1. For snle by the Superintendent. Documents, U.S. Govenlment Print.ing Office Washington, D.(~. 20402 - Price $1.75 For snle by the Superintendent. Documents, U.S. Govenlment Print.ing Office Washington, D.(~. 20402 - Price $1.75

2. GREEK BASIC COURSE Volun1e 1 *****, ***... **** /) ~~*~ ::ri~~fJ ij~';~llllllt~D ~~-~ t(~~ rhis worlc ws compIIed nd pub. Iished wlth the support of the c. of EductIon, Deprtment of HeIth, Eduction nd WeIfre, United Sttes of AmerIc. S. OBOLENSKY, . SAPOUNTZIS and . SAPOUNTZIS FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. 1967 D R F 5 GREEK BASIC COURSE Volun1e 1 *****, ***... **** /) ~~*~ ::ri~~fJ ij~';~llllllt~D ~~-~ t(~~ rhis worlc ws compIIed nd pub. Iished wlth the support of the c. of EductIon, Deprtment of HeIth, Eduction nd WeIfre, United Sttes of AmerIc. S. OBOLENSKY, . SAPOUNTZIS and . SAPOUNTZIS FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. 1967 D R F 5

3. GREEK BASIC COURSE FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE BASIC COURSE SERIES Edited by LLOYD . SWIFT ii GREEK BASIC COURSE FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE BASIC COURSE SERIES Edited by LLOYD . SWIFT ii

4. GREEK BASIC COURSE PREFACE FS' 'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils moden soken Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllge cUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student lens red lI Ie Ias leamed . Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJ vocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken and wriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeks and commonly encountered tle press. Tle linguist clrge lB pro;ect is Serge Obolensky, Clairmn tle Deprt. ment Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tlese ulors collaborted 1e writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tle entire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englisl portions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression. Tle accompnying e recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"e direction Gary lley. lames R. Fritl, Den Sclool Languge Studies Foreign Service Institute Deprtmen Stte 111 ". GREEK BASIC COURSE PREFACE FS' 'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils moden soken Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllge cUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student lens red lI Ie Ias leamed . Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJ vocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken and wriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeks and commonly encountered tle press. Tle linguist clrge lB pro;ect is Serge Obolensky, Clairmn tle Deprt. ment Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tlese ulors collaborted 1e writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tle entire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englisl portions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression. Tle accompnying e recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"e direction Gary lley. lames R. Fritl, Den Sclool Languge Studies Foreign Service Institute Deprtmen Stte 111 ".

5. G REEK BASIC COURSE TABLE OF CONTENTS Pref'ace Introduct1on Un:1t 1 Symbo18 UBed . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .... .. . . .. ... .... . .... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . 111 x:ii1 Ba8ic Dialogue 8. 2 Note 1.1 Transcr1ption used 3 . . . . . . .. .. . . ... . .. ..... ..... . .. . ... .. . . . . .... .. ........1 .3 1.4 1.5 Vwels Consonants Wr1t1ng systell Assimilat10n !' vwels .. ... . .. .. .. . . ... . .... . .. . . . . . ... . ..... ... .. 5 6 9 12 Unit 2 Basi c Dialp;us 1 .3 Naatiw 8. 14 . . .. . .-. . ..... .....-.. ....... '18'. '1sn't'. 'are'. 'aren't'Note 2.1 Palatal1zat100 Def'1n1te Art1cle AS81Jnilat1on !' vwels .. . ... . ... ..... ..... ..... ....... . . ........ ... .. . ...... Gender and agreement . . . ..... . .... . ....... ...... ........ .... . . . .. . . . . ................... . . Un1t 3 Bas1c D1alogue Narrat1ve Nt.e 3.1 3.2 3.3 Indef'1n1te article Def'in1te art1cle-plural 4!1 .. ..... . .. . ......... 21 22 24 25 26 Personal prooouns Verb classes ~ )0 32 34 35 35 . ...... ..... .......... .... ...................... ............................ ... . .. . ..... Ass:iJilatioo Note 4.1 4.2 Ba8ic D1alogue Narrat1ve Un1t 4 i,v G REEK BASIC COURSE TABLE OF CONTENTS Pref'ace Introduct1on Un:1t 1 Symbo18 UBed . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .... .. . . .. ... .... . .... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . 111 x:ii1 Ba8ic Dialogue 8. 2 Note 1.1 Transcr1ption used 3 . . . . . . .. .. . . ... . .. ..... ..... . .. . ... .. . . . . .... .. ........1 .3 1.4 1.5 Vwels Consonants Wr1t1ng systell Assimilat10n !' vwels .. ... . .. .. .. . . ... . .... . .. . . . . . ... . ..... ... .. 5 6 9 12 Unit 2 Basi c Dialp;us 1 .3 Naatiw 8. 14 . . .. . .-. . ..... .....-.. ....... '18'. '1sn't'. 'are'. 'aren't'Note 2.1 Palatal1zat100 Def'1n1te Art1cle AS81Jnilat1on !' vwels .. . ... . ... ..... ..... ..... ....... . . ........ ... .. . ...... Gender and agreement . . . ..... . .... . ....... ...... ........ .... . . . .. . . . . ................... . . Un1t 3 Bas1c D1alogue Narrat1ve Nt.e 3.1 3.2 3.3 Indef'1n1te article Def'in1te art1cle-plural 4!1 .. ..... . .. . ......... 21 22 24 25 26 Personal prooouns Verb classes ~ )0 32 34 35 35 . ...... ..... .......... .... ...................... ............................ ... . .. . ..... Ass:iJilatioo Note 4.1 4.2 Ba8ic D1alogue Narrat1ve Un1t 4 i,v

6. G REEK BASIC COURSE Imp. and Perf. stems Pres. tense, Class verbs Pres. tense verb 'be' . . . . .. . . . . . .... ... ... . .. 36 36 37 Assimilation of vowels . . . .. . . .... .. . ........ ......... . ... Adjective: Accusative case 41 45 47 47 47 48 50 50 51 51 53 54 .. .. . . . .. .... . .. ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . ..... ..... . . . . ..... . .... . . .. ... . . . . . .. .. . .. . .... . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . . . ... ... . Accusative caseNoun: Class 11 verbs Assimilation of /s/ Cases Articles: Accusative Plural Stress Declension Narrative Note 5.1 Unit 5 Basic Dialogue . . . .. .. .. ... . .. . Review (Units 1-5) Greek writing system Review Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . 58 62 'Polite' expressions 64 Narrative . ... . . . ... .... . . ... .... ... . . .. 65 Unit 6 Basic Dialogue Narrative. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .... . . . . 66 69 Irregular perfective stem forms . . . . .... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . 71 71 71 72 7? 73 74 74 .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . ... . . . .. .. .. .. . Class verbs: Perfective stem forms Class verbs: Persona:.endings Class verbs: Notation. Class verbs: Subjunctive Class verbs: Future. 6.1.1 Class verbs: Future continuous 6.1.2 Class verbs: Simple Future Note 6.1 v G REEK BASIC COURSE Imp. and Perf. stems Pres. tense, Class verbs Pres. tense verb 'be' . . . . .. . . . . . .... ... ... . .. 36 36 37 Assimilation of vowels . . . .. . . .... .. . ........ ......... . ... Adjective: Accusative case 41 45 47 47 47 48 50 50 51 51 53 54 .. .. . . . .. .... . .. ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . ..... ..... . . . . ..... . .... . . .. ... . . . . . .. .. . .. . .... . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . . . ... ... . Accusative caseNoun: Class 11 verbs Assimilation of /s/ Cases Articles: Accusative Plural Stress Declension Narrative Note 5.1 Unit 5 Basic Dialogue . . . .. .. .. ... . .. . Review (Units 1-5) Greek writing system Review Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . 58 62 'Polite' expressions 64 Narrative . ... . . . ... .... . . ... .... ... . . .. 65 Unit 6 Basic Dialogue Narrative. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .... . . . . 66 69 Irregular perfective stem forms . . . . .... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . 71 71 71 72 7? 73 74 74 .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . ... . . . .. .. .. .. . Class verbs: Perfective stem forms Class verbs: Persona:.endings Class verbs: Notation. Class verbs: Subjunctive Class verbs: Future. 6.1.1 Class verbs: Future continuous 6.1.2 Class verbs: Simple Future Note 6.1 v

7. GREEK BASIC COURSE 6.7 Impersonal verb /prepi/. 75 6.8 Verb /br/ . 75 6.8.1 ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/ 76 6.9 Use ! /kmos/ 76 6.11 Expressions of Time Adjective /polis/ . ... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . ........ . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . ..... 76 76 Irregular declens ion. 81 84 85 86 87 87 90 90 92 92 93 93 94 .. . ............ ..... . . .. ... .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . ...... . . . .... .. .... ... .. . . . .. ... . . .. .... ..... . . .............. .... .. ..... Declension ........ . . ........ . .... ....... . .. ..... uSB genitive case Genitive case-articles. Adjectives: Adjectives: /aft6s/, /os/. . Adjectives: /pOlis/ Use of Imalista/. Use ! /piyno/ Use of /pueena/ Genitive case-nouns 1st and 2nd Declensions 7.1.2 7.1 .1 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Note 7.1 Unit 7 Basic Dialogue. Narrative Unit 8 Basic Dialogue. 97 ~arrati 100 ~nestion words. Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstrati pronouns. Possessive prononns . ... ... ................ 103 103 106 107 108 .. ....... ... ............. . ./arts/, /ekin05/ Note 8.1 ~.1Se of vero /180/ 109 Unit 9 Basic Dialogue. 8 113 Narrative ... ............. ...... . . . . . . . . . .. ,16 vi GREEK BASIC COURSE 6.7 Impersonal verb /prepi/. 75 6.8 Verb /br/ . 75 6.8.1 ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/ 76 6.9 Use ! /kmos/ 76 6.11 Expressions of Time Adjective /polis/ . ... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . ........ . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . ..... 76 76 Irregular declens ion. 81 84 85 86 87 87 90 90 92 92 93 93 94 .. . ............ ..... . . .. ... .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . ...... . . . .... .. .... ... .. . . . .. ... . . .. .... ..... . . .............. .... .. ..... Declension ........ . . ........ . .... ....... . .. ..... uSB genitive case Genitive case-articles. Adjectives: Adjectives: /aft6s/, /os/. . Adjectives: /pOlis/ Use of Imalista/. Use ! /piyno/ Use of /pueena/ Genitive case-nouns 1st and 2nd Declensions 7.1.2 7.1 .1 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Note 7.1 Unit 7 Basic Dialogue. Narrative Unit 8 Basic Dialogue. 97 ~arrati 100 ~nestion words. Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstrati pronouns. Possessive prononns . ... ... ................ 103 103 106 107 108 .. ....... ... ............. . ./arts/, /ekin05/ Note 8.1 ~.1Se of vero /180/ 109 Unit 9 Basic Dialogue. 8 113 Narrative ... ............. ...... . . . . . . . . . .. ,16 vi

8. GREEK BASIC COURSE ot 9.1 3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n /-ma/. 118 9.1 .1 3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/ 118 Un1t 1 Ba81c D1alogue ,a, 123 126 ,27 127 1)0 1 )1 .......... .. . ............. ........ .............. Past tense personal endings. Past tense ..... ................ . Verb 'be Class verb: .... 10.2 Nte 10.1 10.3 S1Jple Past 10.4 Use ! verb /arO/ 0.5 Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. .. R81ev (Un1S 6 - 1 ) Narrat1ve. Dr:i1la. Narrat1ve ...................... .. . .............................. ,)4 '37 Un1t .1 Basic Dialog11e 140 Narrat1ve. ...... .. ......... ........... . Note 1,., Class verb8 cont1nuous past 145 , .2 Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. ,46 11.3 Verb /erxOlM/ ...................... 146 Un1t ,2 Ba81c D1alogue .. 1S. ........ ............. Narrat1ve. Note 12.1 .... Vocative. ... ..... ................. ........ ..... '53 'SS ,2.2 Class verbs: Iperative. 156 12.2.1 Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. 157 Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8 1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/ ..... .... ... .. ......... ...................... 157 158 Un1t 1) Ba81c D1al~e Narrat1w. Nte '3.' Class verbs - Present ". .... .............. .. .. 16, 163 16S ,).2 Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 166 tati. .... ............... 166 vii GREEK BASIC COURSE ot 9.1 3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n /-ma/. 118 9.1 .1 3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/ 118 Un1t 1 Ba81c D1alogue ,a, 123 126 ,27 127 1)0 1 )1 .......... .. . ............. ........ .............. Past tense personal endings. Past tense ..... ................ . Verb 'be Class verb: .... 10.2 Nte 10.1 10.3 S1Jple Past 10.4 Use ! verb /arO/ 0.5 Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. .. R81ev (Un1S 6 - 1 ) Narrat1ve. Dr:i1la. Narrat1ve ...................... .. . .............................. ,)4 '37 Un1t .1 Basic Dialog11e 140 Narrat1ve. ...... .. ......... ........... . Note 1,., Class verb8 cont1nuous past 145 , .2 Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. ,46 11.3 Verb /erxOlM/ ...................... 146 Un1t ,2 Ba81c D1alogue .. 1S. ........ ............. Narrat1ve. Note 12.1 .... Vocative. ... ..... ................. ........ ..... '53 'SS ,2.2 Class verbs: Iperative. 156 12.2.1 Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. 157 Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8 1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/ ..... .... ... .. ......... ...................... 157 158 Un1t 1) Ba81c D1al~e Narrat1w. Nte '3.' Class verbs - Present ". .... .............. .. .. 16, 163 16S ,).2 Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 166 tati. .... ............... 166 vii

9. G REEK BASIC COURSE atharevus4 case enings. 3~2 declensin ........ ........................ . ............ . . . .... ...... ....... 169 171 173 173 174 175 175 175 176 ................. . ....... ........- ... .................... .................... ... ................. !. i81 -{a, -4.oal .......Numerals Feminine nus in I~tital Feminine nouns in Feminine noW1S in Masculine nouns in -asl 14.1 .2 14.1.3 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.1 Unit 14 Basic Dialo;ue Narrative Unit 15 Basic Dialogue. 181 Class 11 verbs: 5imple future and subjunct1ve 188 Class 11 verbs: 5imple Past 1 ~lass 11 verbs: Continuus past 199 Thid declension neuter nouns in I-on/ ........................ .................... 1-89 190 190 19C1' 191 185 187 .............. .............. .............. ................. ................. Perfective stem fonn Shitt ! stress Adjective: Continuous Past in -ayal Irregular verb IVol Class verbB: ....... .......... Indeclinable uns Review (Units 11 - 15) Narrative Note 15.1 15.1.1 15.2 15.3 15.).1 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 .Jrills . 195 Narrat1ve. 200 Unit 16 Hasic Dialop:ue. 202 ... . . ........ . . . . ... ....... .... Adverb1als ! tiJne Narrative Note 16.1 Aaverbs .... .. . . ........... . ...... ................. .. 205 208 208 16.3 Ccnparat1ve. .. 209 16.4 Superlative. 210 v111 G REEK BASIC COURSE atharevus4 case enings. 3~2 declensin ........ ........................ . ............ . . . .... ...... ....... 169 171 173 173 174 175 175 175 176 ................. . ....... ........- ... .................... .................... ... ................. !. i81 -{a, -4.oal .......Numerals Feminine nus in I~tital Feminine nouns in Feminine noW1S in Masculine nouns in -asl 14.1 .2 14.1.3 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.1 Unit 14 Basic Dialo;ue Narrative Unit 15 Basic Dialogue. 181 Class 11 verbs: 5imple future and subjunct1ve 188 Class 11 verbs: 5imple Past 1 ~lass 11 verbs: Continuus past 199 Thid declension neuter nouns in I-on/ ........................ .................... 1-89 190 190 19C1' 191 185 187 .............. .............. .............. ................. ................. Perfective stem fonn Shitt ! stress Adjective: Continuous Past in -ayal Irregular verb IVol Class verbB: ....... .......... Indeclinable uns Review (Units 11 - 15) Narrative Note 15.1 15.1.1 15.2 15.3 15.).1 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 .Jrills . 195 Narrat1ve. 200 Unit 16 Hasic Dialop:ue. 202 ... . . ........ . . . . ... ....... .... Adverb1als ! tiJne Narrative Note 16.1 Aaverbs .... .. . . ........... . ...... ................. .. 205 208 208 16.3 Ccnparat1ve. .. 209 16.4 Superlative. 210 v111

10. GREEK BASIC COURSE Cond1t1onal . ... .. . ........... 210 Adject1ve: katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/ ... .. . ...... 211 Un1t 17 Ba81c D1alogue. 212 an-at1~ ....... .................... . Note 17.1 Clas8 11 verb8: Ipel't1ve 217 ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/ 17.2 17.3 Decl1nable nUDlrals ...................... ... . 218 219 UD1t 18 B81c D1alCJgl8. 220 ....... ...............Rarrat1w Note 18.1 ... Pre8ent Pertect ......... .... ... ........... .... . 223 225 Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 226 18.3 Pl8t tense augent /e-/ ...... .. ......... . 227 UD1t l' Ba81c D1alogu.e ... 230 ......... ............. ....... .---.--"" 1~.2 1 Clu8 111 y1iM 235 236 235 233 ............ .......Pre8ent n Sten tornat1ve sutt1xe. ...... ......Past P8rtect. Clu. 111 wrb . 19.2.2 Clas. wrb Ilarrat1w lote 19.1 ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve 237 19., C1a8. m wrb8 . ............... S1Jple Future and Subjunct1" 19.3.2 Nta10n .1 80 :B881c D1alc::-. ,. 21 Fonnat1on ! pertect1ve BteJ Nan-at1ve Note .20.1 ....... ............................ .................... 243 246 20.1.1 Cla8s 1 wrb ..... .. .................... 246 20.1.2 Class 11 erb8. 20.1.3 Clus erb8 .................. . ............... ...... . 246 a47 1 GREEK BASIC COURSE Cond1t1onal . ... .. . ........... 210 Adject1ve: katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/ ... .. . ...... 211 Un1t 17 Ba81c D1alogue. 212 an-at1~ ....... .................... . Note 17.1 Clas8 11 verb8: Ipel't1ve 217 ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/ 17.2 17.3 Decl1nable nUDlrals ...................... ... . 218 219 UD1t 18 B81c D1alCJgl8. 220 ....... ...............Rarrat1w Note 18.1 ... Pre8ent Pertect ......... .... ... ........... .... . 223 225 Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 226 18.3 Pl8t tense augent /e-/ ...... .. ......... . 227 UD1t l' Ba81c D1alogu.e ... 230 ......... ............. ....... .---.--"" 1~.2 1 Clu8 111 y1iM 235 236 235 233 ............ .......Pre8ent n Sten tornat1ve sutt1xe. ...... ......Past P8rtect. Clu. 111 wrb . 19.2.2 Clas. wrb Ilarrat1w lote 19.1 ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve 237 19., C1a8. m wrb8 . ............... S1Jple Future and Subjunct1" 19.3.2 Nta10n .1 80 :B881c D1alc::-. ,. 21 Fonnat1on ! pertect1ve BteJ Nan-at1ve Note .20.1 ....... ............................ .................... 243 246 20.1.1 Cla8s 1 wrb ..... .. .................... 246 20.1.2 Class 11 erb8. 20.1.3 Clus erb8 .................. . ............... ...... . 246 a47 1

11. GREEK BASIC COURSE ote 20.2 Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't. 247 Reviev CUnits 16 - 20) ............................. Dri1l.s Narrat1ve ... ........... ........... .. 2$0 257 Uni't. 21 Ba81c Dialogue. 2 S9 Narrat1ve . .. . 26t 3!2 declensin neuter uns 1 /-08/ US8 !l/ ". .. Note 21.1 21.2 Class erb8 Use /ik6s/. Inperat1ve. .. ......' " ....... .................... 264 2~ 264 265 ~1't. 22 Ba81c Dialogue. 267 Narrati.... .' - .. -. "......' .. ...... _. 269 ....~ .......... ........~ ...... 271 ........ .....-... ~ ........." .-. ................ .... Adjective& in /-1&/ c:aae wrb8; Prab1bit.1ve IJperat1Ye. Verb /1p4.rxo/ word /rMJJdri! 22.2 22.3 22.4 ote 22.1 Un1't. a) Ba8ic Dialogus. . 271 'M1xed' conjugation . Pa.st part1ciple -. _. Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve _t.e8s. Narrat1e Nte 23.1 ... ..... ........ ...... ..... . 276 278 280 280 Un1't. 24 Ba81c D1alogue. .aea Narrative ae5 Presen't. active participle Pret1x /uana-/ .... ................... 28 289 Un1't. 2$ Bas1c D1a1o-. -. 291 GREEK BASIC COURSE ote 20.2 Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't. 247 Reviev CUnits 16 - 20) ............................. Dri1l.s Narrat1ve ... ........... ........... .. 2$0 257 Uni't. 21 Ba81c Dialogue. 2 S9 Narrat1ve . .. . 26t 3!2 declensin neuter uns 1 /-08/ US8 !l/ ". .. Note 21.1 21.2 Class erb8 Use /ik6s/. Inperat1ve. .. ......' " ....... .................... 264 2~ 264 265 ~1't. 22 Ba81c Dialogue. 267 Narrati.... .' - .. -. "......' .. ...... _. 269 ....~ .......... ........~ ...... 271 ........ .....-... ~ ........." .-. ................ .... Adjective& in /-1&/ c:aae wrb8; Prab1bit.1ve IJperat1Ye. Verb /1p4.rxo/ word /rMJJdri! 22.2 22.3 22.4 ote 22.1 Un1't. a) Ba8ic Dialogus. . 271 'M1xed' conjugation . Pa.st part1ciple -. _. Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve _t.e8s. Narrat1e Nte 23.1 ... ..... ........ ...... ..... . 276 278 280 280 Un1't. 24 Ba81c D1alogue. .aea Narrative ae5 Presen't. active participle Pret1x /uana-/ .... ................... 28 289 Un1't. 2$ Bas1c D1a1o-. -. 291

12. Note 25.1 0rd1nal8. Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25) .. GREEK BASIC COURSE ...... ... ...... ............. 297 ........ ...... .. ................Dr1U8 Narrat1v8 ............................... )01 )03 Tel1ing ~ 305 01088817' 306 1 Note 25.1 0rd1nal8. Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25) .. GREEK BASIC COURSE ...... ... ...... ............. 297 ........ ...... .. ................Dr1U8 Narrat1v8 ............................... )01 )03 Tel1ing ~ 305 01088817' 306 1

13. GREEK BASIC COURSE s ) ,/ /' ( n ...n ,..,. '"'" GREECE ~ Ra.Iroad Road @ InIernalional boundary IndefInile boundary DhIamerisma (RegIon) boundary National capital ms cenIer J 40 40 80 MiIes " i 80 Kilometers xii GREEK BASIC COURSE s ) ,/ /' ( n ...n ,..,. '"'" GREECE ~ Ra.Iroad Road @ InIernalional boundary IndefInile boundary DhIamerisma (RegIon) boundary National capital ms cenIer J 40 40 80 MiIes " i 80 Kilometers xii

14. G REEK BASIC COURSE INTRODUCTION Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. More than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. Other languages spoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an. Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1y res1d1ng 1 Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others. Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken 1 the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands. such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng coun- tr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1). It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada. Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a. L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European) fam11y ! 1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng the second m111en1um B.C. Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups ! d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c. Beg1nn1ng 1 the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread 11 over the Greek speak1ng terr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared com- p1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era. Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. the one hand th1s 1anguage 1s the re8~1t ! a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from the older Greek; the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1ments dur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal, syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are two broad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. and the Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! the peop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated 1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18 pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not have a f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon. The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to older Greek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1 a more or 1ess Ipure I form by newspapers. S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves about the1r 1anguage. At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously 1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style 1 the1r works. The sch1sm has cont1nued to Our days. 1 G REEK BASIC COURSE INTRODUCTION Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. More than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. Other languages spoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an. Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1y res1d1ng 1 Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others. Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken 1 the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands. such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng coun- tr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1). It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada. Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a. L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European) fam11y ! 1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng the second m111en1um B.C. Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups ! d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c. Beg1nn1ng 1 the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread 11 over the Greek speak1ng terr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared com- p1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era. Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. the one hand th1s 1anguage 1s the re8~1t ! a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from the older Greek; the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1ments dur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal, syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are two broad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. and the Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! the peop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated 1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18 pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not have a f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon. The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to older Greek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1 a more or 1ess Ipure I form by newspapers. S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves about the1r 1anguage. At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously 1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style 1 the1r works. The sch1sm has cont1nued to Our days. 1

15. G REEK BASIC COURSE Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from both Idhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa ' has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become the standard speech of Greece. Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to use the same m1xture of katharevusa dhimotlk1 e1ements the1r speech. The ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend the sltuat10n 1 whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage. Thus the same speaker may use the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace and then sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor. The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1 ' 1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to be used as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10 broadcasts. etc.). The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows: ,- L U - -- - -- - - - .- atharevusa D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1des Govgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence. etc. al1 publlc slgns 1 ~owns and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa. Thus. for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I; the word grocery store 1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc. As far a8 the press ls concerned the con~ervat1ve newspapers are wrltten 1 katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those ! the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1 dh1mot1k1. x1v G REEK BASIC COURSE Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from both Idhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa ' has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become the standard speech of Greece. Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to use the same m1xture of katharevusa dhimotlk1 e1ements the1r speech. The ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend the sltuat10n 1 whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage. Thus the same speaker may use the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace and then sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor. The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1 ' 1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to be used as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10 broadcasts. etc.). The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows: ,- L U - -- - -- - - - .- atharevusa D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1des Govgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence. etc. al1 publlc slgns 1 ~owns and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa. Thus. for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I; the word grocery store 1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc. As far a8 the press ls concerned the con~ervat1ve newspapers are wrltten 1 katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those ! the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1 dh1mot1k1. x1v

16. GREEK BASIC COURSE The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus: dh1mot1k1 kathom11unen1 katharevusa Modern L1terature Older L1terature Off1c1al Language Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press Every-day Usage Th1s Course The Greek descr1bed 1 th1s Course 1s representat1ve ! the kathom11umen1 var1ety, 1.e. that ! the 'standard ' speech ! educated Greeks. As the 1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speech ! an educated person vary acord1ng to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety ! 'correct I utterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use ! extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded. The whole Course cons1sts ! 75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes, each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew con- s1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1 ~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch the student 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s are cont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1cal forms. atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111 and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1cal notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course should have a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspapers wr1tten 1 katharevusa. The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t: Bas1c D1alogue Response Dr111 Useful Words tPo11te ' Express10ns Narrat1ve Grammat1cal Notes Sample Dr111s Subst1tut1on Dr111s Transformat1on Dr111s Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s Response Exerc1se Top1cs for D1scuss1on GREEK BASIC COURSE The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus: dh1mot1k1 kathom11unen1 katharevusa Modern L1terature Older L1terature Off1c1al Language Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press Every-day Usage Th1s Course The Greek descr1bed 1 th1s Course 1s representat1ve ! the kathom11umen1 var1ety, 1.e. that ! the 'standard ' speech ! educated Greeks. As the 1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speech ! an educated person vary acord1ng to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety ! 'correct I utterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use ! extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded. The whole Course cons1sts ! 75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes, each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew con- s1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1 ~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch the student 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s are cont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1cal forms. atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111 and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1cal notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course should have a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspapers wr1tten 1 katharevusa. The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t: Bas1c D1alogue Response Dr111 Useful Words tPo11te ' Express10ns Narrat1ve Grammat1cal Notes Sample Dr111s Subst1tut1on Dr111s Transformat1on Dr111s Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s Response Exerc1se Top1cs for D1scuss1on

17. GREEK BASIC COURSJ Bas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are found 1 each un1t. Narrat1ves beg1n w1th Un1t 2. The occurrence ! other parts may vary. Use ! Th1s Course 1. Bas1c D1a1ogues Most Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1st ! 10 sentences. more advanced un1ts the d1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three parts ! 10 to 14 sentences. The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11d- up or a sentence) tw1ce for each student. Each member ! the c1ass repeats the 1tem 1mm~d1ate1y after the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronun- c1at1on. ! the 1nstru~torIs 110 the 1tem 1s m1spronounced by the student. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ng after h1m (or her) as many t1mes necessary. After the c1ass hours each student goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng. dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart. After the sentences ! the D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed the students take part 1 act1ng out the D1a1ogue. The 1nstructor may take one ! the parts the f1rst t1me or two. Thls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11 any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke actor. 2. Response Dr1l1s Response dr111s cons1st ! quest10ns and answers based the d1a1ogue and narrat1ve st1uat1ons. ~nd are d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111 referr1ng the d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1 s1tuat1on I 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. The answers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e . and the student 1s supposed to know them. Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue that the restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the student must accept 1t as a 'real ' fact and say when answer1ng the quest1on: 'Where 1s the restaurant?I the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10ns 1 the Response Dr111s are g1ven w1th the dr111s. Therefore. these quest10ns and answers must be dr111ed 1 the same way the sentences ! the Bas1c D1alogues. Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposed to formulate the answers 1 h1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent to the g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 the Response Dr111s are 10nger dr111ed 1 the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ! a free conversa- t10n based the facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve. xv1

18. G REEK BASIC COURSE 3. Useful Words and rPo11te Expressions ' must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor and memor1zed by the student 1 the same way as the Bas1c D1alogues. 4. Narrat1ve The narrat1ve presents 1 expos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to that represented 1 the Bas1c D1alogue. a s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1th broader vocabulary. The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary 1tems 1 the same way as for Bas1c D1alogue. After the students have thus fam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads through the whole narrat1ve at a normal speed. The students 11sten w1th the1r books closed. The students summar1ze 1 Eng11sh as much as they understand the narrat1ve. Then the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh. The 1nstructor then asks the quest10ns Response Dr111 '' and the students answer them. The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retold 1 the student's own words class the next day. The narrat1ves 1 Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented both transcrlpt10n and 1 the Greek wr1t1ng system. subsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1on 18 om1tted. 5. SampIe Dr111s are to be treated 1 the same way as the sentences Bas1c D1algou8s. 6. Subst1t~t1on. Transformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to be used 1 accordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng each dr111. 7. Response Exerc1se Response Exerc1ses occur at the very end each un1t. The quest10ns of these exerc1ses are not necessar1Iy reIated to any part1cuIar un1t. GraduaIIy. as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoOme more general character. The purpose a Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto a free conversat1on with1n the scope h1s vocabulary. Un1ts 2. 3. and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven. AIl these answers should be dr11Ied 1 the same way as the sentences the Bas1c D1aIogues. Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1st quest10ns only, and the student 1s supposed to be abIe to answer the quest10ns by h1mseIf. Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correct 1 1t 1s appropr1ate and 1s good Greek. The answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor 1 necessary. The student repeats the corrected answer. 11

19. G REEK BASIC COURSE 8. Top1cs for D1scuss1on These dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1 ts 1 11eu of Response Exercisc~s. The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of the c1ass to take part 1 the d1scuss1on. One of the students 1s asked to develop the top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed by the 1nstructor. Another student should present h1s arguments to derend the oppos1te po1nt of v1ew. Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se between the two posltlons. Then other students jo1n 1 the d1scusslon. When one toplc has been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon. The exerc1se goes unt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussed and tota11y exhausted. GLOSSARY At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocab- u1ary 1tems 1ntroduced 1 that volume. Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unlt whlch the other forms of the verb are 11sted. !

20. GREEK BASIC COURSE ~~~~_~~_~~_~~!:_~~~!_~!!l~~!!_!~_!~_~~ ~~~!:!!!!_~2~! ! t ~ the ~Us!! I!~.. parentheses and quotaon marks are used toge :~her (, ) a more Uteral tranalation is given 1 addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent. Brackets [ ] are used indicate vords in the ~11sh equ1valent vhich do not equ1valent in Greek. ParentbeSe8 ) 1Ddicate vordB vhich are in the Greek but no a noral EnElish equ1valent. 'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1on o~ the Greek. but Englisb speakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation. '1be use o~ parentheses un brackets explained bo shuld aa the s1tuat1on clear 1n each case. On Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch are 8lDt1es on1tted. Alternate pronunciat1on o~ the same word or alternate vords are given atter a slant line /. Granatical Motes, slant lines / / are used to or~ Greek sounda, word8, phrases or _entence. 1n trnacr1pt1on vith1n an EngU8h text. t

21. GREEK BASIC COURSE Unit , . . . . .C . &/ &; KC , . !; . ' !; C ., .'!; . ~ C.c. '.. : '~f~!~~! ~ kalimra sas. kal1s~ra sas. kalintxta sa5. ~rete. '- su. p6s isee/iste p6s :!e? ka1l. erxar1st6 kesis? ka1A erxar1st kesis? n. a:: mflista. 61. paraka16. aried ~ 2 Good norn1ng (Iyour good da ). Good arternoon. 2!: Good evening. (Iyur good arternoon/ .1 ). Good n1ght. (said parting). He110. 2!: Good bye. 81. bow you a,r. Hw are you1 _11 thanks (11 thaDk l ) and you and yu? IIJD rine, tbanks, and you? Yes. . Please. : Yu1re velcOIe. ( beg l ). t.'umbers tvo

22. G REEK BASIC COURSE ~C: trfa three ~: t~sera Eur ,,~ p&nde five ~. Sks1 six ~f./~f. ept4/eft' 6K~/6x~ okt610xt6 eight l;""f:/l"".f. eMa/erry4 nine ~ka ten Grammat1cal Notes ----------------- , Modern Greek 1 wr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek. The spelllng 1 to a large extent h1stor1cal aod 1 therefore not cons1stent on a number ! polnts. In order to ak 1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1ts ! th1s course are vr1tten both 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n. Beglnning ,,1th the un1t 11 Qverything 18 10 Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10n 1 used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes. Tbe traDscrlpt10n used here 1 a adaptat10n ! Lat1n ]etters for l1IOst sounds and Greelc 1etters for a tn. It 1 not stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc transcriptlon. For exp1e the 1etter / stands for one sound before la,o,u/ and for another sound before le,1/. 510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e the basis ! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1e letter may be used for both sounds. The transcrlption used 1 th1s course cons1sts ! the follov1ng 1etters and other yi>ols: Voels: a, , u, e, 1 Consnants: V01ce1ess: , t, , Ic, , t, ts, Volced: b, d, b, g, , v, dz, , r, 1, , n, The acceot mark 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e a p}rase 01 sentence and 1ndlcates a 1ess 10ud (IsecondaryI) stress. The weak stress 1s unmarked. word sa1d 1 iso1at10n (as 1n the bu11d-ups) 111 regu1ar1y have a primary stress 1'1. 1n a sentence thls may be replaced by secondary or even by weak Btress (unmarked). The stress 1n Greek 3

23. GREEK BASIC COURSE falls a1vays one ! the last three sy11ab1es ! a word. There are three types ! phrase endings (~~: 'junctures') 1n Greek: 1,1 111 and 1.1 (the spec1a1 signs for these are 11/, 1111 and 1#1 respect1ve1y). These punctuat10n narks are not used 1 the same vay or v1tb the B8Jll vlI~ues as 1n either Eng1ish or Greek ordinary spe111ng. The system used here ass1gns spec1f1c values to the punctuat10n narks. 'T'he cona 1,1 1nd1cates that the intonation pattei-n precediw 1t 1s character1zed by a ra1sed pitch ! the last stressed syllab1e ! the phrase. per10d 1.1 1s used to 1nd1cate the end ! a pbrase accompan1ed by fal1ing p1tcb. It may or may not correspond to a period e1ther in Greek or 1n Eng11sh spe111ng. quest10n nark 111 1ndicates a r1sing p1tch 1 questions. Quest10ns 1 Greek w~y be div1ded 1nto tvo categories: ,) QuestioDS vbich begin v1th a quest10n vord (such, for examp1e, as 'vbo', 'vben', 'vhere', 'hw', etc.), e.g. ,wbere are you g01ng1' 'Wbat d1d be say?' etc. 2) Quest10ns vithout quest10n vords (usually beg1nn1ng v1tb a verb 1n Greek) sucb as, 'Are you g01ng there1' 'D1d be sa tbat1', etc. The bighest p1tcb in quest10ns ! tbe first category 1 tbe quest10n vord, tal11ng gradually to the 1ast syllab1e. Quest10ns ! the second categ~ry have tbe bighest p1tch tbe stressed syllab1e tbe 1ast vord. Tbe p1tch 1eve1s are" ! curse, not abso1ute, but are bigb or lor relat1ve to each other. Stress (vh1ch 1s 10udness) and p1tch (vh1ch 1 be1gbt tone) lIIWJt be caretul1y d1st1ngu1shed. S1nce tbe 10udest syllab1e 1s otten tbe bigbest 1n p1tcb, there 1 frequent1y a tendency to con!use tbe tvo. Very spec1al attent10n ust be pa1d to the 1ntonat1on ! each Greek sentence. It should never be treated as if 1t vere an Eng11sb sentence. Tbe punctuat10n narks vill he1p the student to say tbings correctlyj but only careful l1sten1ng, and 1mitat1on as vell as constant and pers1stent dr111 111 g1ve a correct prcnunc1at10n. 4

24. G REEK BASIC COURSE , Tbere are 1 voe1 sounds in Greek: /1/ /8/ /./ /0/ /uI G.D.I.2 Soevhat l1ke ! !!~!!!!!!, but h1gher, tenser and v1thout the gl1de that voe1. Tedhn1cally: a h1gh front unrounded e1 [1]. L1ke e 1et. - ---- T8chn1cally: a (h1gber) n1d tront unrounded voe1 [e]. SOJllvhat 1jke ! 10 !!~~!:' but RUch shorter 11 unstressed. Techn1cally: a 1 unrounded w1 {a]. thch l1ke c10th. ecbn1cal1:= a h1gher-IIIid rounded back Toel []. .S08Vhat l1ke 00 1 boot or u 10 ~' but h1gher, tenser, and v1tbout the ~ g11de English. Techn1cally: a h1gh back rounded voe1 [u]. Pronunc1at1oo Dr111s /1/ k{rios k1rfa, k6r1, 1r{n!, {stera e&6, ker6s, It1mos, mSros kill, 4na, parakal6, pot!mi e06, 6ra, p6ros, etxar1st6 kun6, kuldr1, kalu, ualfa 1or6tas efirerfoa ae!na korits1 fkaros 1mSra nda

25. GREEK BASIC COURSE /e/ leoforlo ~repe perno patates p~nde /a/ trfa kal$. /0/ 6ra p6nos korn 6noma ak6ma /u! kut6s kun6 uJ. urans Note 1.3. Consonants et!lete miMn t!na ner6 Ha 6ra 4I-ostos aeli: patE!ras dra aft6s mikr6s sor6s 6mikroD ur4 us{a Ute kald ut!teros /b/ L1ke b ! bob. - --- Techn1cally: a voiced b11ab1al stop [b). 6 br, bamb4a, buk411 bt!no, blka

26. GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT , /d/ /f/ /g/ /k/ Like d ! dot but with the tongue touching the teeth. Techn1cally: a voiced dental stop [~] L1ke f 1 fOM. - ---- Technically: a voiceless labiodental sp1rant [f]. L1ke ~ 1 ~~~. Rare except after Technically: a vo1ced dorso-velar stp [gJ. L1ke c ! cot but wi tho~t dn, knd, pandd, pand6fles f40, falakr6s, f6ros furd, fflos, fe16s grernn6s, grfnya 4ngelos, 4ng1ra, 4nglos k6ta, kano, kdpa strong purf ! breath. Fronted before /1/ and /e/. kd, kfrios Technically: a vo1celess /1/ /r./ /rj dorso-velar stop [k]. be like ! ! !!~! (before /o~u, a/), fronted bere /e/ aM /1/ (v1th B~PE speakers almost l1ke !l before /1/). Technically: a yoiced apico-dental lateral [1]. Like !!! -! ~; may be fronted (toards ~) iJefore /1/. Techn1cally: a b1lab1al Like ~ ! ~~ bef~re /a,o,u/, fronted before /e/ and /i/. Tech.~ical1y: 3D apico-dental nasal /n/.~ 7 lA01, luluo1 lost6s, lekls, leksik6 1fma, 11p6n, 11ym6s, l1manj, lituryf. maSima, akros, m6Xos mikr6s, ra, ~o na6s, n01163, nus ~oB, n1sf, nfxta

27. GREEK BASIC COURSE // /r/ /s/ /t/ // // Like ot P2S but without the strong puff breath. Techn1cally: a voiceless bilab1al stop (]. Usually a single flap or tap ! tbe tongue against the ridge behind the upper teeth. Technically: an alveolar flap [r']. Like !! ! !!~~!. Technically: a vo1celess apico-dental spirant (s] L1ke t ! tot but without the strong puff ! breath, and with the tonguetQuch1ng the teeth. Techn1cally: a vo1celess apico- dental stop (t J. L1ke V ! !!~!. Technically: a vo1ced lab1o-dental sp1rant //. Made by friction ! air pass1ng tbrough as tongue 1s in position r~r /k/. Before /a,o,uI (or before consonants follwed by one ! these wlB) the sound 1s back, l1ke German 2~ f !~!!, ~~~!!, before /e,1/ (or consonants follwed by one ! these vwels) the sound 1s front, more l1ke ch 1 Oran 1ch. Technically: a vciceless dorso-velar sp1rant (]. 8 tri, paraka16, pueen , pern6 r6nd, 6ra, rUxo, r'vo, p6ros korItsi, rev1 s4mos, sU1a, sovar6s Isya, 'se, 1 tfnos, poti, t4ksis e'o, ', vun6 vfxas, v6rio8 xar4, xor6s, xdfta oxtd, xta61 x1m6nas, x!rete, xees, :xeB

28. G REEK BASIC COURSE UT , // L1ke ~ ! ~~!!. Technica11y: 6, pzo, zIte, zaxari a voiced apico-denta1 spirant [). zum // /'6/ /8/ /ts/ /dz/ // Made by frict10n ! air pass1ng through as tongue is 1 pos1tion for / gf. (It 1 a vo1t:ed counterpart //). TechrI1cal1y: a v01ced dorso-ve1ar 3p1rant (). L1ke ~~ ~~~!!:. Tecbnically: a vo1ced ap1co-dental s11t sp1rant (]. L1ke ~~ ! ~h!!!. Techn1cal1y: a v01ce1ess apjco-dental s11t sp1rant (8). L1ke ts 1 nets. Techn1ca11y: a v01celess ap1co-dental aftr1cate [cJ. L1ke

29. G REEK BASIC COURSE Letter -& '~ Renarks !!~~~~!~E~!~~ Name ! letter -------------- in Greek: !~_~!~~~~~!E~!~~:-------- /1/ /I.ta/ /e/ -& /eita/ /1/ y/JJ /y6ta/ /k/ ~() /k~pa/ /1/ () /Uda/ /m! /i: /rr/ / / /nI/ /ks/ /ksr/ /0/ SKO /6mikron/ // // /r/ 6/ /r6/ /s/ /siyrra/ /t/ /t&r/ /1/ /:rpsilon/ /f/ /fi/ // // /ps/ // /0/ /of'ra/ Follw1ng 8equences ! 1etters are used to represEnt a s1ng1e und: a) !..~!:!! ~g~~~~~_~f_!~~~~~~ , , .. Used 1 final position only Sound ~~5?!~:! /u/ /lu.1/ 'nour' /e/ /onOI1'Azete/ lit 1s calledl /1/ /1r1nikf/ 'peacefu1' -& /1oeet6/ ' adopt' 6 1168/ ';' 10

30. b) ~~~~~!::~!!~:! word initial position: GREEK BASIC COURSE , 5equence ! letters Sound ~!~~ /b/ /bor6/ ' can l /1.' /d5.no/ ' dress' /,; , / grmn6s/ 'prec1p1ce' After voels the coll1blnatlons , , usually stand for the sequences /rrb/, /rJ/, /yJ respectlvely, e.g. lfv ) /lMr6s/ /.rJra.s/ /.t:)l,I'fno/ 'bright' 'an' approvp.-t /tsi'!r/ 'clgarette ' The pronunClation //, /nt/, /rd occurs when the comblnations , , are follwed by a v.:>lceless consonant, malnly in foreign loanwords. The combination occurs only in t1le niddle ! the word and represents the soI,nd /f)r/ ! English 'finger', 'longer' etc. e.g. /4ngelos/ 'angel'. The sound /ts/ and /dz/ are represented in Greek orthography by (- f:inal poslt:ion) am respective1y, e.g. .~o /dzfdz1kas/ 'clcada'. The corrbjnat:ion -YX-1n the iddle ! the ",ord corresponds tc the sound /nx/, e.g. x~ /sinxorfte/ 'excuse!'. c) Y~!~2~!~~~ The comb:inatlons and stand for /av/ and /ev/ before vowels an vclced consonants, e.g.a:Iy6 /avy6/ 'eggf , a:~ /4vra/ 'breeze', uCa: /eviJfW!rfa/ 'prosperlty', and tor /af/ and /ef/ before volceless consonants, e.g.a:Cv /aftokfn1to/ Icar', a: /eftlxfa/ 'happ1ness l , a:. /efxarist6/ 'thank yOU I 2) ~~!!!~!~!!_ The gemination (doubling) consonants occurs only in scrlpt, not in speech. double consonants represent slngle scunds, e.g. /.s/ 'other', ~ /alayf/ 'change','vv /'-na/ 'Ann'. 3) ~!:!:~!!~:! There are three accents: the acute accent /'/, the grave accent /'/, and the 11

31. " ) (;RI:EK 5 (OLR~E c1rcnmflex accent -. 4) ~~!:~!!~!~~ The signs ! and 1'1 traditionally called 'breath1ngs' are written above a11 1r~tia1 vcwels co~1nat10ns. These signs have mean1ng 1 modern Greek. !~~_!e~!~!~e~~ 1'1 13 used to iDdicatethe 10s8 a wl, .. 't 'a'tCv.'t /taftokinitol the car , ' lna.ncv61 that go up . The diaeresis // is wr:itten 011 or v to indicate that the comb1nat.lon ! or repregerts either a di?hthong (when or v are unstressed), e.g. li,~() /4ipnosl 'sleep1ess' or two separate vowe1 scunds (when t or ~ are stressed), e.g. ! lr"! norn1ng' ~~~~~!~!:!~~ 1,1 1s a sign ritten under some we1B withut affecting the r.ronunc1ation, e.g. & ~'ljl Ina QtIs11 1" that he give'. 6) ~!~!!~~ The punctuat10n signs are 1dentica1 1 Greek and Engl1sh ece:'t for the quest10n mark the senico1on. The question ark jn Greek 1s lil and the semdco1on 1s 11. ~~t.! ~:.5_ Phono1ogy: Ass1Jrd1ation ! vwe1s. ka1A efxsrist, kesIs7 Fme, thank yu, and you7 ),hen a word end1ng 1 a vme1 1" follw 1 by ! Iieg1M11ng "11th the 1. VC1e1, ! the w1B is ass1rnHated, th'.1l1 Ikef/esS/=/kess/. 51n1lar vowe1 asII1JTd1at1cn occurs "11th certa1n other ccmb1nat1ona vcnela (see later un1ts). 12:

32. G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT a 2 (he, she, 1t) 1s,(the7) (the) eIJassy vhere Excuse !. Iberf.l 18 the Eba8BY? r1ght, the r1Iht. on the r1ght vtor. l s1nxorHe. ) p't1 . Ine 1 prezvIa ) . ; p't1 In(e) 1 prezv!a? . ek81a . .. 1 rrezv!a, :!ne eksi. The &nbaBBY 1s the r1gbt. or6 Im6/In' prokseno (the) consulate aakr1i tar ap6/ap !rom eb6 here apo6 froJl . or6 ; !ne proksenlo 1I'.akr1a, Is the Consu1ate far froa apo!S? he? 4 LO"ra, . m411sta. Ine. Yes, 1 18. .O"r O"r.6 arjster4 1eft staem6s (the) 8tat1cn 11. 'r0&6 .or; In(e) staeIIIs Is the stat10n the 18? arjster4? ~o not 61. ~ 1ne. , 1 1s not. 13

33. G REEK BASIC COURSE ~'~t kate!efan o~ brost~ ~' ~r; o~ katefefan brostci stra1ght in front Sra1ght ahead ~~6 ; ~'~t sta,6s, :lne o~. katefefan brostci. p'ra < pol ~ . Narrat1ve The station 15 straight ahead. very III1ch Thank you very much. ~~6 ~2~!~. 6 o~, ~~ . stams 1 1~ooc4. to proksen:io :ine konda. a1d i prezv13 :ine makri4. :fstera 'near by' 'but' 'then', 'afterwards', 'after' ' ( < ' 6 . o~, ~~6 . '~ '~~ . 6 t, ~~6 ' < '. t! 1 ?rezvfa, u~n :lne po1f makr14 apto proksen:io. :lne kond', 314 staem6s, :lne makr14. :ine eks1', kistera katefe:lan br~3t4. proksen:io stams ki prezv1a,:ine 1 makr14 apcM.

34. ka1Wra 88, pc)S 11 88 s1nxrte. pU in(e) 1 prezv!af GREEK BASIC COURSE ka1B etxarist kesfs? 1 prezv!a ine eks1. UNITa ine proJen!o ukr1& ap1 in(e) staI ar1stera1 in(e) 1 presv!a ar1steraf !ne to prolen:to e kcnaf :!n(e) 1 prezna k8 to prolenio kond8f 8lista, to prokaemo in. pol! .JcrU. _. B8Se ine katetan broat8. 6:1, 1 prezna :!ne &eIa1. :1., to proledo ine _k:r1J apoM. 6xi, 1 prezvU k8 t.o prok8edo :Ine pol 8kr1A. Grammat1cal Notes ----------------- !~!_!~! Verb: '1s" '1sn't', 'are', 'are~'t'. EY~ d &6 ~~; -OX~, Y~. a&6 K~' Y~ 6 zpu~. !n(e) ar1ster47 l the stat10n the 18ft? 61, 4 tne. , 1 1sn't. k1 prezv!a !ne The stat10n and the Eb7 pol akr1A. are tar. The above examples 111ustrate the use ! the Greek equ1valent to the I:ngli8h verb '-' 1: the ~~ person s1ngular or plural (affinative negat1ve). '1'".11': EY~ // means either (he, she, 1t) 18 ~!: they are and Y~ / ine/ means either (he, she, 1t) 1sn't ~!: they aren't :Jote 2.a Phonology: l'alatalization /kalinta sas/ 'good night' /mlista/ ']e8' 15 /xi/ /to rksen/ 'no' , (1) consulate'

35. G REEK BASIC COURSE 'lbese exarnp1es 111ustrate c. 'pa1atal1zed conscnants, i.e. oonscnl:nts made w1th the tongue 1 a sim11ar position to in saying l in Ergl1sh. The fo11ov1ng consonants are pa1ata11zed (more cr 1ess, dependinc; speaker) when followed by the scund !: /1/, Im/, //. Consonants /1 and // are a1an palatal1zed before the sounds 1 and . Exarnp1es: /kir10S/, /I? Greek nouns fall 1nto three f;I'OUPS with re'ard to ecnd'!r: ascul1ne, feJllinine and ncuter. lJo be dece1ved by these lal1e15 int.o beUcV1ng gerder is a matter ! sox. Yu C frc the examp1es above ( stat10n , lIIascu1ine; IEr.r;aSS;I', fer.irdr.e; Co;lsulate , neuter) that gender is a gramatical .1'eat:re 0.1' ( question ! the1r ~~~r;;!!) re.t.her t!lan a ~~~~~~ feature (determ:ined " their meaniT![s). 'he best way to pt:t 1t 1: thor~ are !:!,,~ t"roups ! un 1 Greek, and .1'or rn0st p..ort, YI='U car.not determ1ne what ~rcllp a nrun tJe1on:o;s ,6

36. G REEK BASIC COURSE UIT to by considering what the means. As in F~1ish there are two kinds ! artic1es Greek: definite ('the I ) ~nd 1ndefinite ('a'). definite artic1es are under1ined 1 the exanp1es above. Thus /o/1s the 1118scuUne defini.te artic1e, /1/ the fininine, and ~6 /to/ the neuter difinHe Sortic1e. ('1he 1ndefinite artic1e i9 disclssAd in Note 3.:?). Greek nouns 1118 have varius end1ng9, e.g. - /-i~nun(e) ~! pin(e) 1"41 vl~pWIIB 06 vl~p~te 3 vHpun(e) ! ~!~~~~! [~yo f~vyis fE!vyi p!no ?!n1s 1 p~o 40 p1y~1 r1Yni ] vl~po vl~p1s v1 Note 6.5 Notat1on. Plural [~yune f~vyete f~v'J.n(e) pSnume p!nete pfnun(e) [ f1yis [ 6 py:{s :{ Plural [:lume fi'.vete f:lyun(e) pyUe py:{te py..m(e) pite p4n(e) 1re d() Beginning wit.h ni 7 thet1oo basic forms (1.e. first person s1ngll1ar {or ! the present tense and that ! the perfect1ve stem [or) ! al1 Class crbs occur1ng for first t1me 1 the F'3s1c Jialogues or 1 the Narrat1ves 111 be giveo 10 the build-ups as fo11ows: :: (:) () f () arx!zo (arx!so) piyno (40) vl!!po (06) etc. to begin go (The basic forms ! Class 11 and Class ! verbs 1o111 be d1scussed 1 later un1ts). Note 6.6. Verbs: Subjunct1ve ! the Class verbs. 3~ ~ ia eelete na p!te... other 1oords you are try1ng to say ; l1 br na [lo1 ~'here can eat1 .C ; all ! bore na py1me? and what can 1 dr1nk1 74

94. G REEK BASIC COURSE 6 The verb forms /na pfte/~ /na. f40/, . /ra pydme/ are subjunct1ve. Subjunct1ve 1s most used refer t1me after that ! the preced1ng verb ( ~ /e~lete na. / 'you want [w] say [future w1th respect the vant1ng~ vh1ch 1s present]'). Subjunct1ve 1s used when the act10n is des1red, poss1ble, mandatory, doubttul, etc., part1~ularly after verbs such as 'vant', 'l1ke l , 'tell' and words l1ke 'canl , '8U8t', 'shou1d" 'poss1ble" '1mposs1b1e', etc. Used after another verb th1s [ 18 80st trequently equ1va1ent an Eng11sh verb phrase w1th '' a8 'he vants ' 11ke ' etc. But the subjunct1ve has end1ne which 1nd1cates the actor. The l1tera1 trans1at10n ! subjunct1ve clause, therefore, il1 be more accurately: ' eat , 'that dr1nk', ' you _ay', ' taste', etc. The 8UDjunct1ve 10 Greek 18 fored exact1y l1ke tuture (Note 6.1.1) but p1'8ced1ng the verb IOl 18 /ra/ ( ' /n-/ before - /a-/). verb 1 tte 8ubjunct1ve can, cour8e, be e1ther '81p1e' or'cont1nuoU8'. Tbe cont1nu0U8 8ubjunct1e 1s /ra/ p1us pre_ent tense, .. & or~v C /8'10 na tr~ 611 1 tJra/ ' want a11 the 1e' , and t.he 81pl 8ubjunct1ve 18 6. /na/ p1us perfect1e ste.. t01"lll; .. & ci /"10 aa t40/ ' eat.'. Not.e 6.7 Verb: Ipersonal Verb . /1/'1' necesllary', '', 'should', 'oght'. ----- ----Oorcv EtcnE ~ ..A~ tJtan 18 8t.1n , When you 1 At.hens 8 . iorE cpiorE 1 na pite na . ('goand') eat. 1 a tavem'. at orCltfpvcx. se d. tay,frna. The verb torIII . /pr~1/ 111 1ersonal' 111nce 1t can be ued 1 t.he person s1~u1ar only. The verb that. tollws . /pr4.p1 / 18 alwayw 1n t.he ubjunct1ve. Other 1Mersona1 erbs w111 be d1scussed 1 later unit. ~2~_!:~: Cla8S Ve1"b /bor6/ ' be able'. 6c..o : ( ktJzmos bor! ra p1y'n1 People can go there eery day. & . ekf, k4e. _ra. The th1rd person s1ngular form ! /bor6/ 1s : /borr/ ' (she,1t.) can, 1s able', 11ke /enor/ /efxa:,istr/ etc. (see 5.9). 75

95. G REEK BASIC COURSE Note 6.'3.' Impersona1 use ! the vcrb form : ' can, may, might'. The third person singu1ar form ! the verb /borf/ 'it's possi~1e', perhaps', /bor6/ can be used impersonally, e.g. : ~. : ~. bori na 40 stin a9tna. bor! na 40 arniki. Perhaps 1'11 go to Athens. 1t's possib1e that 1'11 eat 1amb. ~~~~_~:2 Noun: The use ! the word /k6zltOs/ 'peop1e', 'wor1d'. : - kmos bori na piy!n1 Peop1e can go 1t should be noted that the 'ford /k6zmos/ a1vays used co11ect1ve1yj the verb it gverns 1 !!~!~!:. The express10ns /10 k6zltOs/ means 'everybody'. !~~_~:~2 Expressions ! T1me 1. ; p6te !~yi to tr!n? wben does the train 1eave? uOTav -& tan Jste stin ae1na, When you are Athens, you 1. prl!pi na p4te na f4te nust ( go and') eat a . d. tav~rna. tavern. 6 /p6te/ 'vhen' is used in questions as .. 1. /p6te arxJz1 kinimat~afos?1 'wben does the mvi start?' and 1nd1rect questions: 1. g!r arxl2ii don' t Mw vhen the 1 .. k1nimatyrafos. st.art.. uOTav /6tan/ is used to indicate a concurrent tie 'vhen', as uOTav -& ~x -&a tan . ! 1efti, . oIben 1('11) ltOY 1'11 go '. st1n eUoa. to Greece. ~~~~_~:!.1. Adjective , , /poHs, -1, -1/ 'numerous', 'rnany','a 10t'. E~ 1. !ne 18 to(n) g6zo, pu ~ 1t's !or the peop1e vho don't ~x .. a . ~x1 p01l 1eft!. have a 10t ! oney. The adjective /poHs/ 'numerous', 'many', 'a 10t' the !ol1owing forms: 76

96. 11. GREEK BASIC COURSE . . ut.I1'1' 6 a. polfs Plural . o~ n. EX!~!!!! o~ x6a.o l:z o~ t crrC&o t .. 6 ~ooxz l!s pol k6zllOs 6ra krasf pol sta8d poll. presvf8s poU ksenooda 6 ~ people a 10t, 1;1_ a 10t, ! 1.. 88n,1 st.at,1ona 1811 bu8B 88n,1 hote1s 8 prfp1 na no kar. Jrje "ra. 8S! pl,'p1 na p!n18 yUa cae !I'. alt6s pl,'p1 na p!D1 t,d1 W8 _ra. 8d "'1 na plUl8kaf' k4e!ra. . "'1 na plnete poli nrd. ats 1'11 na plnun(8) kaf' k4e 111'.. 8"(6 prfp1 na )' ner. 8s1 prfp1 na pyfs ..1'6. aft,s prp1 na pyf tsi1. 81111s 1 na 18 kat~. l. 1 na t.e t8i1. aft! 1 na py11ne kat~. 77 "(6 "'1 na rfvyo P'nda _ t,o t,...no. e81 "'1 na t'Y7!s P'nda _ t,o t"'no. atts "'1 na r.vy1 P'nda _ trfno. ed8 pl,'p1 na r.V'yU88 pinda _ t,o t,...no. .! s "'1 na t'vyete p&nda _ t,o rno. att! prfp1 na rIvyun(e) p&na _ to t,NRO. - "'1 na tlyo .80S. es! "'1 na 1 ..80 aft8 "'1 na tiy1 ~.o.. eIs r1 na !ye .80S. es!s 1 na tlyete .so aft! ri na f!yun{e) ~BOB.

97. G REEK BASIC COURSE Ba piy~no sti(m) brezvia K~ ~ra. es! ea piy~nis sto proksen!o k~Ge ~ra. aftds ea py~! sto estiatri ke mera. ~m!s ea piy~nume sto kafenio ke ~ra. ~:!s ea piy~nete sto proksen!o ke ~ra. aft:! ea pi~nun(e) sto proksen:!o ke ~ra. Ga P~O simera stin aqfna. es! ea P~5 s!mera sti(m) b4tra. afts Ba p~] s!mera sto prosken!o. em:is ea pime s:!mera stin aIJtna. ~s!s ea p4te s!mera sto prosk~n!o. aft:! Ga p!n(e) s!mera sto(n) staem6. Substitution-Corre1ation Dri11s Change the form ! the under1ined verb (or verbs) agree with the pronouns 1isted the right each sentence: p~p! na E!~~ kaf~ ~ra. p~pI na ! yA1a stiz Q~ka. aft~s pr~pi na ~~~!~~~~ fai. s!mera ea ~ sti(n) dav~rna. p~pI na !~~ stis eka. Ga !!~ ya tin aetna. ~10 na ton aoerf6 sas. ~~!! na sas !!!e! 61 tin ra. o~ ~~!!~ na ~~ stin aeina? Ga sas ~ s!mera. o~ ~~~ na ~~~~ ps4zwJa k4ee ~ra. o~ ~~~~ na !!~ p4nda efxarist. E!~~ yala ke ~ra. !?~~~ na ~ krul. ~10 na sas stis okt~. ~!!~ na sas E~ br na S,S ~~ s1mera. , ems, aft~s. ey6, es!s, aft! (1.). esi, aft6s, em:is. ey6, es!s, aft6s. aft6s, , aft. ey6, esfs, aft~s. emis, aft6s, aft! (1.). aft~s, em!s, ey6. , aft6s, aft~s. aft! (1.), em!s, art6s. , aft~s, 8, aft6s, em!s. , aft6s, 8, B~. ey6, es1s, aft6s. aft6s; aft~s, esfs, m. aft6s, em:is, aft! (pl.) al"t6s, em!s, aft~s Substitute the words the right ! each sentence for the under1ined words and change the aspect ! the verb according1y. s!mera. 78

98. G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT 6 pr~pi na sas vl~ruroe ~!!_~!~_~~!. pr4!pl na txete !~~~ leftA. attis prepl na plnun(e) kat~ ~!!_~!~_~r!. atts pr4!pl na ooklmizl ~ at. eds pr4!pl na lmast(e) eM, ~!!_~!!!_~!:~. na rt1vyo ya taks!al ~~!_~!:~~ pn)pl na }e ~ ! p4a. na [.e !~!!_~~~!. p~pl na r!yo '1& taks!1 !!~2- att~s 1 na : a6err6 tu !!~!:!. pn1pl na pyite to(n) gar" sas !!!!_~~~~~ p~pl na bok1bwe ta yl1ki !!~~. p~pl na !s{e) ~ !!~!:!. Ats . 4 a6ert~ tu ~!t _~r:.a~ 9a tro ~2!_!!!!!:! p_4rya. _d_ . t!xwe ~~. poU lett4. _ ardsun na trne ~!!_!!!:!_!H!_~!~.: ea 411_ na vs att6(n) to 1p41llo, kj,)e "'ra. --------- _ ea p!n... kal" ~~_~~~.: . !_() ~ k&e _1'8.------. arus . tine !H!_~~ ryeV8. dB . sas .. ~!!_~~~. 'x1s letu !!~~!. _ eard81 na 1 !~!!_~~!~ . e4!lls na 518 lp11ilo !~!~_~!27 '!! . pyme kar~ !!~!:~. dB . 1mast(e) e6 s1mera. 79 stis okt6. sIrnera. stls okt6. slmera. stls okt6. sfmera. sfrnera. 611 . k4t3e Ara. 611 1 ra. 611 1 ra. p4nia. ki&e _ra. st1s okt6. stlz lka. _I_ra. _Imera, st1s epU. _Iera _t1z . .1 {. slmera. kiee "'ra. k4ee !ra. ki~e _1'8. k4e !ra ~ka. kige fra. k4ee !ra. k4ge !ra.

99. tr ea k4nete slmera? GREEK BASIC COURSE pi~netek!ee ~ra sti(m) b!tra? piy~nete tav~rnes7 tf fayi t! ~xun i tav~rnes e061 t! pot41 lne akriv4 ta potl, stis tav~rnes pu tr6te? p6s lne ta krasy! sart~s tis tav~rnes? trte p4nda sa14ta ne to fal sas ? t! ylik4 trte? 6 Ine to enik tus t 1 ~~lete na kim4sete aft to pot61 e~lete na p4te stin aefna1 p6s ln(e) i p4tra? ne t! pi~nete ek11 p6s lne ta tr~na stin e14a1 !n(e) akriv! ta isitlria ya ti brati 9~B! sto treno1 ~x! i p4tra kal! ksenooxfa1 borlte na plte t! ra Jne1 Usef'ul vords ---------- 3 'ro man . f'1t1ts student natt1s sa1lor lox:aa sergeant IOsokos aed1c . vordJ reason, lIOt1ve 1 k6ri daugbter 3& 1 ealaaa 8 1o&s 8treet. li 1 gira anchor 6 to a"t'V' egg / &. to ploo kar'V'i 1 80

100. G REEK BASIC COURSE Y!!!~_7 ~!!!~-~!~!~~~ ut1 kt 6 _s ! ma_te ka1i. :. ~ both t:i ne, but rrr vJt.'. ] 1 .dtlra t1s noM . s1clr. ytnlka8 iiiu, !n(e) aro.t1.. :: , &; v:L ~ : :; KL ' / OL G ~ '4 ~o, -, - . ' 600 , ~ : '( yVL 4 EtVO:L ~'f. 6 .:6 .C6 vLC () L 6Gvcx, -, - .6, -, - YLaOfp6c; vLCL, :L cLVXL u uv:, KL'auOf6 cLVXL : yiMka kal:i~ra, ~B !Be? p6s !n(e) : y1n~ka su? ki cy6 / ke 1 k~ cy6 I18s/ke 1 a.o 1;! i dUra t,1s y1~kas II!U t:is y1~kaz JI11.I 4ro8tos, -1, - yatrl5e yatr6s U. o:rzo (odso) : karyi abrnatos, -1, - ~p:lk{nbtn08. -1, - c atrs t:ls nom!z1 pos 1 karbya tis tne 1! abinat1, kaft in(e) e1 (the) vif'e, VCI8I& od orn1rag, how are youi 18 your w1fe7 both ('a11 the two') U_, our both ! U8 { the) .cther the V1f. .I,1118 ! ay v1tc s1dc, 111 (tb8) doctr ber doc:t.OI' t-h1nk ( the ). heart .eak, _l1a dangerous Her doc:tor th1nks her heart 1s very wcak, and that's dangerous.

101. GREEK BASIC CQURSE .l. .; f , -, - . vfa. . f l. 6 ! f. 6 - !. l . ' I~I, . l 6 , f . xa. epikinoino. xr6nos (the) year xron6n ! years p6so(n) n ? Hw old 1s she? n rather. qu1te rio. -a. - ycung yer6s. -1 -6 healthy tne milon a, tne She's qu1te you. she 1s ~ sarAnda pnde xronm,ke years 01 and she's 1n good health yert y1Mka. ('very healthy an). to nosokodo (the) hospi tal :-!1 na 1() blte sto Tou oughtto take ('go') her nosokon1o. the hosp1tal. nosokorou ! the hosp1tal 1 p611s (the) city t1s p61ecs ! c1ty ~ist1x6s, 1 yatrl Unfortunately. the doctors 1r: nosokomdu t1s pole6s our c~ty hosp1tal aren't good. a. In fne kaH. 1 Gesalon1k1 (the) Thesalon1k1 t1s esalon1k1s ! (the) The8salon1k1 -&6, -, -6 kaear6s. -1, 6 clean, pure ' t . - &14 1 yatrt t18 6esa10- But the doctors 1r. Thessalonil1 . ntk1s tne kaH, are ery , the ! ke ta nosokoda hosp1tals are extrenely -&. kaear4. ~l. .a m4l1sta as a matter ! fact. indeed. certa1nly . fnos, 1 f1li 8 (the) friend

102. G REEK BASIC COURSE 1 t1(m) b4tc saft.:.!ne call h1m') Papaboulos. ou U v , ~, y~6 ou. 6 fv 6u. & ~~ ~ '~6. 1 & 6. u ct ~oo;, -, - l~oo, cS:py& f x~a 6 tf. ct ''cn l~oo, & / 'a6~6 cS:py& f) y(;X~4. inas m41ista atr8 fne f110z MU. too(e) l~ne papab6pulo. na pra 1! kalS. s1111f6 aryi 1 ntxta to , .1Jta6 ..a:1 ..., ldaaete tb1 D8 1 (11) bb( ) eatta. ryi 1 nJxta. 8 a matter ! fact one ! ~~M ('one doctor') 18 a fr1end m1ne 1118 nae 1s (. th.y should take her to h1l1. He'. 'V8I'J good. agre. toether pl. late (t,he) gt kDr 1 [8bd) qree S.tI J08J e re;y to tab .r to td lat.e(r) ton1ght,. ~!!!!!!.~! 'f6 ci -0 bocI7 'f6 f ~O a'awc ta .U t.u 8_toe pu'U buan bocI7 ~6 . xlr1 18IId, ar 'f6 6 6&1 , 11 'f6 xct6Ao, 1 he8d ~6 ~CMIO prepo ~aee 6 A~, _t1 .,. '" JoL(;'n) 1 dt.1 nc88 ~6 6 t.o 8~ 80Ith ~6 ~ artf ear ~6 6 b6(n)d1 t.ooth ~6 lra sldn, leather ~6 &~u/&'fu ~4kt110/~4xt110 t1rger toe & 6 ta maly4 ha1r ~& ta fra evebros 8)

103. GREEK BASIC COURSE ' 1 ~x! 1 mit~ra 1 y1n~kas sas1 1 nomdzi atrs t1s1 fn(e) !1 apt1n garoy4 t1s. odz1, pos aft6 fne epikfnoi~o. p6so(n) ln(e), 1 mitra t1s1 100 4l0n na, 100 saranda pnd. xronn, ke yer1. 1ne ka11 i yatrl,tu nosokom!u 1 pole6s sas1 6xi, oist1x6s, ~ lne kal1. p6s fn(e) i yatrl tis eesalon!kis1 p6s ta nosokomia tis esaln1kis fne l" kal1. pcl! kaear!. py6s () f110s sas1 p6s () 1~ne1 ea plte t1(n) m1 tT 1 yin~kas sas nosokol!l!o'Z fJloz mu, () yatr6s. ton(e} l~ne papao6pulo. m{lista, fmaste 4timj na ti(m) b4m(e) ekl, ary4 nlxta. Narrat1ve thU8, 80 nowhere, anywhere nurse nX year area, reg1~n, secticn -chl1d !ather fne pol! meyil1. orta. ttyi sfera. 4rostos. :~_~~~ ptme st1c eli~a. :~_E~~! tn(e) 4 ~ leoforto ~ 6 Lt ELvaL ~~o. "~!~~ ~6 ~ . 'Q_~~!~e~~ ELvaL ~ C1~. ~~_~~~~~~~ ~ ~ . o~ ~~~!~~~. A~ n_~~Q!Q1D ~ 6 L . !~~_~f~~~~ ~ C1~ ' . 6 LC 6 o~ o~ EtvaL !~o '~ L ~o~. plnEL ~6 , ~C1~~ ~ 6L L C10L. 'xo~ lvav YLa~p6, ~6 ELvaL x~o~ 6. '~C1L C1~ K~ ~6 4

104. GREEK BASIC COURSE 7 ~ ' 6 3 6 '3. vL 3 ~ . E~ ~xo 6 ~ . 3 lL ~ vL. vL ~ ' ~ ~o 6. --- 8 ln(e) ro8O&! pd 1 na 1! 1p4rx1 kanlna no&okordo st1(lI) bl1 888'1 . yatrds, 8t1

105. G REEK BASIC COURSE generally correspcnds to 'of' the apcstrophe-plus-s suffix in English. addition the genitive case may be used in Greek with certain prepositicns (see later units) as well as in certain expressicns indicating quantity (age, price, measure, etc.)as shwn by the second and third eXaMles above. Other examples: 6 &L EtVaL L&. EtVaL . to .t10 tu 1pal!lu !n(e) arister4. i kuzJna aft!s tis tav!rnas !ne ! The employee's is the left. The food ! this tavern is excellent. kaH. !na taks okt6 i'rn. a eight day trip !~_!:!:! Genitive Case - Articles. The d.efin1te article in the gen1t1ve case 1s: 11. 51ng. 1. and the 1ndefinite article: . . 6 tu ton 6a . .. . .- tis ton 6 . tu ton en6a Follow1ng 18 Chart d.efjnite and indefiD1t8 article declensi08l ~. G. . ~!!~!~-~!~!! ~. . .. !~ . ~ !: . -- ~ ~6 & 1 to i 1 ta -r -rGiv tu tis tu tcn to 6 6 & to(n) ti (r.) to tU8 t1i t.a 86

106. G REEK BASC COURSE 7 . G. . Indef1n1te Art1cle ------------------ !: f. ~.: /. " 41'1&8 rda/rrY, fna 6 /. 6 ell6. rda./rr/'45 . () t(v)/. u v 'na(n} rda/-'" 'na ~_1~!!! - Gen1t1e C... - Nun8 Tbe Ien1t1e case eding. DOUD8 are a s tollov8: F1r8t Declension proparoxyt.one8 parox"vt.one8 Mc. Ox;ytone8 1 '~ ~:~!:~. .--- - -fs -! - "18 ':1 - :.s 1 -ln - -f. -&1 ':.j :18 -6n -, - - .:a :.. -611 ':a "-asl":"I-:'18 -m Second Declension ------------------- oxytone. paroqt.oe8 1 Felll. Oxytoaea 1 ....c.+ telll.o~one. 1 -6 -6 - parosyt.cnes " ':cr: prop&rox;ytones j:J :-08 ~o ::cut. ox;ytone8 1 -6 -1 p&rox;ytone8 11 ':0 ._O~ Note 7.2. ou: F1rst and Second Declen810ns: ------ Follw1ng Charts ! F1rst and Second Declens10n nouns: 87

107. cwrr --.------. :I6 DECLES ---~-.-.-------- ~!!! a5culine NoU118 --------------- Ye1ie oan -------..----- !!!~!:!r_!~! 1!~~~~ 1!Ml~~ 2!~ !. 1s .:' 1-1 !. 1 .:. a t1s-1a :. 1 (n) :. &(r.) 1()"':) ~!:2~~!!! ~~ : 1 - , : & .:.. ~~2~~~ - - :. 1 :. 1 :.,. :. & 2!~~! ta - ta -J' t.u....yU , to-i to -! t.n! -y6n ~~!,12 --60 _ J -...,--85:'-as/-!'is :-a(n) :'-e8 :'-e8 - I~-r.. .- :. a (n) : .- 8 -u - ,() - 88 - 48 -&1 :. 1(0) :'18 .- .-u -6nton-eSn 1..... t-i8 -4s:'88 -& :. 88 :. 8S -6n :. 88 ~~ . -15 .G tu -i Acc. to(r.) -1(n) PltIr i -'8 G -6n Acc. tus -eIJ ..... 18 n.. 1s Papadopoul08 (they c_ll h1_ Papadopoulos). The )rd per80n plural ! the "rb /l~o/ 'to say' 18 cc:nonly used 1 Greek to COrre8poOO 1 mean1ng to the Engl1sh 'one 's nae i8 80-aOO-80 (l1terally: 'they call h1J1 . 3. ~!J!!~_~~ ~~: ()( ()6 () ~ () ()6 ( ) ~ () ()6 ( ) . ~ ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , () ( ) () ( ) ()6 () ~ . a !2!:!-!.~:~ Claas 11 Verbs: Cont1nuous Past. , 6 V. 1t didn 't please (I1t 1fasn't pleasing') her uch. 'l'he above example shws the use the Cont1nuous Past ! Class verbs. '1he Cont1Duous Past ! this Class ~ ~bs 15 t01!IIed by add1ng the sutf1x -{)- to tbe stem ! the verb. 'l'he personal end1ngs are those whicb general~ used tor the Past tense. 'lbe sutr1x -- 15 al.,ays stressed. 2. ~~!. () , (), (), Plur. () ,v (),v (),() ~~~~_~~~~~~ Continuous Past in - nov o~o6a with the money sav1ng ,89

209. GREEK BASIC COURSE 'n1 example 111UBtrstes the UBe ! another !onn ! Cont1nuous Past vh1ch 1s constructed by neans ! the unstressed surr1x -- and the Past tense personal endings. e.g. S~. Plur. 1. () () . 2. () (). ). ( ) ()() 'lhis !om of C ~ ~, ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ! ~; ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~o~ ~o~o~ ~6 ~~ 3, ~'~ ~ ~; 8 ~ x~ o~ ~o 6 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ oo~ ~ l6 ~o 6; ~, . ~, ( oo~ ~~ ~~ ' ~ ~ o~6 ~ 6 , 6 ~, ~ ... ~90

310. GREEK BASIC COURSE Part as , , ~. nOL6v L6 ; Cae on 1n please. Take 8 8. Wh1ch doctor do j"OU have an appo1ntment 1tht a patient ~6o L 6 ~6o, ~ L lJ 6 npw'Cxt L. (the) doctor (general pract1tiaaer) (the) surgeon W1th tbe genera1 practitioner, but IId alo l1ke to know when (Iwhlch houra ) the surgeon recelws [pat1ents] 1n the o1'1ng. ~Q2'Q~Q~Q!,; .6 L Dr.(IMr') Papadopoulos th.atter !. 2.p.JI1. () to subm1t, to prU8Dt, sugpat ~ . L- Hwever IId l1ke to 88k (Isubm1tI) 70U 8Q118 . ~; questions now. What 1 your rw1 Where '~; do you work? , -, -6 ~/LL 6 : L Lv. L ' L 6 t . rural, agr1cultural (the) 1naurance, aecur1ty (the) c8sh1er Is off1ce (the) health (}oty nae 18] Prak81tel1s Triandafilu. work at the Agricultural Bank and bave health 1nsurance with the bank. 2.' addt that to s&y ton hall publlc to read passport. svailable vacation interruption to interrupt decorat-ed intermission, break a:artment .. () .. . 13 .''. () .'WO'. () .' 15 . () ..6 . . 21 .3 . () .-&. () . (6) ~x .. () . (6) . 9 .. . .. ..6 O'W- (..) () . 4 6 () (6) . (6) 3,0 duration during to lsst fun crossing advert1 se difference dUferent various to disagree intemat10nal outlet, a1temative address right, la ,ou are right pretext, jU8t11'1cation, XCUS8 .1ye!' o~B ovn to giTe because side-by-side beslde next door (a4j.) diplonatic d1ploat1c corps t.h1r8t. be thirsty to try, to s~ple, taste do.ar t-ooth

330. (, REK B.SI: COURSE besid8S, Ucept () ~cer / () Greece "/() G.. (/( Geek woman ( .) wcrk, job, 11 work LK dramatic ( ~1 ) dr.achma () road () coolness /- () 8tren!!:th, power strongly, louder stron!!: to ( () dif!1culty, troub1e d.i!!icult (6) accident, mds!ortune unfortWlately tvele : () roCIII 1! 6 :eselt 6: () week () rranddaughter 6 () grandchlldren () grand80n ( 17 approve ( () cperation ( 25 to be operated -& () ".. ..() () /- () ' ' / , - Lv -&. () ( () ( ) () . 17 () . () .6 (/( () ( 12 1.0 ( ) () () national k1nd twenty to bo t1cket bus conductor e1ther., or !rom there that (008) exh1b1t1on church elect10na cho1ce to 8Wl'8c1ate Greek lan!!:U8re Greek (adj.) hope to hope coerce bussinessman (6) ! soil, earth, ,round here ! . () . hello~ cOllle 1 . / interest ~ ~ntereat 8Qmeone custom :../. 3" ~

331. GREEK BASIC COURSE 5 lVOCKLO(V) () ~L () ! L () 1'; () LL ( 3: L 17 ~ 25 10 ~, ~oo() (6) o~ {) t 11 ~tlO ~ 6() (6) L6 20 o~ () , lIIean rent lodger, tenant eleven 1ntense 1JpBBo cous1n (F) cou8in () excellent for that reason, bec8Use bes1des anyvy surely 1 depends suddenly to exanine expla1n six expense countl'7 s1de 8erve 1nt,elligent. uts1de abroad exter10r to celebrate hoHday fest1val to repeat because L6L() () L () CL () L( L L () ( ) L () L L' L 12 ('L () L' 11 L't" () LL!- () L 5 L () () ' L 18 ' () () ~o () 'L() () tL () ~o. 11 l- ( lLl-() () )12 incident, recurrence , upon, during, for passenger 1nf1uence dangerous furthemore p1ece ! furniture complication furn1shed 8180, same to )'OU V1sit V1s1t c n.e back, return lIIoneyorder last, at ay rate sk111 to al101f succeS8 epoch, seon to wrk ork worlaan play, project factory ru1ns to coe nex't., com1ng quest.ion restaurant

332. () () (J Rf S: