Lucian, “True History”Lucian, “True History”(written ca 180 CE)(written ca 180 CE)

"...as I have no truth to put on record, "...as I have no truth to put on record, having lived a very humdrum life, I fall having lived a very humdrum life, I fall back on falsehood (τὸ ψεῦδος) -- but back on falsehood (τὸ ψεῦδος) -- but falsehood of a more consistent variety; for falsehood of a more consistent variety; for I now make the only true statement you I now make the only true statement you are to expect, that I am lying (ὅτι are to expect, that I am lying (ὅτι ψεύδομαι). This confession is, I consider, a ψεύδομαι). This confession is, I consider, a full defence against all imputations, for I full defence against all imputations, for I am saying nothing that is true (ὁμολογῶν am saying nothing that is true (ὁμολογῶν μηδὲν ἀληθὲς λέγειν). My subject is, then, μηδὲν ἀληθὲς λέγειν). My subject is, then, what I have neither seen, experienced, what I have neither seen, experienced, nor been told, what neither exists nor nor been told, what neither exists nor could conceivably do so. I humbly solicit could conceivably do so. I humbly solicit my readers' incredulity (μηδαμῶς my readers' incredulity (μηδαμῶς πιστεύειν αὐτοῖς)."πιστεύειν αὐτοῖς)."

““the tyrrany of canonical the tyrrany of canonical assumptions" and "textual assumptions" and "textual

myopia" myopia" Further on these subjects, see my Further on these subjects, see my

2006 SBL Presidential Address, 2006 SBL Presidential Address, "Para-Mania: Beside, Before, and "Para-Mania: Beside, Before, and Beyond Bible Studies" (at “image 20” Beyond Bible Studies" (at “image 20” in the electronic version).in the electronic version).

Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) 12.12Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) 12.12 MT-RSV MT-RSV

My son, beware of anything beyond these. My son, beware of anything beyond these. Of making many books, there is no end, and Of making many books, there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh. much study is a weariness of the flesh.

OG OG My son, guard against making many books;My son, guard against making many books;There is no end, and much diligence is There is no end, and much diligence is weariness of the flesh.weariness of the flesh.

Explicitly Mentioned Explicitly Mentioned “Books”“Books” Book of the Covanant (Exodus 24.7; see 2 Kings 23.21, 2 Book of the Covanant (Exodus 24.7; see 2 Kings 23.21, 2

Chronicles 34.30)Chronicles 34.30) Book of the Wars of the LORD (Num 21.14) Book of the Wars of the LORD (Num 21.14) Book of Jashar, "lament of the bow" (Joshua 10.13 and 2 Sam Book of Jashar, "lament of the bow" (Joshua 10.13 and 2 Sam

1.18)1.18) Book of the Law of God (Joshua 24.26 -- Joshua records things in)Book of the Law of God (Joshua 24.26 -- Joshua records things in) Book of the Acts of David (1 Chronicles 27.24)Book of the Acts of David (1 Chronicles 27.24) Book of the Acts of Solomon (1 Kings 11.41)Book of the Acts of Solomon (1 Kings 11.41) Book of the Acts of the Kings of Israel [23] (1 Kings 14.19 Book of the Acts of the Kings of Israel [23] (1 Kings 14.19 et et

passim)passim) Book of the Acts of the Kings of Judah [15] (1 Kings 14.29 Book of the Acts of the Kings of Judah [15] (1 Kings 14.29 et et

passim)passim) Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah [4] (1 Chronicles 9.1 et Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah [4] (1 Chronicles 9.1 et

passim)passim) Acts of Samuel the seer (1 Chronicles 29.29)Acts of Samuel the seer (1 Chronicles 29.29) Acts of Nathan the prophet (1 Chronicles 29.29)Acts of Nathan the prophet (1 Chronicles 29.29) Acts of Gad the seer (1 Chronicles 29.29)Acts of Gad the seer (1 Chronicles 29.29) Commentary [Midrash] on the Book of the Kings (2 Chronicles Commentary [Midrash] on the Book of the Kings (2 Chronicles

24.27)24.27) Acts of Hozai [or, of the Seers] (2 Chronicles 33.19)Acts of Hozai [or, of the Seers] (2 Chronicles 33.19) Book of the Acts (Nehemiah 12.23)Book of the Acts (Nehemiah 12.23) Book of the Acts [of Persian Kings] (Esther 2.23 & 10.2)Book of the Acts [of Persian Kings] (Esther 2.23 & 10.2) ““Many previous accounts” (Luke 1.1-4)Many previous accounts” (Luke 1.1-4) ““I made you sorry with my letter” (2 Corinthians 7.8)I made you sorry with my letter” (2 Corinthians 7.8) Letter to the Laodiceans (Colossians 4.16)Letter to the Laodiceans (Colossians 4.16) Letter purportedly from Paul's group (2 Thessalonians 2.2)Letter purportedly from Paul's group (2 Thessalonians 2.2)

Paraleipomena TitlesParaleipomena Titles(Greek = “leftovers” [Hebrew (Greek = “leftovers” [Hebrew

“diaries”])“diaries”]) = Greek title for canonical books of = Greek title for canonical books of

Chronicles, already by the end of the Chronicles, already by the end of the second century (Melito, Origen)second century (Melito, Origen)

Paraleipomena JeremiouParaleipomena Jeremiou Testament of JobTestament of Job

40.14 the lament over Job’s wife can 40.14 the lament over Job’s wife can be found in the Paraleipomenabe found in the Paraleipomena41.6 Paraleipomena of Eliphas41.6 Paraleipomena of Eliphas

Polycarp-BarnabasPolycarp-Barnabas [Polycarp, [Polycarp, PhilippiansPhilippians 9.2a) 9.2a)

For they did not love the present world, For they did not love the present world, but him who died on our behalf, || but him who died on our behalf, || having prepared the new people, he having prepared the new people, he might show them while he is on earth might show them while he is on earth that when he has made the that when he has made the resurrection, he will judge. resurrection, he will judge. [Barnabas 5.7b][Barnabas 5.7b]

The Two WaysThe Two Ways A A Latin versionLatin version exists as a separate exists as a separate

workwork Greek Greek BarnabasBarnabas has it as chs 18-21 has it as chs 18-21

[But it is lacking in the Latin version][But it is lacking in the Latin version]But let us move on to another gnosis But let us move on to another gnosis and teaching: There are two ways of and teaching: There are two ways of teaching and authority -- teaching and authority -- that of light, and that of darkness.that of light, and that of darkness.

Greek Greek DidacheDidache has it in chs 1-6 has it in chs 1-6There are two ways --There are two ways --one of life, and one of death.one of life, and one of death.

Jeremiah CorpusJeremiah Corpus Origen: Jeremiah with Lamentations Origen: Jeremiah with Lamentations

and the Epistle in one bookand the Epistle in one book Athanasius & Cyril of Jerusalem: Athanasius & Cyril of Jerusalem:

Jeremiah and with it Baruch, Jeremiah and with it Baruch, Lamentations, Epistle (see also codex Lamentations, Epistle (see also codex Alexandrinus)Alexandrinus)

Epiphanius: “book 22” = Jeremiah the Epiphanius: “book 22” = Jeremiah the prophet with Lamentations and the prophet with Lamentations and the Epistle and BaruchEpistle and Baruch

Treated as separate books in codex Treated as separate books in codex VaticanusVaticanus

““2 Esdras” (AV, RSV, NRSV)2 Esdras” (AV, RSV, NRSV) Chapters 1-2 = “5 Ezra”Chapters 1-2 = “5 Ezra”

The word of the Lord came to meThe word of the Lord came to me

Chapters 3-14 = “4 Ezra” (Apocalypse)Chapters 3-14 = “4 Ezra” (Apocalypse)I Salathiel, also called Ezra, …saw…I Salathiel, also called Ezra, …saw…

Chapters 15-16 – “6 Ezra”Chapters 15-16 – “6 Ezra”The Lord says, … speakThe Lord says, … speak

Minor ProphetsMinor Prophets MT: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, MT: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah,

Jonah, Micah …Jonah, Micah …

Vaticanus & Greek MSS: Hosea, Amos, Vaticanus & Greek MSS: Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah …Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah …

Melito: “the twelve prophets in one Melito: “the twelve prophets in one book”book”

Psalms and 11Q5 (Col. 18ff)Psalms and 11Q5 (Col. 18ff) Col 18 = “Psalm 154” (see Syriac #2)Col 18 = “Psalm 154” (see Syriac #2) Col 19 = “Plea for Deliverance”Col 19 = “Plea for Deliverance” Cols 20-21a = Psalm 139, then 137-138Cols 20-21a = Psalm 139, then 137-138 Col 21b = Psalm // Sirach 51.13-19 + 30Col 21b = Psalm // Sirach 51.13-19 + 30 Col 22a = “Hymn to Zion” Col 22a = “Hymn to Zion” Col 22b-23 = Pss 93 + 141 + 133 + 144Col 22b-23 = Pss 93 + 141 + 133 + 144 Col 24 = “Psalm 155” (see Syriac #3)Col 24 = “Psalm 155” (see Syriac #3) Col 24b-26a = Pss 142-143 + 149-150Col 24b-26a = Pss 142-143 + 149-150 Col 26b = “Hymn to the Creator”Col 26b = “Hymn to the Creator” Col 26b-27a = 2 Samuel 23.[1-]7 psalmCol 26b-27a = 2 Samuel 23.[1-]7 psalm Col 27b = Pss 140 + 134Col 27b = Pss 140 + 134 Col 28 = Psalm 151 (longer form)Col 28 = Psalm 151 (longer form)

David’s CompositionsDavid’s Compositions 11QPsalms11QPsalmsaa 27.4-11: 27.4-11:

David wrote 3,600 psalms, David wrote 3,600 psalms, 364 daily liturgical songs, 364 daily liturgical songs, 52 sabbath liturgical songs, 52 sabbath liturgical songs, 30 festal liturgical songs, and 30 festal liturgical songs, and 4 exorcistic songs – 4 exorcistic songs – for a total of 4,050 – for a total of 4,050 – all through the spirit of prophecy. all through the spirit of prophecy.

Jeremiah Order of SectionsJeremiah Order of Sections 1.1 – 25.13 identical in MT = OG1.1 – 25.13 identical in MT = OG 25.15 - 44.5 MT = 32.1 – 51.35 OG25.15 - 44.5 MT = 32.1 – 51.35 OG 46 MT = 26 OG46 MT = 26 OG 47-51 // 27-31 but with different order47-51 // 27-31 but with different order 52 MT = 52 OG 52 MT = 52 OG MT 45.1 = OG 51.31, and the MT 45.1 = OG 51.31, and the

conclusion in MT 51.64 [cf OG 28.64 conclusion in MT 51.64 [cf OG 28.64 var] is followed by an appended var] is followed by an appended contextualizing narrative much like contextualizing narrative much like Isaiah 39 -- Jeremiah 52 = Isaiah 39 -- Jeremiah 52 = 2 Kings 24.18 - 25.30) 2 Kings 24.18 - 25.30)

A Library of ProverbsA Library of Proverbs 1.1 The Proverbs of Solomon1.1 The Proverbs of Solomon 10.1 The Proverbs of Solomon10.1 The Proverbs of Solomon 22.17 The Words of the Wise22.17 The Words of the Wise 24.23 More Words of the Wise24.23 More Words of the Wise 25.1 Proverbs of Solomon by way of 25.1 Proverbs of Solomon by way of

the men of Hezekiahthe men of Hezekiah 30.1 Words of Agur, son of Jakeh30.1 Words of Agur, son of Jakeh 31.1 Words of Lemuel, … which his 31.1 Words of Lemuel, … which his

mother taught himmother taught him

Evidence of Seams in IsaiahEvidence of Seams in Isaiah There is an obvious narrative break at There is an obvious narrative break at

chapters 36 - 39 (= 2 Kings 18.13 - 20.19), chapters 36 - 39 (= 2 Kings 18.13 - 20.19), interrupted by the lament/thanksgiving of interrupted by the lament/thanksgiving of king Hezekiah in Isaiah 38.9-20,king Hezekiah in Isaiah 38.9-20,and also a change of subject and and also a change of subject and perspective in what follows; perspective in what follows;

Did Kings use Isaiah, or vice-versa, or did Did Kings use Isaiah, or vice-versa, or did both use a common source? both use a common source?

Where did the Hezekiah psalm come from? Where did the Hezekiah psalm come from?

1 Esdras (OG) = 3 Esdras 1 Esdras (OG) = 3 Esdras (Vg)(Vg)

Ch 1: see 2 Chronicles 35.1 – 36.21Ch 1: see 2 Chronicles 35.1 – 36.21 2.1-5a = 2 Chronicles 36.22-23 = Ezra 1.1-2.1-5a = 2 Chronicles 36.22-23 = Ezra 1.1-

3a3a Ch 2: see Ezra 1.1-11 plus 4.7-24aCh 2: see Ezra 1.1-11 plus 4.7-24a 3.1 - 5.3 (Darius’ three young bodyguards – 3.1 - 5.3 (Darius’ three young bodyguards –

see also Josephus see also Josephus AntAnt 11.[3.2-9].33-67 for 11.[3.2-9].33-67 for another version of this section)another version of this section)

5.(4)7-73: see Ezra 2.1 – 4.5 (4.24b)5.(4)7-73: see Ezra 2.1 – 4.5 (4.24b) 6.1 – 7.15: see Ezra 5.1 – 6.226.1 – 7.15: see Ezra 5.1 – 6.22 Chs 8-9: see Ezra 7-10 and Nehemiah 7.73-Chs 8-9: see Ezra 7-10 and Nehemiah 7.73-

8.128.12

““1 Enoch” Library Indications1 Enoch” Library Indications 1.1 The blessing of Enoch1.1 The blessing of Enoch 37.1 The vision which Enoch saw, the 37.1 The vision which Enoch saw, the

second timesecond time 72.1 The book of the itinerary of the 72.1 The book of the itinerary of the

luminaries of heavenluminaries of heaven 83.1 Now my son Methuselah, I will show 83.1 Now my son Methuselah, I will show

you all the visions that I saw…you all the visions that I saw… 92.1 That which is written by Enoch92.1 That which is written by Enoch 93.1 Enoch began to recount from the 93.1 Enoch began to recount from the

booksbooks 108.1 Another book of Enoch108.1 Another book of Enoch

Paraleipomena JeremiouParaleipomena Jeremiou Chs 1-4 Destruction of JerusalemChs 1-4 Destruction of Jerusalem Ch 5 Abimelech’s long sleepCh 5 Abimelech’s long sleep Chs 6-7 Baruch’s letter to Jeremiah in Chs 6-7 Baruch’s letter to Jeremiah in

BabylonBabylon Ch 8 Jeremiah leads return from Ch 8 Jeremiah leads return from

BabylonBabylon Ch 9 Martyrdom of JeremiahCh 9 Martyrdom of Jeremiah

Some Synoptic ProblemsSome Synoptic Problems Assuming some sort of relationship, Assuming some sort of relationship,

which is earlier, Matthew, Mark, Luke?which is earlier, Matthew, Mark, Luke? Where did Matthew and Luke get their Where did Matthew and Luke get their

“sayings of Jesus” information?“sayings of Jesus” information? Where did material unique to Matthew Where did material unique to Matthew

come from? (Note, e.g., “fulfillment” come from? (Note, e.g., “fulfillment” texts)texts)

Where did material unique to Luke come Where did material unique to Luke come from? (Note, e.g., opening explanation)from? (Note, e.g., opening explanation)

How does the existence of all three How does the existence of all three complicate the textual transmission complicate the textual transmission through cross-fertilization, etc.?through cross-fertilization, etc.?

Some Transitions in Acts Some Transitions in Acts 8.4: Now those who were scattered 8.4: Now those who were scattered

went about preaching …went about preaching … 11.19: Now those who were 11.19: Now those who were

scattered … traveled …scattered … traveled … 16.6-40 (16.6-40 (et passimet passim): … ): … TheyThey went went

down to Troas…. Setting sail from down to Troas…. Setting sail from Troas,Troas, we we voyaged. … voyaged. …WeWe were met. were met. … … TheyThey departed. departed.

44thth Gospel Problems Gospel Problems 1.1-18 Poetic Prologue1.1-18 Poetic Prologue

7.53 – 8.11 (not found in some ancient 7.53 – 8.11 (not found in some ancient witnesses; others have it after 7.36 or witnesses; others have it after 7.36 or after 21.25 [end of text] or after Luke after 21.25 [end of text] or after Luke 21) The adulterous woman forgiven21) The adulterous woman forgiven

Ch 21: Appended after the concluding Ch 21: Appended after the concluding words in 20.30-31words in 20.30-31

Some Lost Books (Goodspeed-Some Lost Books (Goodspeed-Grant)Grant)

Traditions of Matthias [quoted in Clem.Alex]Traditions of Matthias [quoted in Clem.Alex] Gospel of Basilides [mentioned by Origen] Gospel of Basilides [mentioned by Origen] Questions of Bartholomew [Galasian Decree]Questions of Bartholomew [Galasian Decree] Gospel of Andrew [Galasian Decree]Gospel of Andrew [Galasian Decree] Gospel of Apelles [mentioned by Jerome]Gospel of Apelles [mentioned by Jerome] Gospel of Cerinthus [mentioned by Epiphanius]Gospel of Cerinthus [mentioned by Epiphanius] Journeys of Peter [cited in ps-Clem. Journeys of Peter [cited in ps-Clem. HomiliesHomilies] ] Ascents of James [cited in ps-Clem. Homilies] Ascents of James [cited in ps-Clem. Homilies]

Pliny’s Author ListsPliny’s Author Lists((Natural HistoryNatural History book 9) book 9)

book 9:book 9: [Latin] Turranio Gracile. Trogo. [Latin] Turranio Gracile. Trogo.

Maecenate. Alfio Flavo. Cornelio Maecenate. Alfio Flavo. Cornelio Nepote. Laberio mimographo. Nepote. Laberio mimographo. Fabiano. Fenestella. Muciano. Aelio Fabiano. Fenestella. Muciano. Aelio Stilone. Seboso. Melisso. Seneca. Stilone. Seboso. Melisso. Seneca. Cicerone. Macro Aemilio. Messala Cicerone. Macro Aemilio. Messala Corvino. Trebio Nigro. Nigidio.Corvino. Trebio Nigro. Nigidio.

[Greek] Aristotele. Archelao rege. [Greek] Aristotele. Archelao rege. Callimacho. Democrito. Theophrasto. Callimacho. Democrito. Theophrasto. Thrasyllo. Hegesidemo. Sudine. Thrasyllo. Hegesidemo. Sudine. Alexandro polyhistore. Alexandro polyhistore.

DSS CategoriesDSS Categories Traditional Jewish scriptural textsTraditional Jewish scriptural texts Texts that parallel traditional scripturesTexts that parallel traditional scriptures Texts that supplement traditional Texts that supplement traditional

scripturesscriptures Rules and other “way of living” textsRules and other “way of living” texts Commentaries and ExcerptsCommentaries and Excerpts Texts with special eschatological focusTexts with special eschatological focus Psalms and HymnsPsalms and Hymns Liturgical and Calendric materialsLiturgical and Calendric materials Wisdom and mysteriesWisdom and mysteries

Philo’s Moses-centric Philo’s Moses-centric AuthoritiesAuthorities

The book entitled the Book of Judgment The book entitled the Book of Judgment (Conf.Lang. 128-130 from Judg. 8.9 )(Conf.Lang. 128-130 from Judg. 8.9 )

The first book of the Kingdoms (1 Sam)The first book of the Kingdoms (1 Sam) In the kingly books (unclear reference)In the kingly books (unclear reference) As Job says (Job 14.4)As Job says (Job 14.4) One of the friends of Moses (Ps 30/31.19)One of the friends of Moses (Ps 30/31.19) The Hymnographer, the PsalmistThe Hymnographer, the Psalmist In Proverbs (Prov 3.4)In Proverbs (Prov 3.4) One of the Prophets of old (Isa 5.7)One of the Prophets of old (Isa 5.7) Jeremiah the prophet (Jer 3.4)Jeremiah the prophet (Jer 3.4) One of the companions of Moses (Zech One of the companions of Moses (Zech

6.12)6.12)

Philo’s MosesPhilo’s Moses((Life of MosesLife of Moses 1.331-332 see 1.331-332 see NumNum 32?) 32?)

And Moses answered with a mild look and And Moses answered with a mild look and even still gentler voice, "If you speak the truth even still gentler voice, "If you speak the truth and behave honestly, the allotments which and behave honestly, the allotments which you have asked for shall remain assured to you have asked for shall remain assured to you. Leave behind you now, … your wives and you. Leave behind you now, … your wives and children, and flocks and herds, and go across children, and flocks and herds, and go across Jordan in your ranks with the rest of the Jordan in your ranks with the rest of the soldiers in full armor, arrayed for battle…. And soldiers in full armor, arrayed for battle…. And hereafter when all our enemies are destroyed, hereafter when all our enemies are destroyed, and when, … we have made ourselves and when, … we have made ourselves masters of the whole country, and have begun masters of the whole country, and have begun to divide it among ourselves, then you also to divide it among ourselves, then you also shall return to your families … and to possess shall return to your families … and to possess the region which you have selected." the region which you have selected."

Philo’s TherapeutaePhilo’s Therapeutae((On the Contemplative LifeOn the Contemplative Life 28-29) 28-29)

They interact with the holy scriptures … by They interact with the holy scriptures … by allegorizing…. They also have writings of allegorizing…. They also have writings of ancient men, the founders of their group, ancient men, the founders of their group, who have left behind them many memorials who have left behind them many memorials of the allegorical mode of thought, which of the allegorical mode of thought, which they take as a kind of archetype, imitating they take as a kind of archetype, imitating the manner of their perspective; so they do the manner of their perspective; so they do not occupy themselves solely in not occupy themselves solely in contemplation, but they also compose contemplation, but they also compose psalms and hymns to God in every kind of psalms and hymns to God in every kind of meter and melody, which they inscribe meter and melody, which they inscribe necessarily in more dignified rhythms. necessarily in more dignified rhythms.

Josephus on JesusJosephus on Jesus AntiquitiesAntiquities 18.[3.3].63-64: …Jesus, a wise 18.[3.3].63-64: …Jesus, a wise

man, if it is appropriate to call him a man, man, if it is appropriate to call him a man, for he did marvelous deeds …. He was for he did marvelous deeds …. He was Messiah, and when Pilate … had Messiah, and when Pilate … had condemned him to be crucified, those condemned him to be crucified, those who loved him did not abandon him, for who loved him did not abandon him, for he appeared alive again to them on the he appeared alive again to them on the third day, as the divine prophets had third day, as the divine prophets had foretold….foretold….

Josephus’ Padded PentateuchJosephus’ Padded Pentateuch(Ant 2.[1].58-59 // Gen 4.11-16)(Ant 2.[1].58-59 // Gen 4.11-16)

God made Cain accursed, God made Cain accursed, and and threatened his posterity in the seventh threatened his posterity in the seventh generationgeneration. He also cast him, . He also cast him, together together with his wifewith his wife, out of that land. (59) And , out of that land. (59) And when he was afraid that in wandering when he was afraid that in wandering about he should about he should fall among Wild beasts, fall among Wild beasts, and by that meansand by that means perish, God bid him perish, God bid him not to entertain such a melancholy not to entertain such a melancholy suspicion, andsuspicion, and to go over all the earth to go over all the earth without fear of what mischief he might without fear of what mischief he might suffer suffer from wild beastsfrom wild beasts; and setting a ; and setting a mark upon him, that he might be mark upon him, that he might be known, known, he commanded him to depart. he commanded him to depart.

Josephus’ Parabiblical MosesJosephus’ Parabiblical Moses AntiquitiesAntiquities 2.[10].238-253: Moses’ first 2.[10].238-253: Moses’ first

adult act: as an Egyptian general he adult act: as an Egyptian general he overcomes serpents, defeats the overcomes serpents, defeats the Ethiopians and takes the king’s Ethiopians and takes the king’s daughter as his bride [in place of daughter as his bride [in place of ExodExod 2.11-15a, where Moses kills the 2.11-15a, where Moses kills the Egyptian!]Egyptian!]

Bonus: Uzziah’s earthquake in Bonus: Uzziah’s earthquake in AntAnt 9. 9.[10.4].222, also alluded to in [10.4].222, also alluded to in AmosAmos 1.1 1.1 and and ZechZech 14.5, but not mentioned in 14.5, but not mentioned in 2 Chron2 Chron 26.16-21 26.16-21

Josephus on MaccabeesJosephus on Maccabees(Ant 5.[3].246 // 1 Macc 1.20-28)(Ant 5.[3].246 // 1 Macc 1.20-28)

King Antiochus returning out of Egypt  King Antiochus returning out of Egypt  for fear of the Romansfor fear of the Romans, made an , made an expedition against the city Jerusalem; expedition against the city Jerusalem; and when he was there, in the hundred and when he was there, in the hundred and forty-third year of the kingdom of and forty-third year of the kingdom of the Seleucids, he took the city without the Seleucids, he took the city without fighting, those of his own party opening fighting, those of his own party opening the gates to him. And when he had the gates to him. And when he had gotten possession of Jerusalem, he gotten possession of Jerusalem, he slew many of the opposite party; and slew many of the opposite party; and when he had plundered it of a great when he had plundered it of a great deal of money, he returned to Antioch.deal of money, he returned to Antioch.

Josephus on SolomonJosephus on Solomon(Ant 8.[2.5].44-46)(Ant 8.[2.5].44-46)

He also composed books of odes and songs a He also composed books of odes and songs a thousand and five, of parables and thousand and five, of parables and similitudes three thousand; for he spoke a similitudes three thousand; for he spoke a parable about every sort of tree [and] parable about every sort of tree [and] creature …. creature ….

And in like manner God also enabled him to And in like manner God also enabled him to learn that skill which expels demons,  which learn that skill which expels demons,  which is a science useful and healing to men. He is a science useful and healing to men. He composed such incantations also by which composed such incantations also by which distempers are alleviated. And he left distempers are alleviated. And he left behind him the manner of using exorcisms, behind him the manner of using exorcisms, by which they drive away demons, so that by which they drive away demons, so that they never return; and this method of cure they never return; and this method of cure is of great force unto this day.is of great force unto this day.

Ps-Philo, LAB (sample)Ps-Philo, LAB (sample) 3.9 [after Noah’s flood]: And God said, 3.9 [after Noah’s flood]: And God said,

“I will never again … destroy all living “I will never again … destroy all living creatures at one time as I have done. creatures at one time as I have done. But when those inhabiting the earth But when those inhabiting the earth sin, I will judge them by famine or by sin, I will judge them by famine or by the sword or by fire or by death; and the sword or by fire or by death; and there will be earthquakes, and they there will be earthquakes, and they will be scattered to uninhabited will be scattered to uninhabited places. But no more will I destroy the places. But no more will I destroy the earth by the water of the flood. And in earth by the water of the flood. And in all the days of the earth, [order] … all the days of the earth, [order] … will not cease until the appointed will not cease until the appointed times are fulfilled.”times are fulfilled.”

The Main Jewish “Apocrypha”The Main Jewish “Apocrypha”(also known as “Deuterocanonical’)(also known as “Deuterocanonical’)

1 Esdras1 Esdras Tobit & JudithTobit & Judith Wisdom of SolomonWisdom of Solomon Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira (= Sirach)Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira (= Sirach) Baruch & Letter of JeremiahBaruch & Letter of Jeremiah Supplements to Esther and DanielSupplements to Esther and Daniel 1-2 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees1-2 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees 3 Maccabees3 Maccabees Prayer of Manasseh & “2 Esdras”Prayer of Manasseh & “2 Esdras”

Semitic “Matthew”Semitic “Matthew” Papias (ca 130) [in Eusebius Papias (ca 130) [in Eusebius HEHE

3.39.16]: Matthew wrote down the 3.39.16]: Matthew wrote down the oracles (oracles (logialogia) in Hebrew and each ) in Hebrew and each person translated them as he was person translated them as he was able able

Irenaeus AH 3.1.1 (ca 180): Irenaeus AH 3.1.1 (ca 180): Matthew published a written gospel Matthew published a written gospel for the Hebrews in their own tongue for the Hebrews in their own tongue

Pantaenus (ca 180; similarly) Pantaenus (ca 180; similarly) [in Eusebius [in Eusebius HEHE 5.10.3] 5.10.3]

Origen (ca 220; similarly) Origen (ca 220; similarly) [in Eusebius [in Eusebius HEHE 6.25.4] 6.25.4]

Acts of PilateActs of Pilate Justin Apology 35 & 48: you may Justin Apology 35 & 48: you may

learn from the "Acts" which were learn from the "Acts" which were recorded under Pontius Pilate. recorded under Pontius Pilate. That He performed these miracles That He performed these miracles you may easily be satisfied from the you may easily be satisfied from the "Acts" of Pontius Pilate. "Acts" of Pontius Pilate.

Tertullian Apology 21: Pilate [now a Tertullian Apology 21: Pilate [now a believer] sent word of [Jesus] to the believer] sent word of [Jesus] to the reigning Caesar, who was at the time reigning Caesar, who was at the time Tiberius Tiberius

Eusebius Eusebius HEHE 9.5.1 (forged recently, 9.5.1 (forged recently, under the emperor Maximin)under the emperor Maximin)

Other Letters Attributed to PaulOther Letters Attributed to Paul 2 Corinthians2 Corinthians 2.3-4: I wrote you … with 2.3-4: I wrote you … with

many tears …. (possibly chs 10-13)many tears …. (possibly chs 10-13) 2 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians 2.1-2: Don’t get all hyped 2.1-2: Don’t get all hyped

up … because of a spirit or message or up … because of a spirit or message or letter claiming to be from us….letter claiming to be from us….

ColossiansColossians 4.16: Cause this letter also to 4.16: Cause this letter also to be read in the church of the Laodiceans, be read in the church of the Laodiceans, and read also the letter from Laodicea.and read also the letter from Laodicea.

Also extant: Also extant: LaodiceansLaodiceans, , 3 Corinthians3 Corinthians; ; and not preserved “and not preserved “To the AlexandriansTo the Alexandrians.”.”

So What? Now What?So What? Now What? What became of such materials? What became of such materials? Might we have such early lost materials Might we have such early lost materials

reflected or even embedded in what we reflected or even embedded in what we know as parascriptural locations (known know as parascriptural locations (known texts) or elsewhere (comments, exerpts)? texts) or elsewhere (comments, exerpts)?

Have we lost sight of that world full of Have we lost sight of that world full of books, and traditions, and thus weakened books, and traditions, and thus weakened or distorted our scholarly endeavors? or distorted our scholarly endeavors?

““Deuterosis”Deuterosis” Eusebius, Eusebius, Demonstration of the GospelDemonstration of the Gospel 6.18.36: 6.18.36:

This is what the Book of Kingdoms presents This is what the Book of Kingdoms presents [sic; see 2 Chron 26.16ff]. But Josephus [[sic; see 2 Chron 26.16ff]. But Josephus [AntAnt. 9.. 9.(10.4).224f] also carefully studied the "outside" (10.4).224f] also carefully studied the "outside" Judaic "deuteroseis" [pl] accurately, being a Judaic "deuteroseis" [pl] accurately, being a Hebrew of the Hebrews, so hear his description Hebrew of the Hebrews, so hear his description of the events of those times ….of the events of those times ….

Epiphanius, Epiphanius, PanarionPanarion 1.(2).33.9.2-6: the 1.(2).33.9.2-6: the traditions of the elders are called "deuteroseis" traditions of the elders are called "deuteroseis" among the Jews. And these are four: (1) that among the Jews. And these are four: (1) that passed along in the name of Moses, (2) that of passed along in the name of Moses, (2) that of so-called Rabbi Akiba, (3) Adda or Iouda, (4) of so-called Rabbi Akiba, (3) Adda or Iouda, (4) of the sons of Asmonaios. . . . the sons of Asmonaios. . . .

Some Ways Information Some Ways Information SurvivesSurvives

Mouth to ear only (“oral transmission”)Mouth to ear only (“oral transmission”)

Ear to writing (recorded report/tradition)Ear to writing (recorded report/tradition)

Writing to eye to mouth (reported record)Writing to eye to mouth (reported record)

Writing to eye to writing (direct copy)Writing to eye to writing (direct copy)

Writing to eye to ear to writing (dictation)Writing to eye to ear to writing (dictation)