essys by Eili Cresp d Juli Mdez Dsu,

wh lyze d discuss the liguistic evidece, clssify Mc-edi g the NrthWester Greek dilects with strg

siilrities t the Dric grup. Whe the histricl, rche-lgicl, phillgicl, d ther relevt evidece ligs with

the liguistic evidece the fil utce is uch re c-plete d fuller picture, sethig tht is the i f this vl-ue d, hpefully, the ed result f the cbied evidece f

the essys i it.

I wish t thk Prfessr I. N. zzis, Presidet f the

Cetre fr the Greek Lguge, Prfessr Atis Regks,

Directr f the Liguistics Divisi f the Ceter, fr their e-thusistic edrseet f the prject f the ciet Greek di-lects d their cstt supprt, the trsltrs f the texts,

d the persel f the Divisi f Liguistics f the Ceter,

especilly Mri Arppulu, Mri Chriti, stti G-kpulu, A Lichu, d teri Zi fr their ssist-ce editril tters d the preprti f the texts fr

publicti, s well s fr the verll hdlig f the ppr-prite pperwrk with respect t the successful cpleti f

the prject.

The preset vlue hs bee pled s prt f the Ac-ti Aciet Greek Dilects f vitl iprtce fr the c-tiuity f the Greek lguge d the culturl trditi A

dcuetti prject fr the supprt f the curricul i

the Uiversities Deprtets f Lguge d Literture,

which is ipleeted thrugh the Opertil Prgre

Educti d Lifelg Lerig f The Miistry f Educ-ti d Religius Airs, Culture d Sprts, d is cfuded

by the E.U. (Eurpe Scil Fud) d by Ntil Resurces

(NSRF 20072013). We re therefre grteful t the Miistry fr

selectig this prject s prt f its develpet plig.

eN

eN

1Introduction

Thugh histries f Mcedi were writte uerus ccsis i -tiquity, e f these hve ce dw t us. As rule, ifrti but Mcedi durig the perid befre Philip II ws pssed ly whe it r its rulers bece ivlved i Greek histry geerlly r whe they hd dipl-tic, ilitry, r se ther type f reltis with specific Greek citysttes; withi this ctext, histris hd the pprtuity durig their exiti f Greek histry t csider Mcedi s well. This hppeed t greter extet fr the first tie durig the ge f the Persi Wrs, whe Mced-i twice ce uder Persi ctrl, the Persi ig Xerxes twice rched thrugh its territry, d the Mcedi ig Alexder I ws frced t tke prt i Xerxes cpig gist Greece. Mcedi ce gi ppered the Greek hriz whe durig the Pentekontaetia the Athei vl stte ex-pded t its brders d clshes bece ievitble. Filly, y liks with Greek histry resulted durig the Pelpesi Wr, prticulrly its first hlf, whe ilitry pertis were cducted chiefly i the Chlcidice pe-isul d eighbrig regis, d whe the Mcedi ig Perdiccs II sided ltertely with the Atheis d the Sprts. We we ur st vlu-ble ifrti the ciet histry f Mcedi dw t the ed f the 5th cetury t erdtus d Thucydides, the frer histri f the Per-si Wrs, the ltter f the Pentekontaetia d the Pelpesi Wr. Neither uthr ws chrlgiclly frreved fr the evets they were describ-ig; by virtue f their trvels they were sehw filir with the cditis i the regi, d i their wrks they dded digressi the erlier histry f Mcedi: erdtus (8.137 .) the fudig f the kigd f Mce(8.137 .) the fudig f the kigd f Mce.) the fudig f the kigd f Mce) the fudig f the kigd f Mce-d, d Thucydides (2.99) its evluti dw t the Persi Wrs. erer-dtus tk as his strtig-pit the rrtive f a issi f ig Alexder I f Mced t Athes i the sprig f 479, d Thucydides beg fr the descripti f the icursi f the Thrci ig Sitlces gist Mcedi i lte fll 429, which tk plce with the Atheis cset. erdtus d Thucydides exied erly Mcedi histry, strtig fr descriptis f evets i Greek histry, sice fr bth histris evets i the tw regis were itercected.

erdtus etis three brthers, descedets f Teeus (d thus f ercles, s f Zeus), wh left Args d rrived vi Illyri i Upper Mced-i i erdtus, this ter deted the re betwee the Pieri Mutis d Mt. Olypus. There they etered service s shepherds i the curt f the lcl kig. Whe the kig expelled the t lg fterwrds, fter crssig river they ce t ther prt f Mcedi, where they settled i the

The history of Macedoniain the pre-Hellenistic period*

*All dtes i this rticle refer t BC ge.1 I ctrst, tdy there is csiderble

uber f histries f Mcedi, f which ly se re etied here, pririly the st re-cet: Geyer 1930; d 1972; d & Griffith 1979; Skellriu 1982; Errigt 1986; Brz 1990, 1999.

2 Fr ssesset f bth texts d d-ditil surces ccerig the erly histry f Mcedi see Zhrt 1984.

Michael Zahrnt

84 Michael Zahrnt

eN

fthills f Mt. Beri er the sclled Grdes f Mids. They c-quered this regi, d with it s their bse they cquered the rest f